Index

• 14-day rule 112–15, 126, 128–9, 131
  • in Britain 101, 114–15
  • in Germany 110
  • in the US 105
  • see also Warnock, Mary

A

• Abbott Laboratories 44
• abortion, politics of 104, 109–10, 128
• Agamben, Giorgio 9
• Airlie House conference 72–3, 80, 92, 113
• American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 85
• Amgen 123
• Anderson, Benedict 33
• Archimedes 40–2, 50
• Arendt, Hannah 8–9
• Ashoka 66–7
• Asilomar Conference 54–8, 174
  • bioconstitutional role 70–4, 76, 89
  • discursive narrowing at 60, 133
  • legacy of 58–61, 77
  • memory of 59, 161
• atomic bomb 56

B

• Bayh–Dole Act 30, 52
• Berg, Paul 27, 30, 55–8
• bioinformatics 162, 168
• bios 9, 165, 174, 178
• Biotechnology Industry Organization 122
• Blair, Tony 33, 52
• Bok, Derek C. 53
• book of life 4, 6, 7
  • see also Sinsheimer, Robert
• Borges, Jorge Luis 169–71, 173, 179
• Borlaug, Norman 152–6
• Boveri, Thomas 20
• Boyer, Herbert 27–8, 30, 49, 54, 60, 79
• Boyle, Robert 118
• Bragg, Sir Lawrence 47–8
• Brave New World (Huxley) 34, 136
• BRCA 1/2 genes 85
• Brenner, Sydney 57, 59, 70, 174
• Britain (UK)
  • House of Commons 127
  • House of Lords 127
  • New Labour 52
  • Parliament 101, 111, 114–15, 126
• Brivanlou, Ali 128–9
• Brown, Louise 6, 97, 100
• Bud, Robert 124
• Burger, Warren 80–1
• Bush, George W. 106–7
• Bush, Vannevar 24, 28–9

C

• Calico 172–3
• California, University of
  • Berkeley 50, 75
  • San Francisco (UCSF) 27, 49
• Caltech 153
• Cambridge, University of 16, 22, 47–8, 52, 128
  • Cavendish Laboratory 45
• Canada
  • embryo transfer guideline 98
  • oncomouse decision 82, 86, 91
  • Parliament 83
  • Supreme Court 84
  • see also oncomouse
• Carroll, Lewis 120
• Celera Genomics 27, 32, 53
• Cetus Corporation 50–1
• Chain, Ernst 43–4
• Chargaff, Erwin 126–7, 133, 140, 172, 174
• chromosomes 1, 20, 22, 150
• Church, George 130
• civic epistemologies 101
• Clinton, Bill 5, 33, 134
  • administration 106
• cloning humans 107, 110, 135
• code (DNA as) 7–9, 32, 94, 172
  • cracking 2, 23, 178
  • script 1–2, 149
  • of life 45
• Code of Hammurabi 64–6
• Cohen, Stanley 27, 30, 49
• Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 34
• Collins, Francis S. 33
• Columbia University 20, 56, 126
• Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine 138
• complementary DNA (cDNA) 86
• constitutional order 65, 79, 81, 104, 108
• containment, in regulation 58, 63, 74, 133
• Correns, Carl 19
• Crick, Francis 2, 22–3, 45, 171
  • on double helix 47, 62
  • see also Watson–Crick (article)
• CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) 137, 145, 170, 176
  • CRISPR-Cas 9 technique 5
• Curie, Marie 41
• curiosity-driven research 40, 76, 148

