BEACON BIBLE COMMENTARY

¹ Quoted in Albert C. Knudson, The Beacon Lights of Prophecy (New York: The Methodist Book Concern, 1914), p. 93.

² Gleason L. Archer, Jr., A Survey of Old Testament Introduction (Chicago: Moody Press, 1964), p. 93. While Amos identified the nation's sinfulness in terms of nonconformity to divine righteousness, Hosea spoke of sin as the breaking of a covenant. The Hebrew word chesed is usually translated “covenant love.” Chesed speaks of a contractual relationship “where both parties are bound together by obligations which must be honored with steadfast zeal and patience. Into such a relationship of chesed Yahweh entered with His people at Sinai; the people's sin therefore lay in their failure to honor their obligations. See “Hosea,” IB, pp. 556-57. Cf. N. H. Snaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the Old Testament, II (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1946), 122-23.

³ George L. Robinson, The Twelve Minor Prophets (New York: George H. Doran and Co., 1926), p. 16.

⁴ A. B. Davidson, “Hosea,” Dictionary of the Bible, ed. James Hastings, et al., II (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1909), 420.

⁷ C. F. Keil and F. Delitzsch, “Hosea,” Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament, The Twelve Minor Prophets, I (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Co., 1954), 15.

⁹ Kyle M. Yates, Preaching from the Prophets (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1942), p. 55.

¹¹Frederick Carl Eiselen, Prophecy and the Prophets (New York: The Methodist Book Concern, 1909), p. 54.

¹²J. D. Smart, “Hosea,” The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible (New York: Abingdon Press, 1962), p. 652.

¹³ Snaith, op. cit., p. 119. See also Gerhard Kittel, et at, Bible Key Words, trans. & ed. J. R. Coates (New York: Harper and Bros., 1951), pp. 18-19; Gustave F. Oehler, Theology of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, n.d.), p. 178; Otto J. Baab, The Theology of the Old Testament (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1949), p. 18; Anders Nygren, Agape arid, Eros, trans. Phillip S. Watson (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1953), pp. 75-76.

¹⁴M. C. Vriezen, An Outline of Old Testament Theology (Boston: Charles T. Bradford Co., n.d.), p. 126.

¹⁷Stuart E. Rosenberg, More Loves than Ones: The Bible Confronts Psychiatry (New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1963), p.34.

¹The Oxford Annotated Bible, RSV (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1962), p. 1088 (notes)

⁵John W. Horine, “The Book of Hosea,” Old Testament Commentary eds. Herbert C. Alleman and Elmer E. Flack (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1948), p. 795.

⁷ Joseph S. Exell, editor, “Hosea” The Biblical Illustrator; The Minor Prophets, I (New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., n.d.), 9.

⁸ J. J. Given, “The Book of Hosea” (Exposition and Homiletics). The Pulpit Commentary, ed. H. D. M. Spence and Joseph S. Exell (New York: Funk and Wagnalls Co., n.d.), p. 9.

¹¹ E. B. Pusey, The Minor Prophets (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1886), p. 28.

¹² Otto Schmoller, “Hosea,” Commentary on the Holy Scriptures, ed. J. P. Lange, XIV (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, n.d.), 35.

¹³ This particular interpretation seems to be contradictory to the former one in which the children are spoken of as the “faithful few.” The change of figure is not foreign to Hosea.

¹⁶H. R. Reynolds, “Hosea,” Old Testament Commentary, ed. Charles J. Ellicott, V (London: Cassell and Co., 1897), 415.

¹⁸Matthew Henry, Exposition of the Old and New Testament (New York: Fleming H. Revell, n.d.), VI, 764.

²¹George A. F. Knight, Hosea (London: SCM Press, Ltd., 1960), pp. 55 ff. Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles were the three annual festivals. The festival of the “new moon” was celebrated at the first of each month. The Sabbath, from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday, was the one day in seven dedicated to Jehovah.

²²Baalim is Baal in the plural, or baals. While there are various forms, including Baal-peor, Baal-berith, Baal-zebub, etc., the name Baal came to designate any idol or false god.

²⁴G. Campbell Morgan, Hosea (London: Marshall, Morgan and Scott, Ltd., 1948), p. 15.

²⁷John Mauchline, “Hosea” (Exegesis), The Interpreter's Bible, a. George A. Buttrick, et al. (New York: Abingdon Press, 1956), VI, 593.

²⁸ The Baal cult: Ashtoreth was worshipped under various names in the Near East as the goddess of fertility. She was the consort of El (generic for “god”) and/or Baal. She was both sensual and savage with an exaggerated emphasis upon her sex. She was also known as Astarte, the cow-deity, with shrines (asherahs) on the hilltops (I Kings 14:23; Hos. 3:4). The temptation to the ordinary man was great, for the renewal of life as represented in the conduct of the prostitutes of the pagan temples was closely related to renewed fertility of the earth in the early spring. “The inducing of life within the womb of the female ‘holy-one’ was supposed to indicate the new life in the Spring” (Knight, op. cit., p. 19). While contact with the temple prostitute was forbidden in Deut. 23:17-18, it was still quite common in Jeremiah's day, a century after Hosea (II Kings 23:6-7).

³⁰Ephod was a priestly garment (I Sam. 2:18; 22:18; II Sam. 6:14). In Exod. 28:28-29; 35:27 it is described as a costly shoulder garment of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet to which was attached the oracle pouch containing Urim and Thummim (with which the Israelites ascertained the will of God). See IDB, p. 118; Hastings, DB, p. 955 Teraphim were household deities employed for divination.

¹See Introduction for a fuller explanation of faithfulness, love, and knowledge.

⁴Authorities differ as to whether v. 11 concludes the indictment against the priests or introduces the one against the people.

¹⁶George Adam Smith, The Book of the. Twelve Prophets (New York: Harper and Bros., 1928), I, 282.

¹⁷Not that He is inaccessible, but waiting for Israel 's move. The book is full of figures to picture the tragedy.

¹⁹ Robert Jamieson, et al., A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (Hartford, The S.S. Scranton Co., n.d.), I, 655; Keil,Ibid., p. 96.

²¹Actually, Gilead was not a city but an area; probably all Israel east of the river Jordan. See Ramoth-gilead, i.e., Ramoth in Gilead, map 2.

³³ Op. cit., p. 89. (Cf. I Kings 12:28-33. Jeroboam I had commanded the two golden calves to be built at Dan and Bethel. Jeroboam may have looked upon the bull as upholding the invisible Yahweh (Jehovah), but it was a dangerous innovation at best for peasants who could not distinguish between the cults of Baal and the worship of Yahweh.)

³⁵T. Henshaw, The Latter Prophets (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd.), p. 98.

