an Palace, 50, 376Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Turkish historical figures who are generally known by their first names rather than by their surnames are alphabetized accordingly.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abdülaziz, Sultan, 14
Abdülhamid II, Sultan, 14, 32–34, 53, 59, 136, 147, 155, 207, 296, 305
Abdullah Efendi restaurant, 314
Abdullah Frères photographic studio, 59
Abdülhak Adnan (politician and husband of Halide Edip), 210–15, 255
Abdülmecid, caliph, 87, 180–81
Abdülmecid I, Sultan, 270–71, 279
Abwehr (German military intelligence), 310–13
Adil, Fikret, 151
Aegean coast, 36, 71, 75, 77, 194
Aegean Sea, 15, 40, 70, 72–73, 78, 121, 163
African-Americans, 138–41
Agabekov, Georgy, 246–47
Agamemnon, 40, 41
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha, 318
Albania, Albanians, 34, 61, 71, 79, 190, 191, 192, 286, 289, 313
alcohol, 142–43, 181, 187
Alexander, king of Greece, 71, 77–78
Ali Ayetullah, 208
Allenby, Edmund, 42, 58
Allies, 184
armistice with Ottomans by, see Mudros agreement
battleships of, 37, 72
Bulgarian armistice with, 39–40
concern for Jews by, 357–59
fleet of, 37, 40–43
Istanbul occupied by, 40–45, 49–66, 70, 72–76, 78–86, 96, 100–102, 106, 114–15, 118–20, 124, 127, 130–31, 135–36, 140, 151–52, 155, 157, 203–4, 206, 210–11, 213, 222, 223, 225, 245, 259, 271, 299
Istanbul’s sex trade and, 148–51
Normandy invaded by, 313, 362
refugees cared for by, 91–92
Russian Revolution and, 94
territorial goals of, 37, 82
Treaty of Lausanne and, 114–15
Turkish demands on, 74
in World War I, 35–40, 64, 71
in World War II, 291, 295, 297, 306–8, 310–11, 314, 326, 338, 348, 352, 356, 369
American College for Girls, 51, 207–8, 309
American Consulate, 308, 309, 318, 331, 373
American Embassy, 328
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (Joint), 325, 337, 360–61
Anatolia, 18, 31, 52, 55, 72, 74, 76, 78, 83–84, 91, 92, 118, 122, 165, 184, 192, 222, 225, 226, 327, 370
central, 73
coast of, 238
folk songs of, 161, 168, 170, 171
in Human Landscapes, 219–20
Muslim immigrants from, 49, 373
southeastern, 194, 210
southern, 52
western, 73, 91
withdrawal of Italian troops from, 79
Anatolia, eastern, 36, 37, 53, 57, 126, 129, 194, 211, 334, 375
anti-Kemalist uprisings in, 186
Armenian deportation from, 37–39
Armenian homeland proposed for, 59, 210
division of, 75
Ottoman positions in, 35
Soviet Union and, 290
Anatolian News Agency, 212, 255
Ankara, 77–79, 116, 121, 147, 184, 186, 212, 225, 276, 279, 293, 312, 313, 322, 323, 339, 347, 354, 363, 371
capital moved to, 4, 5, 75, 194
as center of government, 84–85, 115, 193, 194–95, 290, 314, 327–29
foreign embassies in, 295
Jewish community organizations in, 337
Kemal establishes headquarters in, 73, 255
population of, 193
Ansari, Abu Ayyub al-, 135
antisemitism, 332, 346, 365
and Jewish refugees, 330
Arabian Peninsula, 31, 51, 193
Arabic, 115
Arabic language, 9, 188–89, 227
Arabs, 31, 34, 36, 76, 145, 194, 350
in Palestine, 330, 332
revolt against Ottomans by, 37
Ardıç, Mahmut, 304–5
Armenia, 75
refugees from, 91
Armenian Apostolic Church, 10, 165, 187, 194
in Istanbul population, 58–59
Armenian Catholic Church, 351
Armenian genocide, 41, 42–43, 60, 129, 165–66, 194, 306
Armenian language, 118, 167
Armenian nationalism, 59–60
Armenians, 5, 8, 13, 17, 26, 27, 31–33, 44, 49–51, 61–63, 69, 72, 124, 142, 163–65, 171, 184, 191, 194, 207, 245, 246, 298, 374, 375, 377
Allied occupation and, 75
Allied preference for, 64–65
attacks on, 73
deportation from Anatolia of, 37–39
economic marginalization of, 121–31, 333–34, 365
genocide of, 39, 41, 42–43, 60, 129, 165–66, 194, 306
Hrant Kenkulian as, 162
as prostitutes, 139
religions of, 63
in Smyrna, 80
Unionists assassinated by, 42–43
Armstrong, Therese, 303
Atamansky Regiment, Cossack, 105
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 8, 52–57, 72–75, 82, 85, 114, 129, 147, 151, 170, 173, 180, 183, 204, 210, 212, 223–25, 262–63, 278, 279, 306, 318, 349, 353, 371, 372, 375
adopted daughters of, 182, 186, 205–6
anti-occupation resistance by, 116, 255
appearance and personality of, 182–83
as commander in chief of Turkish forces, 79, 82, 183
death of, 184, 215, 292–93, 293
dictatorial aspects of, 214, 223
elevation of Turks to new nationality by, 190–91
enemies list of, 184–85
on Hagia Sophia, 276
Istanbul and, 189–90, 197
modernization and, 181, 277, 370
on neutrality, 289
“Nutuk” speech and official history by, 214–15, 219
personality cult of, 182, 206, 291–92
portraits of, 81, 115, 196
as president, 75, 115, 213, 304
Trotsky and, 235
as uncontested nationalist leader, 79, 255
women’s rights under, 202
Atatürk Cultural Center, 196
Athens, 70, 77–78, 119, 121, 124, 127, 263, 277, 278, 374
Roza Eskenazi in, 163–64
Atlantic Monthly, 110
Atlantic Records, 174
Auerbach, Erich, 296
Auschwitz-Birkenau, 357, 359
Austria, 9, 24, 45, 70, 165, 243, 246, 290, 314
Anschluss and, 297
refugees from, 295–96
Austria-Hungary, 24, 32, 34–35, 114
end of empire in, 45
Averoff, 41
Axis Powers, 291, 295, 298, 306–7, 308, 314, 320, 325–26, 331, 336–38, 345, 352, 355, 356
Ayasofya, see Hagia Sophia
Azerbaijan, Azerbaijanis, 99, 101, 183, 225, 245
Aziz Bey (diplomat), 317
Bacanos, Yorgos, 170
Baha (public prosecutor), 158–59
Baker, Josephine, 159–60
Balat (neighborhood), 61, 62
Balian family, 59
Balkans, 4, 18, 31, 41, 49, 52, 71, 91, 192, 274, 291, 298, 307
1870s territorial changes in, 33
Jewish refugees from, 325, 337, 345
Wehrmacht in, 303
in World War I, 35, 39
Balkan Wars, 8, 34, 162
Bandırma, 57
Barlas, Chaim, 329–32, 334–38, 341, 345, 348–49, 351–53, 355, 357–60, 364–65
Bartók, Béla, 168
Bazna, Elyesa, 313
beauty pageants, 254, 256–63, 261, 267
Bedreddin, Sheikh, 229–30
Beirut, 129, 351, 369
Belgium, 22, 24, 108, 192, 257, 258, 261–63, 267, 376
government-in-exile of, 300
Bell, Marie, 159
Benedict XI, Pope, 353
Ben-Gurion, David, 330
Bergson, Peter, 326