D

• Darwin, Charles 16–19, 21
• Deisher, Theresa 107
• deliberate release (of GMOs) 60, 74–5, 90
• democracy 63, 70, 146
  • delegation to science 72, 132, 134–5
  • democratic 80, 137, 176
    • deliberation 132, 134–5
    • process 76–7, 84, 90
    • publics 64, 176
    • societies 26, 91, 100, 115
    • theory 71, 78, 115
• Dennett, Daniel 170
• deregulation 62, 79
• de Vries, Hugo 19
• Diamond v. Chakrabarty 79–82, 85–6, 90
• Dickey, James 105
• Dickey–Wicker amendment 105–8
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 2, 35, 37, 42, 49–50, 177
  • complementary (cDNA) 86
  • CRISPR segment 137
  • double helix 3
    • four-letter code 7, 23
    • structure of 4, 21–2, 45, 62, 123, 170–1
  • engineering 94
  • history of 41, 46
  • mitochondrial 96
  • recombinant (rDNA) 24, 71–2, 74–8, 125, 132–3
    • Asilomar conference 55–8
    • commercial application 28
  • see also complementary DNA (cDNA); recombinant DNA (rDNA)
• Dobzhansky, Theodosius 20
• Dolly (sheep) 6, 96, 134
• Double Helix, The (Watson) 45–8
• Doudna, Jennifer 5
• Dupanloup, Félix-Antoine-Philibert 14

E

• E. coli bacteria 28
• Edwards, Robert 95, 101
• Einstein, Albert 53
• Eli Lilly 28
• embryos 95, 101, 108, 139
  • cloning 110
  • definition of 114–16, 125–8
  • destruction of 107, 111, 138
  • early stage 96, 97, 103, 112, 128
  • frozen 99, 176
  • IVF 98–100, 102, 104–5, 109, 121
  • research on 106, 112–13
  • supernumerary 99
  • test tube 100
  • three-parent 96
  • see also human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs); in vitro fertilization (IVF)
• Endy, Drew 144–6
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 158
• epistemic things 95
• Ereky, Karl 123
• Espeland, Wendy 159
• Esvelt, Kevin 145–6
• ethics lag 132, 134, 141
• eureka moment 40–2, 49–50, 54, 60–1, 171
• European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) 87
• European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 98
• European Union (EU) 160–1
• evolution 15–6
  • controlling 5, 132–3, 137
  • Darwinian 21
  • second discontinuity 17

F

• FET v. Heckler 75, 78, 90
• Fleck, Ludwik 119
• Fleming, Alexander 42–4
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 124
• Florey, Howard 43–4
• Foucault, Michel 8, 119–20, 150
• Foundation on Economic Trends (FET) 75
• Francis Crick Institute 128
• Frankenstein 33, 136
• Franklin, Rosalind 22, 46–8
• Frederickson, Donald 71–3
• Freud, Sigmund 16–17
• Frostban 75, 77

G

• Galileo 41
• Garden of Eden 4, 117, 139
• Gauguin, Paul 12–16
  • existential questions 21, 27, 35, 97, 177
  • Tahitian painting 12, 128, 175
• Genentech 28, 30, 51, 61
  • bacterial insulin 37
  • Chakrabarty brief 79
• genetic engineering 24–5
  • debate on 69, 123, 125, 133
  • for profit 52
• genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 60, 90
• genome 24, 170–1
  • Dolly 96
  • editing 137, 176–7
  • HeLa 87
  • map of 33, 53
  • networked 149, 162–3
  • sequencing of 4–7, 26, 31–3, 38
• genomics 5, 63, 163
• Germany 52, 124, 133
  • abortion politics 109–10
  • biotech regulation 108–12
  • Embryo Protection Act 110–1
  • Green Party 123, 166
  • Parliament (Bundestag) 111, 123
• Gitschier, Jane 49
• Gosling, Raymond 47
• Green Revolution 152, 154, 156, 161
  • doubly Green Revolution 156
• greenhouse gas (GHG) 160–1
• Gutmann, Amy 135

H

• Hacking, Ian 173
• Hammurabi 64–5, 67, 178
  • see also Code of Hammurabi
• Hargreaves, Ken 127
• Harvard Crimson 52
• Harvard Stem Cell Institute 144
• Harvard University 34, 71, 82, 129–30, 136
• Healy, Bernadine 30–1
• HeLa cell line 87–8, 91, 96, 123
• Hilgartner, Stephen 32
• Hiroshima 56
• Hooke, Robert 122
• human dignity 108–9, 127–8, 178
• human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) 96–7, 100, 105–6, 108, 136
• Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 128
• Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) 101, 103, 105
• Human Genome Project (HGP) 30–2, 51
• Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) 31–3
• human progress 10, 147, 151, 168
• Hurlbut, J. Benjamin 59, 115, 134–5, 136
• Huxley, Aldous 34
• Hyman, Steven 162