³⁸Keil, op. cit., p. 114. The fenced cities are referred to by Sennacherib in the inscription relating to his campaign of 701 B.C. “Forty-six of his [Hezekiah's] strong cities, fortresses … I besieged and captured.” They were built by Uzziah and Jotham (II Chron. 26:10; 27:4). For the allusion to Israel's palaces (temples) cf. Amos 3:11, 15. See Ellicott, op. cit., p. 425.

⁴¹Lechem 'onim, bread of affliction. The bread eaten at funeral meals which was looked upon as unclean because the corpse defiled the house and all who were associated with the ceremony. The meaning, here, is that their bread would not be sanctified in the house of Jehovah, for they were far away from the point of revelation (shrines and temples).

⁴³ Amos felt obliged to renounce the technical title of “prophet” because of the false prophecies of the professionals. He spoke of himself as a plain workingman (7:14). Hosea may have suffered from a similar situation.

⁴⁴Baal-peor was the god of the Moabites in whose worship young maidens prostituted themselves.

⁵¹The participle boqeq does not mean “emptying out,” but “pouring out,” overflowing (cf. Ezek. 15:6).

⁵² The more prosperous Israel became, the more sacred pillars she carved with beauty and care.

⁵⁵“Double-iniquity” is difficult to interpret in the light of the context unless it is translated “great.” They are chastened for their “great” sin Keil, however, interprets the expression as two transgressions: “Theii apostasy from Jehovah and the royal house of David” (cf. 3:5), p. 133.

⁵⁹To destroy together “mother and children” is a proverbial expression in the Hebrew denoting inhuman cruelty and speaks of the fate of Israel at the hands of Shalmaneser (Keil, op. cit., p. 136).

⁶⁰The irony of Bethel, the place of calf-worship, was in the name itself, which was originally designated by Jacob as “house of God” (Gen. 28:19).

⁶⁶Adam C. Welch, Kings and Prophets of Israel (London: Lutterworth Press, 1952), p. 147.

⁷¹ The meaning of rud (ruleth) in the Arabic is to “ramble about.” It is used of cattle that have broken loose. Niphil is “to cause to ramble about” (Gen. 27:40); that is, to be unbridled or unruly. Qedoahim, Holy One, is used of God in Prov. 9:10, meaning firm, faithful, trustworthy, the opposite of rud. Thus Judah is “unbridled” toward the powerful God (El) (Keil, op. cit., p. 145. Cf. F. W. Farrar, The Minor Prophets, New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., n.d., p. 93).

⁷²Yehovdh zikhro is to be spoken as the “God of Hosts” rather than of the patriarchs. This difference was important in Hosea's day, for He was not only the God of the patriarchs, but the God who ruled the heavens and the earth with unrestricted omnipotence (see Keil, p. 148).

⁷⁴ Gilead, east of the Jordan River, was busy manufacturing false gods. The term “gilgals” had become a pun for “heaps of stones” piled to the side of the furrows or plowed ground. Thus their altars are like “gilgals.” Gilgal, in the heart of Ephraim, is spoken of continually as the seat of idolatrous worship.

⁷⁵Shamar, the tending of cattle, was one of the most difficult of servitudes. Aram (Syria) is probably the Hebrew rendering of the Aramean Padan-aram (Gen. 28:2; 31:18).

⁷⁶ Anger, tomrurim in the Hebrew, is used as an adverbial expression meaning “bitterly” (Keil, p. 152).

⁷⁸Keil gives quite a different interpretation. V. lA speaks of Ephraim raising itself to government at the rebellion of Jeroboam I. People trembled at the revolution and civil war, not the exaltation of the ten tribes (p. 153).

⁸² Paul apparently took a more optimistic view in using the verse to his own design and purpose (I Cor. 15:55). “As spoken by Hosea, however, the words breathe defeat rather than defiance: Compassion is hid from their eyes” (Ibid.(.

¹ Chapter 14 may be in the nature of a liturgy used to teach Israel the truths of God as expressed by Hosea.

⁵The lily grows with profusion and beauty in Palestine, although its roots are weak. But Israel's root shall strike deeply, even as the cedars of Lebanon (5; cf. Ps. 80:10).

⁷The promise seems to be the same as was fulfilled in Judah's return from Babylon, when images were never again used in worship.

JOEL

¹Joel speaks familiarly of Zion and the children of Zion (2:1, 23), of Judah and Jerusalem. He takes great interest in the Temple (1:13-17). He speaks objectively of the priests, however, in 1:13 and 2:17, which leads many to believe that he was not of the priesthood.

²A. F. Kirkpatrick, The Doctrine of the Prophets (New York: The Mac-millan Co., 1897), p. 58.

³John A. Thompson, in his exposition on Joel in The Interpreter's Bible, VI, 729, places Joel as late as 400 B.C. because of the political and religious conditions described. This is quite typical of the more liberal perspective.

⁴Gleason L. Archer, Jr., Old Testament Introduction (Chicago: Moody Press, 1964), p. 292.

⁵Ibid.

⁶Egypt was still to be feared in the day of Joash. On the other hand, Egypt had lost its world position after the Chaldean period. This would seem to eliminate the possibility of a date as late as 400 B.C.

⁷Op. cit., p. 292.

⁸1:15; 2:1-2, 11, 31; 3:14-21. See Frederick Eiselen, Prophecy and the Prophets, for a comprehensive discussion of the teachings of Joel, pp. 286-92.

⁹1:9, 13-14; 2:12-17.

¹⁰Cf.2:12-13.

¹¹IB, VI, 735.

¹W. Neil, “Joel,” The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, ed. George A. Buttrick, et al., (New York: Abingdon Press, 1962), p. 926.

²A. C. Gaebelein, The Prophet Joel (New York: Publication Office, Our Hope, 1909), pp. 31 ff.

³Cf. IB, VI, 737.

⁴George L. Robinson, The Twelve Minor Prophets (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1926), pp. 34 ff.

⁵C. F. Keil and F. Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament, I, “The Twelve Minor Prophets” (Grand Rapids, Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1954), 184.

⁶Ibid., p. 186.

⁷Cf. 2:1; 3:14; Amos 5:18, 20; also Ezek. 30:2-3; Zeph. 1:7, 14.

⁸Raymond Calkins, The Modern Message of the Minor Prophets (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947), p. 158. Joel probably shared in the idea that calamity of any kind was proof of sin.

⁹John Paterson, The Goodly Fellowship of the Prophets (New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1948), p. 259.

¹⁰Joel is speaking, in all probability, of peace offerings (Deut. 12:6-7); firstfruits (Deut. 26:10); weeks (Deut. 16:10); and tabernacles (Deut. 16: 13-15).

¹¹ Palestine is arid and dry. The streams dry up in the absence of rain. Severe drought only added to the problem.

¹²Op. cit., p. 38.

¹³Ibid.

¹⁴Locusts are called heupferde, hay horses, in Germany. In v. 4 their appearance is likened to advancing horses and like war horses rather than horsemen.

