Abel, Hellen, 346–347
Abel, Rudolf Ivanovich (William Fischer), 345–349
Acheson, Dean, 86, 87, 178–179, 220, 249
Achilles, Theodore, 277
Adams, Sherman, 96, 98, 119, 148, 245, 251
Adana, U-2 base at, 20–22, 135–136, 139, 144–145, 235, 268
Barbara Powers in, 21–22, 38, 58
breakdown of coded transmissions in, 358–359
in State Department press release, 50–51
Adenauer, Konrad, 116–117, 177, 184, 226, 276
Ad Hoc Requirements Gommittee, 140
Adzhubei, Alexei, 52–53, 201, 218
Adzhubei, Nikita, 228
aerial reconnaissance:
cost and financing of, 82, 85, 89–90, 323
deaths and accidents in, 78, 81, 83–84, 110, 151, 368–369
origins of, 76–80
from passenger planes, 228–229
see also satellites; headings beginning with U-2
Afghanistan, 268
agriculture, Soviet 167, 169, 324, 325, 384
Aiken, George, 316
Air Force, U.S., 18–20, 81–82, 84, 135, 228–229, 260
balloon intelligence of, 77, 81, 111–112, 152
CIA’s relationship with, 106, 160
U-2 missions and, see U-2 pilots
Air Force One, 225, 229, 270–272, 303, 304
Air Review, 235
air sovereignty, 311–312
air-to-ground missiles, 360
Akalovsky, Alexander, 190, 284
Alaska, 147
Albania, guerrilla operations in, 87
Ali, Salman, 256
Allen, George, 10, 33, 57, 107, 124, 247
Allen, Mary, 10
Alsop, Joseph, 5, 150, 154, 258, 326
American Dental Association, 191
American Society of Newspaper Editors, 72
Amory, Mary, 138
Amory, Robert, 37, 78, 79, 82, 85, 137, 138, 145, 311
Baldwin’s lunch date with, 234
photointerpretation improved by, 143
Anderson, Gregory, 399–401
Anderson, Rudolph, 391
“Angel, the,” 92–93
see also U-2
Anti-Party Coup (1957), 171, 224, 385
AQUATONE project, 91–93
Arbenz Guzman, Jacobo, 88
Arlington National Cemetery, 401
arms control, 107, 212, 230–232, 287, 393
Eisenhower’s recommendations for, 72–73, 153–154
and Geneva Summit (1955), 102
Khrushchev’s views on, 198, 207, 231–232
verification problem and, 98–100
see also nuclear test ban treaty Army, U.S., 69
Army Aeronautic Corps, 76
Army Signal Corps, 34, 196, 247
Associated Press (AP), 61, 258
Athens, 20–21
atomic bomb, 36, 69, 77, 210, 223
China’s testing of, 385
de Gaulle’s request for, 222
Atomic Energy Commission, 93
Atoms for Peace, 72–73
Atsugi, U-2 base in, 46, 144–145, 235, 319–320
Austria, 94
Aviation Day (Soviet Union), 119, 120, 149–150
Ayub Khan, Mohammed, 145–146, 268
B-57 (Night Intruder), 78
Baker, James, 92
ballistic missiles, 120
see also intercontinental ballistic missiles
balloon intelligence, 77, 81, 111–112, 152, 367
Baltika, 338
Barnes, Tracey, 87
Batu, Hamit, 256
Bay of Pigs invasion, 303, 351–352, 362, 387, 388–390
Bell spy plane project, 79
Beria, Lavrenti, 71, 168, 169, 181
Khrushchev’s ultimatum on, 7, 162–163, 171–177, 184, 191, 205, 207, 211–212, 375, 378, 383
Paris Summit and, 226, 230, 277
Berlin, Isaiah, 154
Berlin Tunnel, 94, 114–116, 132, 367
Berlin Wall, 384
Bernard, Armand, 312
Big Four Summit, see Paris Summit
Biryuzov, S. S., 29
Bison long-range bombers, 149–150
Bissell, Richard, 84–90
Allen Dulles and, 84, 86–87, 88, 90, 105–106, 125, 140
Anglo-American joint U-2 project and, 146–147
background of, 86
Bay of Pigs and, 352, 362, 388–389
Berlin Tunnel and, 115
CORONA and, 323