Berlin, 41, 42, 243, 263, 296, 306, 313, 363
Beylerbeyi (neighborhood), 8, 59
Bibesco, Marthe, 155
Black Sea, 15, 17, 24, 35, 39, 49, 57, 93, 98, 107, 226, 229–30, 289, 291, 320, 322–23, 332, 344, 357, 359, 360, 370, 375, 378
Bliss, Robert and Mildred Woods, 275
Bliumkin, Yakov, 249
Blythe, Betty, 159
Bodosakis-Athanasiades, Prodromos, 69–70, 72, 124–25, 127–29, 131, 255, 377
Bolshevik Revolution, 98, 106, 110, 183, 235, 237, 248, 276
Bolsheviks, 43, 93, 96–99, 101–2, 104, 106, 109–10, 116, 223, 225, 226, 239, 245, 248–49, 252, 295, 296, 352
Turkish, 225
“Boo Boo Baby I’m a Spy,” 311–12
Börklüce (leader of uprising), 229
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 34, 192
Bosphorus, 8, 15–16, 36, 51, 53, 60, 83, 86, 129, 155, 161, 189, 193, 206, 215, 234, 245, 259, 263, 274, 291, 295, 296, 297, 300, 320, 322, 360, 363, 376
Allied force in, 40–42
boatmen on, 17
metro line underneath, 18
waves and currents on, 18
Boston, Mass., 272, 276
Boutnikoff’s Symphony Orchestra, 137
Boyer, Charles, 159
Brand, Joel, 357–58
Breslau, 35
Brettschneider, Teodor, 321, 323
Bridges, Tom, 42, 93
Bristol, Mark, 51, 76, 96, 223
Britain, British, 24, 64, 117, 119, 170, 207, 209, 214, 237, 243, 289, 318
immigration quotas in, 330
imperialist tendencies of, 76
intelligence services of, 245–46, 307–8, 312–13, 314
mandate over former Ottoman territories by, 75, 290
Mehmed VI protected by, 85–86
military advisors to Ottomans from, 32, 55
in occupation of Istanbul, 4, 39–42, 50–52, 54–56, 74–76, 78–86, 91–92, 96–97, 99–100, 115–16, 118, 136, 148, 212, 244, 349
in Ottoman demise, 32, 35, 77
Palestine under Mandate of, 320–24, 329–32, 338–41
Turkey’s relations with, 294
in World War I, 35–40, 71, 94
British Consulate, 300, 318, 331, 373
British Embassy, 156, 322, 339
Brod, Simon, 321, 360
Brodsky, Joseph, 373
brothels, 147–52
disguised as harems, 201
legal, 3, 138, 147, 148, 151
see also prostitutes
Brussels, 23, 117
Bucharest, 339, 346
Budapest, 14, 339, 356–59
Bülbül, 361–63
Bulgaria, Bulgarians, 24, 53, 61, 79, 106, 117, 136, 162, 190, 192, 207, 230, 307, 318, 322, 354, 356, 362
armistice with Allies by, 39–40, 114
British diplomats expelled from, 298, 302
German troops in, 303
Germany and, 298–99
independence of, 34
Jewish refugees from, 326, 335, 339, 355
in World War I, 35, 39–40
Burgess, Guy, 249
Bursa, 205, 219
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, 13
Büyükada (Prinkipo), 238–44, 246, 249, 255, 359
Byzantine Empire, 238
architectural remainders of, 4, 373
conquest of, 76
Greek desire to restore, 71
history and image of, 273–75
Italian trade with, 49
Jews and, 60
Byzantine Institute, 276, 277–80, 285
Byzantium, 13, 270
art of, 274–75, 280–85
churches of, 267–68, 271, 376
earthquakes in, 18
economy of, 15–16
emperors of, 14
founding of, 15
Greek-speaking, 119
legal codes of, 15
old quarter of, 16, 20
see also Istanbul
Café Lebon, 64, 147
caiques, 16–17
Cairo, 263, 358
calendar, in Istanbul, 179–80
caliph, caliphate:
Abdülmecid as, 87, 180–81
abolished, 180–81, 186, 277
Mehmed V as, 35
Mehmed VI as, 43, 85–86
separated from sultanate, 87, 180
sultan as, 5, 10, 37, 58
Çankaya Avenue, 238–39, 244
capitalism, 238, 241
Capitulations system, 63–66
Çapulcular (Thugs) Street, 26, 129
Carp, Betty, 309–10, 334
Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, 349, 351–53, 359–60
Caucasus, 32, 35, 37, 39, 84, 98, 102, 103, 105, 107, 190, 226, 227, 246
Celile Hanım (mother of Nâzım Hikmet), 221
Cemal Pasha, 34, 37, 42–43, 56
census, Turkish national, 192–93
Central Asia, 43, 235, 257
nomads in, 189
origin of Ottomans in, 16
Central Powers, in World War I, 35–40
Cevad (owner of Opera Cinema), 158–59
Chalcedon, 15
Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Istanbul, 124
Chamberlain, Neville, 332
Charleston (dance), banning of, 142
Chebyshev, Nikolai, 97
Cheka (Bolshevik secret police), 248
China, 248–49
Christians, Christianity, 39, 61, 229, 270, 278
Byzantine, 274
canon law in, 181
deportation from Anatolia of, 37
economic marginalization of, 121–31, 152
in Istanbul, 51, 121
Istanbul as epicenter of, 10
nationalists feared by, 118–19
as refugees in Istanbul, 92
response to Allied occupation by, 40–41, 64–65
taxes on, 58
women, 203
see also Greeks (ethnic), Armenians
Christie, Agatha, 14, 25, 118, 235, 373
Church of the Holy Savior in Chora (Kariye mosque), 267
Churchill, Winston, 78, 83, 241, 310, 317
Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus, 267
Cicero (double agent), 313
Çıraan Palace, 50, 376
Circassians, 43, 191
Columbia Gramophone, 170
Committee for the Education of Russian Youth in Exile, 106–10
Committee of Union and Progress, see Unionists
communism, 225, 227, 230, 241, 245, 248, 252, 352
Communist Party, Soviet, 224
Communist Party, Turkish, 225–26
Communist University of the Workers of the East, 226–27
Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits et des Grands-Express Européens, 23–26, 69, 377
Constan
a, 102, 320, 361
Constantine, king of Greece, 71, 77–78, 84
Constantine XI Palaeologus, emperor of Byzantium, 78
Constantine the Great, emperor of Rome, 13, 15
Constantinople, 10, 13, 25, 42, 268
see also Istanbul
Cossacks, 93–95, 98, 100, 102, 105, 107, 138, 245
Cox, Oscar S., 327
Crete, 34, 70, 303
Crimea, 94–95, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 160, 190
Crimean War, 371
Cumhuriyet (The Republic), 8, 256–57, 260, 262, 267, 279, 296, 303
Curtiss, Joseph, 309
cymbals, Zildjian, 172–73
Cyprus, 75, 372
Czechoslovakia, 108, 356
Czechs, in Istanbul, 308
Dadiani, Koki, 100–101
Daily Mail, 82
Damascus, 39, 224, 351
Danube River, 191
Dardanelles Straits, 15, 36–37, 39, 74–76, 82, 290–91
Democratic Party, Turkish, 370–71
Denikin, Anton, 93–94, 97–98, 117, 140
Deutscher, Isaac, 244
Deutsche Schule, 297
Divanyolu, 20
divorce, 202, 203
Diyarbakır, 210
Doctors’ Plot, 251–52
Dolmabahçe Palace, 41, 50, 59, 86, 189, 213, 292, 376