¹⁵All faces withdraw their redness” (Keil, p. 192)—in the sense that the face turns pale with terror (Jer. 30:6).

¹⁶ IB, VI, 745.

¹Ibid., cf. Exod. 34:6 and Jonah 4:2.

¹Keil, op. cit., p. 201; IB, VI, 749. According to this interpretation, God will drive the locusts into a land barren and desolate (20) and towards the east sea (Dead Sea). The hinder part toward the utmost sea speaks of the Western Sea (Mediterranean), where heaps of locusts washed upon the shores stink with an ill savour (foul smell). Vv. 21-23 rise to a climax as land, beast, and people are blessed with the promise of an abundant rainfall in the former (23) and latter rain.

²Archer, op. cit., p. 294, identifies the invader as Sennacharib. Charles John Ellicott, Old Testament Commentary (London: Cassell and Co., 1897), p. 442.

³Ibid.

⁴The former rain indicates the early or first rains following the summer; it softens the soil and prepares for the sowing. The latter rain waters the seed. The interval between the two gives the farmer time to sow. (See James Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible [New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909], p. 782.)

⁵ In the light of the NT fulfillment Joel's prediction of spiritual illumination to all God's people is perhaps his most religious contribution” (IB, VI, 753).

⁶Op. cit., p. 45.

⁷Keil, op. cit., p. 211.

⁸Fire (30) and blood (31) recall the plagues of Egypt (Exod. 7:17; 9:24). The pillars of smoke bring to mind the descent of Jehovah upon Sinai with the smoke of the mountain ascending to the heavens (Exod. 19:18). The darkening of the sun and the blood-red appearance of the moon also bring the plagues of Egypt to remembrance (Exod. 10:21).

⁹The full use of the prophecy is found in Peter's sermon in Acts 2:17-21, quoting Joel 2:28-32 with the exception of 32b. His reference in Acts 2:39, “For the promise is unto you, and to your children, and to all that are afar off, even as many as the Lord our God shall call,” adds 32b. The fulfillment of the prophecy of Joel began at Pentecost and continues throughout the present dispensation to as many as call upon the Lord.

¹The valley of Jehoshaphat is probably the valley of Kidron on the eastern side of Jerusalem. (See Keil, p. 220, for full explanation.) It is here used, however, in its grammatical meaning as the scene of divine judgment rather than in its strict geographical meaning.

²IB, VI, 755.

³The Sabeans were famous slave traders. The “eye for an eye” philosophy can be understood only in the light of progressive revelation, This is another indication of the antiquity of Joel.

⁴The Acacis valley, above the Dead Sea by the Jordan, was usually dry.

⁵This passage does not necessarily teach of the earthly renovation or glorification of the earthly city of Jerusalem; for Zion is the “sanctified” and “glorified” city of God in which the Lord shall eternally be united with His redeemed, sanctified, and glorified Church (see Pulpit Commentary, “Hosea and Joel,” p. 53).

⁶Kiel, op. cit., p.232

AMOS

¹Hughell E. W. Fosbroke, “Amos,” The Interpreter's Bible, VI, ed. by George Arthur Buttrick, et al. (New York: Abingdon Press, 1956), 763.

¹ S. R. Driver, An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament, (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1891), p. 294.

² Herdsman (noqedh) is not the usual term for shepherd; but it is usually translated “sheepmaster.” It was probably in the selling of wool that Amos had travelled to the Northern Kingdom and familiarized himself with conditions there (IB, op. cit., p. 977).

³ Bernard W. Anderson, Understanding the Old Testament (Englewood, NJ.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1957), p. 228.

⁴ The contemporary reigns of Jeroboam II and Uzziah of Judah were marked by great prosperity in both kingdoms which covered a good part of the first half of the eighth century B.C.

⁵Carmel is the promontory at the mouth of the Kishon River on the Mediterranean and not Carmel of Judah Thus shepherds (2) and Carmel represent Israel to Amos, the herdsman. Even the “head of the forest-crowned Carmel will fade and wither” (C. F. Keil and Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament, “The Twelve Minor Prophets” [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1954], I, 241).

⁶Keil points out that the “cutting off” of the inhabitants of Bicqath-Aven indicates “slaughter” rather than deportation. Hikhrith means to exterminate, “so that galah (captivity) in the last clause applies to the remainder of the population that had not been slain in war” (Op. cit., p. 243). Both prince and people shall perish. Valley-Aven and Beth-Eden were probably capitals of the nation. The Syrians originally emigrated from Kir (9:7), which was far to the east (Isa. 22:6).

⁷The Edomites were closely related to Israel through Esau (Genesis 36). They were strategically located at the head of the Gulf of 'Aqaba and wealthy in resources and trade. Having been subjected to Israel from the time of David, the opportunity for revenge was taken in 586 B.C. with the fall of Jerusalem. It is to this period that the judgment must be referred (George Adam Smith, The Book of the Twelve Prophets [rev. ed.; New York: Harper and Bros., 1940], I, 128-30).

⁸Keil, op. cit., p. 250. Since only crimes committed against the covenant nation are mentioned, there must have been some relation of the king of Edom with the Israelites as a vassal of Judah.

⁹Anderson, op. cit., p. 230.

¹⁰ IB and other authors believe Amos 2:4-5 to be a later insertion, Deuteronomic in emphasis, because of the legal vocabulary used. Whether valid or not, “the oracle against Judah represented the conviction that the closeness of its relationship to God did not exempt a people from that stern subjection to his righteous judgment of which Amos had spoken” (p. 786).

¹¹ Amos calls idols lies because they are only fabrications and nonentities, having no reality in themselves.

¹² Keil, op. cit., p. 252. “Recent commentaries (cf. Arthur Weiser, Die Profetie des Amos: Alfred Topelmann, 1929, pp. 90-91) have pointed out that the verb here (sell) employed is most often used of selling into slavery (Gen. 37:27-28; Exod. 21:16)” (IB, op. cit., p. 786).

¹³There is some difference in judgment as to the significance of the passage. While some commentators (IB, p. 787) seem to indicate that it refers to temple prostitution in which the old and young frequented the shrine for this purpose, Amos does not use the term queheshah (sacred harlot). He simply states that “they resort to a girl.” In either case the practice is condemned as profanity against the holy name of Jehovah.

¹⁴ John A. Sampey, The Heart of the Old Testament (Nashville: Broad-man Press, 1922), p. 152.

¹⁵Ibid., p. 790; W. K. L. Clarke, Concise Bible Commentary (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1954), p. 599.

¹⁶ IB, VT, 790.