as Deputy Director for Plans, 155
European U-2 bases arranged by, 112, 116–117
Goodpaster’s top-secret memorandum to, 10
John Eisenhower briefed by, 36
Kennedy and, 352, 389, 390–391
National Security Medal of, 390, 391
on Pakistani coup, 146
petition to resume U-2 flights by, 322–323
resignation of, 362
U-2 cover and, 31, 32–33, 37–38, 51, 57, 110–111
on U-2 downing, 362–363
U-2 maiden flight and, 118–121, 123
U-2 program and, 6, 9–10, 84, 89–90, 105–107, 124, 133, 135, 140, 142–148, 150, 160, 215, 233, 235–238, 241, 243–244, 359, 368
“Bissell Center, the,” 32
“Bissell’s Bird,” 92
Blake, George, 115
Bohlen, Avis, 122
Bohlen, Charles (Chip), 104, 121–122, 124, 145, 163, 239, 254, 310, 326, 338
in CIA action group, 243–244
at Paris Summit, 278–279, 283, 284, 285, 289, 290, 296
Bolshakov, Georgi, 374
Bomber Gap, 5, 119–120, 149–150, 366
Book of Wrath, The (guest book), 261–262
Bowles, Chester, 344
Braden, Thomas, 87
Bridges, Harry, 202
Bridges, Styles, 56
Brinkley, David, 228
Bruce, David, 132
Brugioni, Dino, 99
Bucharest, world socialist meeting in (1960), 324–325
Buchwald, Art, 48
Buckley, William F., Jr., 184, 395–396
Bukharin, Nikolai, 166
Bulganin, Nikolai, 100, 102–105, 107, 168
Khrushchev opposed by, 170–171
Bull, Harold Roe (Pinky), 352
Bullis, Harry, 80
Burgess, Guy, 331
C-47, 322
C-118, 158–159
Cabell, Pearre, 82, 90, 116, 133, 140, 159, 243–244, 346
Camp David, Md., 10–11, 33, 66
Khrushchev’s visit to, 7, 9, 33, 40, 190, 204–215, 230, 238, 299, 339, 371, 380
Macmillan at, 232
results of Eisenhower-Khrushchev meeting at, 213–215
Camp Peary, Va. (the Farm), 108
Cannon, Clarence, 129
Cape Canaveral, 149
Capp, Al, 91
Captive Nations resolution, 180
Carroll, Paul, 4
Carson, Jack, 10
Carter, Jimmy, 401
Cavett, Dick, 398
Central Committee (Soviet Union), 167, 169, 170–171, 385
Bucharest meeting report to, 324–325
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 77, 82–83, 87–88, 128, 301
Allen Dulles’s testimony on, 128
anti-Communist progressives in, 87
Barbara Powers and, 329
Bay of Pigs and, 352, 362, 388–390
Board of Inquiry of, 352–353, 356, 357, 360, 362, 397
in Chile, 314
covert operations of, 85–112, 130–132
Director’s Reserve Fund of, 89
Doolittle report on, 131–132
Eisenhower’s views on, 131, 367
establishment of, 128
evaluations of, 131–133
FBI rivalry with, 260–261
foreign leaders briefed by, 276
Indonesian rebellion and, 151–152
in Iran, 145
Khrushchev’s criticism of, 195
lawyers hired by, 328–329
Nixon briefed by, 108
Nixon’s criticism of, 341
Office of Current Intelligence of, 266
Open Skies and, 98
photointerpretation by, 143–144
in popular culture, 395–396
Powers debriefed by, 350, 351–352
Powers’s death and, 401
Powers’s exchange for Abel and, 345–349
Powers’s indictment of, 398–399, 401
Powers’s memoirs and, 397–398
RB-47 proposal of, 323
on SA-2 Guidelines, 238
State Department link with, 30–31
U-2 program and, see headings beginning with U-2
Watch Committee of, 137
Chamberlain, Neville, 104
Chancellor, John, 228
Chaplin, Charlie, 117
Cheka, 165
Chiang Kai-shek, 211
Chicago Convention on aviation (1944), 311–312
Chile, attempted coup in (1970), 314
China, People’s Republic of, 41, 53, 98, 115, 120, 240, 320