I

• ice-minus bacteria 76, 78
• Illinois, University of 142
• in vitro fertilization (IVF), invention of 95
  • see also 14-day rule; embryos; Warnock, Mary

J

• Javits, Jacob 72
• Jefferson, Thomas 33
• Jenner, Edward 122
• Johns Hopkins Hospital 86
• Jonas, Hans 73, 80, 92, 113, 121, 123
• Judson, Horace Freeland 5–6, 33, 57, 59, 172

K

• Kay, Lily 153, 164
• Kekulé, August 47, 56
• Keller, Evelyn Fox 21–2, 173–4
• Kennedy, Edward M. 72–3
• Kennedy Institute of Ethics 72
• Kennet, Lord 127
• Kohler, Robert 20

L

• Lacks, Henrietta 86–9
• Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 18, 21
• Lamberth, Royce C. 107
• language games 116, 118–19, 121, 141
• law lag 69–70, 90, 134
• Lederberg, Joshua 57
• Lederle 44
• Levine, Aaron D. 113
• Library of Babel (Borges) 169–70, 179
• life patents 80, 85
• Lindow, Steven 75, 77
• Lovell-Badge, Robin 113, 128
• Lysenko, Trofim 6–7

M

• McLaren, Anne 102
• Mendel, Gregor Johann 18–20, 21, 45
• Mendelian genetics 7, 154
• Merck 44
• Merff syndrome 189
• Merton, Robert K. 55, 62
• Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) 157
• Miller, Henry I. 124–5
• MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 71, 107, 144–5
• Mode 2 science 148
• Monsanto 84, 155, 156
• Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser 182
• Morgan, Thomas Hunt 20
• Morgridge Institute for Research 144
• Moses, as judge 65–6
• Mullis, Kary 50–1, 53, 54, 171
• Murdoch, Alison 113–14
• Myriad Genetics 85
  • gene patent decision 86, 91

N

• National Academies (US) 137
  • of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 146, 172
• National Bioeconomy Blueprint 147
• National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) 134–5
• National Institutes of Health (NIH) 26, 30, 70
  • Dickey–Wicker 106–8
  • FET criticism of 75–6
  • Lacks settlement 88
  • National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) 31–2
  • Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) 71–3
• National Public Radio (NPR) 128
• National Research Council (NRC) 146
  • A New Biology for the 21st Century (report) 147–68
• National Science Foundation (NSF) 29, 145
• Nature, Watson–Crick article in 5, 47
• Nature Biotechnology 113, 128
• New Biology 142, 147–68
• New Deal 25
• New York Times 4, 35, 131, 134
• Newton, Isaac 38, 41, 50
• Nobel Prize 1, 44–5, 50, 95
  • Berg 27, 30
  • Watson and Crick 48, 50–1
• Nuffield Council on Bioethics 165–7

O

• Oldham General Hospital 97
• oncomouse 82, 84, 86, 91
  • see also Canada
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert 53

P

• Panopoulos, Nickolas 75
• patent law 82–3, 85
  • patents on genes 84
• patentable subject matter 82, 86
• Pauling, Linus 45–6
• penicillin 42–4
• Pfizer 44
• Polanyi, Michael 38–9, 54–8, 62, 76
• Pollack, Robert 56
• polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 50–1
• Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues (PCSBI) 135
• primitive streak 102, 131, 139
• progress
  • linear or inevitable 62, 69, 79
  • privatization of 24–7
  • science’s definition of 10, 31, 39–40
  • see also human progress
• Proposition 71 (California)
• Pseudomonas syringae 75
• Ptashne, Mark 52–3