¹The verb yadha (to know) and its noun death refer not only to the cognitive aspect of knowledge (see introduction to Hosea) but knowledge gained through the emotions as well. Such an aspect of “knowledge” is found in a man “knowing” his wife. Amos' use of the verb in 3:2 is consistent with the use of the term in Hos.2.14; Jer.3:14;31:32;, Isa.54:5-6 (knight,Op. cit., pp.177-78)

²George F. A. Knight, A Christian Theology of the old testement (Richmond, Virginia: John Knox Press, 1959), pp.200-201

³Keil, op. cit., p.259

⁴Kephir is the lion that goes in pursuit of his prey, to be distinguished from gur (the young lion), which cannot as yet hunt, thus crying out of the den. The two smiles have similar meaning, “that God not only has before Him the nation that is ripe for judgement, but that He has it in His power” (ibid., p.261).

⁵W. J. Dean, “Hosea” (Exposition), The Puplit Commentary, Amos to Micah, ed. H. D. M. Spence and Joseph S. Exell (New York: Funk and Wagnalls Co., n.d), p.40.

⁶Keil,Op. cit., p.267

⁷ The meaning of the Hebrew text is quite obscure. The word translated palace is hermonah or harmon. All commentators agree that the meaning of hamone is not known. Its etymology denoted a high land, but it cannot be taken in the sense of armon (a citadel or palace). This word appears only the one time in sacred literature(ibid., p. 269)

⁸IB, VI, 804

⁹IB, VI, 808

¹⁰Albert C. Knudson, The beacon Lights of Prophecy (New York: The Methodist Book Concern, 1914), p.83

¹¹IB, VI, 811.

¹²ibid.

¹³Knudson, op. cit., p.84

¹⁴Op. cit., p.169.Hosea uses the term Beth—aven (house of idolatry) more that he does Beth- el (house of God).

¹⁵Op. cit., p.172

¹⁶Keil, op. cit., p.287

¹⁷Burnt offerings(zebhachim) and meat offerings(minchah) are mentioned to denote sacrifices of all kinds (Keil, op. cit., p.291)

¹⁸Amos lists the essential offerings which in all represented “the sacred means of friendship between God and Man#8221; (IB, VI, 819).

¹⁹Op. cit., p.289

²⁰Amos is not implying that Jehovah was not pleased with worship, but that He was displeased with the hypocrisy of that worship.

²¹Smith, op. cit., p.178

²²Frederick Carl Eiselen, Prophecy and the prophets (New York: The Methodist Book Concern, 1909), p. 46

²³John Paterson, The Goodly Fellowship of the Prophets (New York: The Methodist Book Concern, 1909), p. 46

²⁴The phrase invent to themselves instruments of musick like David (5) is a difficult pharse and is interpreted variously. IB suggests: “shouting, they imagine to be singing” (p.824)

²⁵See George L. Robinson, The Twelve Minor Prophets (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1926), p.54, for a fuller explanation.

²⁶ John Paterson, op. cit., p.33, quoting from Ernest Sellin, Kommentrator Zum alten Testament XII; Das Zwolfprophetenbuch Erste Haefte, 1929, p. 184.

²⁷IB, VI, 827

¹John D. W. Watts, Vision and Prophecy in Amos (Grand Rapids, Mich: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1958), p. 28.

²Norman Snaith points out that no such tribute was known to Israel and interprets the passage as meaning “shearing,” which is the usual meaning of the term rendered mowing (quoted, IB, VI, 831).

³Ibid.

⁴Keil interprets vv. 1-3 as Amos interceding before the Lord after the vegetables (Gen. 1:11, “grass of the field”) were eaten by the locusts and before the consumption of the second crop. This would save Israel from complete destruction (Op. cit., p. 307).

⁵Clarke, op. cit., p. 601.

⁶IB, VI, 834.

⁷IB, VI, 834.

⁸Keil, op. cit., p. 312.

⁹Ibid., p. 314. Fosbroke takes the view that silence refers to the “silence of despair brooding over the scene.” In either case, the seriousness of the occasion was apparent to Amos (IB, VI, 389).

¹⁰The new moon (chodesh) was a holiday on which all trade was suspended, just as it was on the Sabbath (cf. Num. 28:11 and II Kings 4:23).

¹¹ Smith points out that there were eclipses in 803 B.C. and 763 B.C., the memory of which probably inspired the symbolism of this passage (ibid., p. 191).

¹²Keil, op. cit., pp. 318-19.

¹³Watts, op. cit., p. 47.

¹⁴“though the article before hammizbeach points to the altar of the sanctuary in Bethel, and seems to attach itself in an explanatory manner to 8:14, there is no evidence that Amos' prophecy is directed against Israel alone. … The Lord roars from Zion to Zion and from Zion He utters His voice (1:2), not only upon the nations who have shown hostility to Judah or Israel, but also upon Judah and Israel on account of their departure from His law” (cf. 2:4, 6 ff.) (Keil, op. cit., p. 321).

¹⁵Ibid., p. 325, as quoted from Hengstenberg.

¹⁶Caphtor is generally associated with Crete, Kir somewhere far to the northeast. Jehovah is designated Lord of Damascus (1:3-5), and Tyre (1:9-10) as well. “Thus Amos offered Israel a new depth to the so-called First Commandment … without anywhere explicitly declaring that Yahweh was the only God” (Knight,Op. cit., p. 63

¹⁷IB, VI, 851.

¹⁸Ibid.

¹⁹Keil, op. cit., p. 331.

²⁰Smith,Op. cit., p. 202.

²¹IB, VI, 852.

²²Ibid.

OBADIAH

¹The Book of the Twelve Prophets (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1938) IT, 182.

¹Norman F. Langford, “Hosea” (Exposition), The Interpreter's Bible (New York: Abingdon Press, 1956), VI, 861.

²Op. cit., p.175

³E.B.Pusey, The Minor Prophets (Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Book House, 1963 [reprint]) I, 358.

JONAH

¹A Survey of the Old Testament (New York: Abingdon Press, 1957), p. 304.

²“Jonah,” The New Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1963), p. 714.

³He Gave Some Prophets (Scottsdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1964), pp. 80-81.

¹Op. cit., p. 715

²The Old Testament Speaks (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1960), p. 379.

³ The Analyzed Bible (New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1908), p. 212.

¹Leon J. Davis, Bible Knowledge, edited by Henry Jacobsen (Wheaton, III.: Scripture Press, 1956), V, 355.

²G. A. Smith, op. cit., II, 508.

³Princeton Theological Review, XXV (1927), 636.

⁴A. R. Fausset, A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. [reprint ], 1948), IV, 576.

⁵A. R. Fausset, op. cit.,, IV, 578.

⁶E. J. Young, Christianity Today, “Jonah,” Sept. 28, 1959, p. 12.

⁷A New Standard Bible Dictionary, edited by Jacobus, Lane, Zenos, and Cook (New York: Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1936), p. 582.

¹ Aldersgate Biblical Series, “Jonah” (Winona Lake, Ind.: Light and Life Press, 1963), pp. 25-26.

² A Commentary and Critical Notes (New York: Mason and Lane, 1837), IV, 707.

¹Adam Clarke, op.cit., p. 708.