Don, 95
Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 310
Don River, 93, 107
Dos Passos, John, 14, 196, 244–45
drag queens, 137, 162
drugs, 144–45
Dukelsky, Vladimir (Vernon Duke), 137
Dumbarton Oaks, 275, 285
Dunn, Robert, 138, 245
earthquakes, 18–19
Eastern Question, 31–32
Eastman, Max, 242–43
Ece, Keriman Halis, see Keriman Halis
Edip Bey (father of Halide Edip), 206–8, 215
Edirne, 185–86
education:
in French schools, 205
for women, 203, 207–8
Education Ministry, Turkish, 258, 296
Edward VIII, king of England, 285
Egypt, 150, 209, 275, 279, 327
as free of Ottoman control, 75
Eichmann, Adolf, 356–57
Einstein, Albert, 296
Eitingon, Chaim, 247–48
Eitingon, Leonid, 247–52, 323
Eitingon, Max, 248
Ellis, Gertrude, 303
Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe, 326
Eminönü (neighborhood), 157, 376
Emlak Bank, 128
Emniyet (Turkish secret police), 304–6
English language, 118, 161
Enver Pasha, 34, 37, 42–43, 55, 56, 306
Ephesus, 229
“Epic of Sheikh Bedreddin” (Nâzım Hikmet), 229–30
Eristavi, Gigusha, 99
Eristavi, Princess, 100
Ertegün, Ahmet, 173–75
Ertegün, Münir, 173–74
Ertegün, Nesuhi, 173–75
Ertu
rul, 189
Erturul, Muhsin, 157, 213, 220
Erzurum, 72, 129
Eskenazi, Roza, 162–65, 167, 169, 171, 284
Ethiopia, 146, 272
eunuchs, 134, 138, 145–47
Europe, 256, 295, 298
collapse of empires in, 6
colonies of, 241
eastern, 63, 356
Muslim exiles from southeastern, 8
occupied, 312
Ottomans in, 192, 193
Pullman cars in, 23
World War II in, 291
Evliya Çelebi, xv, 142–43, 151
Eyüp (neighborhood), 61, 135, 143
ezan, 187–88
feminism, feminists, 155
Muslim, 213, 216, 375
Ottoman, 146
Feriha Tevfik, 257–58
ferries, 17–18, 30, 53, 136
Feustel, Hans Walter (travel agent), 297
fez, banning of, 181, 201, 263
Filov, Bogdan, 299
fires, 19–22, 26–27, 49, 137, 163
Florya, 99–100, 117, 292
Foreign Affairs Ministry, Turkish, 335, 339, 354, 363
Foreign Office, British, 312–13
Fossati, Gaspare and Giuseppe, 270–71, 275, 278–79
Fox-Pitt, Billy, 82, 105, 115, 156
France, French, 24, 32, 39, 52, 64, 95, 108, 117, 141, 150, 156, 214, 237, 243–44, 255, 258, 288, 333, 355, 364
in occupation of Istanbul, 40–42, 50–52, 66, 69, 74–76, 115, 136, 148, 244
in Ottoman demise, 55, 75, 77–79, 290
refugees in Istanbul aided by, 91–92
republican tradition of, 183, 186–87
Turkey’s relations with, 294
in World War I, 35–40, 71, 94
Franchet d’Espèrey, Louis, 42, 58
Franco, Francisco, 250, 292
Frenc, David and Israel, 321, 323
French language, 49, 118, 161, 162, 240, 350
Furlong, Charles, 65–66
Fyodorov, Georgy, 104
Galata (neighborhood), 42, 49, 115, 118, 140, 297, 373
Galata Bridge, 30, 103, 192, 205, 218
Galatasaray Lycée, 8, 222, 288
Galata Tower, 49, 104, 300
Gallipoli:
battle of, 36–37, 52, 53, 222
refugee camp at, 97, 117
Garbo, Greta, 159
Garden Bar, 5, 136–37, 375
Geffner, Emanuel, 321, 323
General Kornilov, 95
George V, king of England, 51, 84
Georgia, 98–102, 117, 226
German Consulate, 297, 318
German Embassy, 313
German language, 296, 297, 310, 323
Germany, Germans, 24, 42, 45, 76, 78, 102, 108, 114, 117, 144, 237, 240, 243, 256, 323
Anschluss and, 297
armed interventions by, 32
armistice signed by, 40
bombings by, 299
businessmen from, 69
films from, 156
intelligence services of, 310–11
in Istanbul, 4, 297–98, 308, 318–19, 363
Jews-for-goods exchange and, 357–58
Jews prohibited from leaving by, 320
military advisors to Ottomans from, 32, 35, 70, 298
Ottoman alliance with, 35, 55
refugees from, 295–96
Soviet Union and, 289, 303, 306, 340
transfer of Jews to killing sites by, 338
Turkey’s relations with, 256, 290, 294, 298, 306, 363
in World War I, 35, 39, 70, 290
in World War II, 289–90
Gesarian, Aram and Vahram, 171, 333–34
Gezi Park, 196
Gibbon, Edward, 274
Gibraltar, 115
Giz, Selahattin, 7–9, 9, 162, 178
Glorya cinema, 156–57, 159
Goebbels, Joseph, 266, 285–86, 289, 290, 369
Goeben, 35
Gökalp, Ziya, 190, 210
Gökçen, Sabiha, 186
Golden Horn, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 26, 27, 42, 44, 49, 59, 60, 61, 68, 105, 136, 137, 143, 145, 151, 152, 195, 203, 267, 300, 349, 350
Goldin, Joseph, 323, 331
Gottschalk, Walter, 296
Gramophone Company, 170
Grand Bazaar, 19, 21, 49, 103, 150, 195, 286, 297, 309, 334
Grand Cercle Moscovite restaurant, 105, 117, 173, 375
Grande Rue (Independence Avenue; 
stiklâl), 3, 6, 14, 20, 26–27, 31, 37, 42, 74, 97, 98, 103, 116, 118, 141, 149, 155, 156, 160, 166, 187, 192, 195, 196, 208, 220, 276, 288, 297, 318, 331, 372, 373, 375, 377
Grand National Assembly, Turkish, 75, 84–85, 114, 124, 185, 262, 276
Adnan as president of, 213
Atatürk named by, 291–92
Democratic Party in, 370–71
Halide Edip in, 215
head of state selected by, 293–94
independence tribunals of, 227
monarchy abolished by, 85, 115
new caliph named by, 87, 180
troops of, 82
women in, 202
Graveyard Street (Kabristan), 25–27, 103, 129, 135, 149, 245, 300; see also Me
rutiyet (Constitution) Avenue
Great Depression, 248
Greece, ancient, 274–75
Greece (Hellenic state), 7, 9, 79, 108, 119, 222, 247, 290, 371–72
beauty contests and Turkish rivalry with, 258, 267
designs on Ottoman territory of, 77–79, 119, 211
exchange of minorities with Turkey in, 121–23
Greek refugees in, 120–21
Muslim refugees from, 8, 91, 123, 136, 157, 162, 170, 171, 190, 205, 221–22, 375
in occupation of Istanbul, 40–42, 50, 76
in Ottoman empire, 70, 77
PAOK soccer team in, 123
rapprochement between Turkey and, 277
revolt against Ottoman rule by, 70–71
Salonica taken over by, 7–8, 163, 222, 224
territory ceded to, 75, 76
Turkish battle against, 78–80, 84–87, 115, 120
in World War I, 35–36, 39, 64, 70–72, 113
in World War II, 303, 307, 336
Greek army (Hellenic army), 64, 73, 77, 91, 118, 171, 211, 294
in battle of nönü, 78–79
withdrawals by, 79–82
Greek language, 61, 69, 71, 118, 122, 240, 275
Greek Orthodox Church, 9, 59, 69–70, 118, 179, 187, 269, 277, 280, 351
patriarch of, 70, 119–20, 126
Greek Powder and Cartridge Company, 128