R

• Rabb, Harriet 106
• Rabinow, Paul 50–1
• race, genetics and 35–6, 87–8, 140
• Randall, John 22
• Reagan, Ronald 25, 79
• recombinant DNA (rDNA) 28, 58, 73–4
  • guidelines for research 60, 71, 73–5
  • moratorium on research 56, 77
  • see also Asilomar Conference
• Reich, David 41–2, 140
• reproductive biology 10, 19
• Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg 95
• Rifkin, Jeremy 75
• Rockefeller Foundation 152–3
• Rockefeller University 128
• Roe v. Wade 104
• Roosevelt, Franklin D. 28
• Roslin Institute 96
• Ruse, Michael 133

S

• Sagoff, Mark 158–9
• Sarewitz, Daniel 45
• Schaffer, Simon 118
• Schmeiser, Percy 84
• Schröder, Gerhard 111
• Schrödinger, Erwin 1–3, 9, 149–50, 178
• Science 31
• Science for the People 71
• Scientific American 137
• self-organizing embryo-like structures (SOELS) 130
• self-regulation of science 54–8
• separation of powers 80, 83, 91, 107
• Shapin, Steven 50, 53, 118
• Shelley, Mary 33
• Sherley, James 107
• Sherley v. Sebelius 184
• Shiva, Vandana 154
• Shvetaketu 8, 175
• Simian Virus 40 56
• Singer, Maxine 76, 155
• Sinsheimer, Robert 4–5, 132, 133, 140
• Skloot, Rebecca 87
• Smith, Adam 39
• social contract 29, 69
• sociotechnical imaginaries 11
• sovereignty of science 68–9, 70–4, 79, 81, 91
• Spencer, Herbert 17
• Splicing Life 138
• Steinmetz, Lars 87
• Stalin, Joseph 6
• Stanford University 27, 55, 144
• Steptoe, Patrick 95, 101
• Strasser, Bruno 51
• Summers, Lawrence 34
• Sutton, Walter 20
• Swanson, Robert A. 28
• Synberc 145
• synthetic human embryo-like entities (SHELEs) 130–1, 136, 139
• synthetic human entities with embryo-like features (SHEEFs) 130–1, 136, 139

T

• Ten Commandments 65
• Thiel, Peter 172
• Thomson, James 97, 105, 112, 144
• thought community (Denkgemeinschaft) 119
• Toulmin, Stephen 176
• Trinity College, Dublin 1
• Tschermak, Erich von 19
• Tuskegee Syphilis Study 87

U

• Uddalaka 8
• United Kingdom (UK) see Britain
• United States (US)
  • Congress 61, 70, 73, 80–1, 105, 107–8, 111
  • courts 69, 75, 78, 89–90, 107
  • Department of Agriculture 43
  • Supreme Court 79–82, 85–6, 104
  • see also patent law
• Upanishads 8

V

• Vedas 8, 175
• Venter, J. Craig 27, 32–3, 38, 53–4

W

• Wade, Nicholas 4–5, 57–8
• Wall Street Journal 124
• Walters, LeRoy 72
• Warnock, Mary 101–2, 114
  • report 101, 103–4
  • committee 112, 115, 126
  • see also 14-day rule
• Watson–Crick (article) 5, 23, 47, 51
• Watson, James D. 20, 54, 57
  • Crick and 2, 22–3, 51, 62, 171
  • The Double Helix 45–7
  • HGP resignation 30–1
  • race, remarks on 34
  • see also Nobel Prize
• White House 33, 53, 105, 134
• Wicker, Roger 105
• Wilkins, Maurice 22, 45–8
• Wisconsin, University of 97, 112, 144
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig 118
• Woese, Carl 142–3, 146, 149, 167
• World Trade Organization 155
• Wright, J. Skelly 76
• Wright, Susan 132–3

X

• x-ray crystallography 22, 46

Y

• Yavapai Indians 159
• Young, Frank E. 124
• Yun, Dr. Joon 172

Z

• Zernicka-Goetz, Magdalena 128–9
• Ziolkowski, Theodore 64
• zoe 9, 165