²E. P. Pusey, The Minor Prophets (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1963), I, 423.

³“Jonah,”Biblical Illustrator, ed. J. S. Exell (New York: Fleming H. Revell Co.), p. 80.

⁴He Gave Some Prophets (Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1964), p. 82.

MICAH

¹“Called Moresheth-Gath, vs. 14, probably near Gath but inside the Judah boundaries” (Berk, footnote on 1:1; see map 2).

¹Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible (New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., n.d.), IV, 1304.

²Op. cit., IV, 1308.

³A. Fraser and L. E. H. Stephens-Hodge, “Micah,”The New Bible Commentary, ed. F. Davidson (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1953), p. 722.

⁴The Minor Prophets (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1962), II, 35.

⁵S. C. Yoder, He Gave Some Prophets (Scottsdale, Pa., Herald Press, 1964), p. 145.

⁶“Micah,”The Interpreter's Bible (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1956), VI, 915.

⁷Op. cit., p. 35.

⁸Henry, op. cit., 1316.

⁹The Modern Message oj the Minor Prophets (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947), p. 57.

¹⁰“Minor Prophets,” The Preacher's Homiletical Commentary (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1892), p. 411.

¹Op. cit., p. 720.

² Fraser and Stephens-Hodge, NBC, p. 724.

¹George Adam Smith, “The Book of the Twelve Prophets,” The Expositor's Bible (New York: A. C. Armstrong and Son, 1889) I, 421.

²A. Fraser and L. E. H. Stephens-Hodge, op cit., p. 725.

³Op. cit., p. 63.

⁴Fraser, Stephens-Hodge, op. cit., p. 725.

⁵The Expositor's Dictionary of Texts, ed. W. R. Nicoll, Jane T. Stoddard, and James Moffatt (New York: George H. Doran Company) I, 748.

⁶ Smith, op. cit., p. 426.

⁷ Pusey, op. cit., p. 85.

⁸ A. R. Fausett, A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1948), IV, 606.

⁹ Ibid., p. 607.

¹⁰Op. cit., p.461.

NAHUM

¹ Julius A. Brewer, The Literature of the Old Testament (N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1962), p. 147.

² Walter A. Maier, The Book of Nahum (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1959), pp. 24-26.

³ See Maier, op. cit., pp. 70-84, where these criticisms are examined and refuted.

⁴ S. M. Lehrman, “Nahum,”The Twelve Prophets, ed. A. Cohen (London: The Soncino Press, 1948), p. 191.

⁵ C. J. Gadd, The Fall of Nineveh (Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum, 1923).

⁶ Op. cit., p. 148.

⁷ Several highly technical monographs have been written on the problem of the text, its corruption and nature. E.g., Alfred Haldor,Studies in the Book of Nahum (Uppsala: A. B. Lundequistreka Bokhandeln, 1946).

¹E.g., Paul Haupt, The Book of Nahwn (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1907).

²Wm. C. Graham, “Nahum,”Abingdon Bible Commentary, ed. Frederick Carl Eiselen, et al. (N.Y.: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1929), p. 798.

³Op. cit., p.194.

⁴A hot, dry, violent wind laden with dust, that blows occasionally in that part of the world.

¹George Adam Smith, “The Book of the Twelve Prophets,” The Expositor's Bible, ed. W. Robertson Nicoll (N.Y.: A. C. Armstrong and Son, 1903), II, 91.

²Obadiah, Nahum, Habdkkuk and Zephaniah (London: SCM Press, 1961), p. 60

³Lehrman, op. cit., p. 196.

⁴Op. cit., pp. 191-92.

⁵Ibid., p. 212.

⁶Gadd,Op. cit., p.17

⁷Ibid., p.18

⁸Op. cit., p.103.

⁹The capital was moved to another place by some who escaped the siege, but the empire was broken.

¹⁰Smith, op. cit., p. 102.

¹¹Hist., VII, 61, 69.

¹²A. B. Davidson, Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah, “The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges,” ed. J. J. S. Perowne (Cambridge: University Press, 1896).

¹³Lehrman, op. cit., p. 200.

¹⁴ Smith,op. cit., p. 102

¹Quoted in Maier, op. cit., p. 291.

²Ibid., p. 292.

³Quoted in Lehrman, op. cit., p. 205.

⁴Op. cit., p. 75.

⁵Maier, op cit., p. 253.

⁶F. W. Farrar, The Minor Prophets (New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., n.d.), p. 152.

⁷Ibid., pp. 39-40.

HABAKKUK

¹Quoted in Keil & Delitzsch, The Commentary on the Old Testament, II, 49.

²C. L. Taylor, Jr.,” Habakkuk” (Exegesis), The Interpreter's Bible, ed. George A. Buttrick, et al., VI (New York: Abingdon Press, 1956), 974.

³Ibid., p. 977.

¹G. A. Smith, “The Book of the Twelve Prophets,” The Expositor's Bible, ed. W. Robertson Nicoll (New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1896), II, 131.

²Op. cit., p. 48.

³F. W. Farrar, The Minor Prophets (New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., n.d.), p. 161.

¹S. R. Driver, The Minor Prophets, II, “New Century Bible” (New York: Oxford University Press, 1906), 67.

²Ibid., p. 67, n.

³Op. cit., p. 982.

⁴J. H. Eaton, Obadiah, Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah (London: SCM Press, 1961), loc. tit.

⁵Lehrman, op. cit., p. 215.

⁶E. Henderson, The Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets (New York: Sheldon and Co., 1864), ad loc.

⁷ See Taylor, op. cit., p. 983.

¹ David A. Hubbard, “Habakkuk,” The Biblical Expositor, ed. Carl F. H. Henry (Philadelphia: A. J. Holman Co., I960), II, 348.

¹Davidson, op. cit., p. 74.

²Op. cit., p. 986.

³Davidson, op. cit., p. 75.

⁴Lehrman, op. cit., p. 219.

⁵J. E. McFadyen, “Habakkuk,” Abingdon Bible Commentary (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1929), p. 806.

⁶Cf. H. H. Rowley, The Relevance of Apocalyptic.

⁷Taylor, op. cit., p. 988.

⁸Farrar, op. cit., p. 165.

⁹Smith, op. cit., p. 140.

¹⁰IB, VI, 989.

¹¹Op. cit., p. 219.

¹²Op. cit., p. 168.

¹³Taylor, op. cit., p. 990.

¹Driver, op. cit., p. 79.

²Lehrman, op. cit., p. 220.

³Smith, op. cit., p. 146.

⁴McFadyen, op. cit., p. 807.

⁵Lehrman, op. tit., p. 222.

¹Ewald, quoted in Farrar, op. cit., p. 171.

²Smith, op. cit., p. 149.

³Op. cit., p. 224.

⁴Op. cit., p. 150, n.

⁵Op. cit., p. 997.

⁶Driver, op. cit., p. 87.

