Appendix A

The Runes—
Their Names, Meanings,
and Phonetic Values

	feoh	cattle	f, fife
	ur	aurochs	—oo, boot (long) oo, took (short)
	thorn	hawthorn	th, thin th, them
	os	a god	o–, coat (long) ˇo, pot (short)
	rád	ride	r, roar
	cen	pine	k, kick ch, cheat
	gyfu	gift	g, gag
	wynn	joy	w, with
	hagol	hail	h, hat
	níed	need	n, no
	is	ice	–e, bee (long) ˇı, pit (short)
	gear	harvest	y, yes (consonant)
	éoh	yew	–i, as in pine
	peorth	gaming	p, pop
	eolh	elk-sedge	z, zebra (z to begin or end a word)
	sigil	sun	s, sauce z, brazen (z mid-word)
	tir	north star	t, tight
	beorc	birch	b, bib
	eh	horse	ˇe, pet (short) –a, paid (long)
	mann	man	m, mum
	lagu	sea, water	l, lid
	ing	lord Ing	ng, thing
	dæg	day	d, deed
	ethel	home	oe—, noise (diphthong)
	ác	oak	ä, father
	æsc	ash	ˇa, pat
	yr	bow	œ, burger minus the r (y as a vowel)
	ior	beaver	—eo, Creole (diphthong)
	ear	land, ground	–a ˇu, ay-uh (diphthong)
	calc	chalk	k, kick
	gár	spear	g, game
	cweorth	(unknown)	kw, quote
	stán	stone	st, sting

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