Index

A

absenteeism  109, 111

actiwatch  97–8

adolescence  32, 34–7

adrenalin  53

adreno-corticotrophic hormone (ACTH)  53

age suicide  43

alcohol as sedative treatment  71

alternative therapies  93–5

amygdala  65

anal stage of psychosexual development  19

Anatomy of Melancholy, The (Burton)  9–10

antidepressants  76–7, 84

adherence rates  85–7

effectiveness  89–90

Aristotle  3, 116–17

artists  117

assisted dying  42 see also suicide

asylums  69–70

automatic thoughts  56–8

Avicenna (Abu Ali al Husain ibn Abd)  4

awareness campaigns  115–16

Ayurveda  8

B

baby blues  37 see also post-natal depression

barbiturates  71

Beck, Aaron  54–8, 61

Beck’s cognitive model  54–8

behavioural models  54

beliefs, dysfunctional  56–8

bereavement  20

bile  1–3, 6

biopsychosocial models of depression  61–7

bipolar disorder  16–17

18th century theories  11

and creativity  118–20

indicators in adolescence  36–7

related to puerperal psychosis  39–40

risk factors  36–7

and sleep patterns  98

treatment for  77–9

black bile  1–2, 6

blood-letting  2, 4

brain

electroconvulsive treatment (ECT)  72–3

and endocrine system  51–4

function  65, 100–1

imaging  103

injuries  73

nervous system  48–51, 61

plasticity  99–104

surgery  73–5

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)  73

brain-derived growth neurotrophic factor (BDNF)  102

bromide  70–1

Brown, George and Tyrell Harris  59–61

burden of disease  105–8

Burton, Robert  9–10

C

Cade, John  77–8

campaigns for awareness  115–16

Canon of Medicine (Avicenna)  4

Caspi  64–5

CBT see Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

Cerletti, Ugo  72

Charcot, Jean-Martin  18

chemical theories

of depression  47–8

of melancholia  10

childhood depression  32–4

Chinese medicine, traditional  8

chlorpromazine  76

Christianity in the Middle Ages  5–6

chromosomes  64

chronic depression  24, 25

chronic disease management  84–5

chronobiology  97–8

circadian rhythms  96–8

classification systems for mental disorders  24–6

clock genes  97

cognitive analytic therapy (CAT)  82

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)  54, 81–2, 103

cognitive model (Beck)  54–8

complementary therapies  93–5

copycat suicides  44–5

corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)  53

cortisol  53, 67, 95 see also stress hormones

counselling  45–6, 81, 92

creativity  116–21

Creativity’s Melancholy Canvas (Schildkraut)  117

cultural variation  29

cyber-bullying  45

D

Dementia Praecox see schizophrenia

Deniker, Pierre and Jean Delay  76

diagnosing depression  21–6

criteria  26

under- and over-diagnoses  88–9

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)  22–3, 24–5

Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)  106–8

divorce  32

dopamine  49

doshas  8 see also humours

drugs see medication

Durkheim, Émile  43–4

dysfunctional beliefs  56–8

dysthymia  24, 25

E

economic costs of depression  105–11, 113–14

education  35

ego (id, ego, and superego)  19

Einheitspsychose  12

electroconvulsive treatment (ECT)  72–3

endocrine system  51–4

endorphins  95

environmental effects  66–7

Epictetus  5

epidemiology  27–8

ethnic groups  29

Event-Thought-Feeling-Behaviour link  56–8

exercise  94–5

exhaustion syndrome  33

F

family history of depression  33, 34, 62–5

Ficino, Marsilio  6

free association  80

Freeman, Walter and James Watts  74

Freud, Sigmund  17–21, 80–1

funding for therapies  83

G

gender differences  31

in children  33

in suicide rates  43

genes, clock  97

genetic factors  101

genetic risk  63–5

geographical variation  28–9

global burden of disease  105–8

Gooch  39

Greek theories of melancholia  1–4

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)  28

H

happiness paradox  112

health care costs of depression  110–11

Hemingway, Ernest  72

herbal remedies  93–4

Hinduism  8

hippocampus  99, 101

Hippocrates  1–2

homoeopathy  93

hormones  51–4, 73

changes in adolescence  34

sleep (melatonin)  97see also stress hormones

Human Genome Project  64

humours  1–3, 4, 5–6

in Ayurveda  8

hypertension treatment, side effects  49

hypnosis  18

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis  52, 53–4, 65, 66–7

hysteria  18

I

id, ego, and superego  19

imipramine  76

immune system  98–100

income, affected by depression  30

inflammatory markers  98–100

inheritance  63–5, 101

insomnia  98

insulin coma therapy  71

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)  24

interpersonal therapy (IPT)  81, 103

iproniazid  49

Islam  8

J

Jamison, Kay  117, 119, 121

Judaism  8

K

Kandel, Eric  100–1, 102

kapha depression  8

Kesey, Ken  74

Kirsch, Irvine  89–90

Kraepelin, Emil  15–17, 70

L

Layard, Lord  113–14

leucotomy  74

life events, triggering depression  60–1

light therapy  98

lithium treatment  77–80

and creativity  121

lobotomy  74

M

Malleus Maleficarum (Kramer)  6, 7

mania  2, 4

association with melancholia  11, 16–17

creativity increase  119

treatment for  77–9

manic depression see bipolar disorder

Manic Depressive Insanity  16–17 see also bipolar disorder