⁷Smith, op. cit., p. 150.

⁸A district northwest of Edom.

⁹Between the Sinaitic Peninsula and Kadesh-bamea.

¹⁰The full light of the sun.

¹¹The Judge's look made them quail with terror.

¹²Cleft assunder before Him (Mic. 1:4).

¹³When He stood in the stream of history during the Exodus.

¹⁴The country on the east side of the Gulf of Aqabah.

¹⁵The rush of waters, pouring down the mountainside, dug out channels in the earth and filled dry waddies with terror.

¹⁶Its waves mounted high.

¹⁷Josh. 10:12-13.

¹⁸Enemies will be thrown into a panic and will turn their weapons against themselves (Zech. 14:13).

¹⁹Suffering and afflicted people of God.

²⁰Driver, quoted in Lehrman, op. cit., p. 228.

²¹Op. cit., p. 318.

ZEPHANIAH

¹C. L. Taylor, “Zephaniah” (Introduction), The Interpreter's Bible, VI (New York: Abingdon Press), 1009.

²G. A. Smith, “Zephaniah,” The Expositor's Bible (New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1896), p. 26.

³“Zephaniah,” Abingdon Bible Commentary, ed. F. C. Eiselen, et al. (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1929), p. 810.

⁴S. R. Driver, “The Minor Prophets,” II, The New Century Bible, ed. Walter F. Adeney (New York: Oxford University Press, 1906), 115.

⁵Op. cit., p. 49.

¹G. A. Smith, “Zephaniah,” The Expositor's Bible, ed. W. Robertson Nicoll (New York: A. C. Armstrong, 1896), p. 48.

²The Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets (New York: Sheldon and Co., 1864), ad loc.

³G. A. Smith, op. cit., p. 56.

⁴See article “Baalism” in IDB or ISBE.

⁵C L. Taylor, “Zephaniah,” The Interpreter's Bible (New York: Abingdon Press, 1956), VI, 1015.

⁶A. B. Davidson, Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah, “The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges,” gen. ed. A. F. Kirkpatrick (Cambridge: University Press, 1896), p. 114.

⁷S. M. Lehrman, “Zephaniah,” The Twelve Prophets, ed. A. Coher. (London: The Soncino Press, 1948), Stonehouse is quoted, p. 236.

⁸Lehrman, op. cit., p. 237.

⁹Driver, op. cit., p. 117.

¹⁰Davidson, op. cit., p. 116.

¹¹G. A. Smith, op. cit., p. 52.

¹²Quoted in Davidson, op. cit., p. 117.

¹³Thomas J. J. Altizer, “Creative Negation in Theology,” ChristianCentury, July 7, 1965, p. 866.

¹⁴Op. cit., p. 54.

¹⁵Graham, op. cit., p. 812.

¹⁶Op. cit., p. 1019.

¹⁷Quoted in Davidson, op. cit., p. 120.

¹⁸Taylor, op. cit., p. 1021.

¹⁹Op. cit., p. 59.

²⁰Graham, op. cit., p. 813.

²¹Eaton, op. cit., p. 139.

²²Lehrman, op. cit., p. 243.

²³Driver, op. cit., p. 126.

²⁴The Intermediate Prophets, p. 147.

²⁵G. A. Smith, op. cit., p. 64.

²⁶Douglas, op. cit., p. 147.

²⁷Driver, op. cit., p. 128.

²⁸Op. cit., ad loc.

²⁹Driver, op. cit., p. 132.

³⁰Eaton, Obadiah, Nahum, Habdkkuk and Zephaniah (London: SCM Press, 1961), p. 147.

¹Lehram, op. cit., p.249

²Eaton, op. cit., p.155

¹ driver, op cit., p. 139.

² Farrar, op. cit., p. 157.

HAGGAI

¹ For a brief account of the whole period, cf. W. T. Purkiser, et al., Exploring the Old Testament (Kansas City: Beacon Hill Press, 1957), pp. 361-69.

² Blaikie & Matthews, A Manual of Bible History (New York: The Ronald Press, 1940), p. 282.

³Ibid., p. 283.

⁴F. W. Farrar, The Minor Prophets (London: James Nisbet and Co., n.d.), p.l87.

⁵Eli Cashdan, “Haggai,” The Twelve Prophets, ed. A. Cohen (London: The Soncino Press, 1948), p. 253.

⁶Ibid., p. 254.

¹Cashdan, op. cit., p. 255.

²Cashdan, op. cit., p. 256.

³G. A. Smith, “Haggai,” The Expositor's Bible, ed. W. Robertson Nicoll, (New York: A. C. Armstrong, 1896), p. 235.

⁴The Post-Exilian Prophets (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1881), ad loc.

⁵T. T. Perowne, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, “The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges,” gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne (Cambridge: University Press, 1893), p. 31.

¹G. A. Smith, op. cit., p. 241.

²Quoted in Perowne, op. cit., p. 34.

³Dods, op. cit., p. 53.

⁴J. E. McFadyen,” Haggai, “Abingdon Bible Commentary, ed. F. C. Eiselen, et al. (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1929), p. 817.

⁵Millar Burrows, An Outline of Biblical Theology (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1946), pp. 195 ff.

⁶“Haggai,” New Bible Commentary, ed. F. Davidson, et al. (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1953), p. 747.

⁷Op. cit., p. 39.

⁸Op. cit., p. 54.

¹ Driver, op. cit., p. 163.

² Smith, op. cit., p. 249.

¹ Perowne, Op. cit., p. 45.

² Driver, op. cit., p. 169.

ZECHARIAH

¹ G. N. M. Collins, “Zechariah,” The New Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1953), p. 748.

² “The Book of the Twelve Prophets,” The Expositor's Bible, ed. W. Robertson Nicoll (New York: George H. Doran Co., n.d.), n, 264-65.

³ Matthew 27, however, does not quote exclusively from Zechariah II. The fulfillment to which Matthew refers pertains to the purchase of a potter's field, and this points to Jer. 32:6-9 (cf. Jer. 18:2; 19:2, 11). In the light of these passages in Jeremiah we may understand Zechariah's casting of the money to the potter as a renewal of the older symbol in Jeremiah. Since Matthew combines both Jeremiah and Zechariah, only Jeremiah as the older prophet, is mentioned. See Gleason L. Archer, Jr., A Survey of Old Testament Introduction (Chicago: Moody Press, 1964), p. 411.

⁴ Edward J. Young, An Introduction to the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1953), p. 270.

⁵ Robert C. Dentan, “Zechariah,” The Interpreter's Bible (New York and Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1956), p. 1090.

⁶ Young, op. cit., p. 271; Dentan, Ibid.

⁷ Archer, op. cit., p. 410.

⁸ Archer, op. cit., p. 413; Young, op. cit., p. 272.

⁹ Archer, op. cit., p. 414-15.

¹⁰ Quoted by Young, op. cit., p. 273.