Greeks, ancient, as early colonists in Istanbul, 15, 59
Greeks (ethnic):
Allied occupation and, 41, 64–65, 75, 119
definition of, xiii
diaspora of, 80, 120–23, 127, 162–64, 171, 374
divisions among Istanbul’s, 119–20
economic marginalization in Turkey of, 121–31, 194, 277, 333, 334, 365
economic power in Istanbul of, 27, 44, 119, 121, 124
in Istanbul, 8, 17, 31, 32, 49, 51, 58–59, 61–62, 64, 70, 81, 122–24, 142, 149, 179, 184, 191, 194, 207, 240, 277, 283, 301, 375
in Smyrna, 80
in Turkey, 80, 120–23
Greeks (Hellenes), xiii, 70–72, 80, 152, 244
Gritchenko, Alexis, 138
Guernica, 186
Guide Bleu, 26, 179–80
Guth, Fritz, 365
György, Andrea, 357
Haganah, 330
Hagia Eirene, 267
Hagia Sophia, 18, 21, 189, 195, 256, 268–86, 310
Deesis in, 280, 281–84
mosaics of, 270–71, 277–80
as museum, 285
Haidar, Musbah, 41
Haifa, 321, 324, 339, 341
Halide Edip, 33, 206–16, 255, 259, 263, 305, 375
Halil Bey (parliamentarian), 276, 279
Halis Bey (father of Keriman Halis), 259–60, 262
hamals (porters), 103, 108, 155
Hampshire Regiment, British, 92
hans (commercial houses), 50
Haralambos (friend of Trotsky), 240
Harbin, 248–49
Harbiye (neighborhood), 349–51
harem:
foreign fascination with, 145–46, 201
Ottoman imperial, 134, 145–47
Harington, Charles “Tim,” 78, 81–83, 85–86, 91–92, 96, 115, 148, 213, 349
Haydarpaa station, 18, 53, 118, 219, 360–62
Hayırsızada, 238
Hebrew language, 331
Heimatlose (legally homeless), 296
Hellenes:
definition of, xiii
see also Greeks (Hellenes)
Hemingway, Ernest, 4–5, 80, 127, 135–36, 150
Herbert, Aubrey, 20
Herodotus, 15
Herzog, Isaac (chief rabbi of Jerusalem), 352, 355
Heybeliada, 222, 229
Hikmet Bey (father of Nâzım Hikmet), 221–22
Hindemith, Paul, 168
Hirschmann, Ira, 319, 324–29, 332, 335–37, 339, 341, 345, 357–61, 364
Hissar Players, 51
Hitler, Adolf, 256, 286, 290, 294, 303, 307, 313, 339, 348, 352, 356, 359
HMV (His Master’s Voice), 170–72
Holocaust, 326, 330, 356–57, 359, 364
Hôtel de Londres, 26, 127
Human Landscapes from My Country (Nâzım Hikmet), 219–20, 229, 231
Hungary, Hungarians, 102, 117, 257
in Istanbul, 308
Jewish refugees from, 326, 335, 339, 357–59, 363
Jews-for-goods exchange and, 357–59
Jews persecuted in, 355–57
neada, 362
Ilyich, 236
Imperial Ottoman Bank, 37
nan, Afet, 205–6
India, 37, 51, 214
Industrial Revolution, 194
nönü, battle of, 78–79, 82
nönü, smet (smet Pasha), 120, 196, 262, 294, 306, 370–71
pekçi brothers, 157, 220
Iran, 192
Iraq, 118
Iron Duke, 51, 82
Islam, 6, 9, 17, 26
alcohol and, 143
caliph’s role in, see caliph
call to prayer in, 20, 187–89
images supposedly prohibited by, 270, 278
Istanbul’s place in, 10, 180–81
propriety and morality in, 151, 152, 182–83, 186
sharia law in, 181, 186
Shi’a, 187
Sunni, 187
Turkish disestablishment of, 181, 277
see also Muslims
Islamic art, 273
Islamic imperialism, 189–90
Islamophobia, 78
smet Bey, 78, 82–83; see also nönü, smet
smet Pasha, see nönü, smet
Israel, 364
Istanbul, 4, 5, 41, 44, 48, 57, 77, 119, 163, 164, 211, 212, 223, 276, 354, 372, 376–77
academic refugees in, 293–94
Allied occupation of, 40–45, 49–57, 62–66, 74–77
Armenians in, 91
Atatürk in, 72, 292
battle lines not far from, 34
British officials evacuated to, 299
changing landscape of, 21, 26–27, 195–97
civilian refugees in, 44
civil society of, 272
as democratizing, 158
departure of non-Muslims from, 119
dining in, 143–44
earthquakes in, 18–19
economy of, 52, 62, 114, 130
espionage in, 32–33, 102, 239, 244–47, 249, 295, 298, 304–14
European luxury goods in, 31
fires in, 19–22, 26–27, 49
foreign subjects in, 58, 63–66
geography of, 15
Germans in, 297–98
as global city, 9–10
Greek designs on, 71, 77–78
Greek legacy of, 277, 278
Greeks in, 8, 17, 31, 32, 49, 51, 58–59, 61–62, 64, 70, 81, 121, 122–24, 142, 149, 179, 184, 191, 194, 207, 240, 277, 283, 301, 375
historic areas of, 276–77
hüzün of, 5
immigrants to, 308
as island of outcasts and the self-made, 5
Jewish refugees and, 320–24, 326, 329–39, 349–65
Jews of, 321
keeping to one’s own sphere in, 61–62
Kemalism vs., 189–90
keyif of, 5
languages of, 118
mahalles (neighborhoods) of, 61–62
modernization of, 195–97
mood of hopelessness and resignation in, 5
as multicultural, 60–61, 118–19, 130, 149, 152
as Muslim empire, 41
as Muslim and modern, 5
Muslim refugees to, 32, 43, 49–50
names for, 13
national census in, 192
nationalist condemnation of, 152
navigating, 17–18
neighborhoods of, 60–61
nightlife in, 90, 135–52, 139, 178, 196
noise in, 135–36, 155–56
non-Muslim minorities in, 49, 51, 58
occupation of, 290
as Ottoman capital, 31
Ottoman conquest of, 13, 16, 21, 187
pandemonium of daily life in, 118
popular culture of, 62
population of, 9, 45, 57–58, 92, 96, 113, 129, 136, 192–93, 194
public parks in, 25
railway service to, 25
railway terminus of, 14–15
refugees in, 91–110, 147
sea approach to, 13–14
seven hills of, 20, 60
as sitting on two continents, 18
skyline of, 195, 197
suburbs of, 9
Trotsky in, 235–44
Unionist troops in, 34
use of name, xiii
Western immigrants to, 6–8, 10
and West’s image of the Islamic world, 6
women’s rights movement in, 204
in World War I, 35, 39
in World War II, 303
see also specific subject entries
Istanbul University, 215, 296
Italian language, 350
Italian Riviera, 87
Italy, Italians, 18, 76, 108, 243, 272, 316, 350
films from, 156
Jewish refugees from, 352
in occupation of Istanbul, 40–42, 50–51, 115, 136, 244
in Ottoman demise, 77–78
in trade with Byzantine Empire, 49
Tripolitania annexed by, 34, 53
Turkey and, 286
withdrawal of troops from Anatolia by, 79
in World War I, 71
in World War II, 289, 307
Izmir, 193, 337
see also Smyrna
Jacquart, Camille, 192–93
Jale, Afife, 167–68
janissaries, 19
Japan, 76, 208, 246, 279, 318–19
jazz, 7, 137, 151, 154, 166, 170, 172, 173
Jerusalem, 314, 323, 327, 340, 352, 355
Jewish Agency for Palestine, 321–23, 331, 336–38, 348–49, 355, 358–61
Immigration Department of, 330, 364