marital status  31–2

Maudsley, Henry  12–13

mechanical theories of melancholia  10–11

medication  75–80

antidepressants  50, 89–90

herbal remedies  93–4

sedatives  70–1

side effects  49, 85

melancholia

17th century theories  10

18th century theories  10–12

19th century theories  12–13

ancient Greek theories  1–4

and bereavement  20

causes  11–12

chemical theories  10

described in terms of humours  1–3, 4, 5–6, 8

Freud’s theories  20–1

and mania  11, 16–17

mechanical theories  10–11

in the Middle Ages  5–9

moral views  12

religious views  5–8, 12

Renaissance period  9–10

Roman theories  4–5

treatments  2, 4–5, 69–70

melatonin  97

men  40–1

marital status  31–2

mental capital  111–14

Middle Ages, view of melancholia  5–9

mindfulness  82, 92–3

Moniz, Antonio  73–4

monoamine oxidase inhibitors  76

monoamine theory of depression  47–51, 61

monoamines  64, 95

mood stabilizers  79

moral views of melancholia  12

Mourning and Melancholia (Freud)  20

N

Nature of Man, The (Hippocrates)  2

NEETS (not in employment, education, or training)  35

negative cognitive triad  56–8

nervous system  48–51, 61

neuro-endocrine theory of depression  51–4, 61

neurology  18

neuroplasticity  99–104

neuroscience  100–4

neuroses  18

neurotransmitters  48–51, 61, 73

norepinephrine  49

O

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Kesey)  74

oral stage of psychosexual development  19–20

P

pharmaceutical companies, information from  90

physical illness  41

linked to depression  99–100

terminal  42

physical treatments  72–5

Pinel, Philippe  11–12

pitta depression  8

placebo effect  71, 89–90, 93, 100

Plath, Sylvia  72

pleasure principle  19

post-natal depression  37–8, 66

post-partum psychosis  39–40

pregnancy  38, 66

presenteeism  109, 111

productivity in the workplace  109, 111

Prozac  77, 78

Psychiatrie (Kraepelin)  15

psychoanalysis  80–2

psychological models of depression  54–8

psychosexual development (Freud)  19–20

psychosurgery  73–5

psychotherapy  54, 80–3

effectiveness  91–3

puberty  34 see also adolescence

puerperal psychosis  39–40

Q

Qi  8

R

religious views of melancholia  5–8, 12

Renaissance  9–10, 119

reserpine  49

resilience  65

risk factors  41

environmental  66–7

genetic  63–5

suicide  44–5

in women  60–1

Roman theories of melancholia  4–5

rumination  58

rural vs. urban settings  28–9

S

St John’s Wort (SJW)  9–10, 94

Samaritans  45–6

Saturnists  6

Schildkraut, Joseph  50, 117

schizophrenia  15–16

treatment for  76

Schou, Mogens  78, 121

second topography (Freud)  18–19

sedative treatments  70–1

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)  76–7

self-esteem  57, 60

serotonin  49, 64–5, 103

serotonin transporter genes  65

shock therapies  72–3

side effects

of herbal remedies  94

of medication  49, 85

sleep–wake patterns  96–8

social class  10

social effects of depression, stigma  114–16

social models of depression  58–61

sociological factors in suicide rates  43

Stack Sullivan, Henry  71

statistics on depression  27–8

stereotactic surgery  74

stigma  114–16

Stoics  5

stress  33, 65

inflammatory response  99

stress hormones  53–4, 61, 66–7, 95

in pregnancy  38

stress-vulnerability model  62

suicide  41–4

methods  45–6

monoamine imbalances  50

new mothers  40

risk factors  44–5

superego (id, ego, and superego)  19

symptoms  22–3

synapses  48, 49–51

Szaz, Thomas  88

T

talking therapies  80–3

terminal illness  42

topography of the mind (Freud)  18–19

Touched with Fire (Jamison)  117

Traité medico-philosophique sur l’aliénation mentale (Pinel)  11

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)  73

treatment

adherence rate  85–7

for adolescents  35

avoidance of suicide  44

for children  34

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)  54, 81–2, 103

complementary and alternative therapies  93–5

current approaches  84–7

dependent on classification system  25

effect on brain  102–4

effectiveness of antidepressants  89–90

effectiveness of psychological therapies  91–3

exercise  94–5

interpersonal therapy (IPT)  81, 103

medication see medication

for melancholia  2, 4–5, 69–70

patient preferences  86–7

physical  72–5

psychotherapy  80–3

safety of  93–4

sedatives  70–1

talking therapies  80–3

traditional Chinese medicine  8

withheld  89

tricyclics  76

tuberculosis, treatment side effects  49

twin studies  63

U

UK  30

unconscious mind  18, 80–1

unemployment  30, 108

unipolar disorder  17

urban vs. rural settings  28–9

V

Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS)  75

validity of diagnoses  25–6

vata depression  8

W

witch-hunting  6

women

history of abuse  67

incidence of depression  31

marital status  32

post-natal depression  37–8, 66

pregnancy  66

puerperal psychosis  39–40

social models of depression  59–61

Woolf, Virginia  119

workplace

effect of depression on  108–11

screening programmes  113

stigma of mental health  114

World Health Organization (WHO)  27–8, 42, 106

writers  118, 121

Y

yellow bile  2