¹¹Op. cit., p. 748.

¹See Introduction, “The Book.”

²Marcus Dods, The Post-Exilian Prophets (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1881), p. 67.

³Eli Cashdan, “Zechariah,” The Twelve Prophets, ed. A. Cohen (London: The Soncino Press, 1948), p. 271.

⁴Loc. cit.

⁵T. T. Perowne, Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi, “The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges,” gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne (Cambridge: University Press, 1893), “Zechariah,” p. 5.

⁶G. Coleman Luck, Zechariah (Chicago: Moody Press, n.d.), p. 15. For Zechariah's strong ethical emphasis, cf. v. 4; 7:1-10; 8:16-17, 19.

⁷Dods, op. cit., p. 68.

⁸George Adam Smith, The Book of the Twelve Prophets (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1940), II, 273.

⁹Ibid.

¹⁰S. R. Driver, The Minor Prophets, “The New Century Bible,” ed. Walter F. Adeney (New York: Oxford University Press, 1906), II, 185.

¹¹Cf. Collins, op. cit., p. 749.

¹²Perowne, op. cit., p. 72.

¹³Quoted by Smith, op. cit., p. 311.

¹⁴“A Biblical Approach to the Doctrine of the Trinity,” Scottish Journal of Theology, Occasional Paper No. 1, gen. eds. T. F. Torrance and J. K. S. Reid (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, Ltd., 1953), pp. 27-28.

¹⁵The Prophet of Hope (London: Morgan and Scott, n.d.), p. 16.

¹⁶Ibid., pp. 17, 19.

¹⁷Ibid., p.21.

¹⁸Cashdan, op. cit., p. 276; Meyer, op. cit., p. 21; Luck, op. cit., p. 25.

¹⁹Quoted by Smith, op. cit., p. 287.

²⁰Op. cit., p. 71.

²¹Op. cit., p. 189.

²²Dods, op. cit., p. 73.

²³F. B. Meyer, op. cit., p. 29.

²⁴Ibid., p. 30.

²⁵Pusey; quoted by Perowne, op. cit., p. 77.

²⁶“Zechariah,” The Interpreter's Bible, ed. George A. Buttrick. et al. (New York: Abingdon Press, 1956), VI, 1066.

²⁷Meyer, op. cit., p. 32.

²⁸Smith, op. cit., II. 293.

²⁹Perowne, op. cit., p. 79.

³⁰Dods, op. cit., p. 76.

³¹Ibid.

³²Luck, op. cit., p. 37.

³³Ibid., p. 39.

³⁴Cashdan, op. cit., p. 281.

³⁵Ibid., p. 282.

³⁶Op. cit., p. 82.

³⁷Op. tit, p. 282.

³⁸IB, VI, 1071.

³⁹Op. cit., p. 297.

⁴⁰Op. cit., p. 83.

⁴¹Ibid.

⁴²Thomas, IB, VI, 1071.

⁴³Smith, op. cit., p. 298.

⁴⁴Smith, ibid.

⁴⁵Op. cit., pp. 80-81.

⁴⁶Cashdan, op. cit., p. 285.

⁴⁷Smith, op. cit., p. 301.

⁴⁸Driver, op.cit, p. 205; cf. Dods, op. cit., p. 83.

⁴⁹Quoted by Luck, op. cit., pp. 52-53; cf. Cashdan, op. cit., p. 287.

⁵⁰Driver, op. cit., p. 206.

⁵¹Luck, op. cit., p. 53; Driver, Ibid.

⁵²Cited by Smith, op. cit., p. 300.

⁵³Meyer, op. cit., pp. 51-52.

⁵⁴Baron; quoted by Luck, op. cit., pp. 51-52. Cf. John 12:31; 16:7-11.

⁵⁵J. E. McFadyen, “Zechariah,” Abingdon Bible Commentary, ed. David D. Downey (New York: Abingdon Press, 1929), p. 823.

⁵⁶Dods, op. cit., p. 84. Dods writes, “This symbol presents wickedness as full-grown, seductive, plotting, prolific, but also as separable from the life and customs of the people with which it had seemed inextricably involved.”

⁵⁷Thomas, IB, VI, 1077.

⁵⁸Op. cit., pp. 304-5.

⁵⁹Ibid., pp. 305-6.

⁶⁰Dods, op. cit., p. 87.

⁶¹Smith, op. cit., p. 306; Thomas, IB, VI, 1078; Cashdan, op. cit., p. 291.

⁶²Cf. Driver, op. cit., p. 210.

⁶³Luck, op. cit., pp. 60-61.

⁶⁴Such a reconstruction of the text in no way invalidates the inspiration of Zechariah's prophecy. The New Testament command to “rightly divide the word of truth” puts upon us the responsibility to make every effort to establish what that word actually is. Such a reconstruction also harmonizes 6:12b -13a with 4:9. “The hands of Zerubbabel have laid the foundation of this house; his hands shall also finish it.”

⁶⁵Cashdan, op. cit., p. 294.

⁶⁶Cf. 7:3: “the priests of the house of the Lord” (RSV).

⁶⁷Cashdan,op. cit., p. 295.

⁶⁸Smith, op. cit., p. 321.

⁶⁹Quoted by Perowne, op. cit., p. 102.

⁷⁰Quoted by Cashdan, op. cit., p. 298.

⁷¹McFadyen, op. cit., p. 824.

⁷²Quoted by Cashdan, op. cit., p. 298.

⁷³Ibid., p. 301.

⁷⁴Meyer, op. cit., p. 70.

¹Collins, op. cit., p. 755.

²Perowne, op. cit., p. 111.

³Op. cit., pp. 826-27.

⁴Op. cit., pp. 1095-96.

⁵Op. cit., p. 756.

⁶Op. cit., p. 305

⁷Op. cit., p. 113.

⁸Cashdan comments on this phrase: “The Hebrew tsaddik, usually translated ‘just, righteous,’ probably means here: shown to be in the right, vindicated in face of opposition, hence triumphant. The Hebrew jasha ( ‘having salvation,’ KJV) is a passive participle and strictly should be rendered 'the recipient of salvation’” (Op. cit., p. 306).

⁹Smith, op. cit., p. 467.

¹⁰Op. cit., pp. 467-68.

¹¹Cashdan, op. cit., p. 307.

¹²Op. cit., p. 757.

¹³ Perowne, op. cit., p. 122.

¹⁴Collins, op. cit., p. 758.

¹⁵The RSV translates this “treasury,” reading otsar instead of yotser. However the footnote reads: “Syr: Heb the potter.”

¹⁶Quoted from McFadyen, op. cit., p. 829.

¹⁷See Introduction, “The Book.”

¹⁸Collins, op. cit., p. 759.

¹⁹Ibid.

²⁰12:3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11; 13:1, 2, 4; 14:4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 20, 21.

²¹Op. cit., p. 100.