Jews, 8, 13, 31, 49, 50, 61, 62, 118, 124, 136, 164, 179, 207, 229, 247–48, 251–52, 297, 301, 374–75
Ashkenazi, 63
in Balat, 61
in Byzantine era, 60
chief rabbi of, 10, 59
departure from Istanbul of, 364–65
economic marginalization of, 121–31, 152, 333–34, 365
evacuation from occupied Europe of, 319–41, 344, 345–65
Final Solution as threat to, 326, 330, 359
immigration quotas for, 330
Istanbul as haven from antisemitism for, 60, 295–96
in Istanbul population, 58–59, 60
rabbinical decisions and, 181
Roza Eskenazi as, 162–63
Sabbath of, 61
in Salonica, 162–63
Sephardic, 7, 60, 63, 364
taxes on, 58
Tokatlian Hotel boycotted by, 297, 317
Turkish, 336
Turkish citizenship and, 333
violence against, 185–86
women, 203
John XXIII, Pope (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli), 353–55, 358–60, 364
Joint Chiefs of Staff, US, 117
Justinian I, emperor, 14–15, 268, 285
Kadıköy (neighborhood), 220, 376
Kadınlar Dünyası (Women’s World), 204
kadıs (judges), Muslim, 147
Kaıthane (neighborhood), 61, 135
Kalis, Erich (bookseller), 297
Kapps, Andres (bookseller), 297
Karabekir, Kâzım, 79
Karagöz, 156
Karantinos, Mr. (Pera Palace manager), 301, 377
Kariye mosque, see Church of the Holy Savior in Chora
Karpich’s restaurant, 141
Kazakhstan, 235–36, 240
Kazbek, 360, 363
Kemalist army, 82, 211, 223, 294
in battle of nönü, 79, 82
see also Turkish army
Kemalist revolution, 184, 305
Kemalists, Kemalism, 73–75, 77, 78–79, 81, 83, 91, 116, 118–19, 181–83, 189–90, 191, 197, 203, 206, 223, 226, 229, 230, 256, 263, 369, 370–71, 372
armed uprisings against, 186
authoritarian tendencies of, 225
five-year plan of, 224–25
history rewritten by, 184, 214–15
homogenizing ideology of, 220
modern European history accelerated under, 194
nation-building and, 194
rejection of, 230
secularism of, 182–84, 186–89, 277
see also Turkish nationalists
Kenkulian, Hrant (Udi Hrant), 162, 165–67, 169, 170, 172, 175, 229, 334
Keriman, Halis, 259–63, 261, 267, 277, 375
Kessel, Dmitri, 272
Kiev, 105
Kılıç Ali Pasha mosque, 269
Kitab-ı bahriye (Pirî Reis), 18
Knatchbull-Hugessen, Hughe, 294, 312–13
Kofakos (Greek hotelier), 127
Koki and Niko’s, 100–101, 105
Kollek, Teddy, 314, 331
Korea, 371
Krauss, Josef, 297
Krupp, 42
Kumkapı (neighborhood), 62, 165
Kurds, Kurdistan, 31, 34, 75, 186, 191, 194
aerial attacks on, 186
rebellions among, 227
Ladino language, 60, 61, 118, 374
Ladyzensky, Colonel, 99
“La Gioconda and Si-Ya-U” (Nâzım Hikmet), 228
Lale (singer), 170
Lausanne, Treaty of, 114–15, 120–25
Lawrence, T. E., 37
League of Nations, 115, 116, 122, 150, 330
Le Corbusier, 27
Lenin, Vladimir, 93, 98, 101, 115–16, 224, 227, 235–36, 248
Leopold II, king of Belgium, 24
Levantines, 69, 260, 350–51, 375
Libya, 34, 53
Lincoln, Abraham, 22–23
Litvinov, Maxim, 310
Livadia Palace, 94, 105
London, 14, 94, 139, 173, 246
Long, Breckinridge, 326–27
Ludovic, Edouard and Emanuel, 321, 323
Macedonia, 34, 192
Macfarland, Lanning “Packy,” 308–9, 312, 337
Makarov, Sasha, 100, 105
Malaya, 86
Malta, 57, 74, 115, 212
Maritsa River, 299
Marmara, Sea of, 14, 15, 35, 44, 79, 82, 99, 165, 195, 219, 222, 238, 239, 293, 324, 363, 376
Marmara Taksim Hotel, 196
Marx, Karl, 223, 226, 238
Maslak, 84
Matisse, Henri, 272–73
Maxim club, 5, 138, 140–42, 173, 178
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 228, 230
Mediterranean Sea, 15, 36, 59, 69, 71, 164, 189, 268, 275
Medovi
, Nicolaus, 297
Mefkûre, 361–63, 344
Megali Idea, 71
Mehmed I, Sultan, 229
Mehmed II, Sultan, 16, 21, 43, 270, 285
Mehmed V, Sultan, 34, 35, 43
Mehmed VI, Sultan, 45, 51, 55, 65, 73, 103, 223
as caliph, 43, 85–86
deposing of, 4–5, 85–87, 91, 114, 136, 146, 180–82
Ottoman breakup accepted by, 74–78, 84
weakness of, 35, 81, 83, 173
Meisterwerke muhammedanischer Kunst, 273
Meletios IV, patriarch, 119, 126
Menderes, Adnan, 197, 371–72
Menemenciolu, Numan, 348–49, 354
Mensheviks, 98–99, 226
Mercader, Caridad, 250–51
Mercader, Ramón, 250–51
Mesopotamia, 36, 39, 75
Merutiyet (Constitution) Avenue, 129, 318; see also Graveyard Street
Mexico City, 244, 250–52, 255
Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 228, 230
Meyers Guide, 144
meyhanes (taverns), 142–43, 164
Middle East, 295, 298, 350
Midhat (public prosecutor), 158–59
millet system, 58–59, 120, 123
Milliyet (The Nation), 193–94, 197, 204–5
Milne, George, 42, 51–52, 74, 78, 83
Minsky, Yakov, 236–37, 247
Miss Turkey competition, 254, 256–61, 267, 297
Miss Universe competition, 260–63, 277
Moda, 95, 96, 239, 297
Montreux Convention, 291
Morina, 361–63
Moscow, 102, 105, 116, 117, 139–40, 227, 232, 247, 249, 250
Nâzım Hikmet in, 226–27
mosques, 20, 123, 187–88, 189, 269, 378
churches converted to, 268, 270
imperial, 49, 51
Moulin Rouge club (Mulenruj), 161
movies, 155–60
democratizing influence of, 158–59
Turkish, 157, 213, 220, 257–58, 263
Mudanya accord, 82–83, 85
Mudros armistice, 40, 53, 57, 72, 74, 75, 82, 113, 114, 184
muezzins, 187–88
muhacirs (forced migrants), 32
Muhammad, Prophet, 10, 43, 135, 179
Muhayye, Misbah, 128–30, 131, 303, 317, 369–70, 377
Muhiddin, Nezihe, 204, 206
Muhlis Sabahattin, 157
Murder on the Orient Express (Christie), 118, 235, 373
music, 5, 155–75
in Ankara, 194
genres of Turkish, 161
in Istanbul’s nightlife, 136–38, 141–42
loss and longing portrayed in, 162
recorded, 161–75
Muslims, xiii, 44, 49, 61, 72, 80–81, 124, 137, 162, 179, 222, 229, 301, 305, 374
Allied condemnation of, 43
antinationalist, 119
bathing areas of, 99
Bolsheviks and, 43
Byzantium and, 274
compulsory exile of, 120–23
education for women among, 207–8
expanding wealth of, 61
from Black Sea coast, 107
intellectuals, 259
in Istanbul, 45, 58, 73–74, 194
polygamy among, 207
reaction to Allied invasion by, 41, 65–66
as refugees to Istanbul, 32, 34, 41, 43, 49–50, 91–92, 171
secular, 350
in Turkish nationalism, 55, 80–81, 118, 126, 152, 190–91, 211–12
Turkish-speaking, 62, 71, 75, 162, 277
Unionists and, 37
women, see women, Muslim
