NOTES
Introduction
1. Detroit News, April 29, 1942, 1, 2.
2. Carew, Walter Reuther, 34.
3. Peterson, Planning the Home Front, 183–86.
4. Welch, “Racially Restrictive Covenants,” 130–42.
5. Ibid., 134.
6. Wilkinson, “Michigan’s Segregated Past.”
7. Lerman, “Substandard Housing,” 41.
8. Where We Live Matters to Our Health, 2–6.
9. Rothstein, Color of Law, 21.
10. Washburn, Pittsburgh Courier’s Double V Campaign.
Chapter 1
11. Anderson, Education of Blacks, 27.
12. Williams, Detroit.
13. Sugrue, Origins of the Urban Crisis, 36–37.
14. History’s Future in the North End, 25–30.
15. Remembering Detroit’s Old Westside, 85–104.
16. Dancy, Sand Against the Wind, 57.
17. Van Dusen, Detroit’s Birwood Wall, 43–47.
18. Hopkins and Others, Conant Gardens, 51–54.
Chapter 2
19. Brown, Social Psychology, 730.
20. Capeci, Race Relations in Wartime Detroit, 67.
21. Levine, Internal Combustion, 71–72, 84.
22. Dancy, Sand Against the Wind, 133–34.
23. Kellogg African American Healthcare Project.
24. Moon, Untold Tales, Unsung Heroes, 313.
25. Ibid., 288–89.
26. Washington, Negro in Detroit, 180.
27. Dancy, Sand Against the Wind, 145.
28. Capeci, Race Relations in Wartime Detroit, 65–66.
29. “Frank Joyce.”
30. Peterson, Planning the Home Front, 264.
31. Ibid., 266.
32. Dancy, Sand Against the Wind, 58.
Chapter 3
33. Rudolph G. Tenerowicz was a glad-handing political professional who understood that art of quid pro quo. “Doc” Tenerowicz, as he was known to his friends and supporters, graduated from Loyola Medical College in 1912 and practiced medicine in Chicago from 1912 to 1923. During World War I, he served as a first lieutenant in the U.S. Army Medical Corps. After moving to Hamtramck in 1923, he resumed his civilian medical practice. Five years later, with the encouragement of close associates, he entered the political arena and served as Hamtramck mayor from 1928 to 1932. In 1931, he was indicted along with twelve others—including two councilmen, the chief of police and a police captain—in a bribery conspiracy scheme involving transactions with the owner of a local blind pig and bordello. His popular support within the Polish American community never wavered, notwithstanding his conviction and incarceration in the Michigan State Prison in Jackson. During this period of Prohibition, Hamtramck was a wide-open town, and locals openly resented the state police entering the city to clean up “corruption” stemming from illegal stills and highly popular after-hour clubs. A petition drive garnering over forty-five thousand signatures had the effect of securing a full pardon from Governor William Comstock after Tenerowicz served eight months of a three-and-a-half-to-five-year sentence. Tenerowicz received not only a hero’s welcome upon his return to Hamtramck but also the keys to a new car handed him at a gala thrown in his honor. Doc Tenerowicz would go on to serve as mayor from 1936 to 1938 before accepting his party’s nomination as a representative to the Seventy-Seventh Congress from 1939 to 1943. After the Sojourner Truth controversy, he would fail repeatedly in his bid to return to Congress, even after switching parties.
34. Factual Expose of the Nevada-Fenelon Defense Housing Project Controversy, 2.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., 3.
37. Long and Johnson, People vs. Property, 53.
38. Rothstein, Color of Law, 25.
39. Thomas and Bekkering, Mapping Detroit, 53.
40. Factual Expose, 4.
41. Ibid., 5.
42. Ibid.
43. Pehl, “‘Apostles of Fascism,’” 463.
44. Rothstein, Color of Law, 26.
45. Factual Expose, 4.
Chapter 4
46. Black, Casting Her Own Shadow, 4.
47. Detroit News, March 8, 1942, 4.
48. Berman, Metropolitan Jews, 53–54; Bolkosky, Harmony and Dissonance, 236.
49. Buss, “Church and the City,” 43.
50. Ottley, New World A-Coming, 254ff.
51. Factual Expose, 7.
52. Ibid., 9–10.
Chapter 5
53. Detroit News, February 3, 1942, 2.
54. Ibid., February 4, 1942, 4.
55. Ibid., February 10, 1942, 6.
56. Factual Expose, 7–9.
57. Detroit Free Press, March 1, 1942, 1ff.
58. Detroit News, March 1, 1942, 1ff.
59. Detroit News, March 2, 1942, 1ff; Detroit Free Press, March 3, 1942, 1ff.
60. Detroit Free Press, March 7, 1942, 1.
61. Detroit News, March 8, 1942, 7.
62. Detroit News, March 2, 1942, 6.
63. Detroit Free Press, April 17, 1942, 6; Detroit News, April 18, 1942, 2ff.
64. Detroit News, April 29, 1942, 1ff; Detroit Free Press, April 30, 1942, 1ff.
Conclusion
65. Capeci, Race Relations in Wartime Detroit, 161.
66. Brown, Social Psychology, 721–22.
67. Michigan Chronicle, February 18, 1978, 9.