²²Op. cit., p. 479.

²³Quoted from Collins, op. cit., p. 760.

²⁴See John 1:16; I Cor. 15:10; and for the expression “the Spirit of grace” see Heb. 10:29.

²⁵Op. cit., p. 133.

²⁶Collins, op. cit., p. 760.

²⁷Although Israel of the flesh as a whole has rejected Christ (Rom. 10:1-3, 18-21), “at this present time also there is a remnant according to the election of grace” (Rom. 11:5). During “the times of the Gentiles” Israel is said to be “cast away” (Rom. 11:7-22). But when “the fulness of the Gentiles be come in … all Israel shall be saved” (Rom. 11:23-32). Zechariah 12—14 as a whole throws light on this last prediction by St. Paul.

²⁸Quoted by Collins, op. cit,, p. 760.

²⁹Op. cit., p. 136.

³⁰Perowne, op. cit., p. 138.

³¹Of. the parallel series of seals, trumpets, and vials in the Book of Revelation.

³²Rollins, op. cit., p. 761.

³³Meyer, op. cit., p. 109.

³⁴Quoted by Luck, op. cit., p. 117.

³⁵John 12:31-33; 16:11; Mark 9:1; Acts 1:3.

³⁶Op. cit., p. 111.

³⁷Ibid.

³⁸Cf. Ezek. 47:2-12; Joel 3:18; Rev. 22:1-2.

³⁹The word millennium comes from a Greek word meaning one thousand; the only specific biblical reference to a thousand years is in Rev. 20:1-7.

⁴⁰Nor v. 21 to be a prediction of the restoration of animal sacrifice.

⁴¹Meyer, op. cit., p. 116.

⁴²Ibid., p. 117.

MALACHI

¹ Cf. 3:1, where the Hebrew word is rendered “my messenger.”

² An Aramaic paraphrase of a portion of the OT.

³ Cited by Gleason L. Archer, Jr., A Survey of Old Testament Introduction (Chicago: Moody Press, 1964), p. 416.

⁴ Greek version of the OT.

⁵Loc. cit.

⁶J. T. H. Adamson, “Malachi,” The New Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1956), p. 764.

⁷Robert C. Dentan, “Malachi,” The Interpreter's Bible (New York and Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1956), p. 764.

⁸ Ezra5: 3; 9: 1-2;10:17.

⁹Neh. 13: 1-29.

¹⁰Dentan, op. cit., p. 1119.

¹¹Kyle M. Yates, Preaching from the Prophets (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1942), p. 217.

¹²Dentan, op. cit., p. 1119.

¹³Adamson, loc. cit.

¹⁴Negelsbach; cited by W. H. Lowe, “Minor Prophets,” v. 3, Layman's Handy Commentary on the Bible, ed. Charles John Ellicort (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1961), p. 105.

¹ Dentan, op. cit., p. 1122.

² Quoted by E. B. Pusey, “The Minor Prophets,” II (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1950), 465.

¹G. Campbell Morgan, An Exposition of the Whole Bible (Westwood, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1959), p. 414.

²J. E. McFadyen, “Malachi,” Abingdon Bible Commentary (New York: Abingdon Press, 1929), p. 833.

³Op. cit., p.1124.

¹George Adam Smith, “The Book of the Twelve Prophets,” The Expositor's Bible (New York: George H. Doran Company, n.d.), II, 353.

²Ibid., pp. 352-54.

³“Malachi,” The Pulpit Commentary, XIV (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. 1950). 3.

⁴Pusey, op. cit., gives a full summary of this view, pp. 471-74.

⁵Op. cit., pp. 3-4.

⁶Ibid.

⁷Op. cit., p. 471.

⁸Op. cit., p. 110.

⁹Adamson, op. cit., p. 766.

¹⁰Dentan, op. cit., p. 1129.

¹¹Pusey, op. cit., p. 476.

¹²Cf. the prophecy of Jonah against Nineveh, Jonah 3:1-4.

¹³Op. cit., p. 477.

¹⁴Op. cit., p. 361.

¹J. M. Powis Smith, Malachi, “The International Critical Commentary” (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1912), p. 47

²Op. cit., p. 481.

³Raymond Calkins, The Modern Message of the Minor Prophets (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947), p. 131; G. A. Smith, op. cit., pp. 363, 365.

⁴Eli Cashdan, “Malachi,” The Twelve Prophets, ed. A. Cohen (London: The Soncino Press, 1948), p. 354.

⁵Powis Smith, op. cit., p. 48.

⁶W. Emery Barnes, Malachi, “Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges,” ed. F. S. Marsh (Cambridge: The University Press, 1934), p. 122.

⁷The Syriac Version.

⁸The Post-Exilian Prophets (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, n.d.), p. 143.

⁹Quoted by Cashdan, op. cit., p. 346.

¹⁰Powis Smith, op. cit., p. 51.

¹¹Dentan, op. cit., p. 1135.

¹²Malachi, “Torch Bible Commentaries,” eds. John Marsh and Alan Richardson (London: SCM Press, Ltd., 1962), p. 196.

¹³Op. cit., p. 348.

¹⁴The Bible: An Amercian Translation, loc. cit.

¹Quoted by Pusey, op. cit. p. 485

²Dentan, op. cit., p. 1137.

³Op. cit., p. 199.

⁴The name “Jehovah” is a hybrid word, never used by the Jews, composed of the consonants of Yahweh (YHWH) and the vowels of Adonai.

⁵Op. cit., p. 63.

⁶Malachi, “The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges,” eds. J. J. S. Perowne and A. F. Kirkpatrick (Cambridge; The University Press, 1902), p. 29.

⁷ “Minor Prophets,” Calvin's Commentaries (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1950), V, 572.

⁸Adamson, op. cit., p. 767.

⁹Op. cit., p. 488.

¹Jones, op. cit., p. 200.

²Op. cit., p. 491.

³Ibid.

⁴Dentan, op. cit., p. 1139.

⁵Op. cit., p. 129.

⁶Powis Smith, op. cit., pp. 70-71.

⁷Op. cit., p. 52.

⁸Bames, op. cit., p. 130.

⁹Jones, op. cit., p. 202.

¹⁰Adamson, op. cit., p. 767.

¹Op. cit., p. 33

²Op. cit., p. 76.

³Op. cit., p. 203.

⁴Cf. G. A. Smith, Powis Smith, Dentan.

⁵Op. cit., p. 204.

⁶Ibid.; cf. Exod. 32:32; Neh. 13:14; Ps. 56:8; 69:28; Dan. 12:2; Rev. 20:12.

⁷Ibid.

⁸Op. cit., p. 496.

⁹Barnes, op. cit., p. 133.

¹⁰Op. cit., p. 496.

¹¹A quotation from Lap, cited by Pusey, op. cit., p. 497.

¹²Ibid.

¹³Op. cit., p. 205.