see also Islam
Mussolini, Benito, 286, 292, 307
Mustafa III, Sultan, 19
Mustafa Kemal, see Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal
Mustafa Suphi, 225–27
Mutlugün, Reat, 304–5
My Life (Trotsky), 240, 242–43
Nabokov, Vladimir, 94
Nadir Aa (eunuch), 147
Nagelmackers, Georges, 22–25
Nansen, Fridtjof, 116, 122
Nansen passports, 116
Naide Saffet, 258
National Pact, 74
National Turkish Commercial Union, 124
Nation Awakes, A, 157
NATO, 371
Nâzım Hikmet, 219–23, 226–32, 228, 255, 305, 375
Nazis, Nazism, 290, 295, 307, 308, 314, 329, 346, 352, 358
Jews killed by, 326, 330, 338, 359
Jews stripped of citizenship by, 320
race laws under, 297
in Turkey, 297
Near East, 6, 71, 122, 223, 273
Necdet Rütü, 168
Necip Celal, 168
Nerkis (singer), 170
Nesuhi (public prosecutor), 158–59
Netherlands, 243, 300
New Orleans, La., 44, 150
New Rome, 13, 15, 268, 274; see also Byzantium, Istanbul
New York, N.Y., 44, 109, 113, 114, 160, 167, 174, 215, 284, 324, 364
New York Times, 141, 175, 236
Nicholas I, Tsar, 31
Nicholas II, Tsar, 105
Nicolson, Harold, 350
Nizharadze, Niko, 100–101
Normandy, Allied invasion of, 313, 362
North Africa, 37, 55, 96, 306
nostalji (nostalgia), 161–62
Novorossiisk, 93–94
Nuruosmaniye mosque, 20
“Nutuk” (Atatürk), 214–15, 219
Odessa, 93, 139, 235–36, 356
Office of Strategic Services, US (OSS), 308–14, 333–34, 337
Dogwood network of, 312, 357
X-2 (counter-espionage) branch of, 309, 311
OGPU (Soviet secret police), 236–37, 246–47
Ökte, Faik, 334
On the Streets of Istanbul, 157
Orak-Çekiç (Hammer and Sickle), 227
Orient Bar, 3, 106, 131, 300, 317
Orient Express, 3, 22–25, 118, 180, 247
Orient News, 118, 155
Osman, House of, 7
Ottoman army, 52–53, 57, 73, 81–82, 149, 221
Ottoman Baroque style, 50
Ottoman Empire, 24, 26, 32, 64, 77, 79, 86, 150–51, 193, 197, 224, 271, 318
alcohol production in, 143
under Allied occupation, 40–45
armistice with Allies and, see Mudros agreement
boundaries of, 14, 51, 184, 192
Byzantium conquered by, 13, 16, 21, 60, 169, 267, 270–71, 274
Christians in, 32; see also Greeks (ethnic), Armenians
classical music of, 161, 164–65, 166, 170, 172
constitutional monarchy in, 33–34
construction regulations in, 19
demise of, 31–33, 75–77, 86, 91, 114, 210, 259, 330
domestic spies in, 32–33
duration of, 43, 58
European annexations of territory of, 34
imperial harem in, 134
infrastructure of, 24–25
as Islamic empire, 4, 277
Istanbul as capital of, 3, 6
modernization of, 208
as multicultural, 4, 31, 58–59, 73, 120
parliament of, 33, 73–75, 212
poetic conventions in, 220, 227
police officers of, 44–45
property records under, 69
reform movements in, 33–34
religion as social system in, 120–23
renamed Turkey, 74
seafaring by, 18
sürgün (forced resettlement) under, 21–22
Turkish rejection of past in, 4
Turks perceived by, 190
uprisings and rebellions in, 32, 34–35
in World War I, 35–40, 70, 289
Ottoman naval college, 222, 229
Ottoman Turkish language, 61, 118, 147
rank expressed in, 158
oud (ud), 165–67, 170, 171–72
Palestine, 39, 52, 75, 247, 290, 331, 363, 364–65
Arabs in, 330, 332
immigration quotas and certificates for, 328–29, 330, 331–32, 358–60
Jewish refugees and, 320–24, 328–30, 332, 335–41, 345, 348–49, 355, 362
Palm Beach Seven, 141–42
Paris, 22, 24–26, 75, 113, 117, 137, 139, 140, 160, 215, 225, 235, 244, 246, 247, 263, 276, 294
Park Hotel, 318–19, 331, 349, 363–65, 375
Parthenon, 277, 383
“Past Is a Wound in My Heart, The,” 168–69
Patria, 324
Pegasus, 94
Pera (neighborhood), 42, 43, 44, 49, 64, 72, 101, 104, 108, 123, 127, 140, 143, 147, 155, 160, 208, 237, 300, 350, 373
avant-garde popular culture of, 151, 167
decline of neighborhood, 3
department stores in, 203
as destination for visiting Europeans, 25
as district of debauchery, 143, 150, 151, 305
espionage in, 244–46
fire of 1870 in, 21, 25, 27
foreign embassies in, 3–4, 44, 295
as Istanbul’s most fashionable neighborhood, 3
nightclubs in, 136–52, 167, 196, 260
northward shift to social life in, 318
secondhand shops in, 102
three curses of, 49
Pera Palace Hotel, 64, 96, 118, 127, 137, 140, 149, 192, 267, 276, 297, 298, 305, 308, 333, 372, 373, 376–77
Atatürk at, 52, 54–55
bar at, 74
Barlas at, 329, 331, 345, 349, 351–52, 364, 369
Bodosakis’s ownership of, 13, 69, 124–25, 128, 377
bombing of, 300–305, 301, 307, 313, 317, 319, 369
Brodsky at, 373
change of ownership of, 66
Christie and, 373
declared state property, 125, 128
decline of, 3, 317–18
Dos Passos at, 244–45
espionage and, 32–33, 244–45, 298
Goebbels at, 285–86, 289
Hemingway and, 4
initial success of, 26–27, 31
Milne at, 42
modernization and, 195, 197
Muhayye’s purchase of, 128–31, 317, 369–70, 377
music at, 136
on New Year’s Eve 1925, 179
noise and, 135–36, 192
as part of chain, 26
renovation of, 375
restaurant at, 203
view from, 135
as Western-style hotel, 4
Whittemore at, 105–9, 271, 273
Persia, Persians, 15, 61, 145
Persian language, 189, 227, 228
Petits-Champs Park, 25, 27, 136, 196, 203, 245
Petits-Champs Theater, 138
Petrograd, 93, 94; see also St. Petersburg
Phanar (Fener) neighborhood, 59, 61, 70, 120
Philhellenism, 70–71, 78
Picasso, Pablo, 230
Pius XI, Pope, 354
Pius XII, Pope, 352, 354, 359, 364
Poland, 101, 102, 117, 221
communities destroyed in, 326
death camps in, 338, 352
government-in-exile of, 300
invasion of, 289, 294
Jewish refugees from, 335, 339–41, 346, 357, 363
polygamy, 202, 207
Prague, 117
press, 33, 197, 212
census questionnaire in, 193
control of, 185–86, 191, 227
move to Ankara by, 194
and Struma affair, 324
Trotsky and Western, 236
Turkish, 237
Price, G. Ward, 82, 84
Prichard, Matthew, 106, 272–73
Princes Islands, 44, 229, 238
Prinkipo, see Büyükada
Procopius, 16, 268
Proctor, Bertha, 140, 149, 246
proletarian revolution, 224–25
property rights, 202
Prost, Henri, 195–97, 277, 318
prostitutes, 96, 147–52, 256
transvestite, 3, 152
Pullman, George, 22–23
Punjabis, British unit of, 52
Pushkin, Alexander, 226
Putin, Vladimir, 117
railroads, 14–15, 22–26, 155
Ramadan, 156, 189, 376
Rand, Tamara, 373
rebetiko, 163–64, 171
Red Army, Soviet, 101, 235, 248, 339, 341
Red Crescent Society, 210
Red Cross, 106, 108, 137, 310, 335, 348
Refet Pasha, 84–85, 213
Régence restaurant (Rejans), 161
Rendel, Anne, 299–300
Rendel, George, 299–300, 317
Republican People’s Party, 204, 370–71
as only legal party, 184, 214, 221, 224, 304
six pillars of, 183
Republic Day, 186, 314, 318
Republic Monument, 196, 316, 318
Resimli Ay (Illustrated Monthly), 228–29
Righi, Vittore, 351–52, 355
Robert College, 51, 309
Roman Catholic church, 58, 63, 269, 350–55, 357, 359–60
Romania, 24, 102, 155, 172, 290, 320–22
Jewish refugees from, 326, 335, 337, 339, 346–47, 360–63
Jews persecuted in, 355–56
in World War I, 35
Romaniotes, 60
Romanov dynasty, 45, 224
Rome, 352, 359, 364
Rome, ancient, 268, 275
Byzantium as successor to, 273–74
Roncalli, Angelo Giuseppe (Pope John XXIII), 353–55, 358–60, 364
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 310, 327, 336
Rose Noire club (Roznuvar), 141, 161
Rosenthal, Gérard, 240
Runciman, Steven, 276
Russia, Russians, 4, 32, 62, 69, 76, 90, 222–24, 236, 246, 278
as empire, 26, 92–94, 97, 106, 109, 248
exiles in Istanbul from, 91–110, 113–17, 122, 126, 137, 139–42, 147–48, 150, 152, 160, 226, 232, 235–52, 260, 271, 276, 320
in World War I, 35–40
see also Soviet Union
Russian Archaeological Institute, 276
Russian Embassy, shifting power at, 97, 116
Russian Futurism, 228, 230
Russian Imperial Academy, 108
Russian language, 223, 240
Russian Orthodox church, 107, 270, 351
Russian Revolution, 45, 93, 113, 117, 139, 232, 237, 240, 248
Russo-Japanese War, 107, 208
Rustow, Alexander, 296
Rustow, Dankwart, 296
Safa, Peyami, 350
Safiye Ayla, 170
Sahibinin Sesi (HMV), 170–72
St. James’s Brasserie, 136
St. Petersburg, 98, 100, 102
Sakarya, battle of, 212
Sakarya River, 79
Salih Zeki, 208–9
Salonica Army, 52
Salonica (Thessaloniki), 33, 210, 372
Abdülhamid II exiled to, 34
Greek immigrants to, 127, 374
Hellenic takeover of, 7–8, 163, 222, 224
immigrants from, 8, 123, 136, 157, 162, 170, 171, 205, 221–22, 375
as multicultural, 8, 53, 162–64
Ottoman, 7
Salvador, 324
Samsun, 57, 72
Sanders, Otto Liman von, 35, 70
Saracolu, 
ükrü, 289, 306, 333–34
Sarayburnu (Seraglio Point), 14, 320, 361
Sarikamish, 37
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 230
Schwartzer, A., 149
Schwarz, Alfred, 312
science, religion vs., 279
Sedova, Natalya, 235–37, 239, 244, 246, 251
Selimiye mosque, 20, 269
Senegal, 42, 66, 157
Serbia, 117
Serra, Mario, 136
Sevastopol, 35, 93, 95
Sèvres, Treaty of, 75–78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 210, 290
eyhülislam, 16, 186, 259
Seyyan Hanım, 162, 167–69, 171, 175, 229, 334
Shakhovskaya, Princess, 114
Shalikashvili, David, 102
Shalikashvili, Dmitri, 98–102, 109, 117, 226
Shalikashvili, John, 117
Shaul, Eli, 62
sheet music, 160, 171
sheiks, 187
Shirt of Flame, 213
Siberia, 107, 236
Simplon Tunnel, 25
Simpson, Wallis, 285
Sirkeci station, 14, 18, 22, 92, 155, 300, 334, 344, 360, 362, 363
Slavs, 13, 71, 269–70
Slowes, Abraham, 339–41
Slowes, Moshe and Malke, 339–41
Smyrna, 71–73, 75, 77, 79–84, 91, 113, 129, 163–64, 171
Hellenic occupation of, 204, 210
Turkish conquest of, 212
see also Izmir
Snarsky brothers, 100
socialism, socialists, 5, 33, 63, 98, 155, 230, 237, 240, 243
in Russia, 93, 94, 223
in Turkey, 221, 223, 227, 232
Socialist Revolutionary Party, 248
Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, 309
Sofia, 41, 299, 302, 326, 339, 355
Soviet Embassy, 236, 246
Soviet Union, 93, 126, 185, 235–37, 240–41, 246–52, 295, 310, 313, 328, 362
German invasion of, 303, 306, 352, 356
nationalization of industry by, 104
Nâzım Hikmet in, 226–27, 228, 230–32
propaganda from, 97–98
Struma and, 323
Turkish relations with, 115–16, 223–26, 230, 256, 290, 291, 294
in World War II, 289–90, 352, 358
see also Russia
Soviet Writers’ Union, 232
Spa, 261–62
Spain, 186, 243, 249–50
Jews from, 60, 63
Spanish Civil War, 128, 249–50
Special Operations Executive (SOE), 307–8
Sperco, Willy, 140–41
Spitzer, Leo, 296
SS, 356–57
Stalin, Joseph, 230–31, 235–41, 243, 247–49, 252, 290, 294, 339
Stalingrad, 306, 356
Standard Oil, 41, 108
State Department, US, 326–27
Stein, Gertrude, 272–73
Steinhardt, Laurence A., 327–28, 336–37, 345, 348–49
Stella bar, 140
Sterladkin, Aleksei, 114
Stoliar, David, 323
Strafford, Charles, 94
Streater, Isabel, 247
Struma, 320–24, 326–27, 329, 348, 362–63
Sudan, 146
Süleymaniye mosque, 12, 20, 68, 269
sultan, 26, 31, 50, 58, 59, 63, 120, 190, 191, 203, 215, 223
caliph as, 5, 10, 35, 37, 58, 85–86
deposing of, see Mehmed VI, Sultan, deposing of
selâmlık procession by, 17, 51, 85
see also specific sultans
Sultanahmet (Blue) mosque, 21, 74, 189, 206, 211, 269, 276–77
sünnet, 8
Sunni Islam, 187
surnames, law requiring, 126, 263
Sweden, 9, 64, 328, 340–41
Switzerland, 108, 180, 295
Syria, 18, 36, 75, 247, 290, 321
taksim, 167
Taksim Square, 72, 140, 195–96, 262, 316, 318, 349
Talât Pasha, 34, 37, 42, 56, 306
tango, 168–69, 172
Tanin (The Echo), 209
Tanpınar, Ahmet Hamdi, 180, 187
Tanzimat reform movement, 32–33
Tarabya, 42
Tatavla (Kurtulu), 64
Taurus Mountains, 327
Tbilisi (Tiflis), 43, 100
Tcherniavsky, Mr., 114
Téhige, Madame de, 378
Tenner, Katya, 94
Tepebaı, 300, 373
tesserae, 283
Teutonia Club, 286, 297, 310
Tevfik Fikret, 209
Thessaloniki, see Salonica
Thomas, Frederick Bruce (Fyodor Fyodorovich Tomas), 138–42, 175
Thrace, 18, 51, 53, 77, 78, 82, 92, 193, 289, 299
Muslims in, 121, 123
violence against Jews in, 186, 356
time, in Istanbul, 179–80
Tittmann, Harold H., Jr., 352
tobacco, state monopoly on, 33
Togo, 208
Tokatlian Hotel, 26, 114, 118, 138, 317, 375
on Nazi approved list, 297, 331
Trotsky at, 237–38
Tolstoy, Leo, 110
Tolstoy, Vera, 110
Tolstoy family, 117
Tom’s Lancashire Bar, 136
Topkapı Palace, 14, 19–20, 44, 49, 95, 267, 361
Gate of Felicity of, 361
Harem of, 276, 361
Toronto Daily Star, 4, 127
Toynbee, Arnold J., 6
Trabzon, 225–26
Transnistria, 346, 360, 362
trolleys, 27, 112, 155, 188, 203, 336
Trotsky, Leon, 93, 224, 235–44, 246–52, 255, 257, 323
Trotsky, Lyova, 236–37, 241, 244
tulumbacıs (firefighters), 19–20, 64
turbans, restrictions on, 186
Türkische Post, 324
Turkish Airlines, 123
Turkish army, 84–87, 115, 120
in battle with Hellenes, 78–80
see also Kemalist army
Turkish Council of Ministers, 277, 285
Turkish Hearth movement, 203–4, 209–10
Turkish language, 9, 13, 43, 122, 126, 161, 167, 188–89, 240, 310, 375
reform of, 181, 189
Turkish nationalists, 64, 73, 75–76, 79–82, 84–87, 91, 113, 116, 129, 152, 173, 190–91, 194, 204, 206, 210, 211–12, 223–25, 259, 306
critics of, 220–21
Halide and Adnan as, 213–16
violence against Jews by, 185–86
see also Kemalists, Kemalism
Turkish National Museum, 276
Turkish Orthodox church, 119–20
Turkish Republic, 155, 160, 173, 213, 219, 222, 230, 318, 369, 374
Allies joined by, 363, 371
cinema of, 157
clock and calendar change in, 179–80
clothing laws in, 181, 191, 201, 263
creation of, 115, 118
critics of, 221
economy of, 223–24, 225, 371
espionage in, 304–14
ethnic minorities in, 120–23
exchange of minorities with Greece, 121–23
first constitution of, 120
foreign policy of, 256, 291
geographic importance of, 295
Greece and, 277, 371–72
historians in, 219
homogenization of, 130, 333
ideology of, 189–90
industrial and agricultural development in, 225
Islam disestablished as state religion in, 181
Jewish refugees and, 320–26, 329–33, 338–41, 345–49
literature under, 220–21
marginalizing of non-Muslims in, 121–31
modernity and secularism of, 4, 6, 168, 181, 182–84, 186–89, 191, 197, 256, 263, 267, 277, 279
modern notions of citizenship in, 120–21, 152
multiparty democracy in, 215
national life centered in Ankara under, 194–95
as nation-state, 126
neutrality of, 289–91, 295, 303–4, 307, 326, 338, 348
new civil code of, 181, 202, 214
origins of, 73–74
in Ottoman demise, 77
population of, 193–94
as primarily rural, 224
purging of imperial influences by, 189
religious-leaning government in early 21st century, 182–83
reorganization of, 85
surnames required in, 126, 263
territory of, 192
Treaty of Lausanne and, 114–15
war of independence in, 57, 125, 127, 171, 189, 196, 214, 219, 223, 291
in World War II, 303
Turkish revolution, 77, 84–87, 181–82
Turkish Women’s Union, 204
Turks, 23, 50, 115, 301
ancestry of, 189–90
background and definition of, 190
ethnic, 194
Kurds, 194
Ottoman past rejected by, 4
secular, 279
Turpin, F. W., 41
Turquoise club (Türkuvaz), 141, 161, 258, 375
typhus, 149
Udi Hrant, see Kenkulian, Hrant
Ukraine, 326, 346, 356, 360
Ukrainians, 99, 101, 246
Ülkümen, Selahattin, 333
Unionists, 91, 162, 183, 203, 209, 210, 214, 221, 222, 238, 255
Germany and, 35, 55, 306
Mustafa Kemal influenced by, 53
nationalism of, 73, 75
reforms demanded by, 33–34
right-wing, 226
Special Organization in, 37–38
in World War I, 35, 37
United Nations, 364, 371
United States, Americans, 24, 65, 76, 105, 117, 141, 146, 156, 172, 192, 214, 245, 256, 276, 278
immigration quotas in, 330
intelligence service of, 223, 308–12, 314; see also Office of Strategic Services, US (OSS)
in Istanbul, 3, 43, 50, 138–41, 318
Miss Universe pageant and, 260–61
Pullman railway carriages in, 22–23
racism and slavery in, 138–39, 150
refugees in Istanbul aided by, 92
in World War I, 76, 94
in World War II, 299
Urgan, Mîna, 201, 240
Üsküdar (neighborhood), 42, 143, 206
Valens, Aqueduct of, 41
Venice, 278, 283
Venizelos, Eleftherios, 71–72, 78, 263, 277
Vermehren, Erich, 312
Vertinsky, Alexander, 137
Vienna, 24, 41, 79, 137, 138
Vilnius (Vilna), 339–41
Vladimir of Kiev, 269–70
Volunteer Army, Russian, 93, 95–96, 105, 117, 139
von Papen, Franz, 290, 306, 312, 323, 363
wagon-lit, 23
Wagons-Lits Company, see Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits et des Grands-Express Européens
Walker, Archibald, 309
War Refugee Board, 327, 337, 345, 358–59, 360
Washington, D.C., 23, 114, 173–74, 275, 310, 312, 327, 328, 345
wealth transfers, 130, 333, 369
Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 243
Wehrmacht, German, 303, 306, 340, 356
Werfel, Franz, 165–66
White, Charles, 17
White Russians, 92–110, 113–17, 126, 137, 139–42, 160, 223, 232, 237, 239, 243, 245, 248–49, 271, 295, 296, 298, 320, 374
Whittemore, Thomas, 117, 271–72
Byzantine art and, 273–86
Hagia Sophia and, 277–83, 286, 310
Russian refugees and, 105–10, 276
Wilhelm II, kaiser of Germany, 71
Wilson, M. M. Carus, 50
Winter Garden Theater, 136
women, 200–216, 200, 205
Kemal’s adopted daughters and new Turkish, 182, 186, 205–6
legal rights for, 202, 214–15, 259
in professions, 202–3
trafficking of, 150–51
in workforce, 204
women, Muslim:
in beauty contests, 258–62, 263
head coverings for, 201, 211, 212, 215, 259, 375
as performers, 167–68, 170
seclusion of, 138, 156, 159, 201–2, 259
women’s organization, 203–4, 209
Woods, Henry, 207
World War I, 44, 53, 64, 71, 77, 91, 97, 98, 106, 113, 120, 122, 129, 145, 146, 147, 156, 167, 172, 210, 214, 222, 275, 289, 339
aftermath of, 6, 10, 69, 83, 330
devastation of, 8
results of, 4
and Turkish boundaries, 192
women in workforce after, 204
see also specific countries
World War II, 128, 164, 167, 186, 230, 286, 288, 371, 377
Prost’s plan derailed by, 196
see also specific countries
Wrangel, Pyotr “Piper,” 95–98, 101, 104, 107, 109, 117, 137, 140, 232, 245, 320
Yalta, 94, 100
Yar restaurant, 105, 139
Yeniköy, 129, 369
Yeni (New) mosque, 205
Yıldız Palace complex, 32, 45, 50, 85–86, 136, 206, 296
YMCA, 3, 148, 245
Young Turks, see Unionists
Yugoslavia, 290, 303, 307
Yunus Nadi, 155, 212, 255–58, 260, 262, 267, 279, 296, 297, 303
Zaharoff, Basil, 64
Zarnekow, Countess, 100
Zarnekow, Petya, 99
Zehra (Atatürk’s daughter), 279
Zildjian family, 172–73, 175
Zionism, 63, 314, 320, 359