Eisenhower’s views on, 211
India’s war with, 210
Japan’s relations with, 268–269
Khrushchev’s visit to, 218–219
as nuclear power, 209–210, 231, 232, 376, 377–378, 385, 392
Soviet relations with, 209–211, 218–219, 220, 232, 324, 375, 385
U-2 incident and, 250–251, 259, 324
U.S.-Soviet possible alliance against, 214
Chou En-lai, 211
Churchill, Winston, 68–69, 94, 174, 177, 221, 382
CIA, see Central Intelligence Agency
Cienfuegos, Soviet base at, 391
civil defense exercise, White House (1960), 45–47
Clay, Lucius, 113
Cleveland Plain Dealer, 234
Cliburn, Van, 212
Cochran, Jacqueline, 293
Coffin, William Sloane, 87
Colby, William, 337
Eisenhower on new rules for, 130
“Great Thaw” in, 216–242
as stimulus to intelligence development, 76–77
“Collins, William,” 20, 108–109
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 329
Communism:
capitalism vs., 219
CIA operations against, 87–88, 138, 151
in Indonesia, 151–152
in U.S., 194
Communist Party, Soviet, 166, 168
Central Committee of, see Central Committee
Twentieth Party Congress of (1956), 169–170
Twenty-first Party Congress of (1959), 210
“Compact of Fifth Avenue,” 327–328
Congress, U.S., 128, 172, 226, 237, 323, 399
Allen Dulles’s relations with, 129
Captive Nations resolution of, 180
U-2 briefing of, 255
see also House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.
Cooper, Diana, 302
Copley, Jim, 80
CORONA spy satellite, 323
Cort, David, 396
Council on Foreign Relations, 129
Coutrelle, J. M. J., 76
Couve de Murville, Maurice, 284, 291, 295
covert action, 85–112, 130–132, 234
advantages of, 130–131
oversight of, 131–132
Craft of Intelligence, The (Allen Dulles), 390
Cronkite, Walter, 228
Cuba, Bay of Pigs invasion of, 303, 351–352, 362, 387, 388–389
Cuban Missile Crisis, 374, 378, 381, 384, 391
Cumming, Hugh, 30–33, 46, 243–244, 246
Cunningham, James, 135, 145, 302
Curley, James Michael, 311
Cashing, Richard Cardinal, 184
Cushman, Robert, 178–179
Daley, Richard, 303
Davis, Richard, 244
Dean, Sir Patrick, 62
Debré, Michel, 284
Defense Department, U.S., 82, 84, 322, 323, 391
Khrushchev’s allegations about, 61, 65
defense spending, 69, 172, 214
Eisenhower’s curbing of, 5, 153–154, 156, 366–367
de Gaulle, Charles, 7, 29, 48, 62, 68–69
background of, 221
CIA briefing of, 276
Eisenhower’s promises to, 184, 204
at Paris Summit, 273, 275–280, 283–285, 287–289, 291–298, 301, 303, 309–310, 393
Paris Summit delayed by, 220–223
Demaris, Ovid, 397
Democratic Advisory Council, 318
Democratic National Convention (1960), 327
détente, 54, 220, 230, 232, 325, 355–382
defined, 6n
Eisenhower’s qualifications for achievement of, 6–7
Mao’s denunciation of, 240
Paris Summit and, 277
U-2 incursions and, 239, 355–376
Dewey, Thomas E., 47
Dick Cavett Show, The, 398
Dillon, C. Douglas, 47, 50, 52, 178, 209, 215, 240, 241, 244, 311
Herter’s cable to, 23
at State Department meetings, 244, 246, 254
Thompson’s “most urgent” cable to (May 5, 1960), 53–54, 57, 65
U-2 hearings and, 314
disarmament, see arms control
Dixon, Sir Pierson, 312
Dr. Strangelove, 15
Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 201
Dodd, Thomas, 291
Doolittle, James, 76, 131–132, 233
Douglas, James, 254
Douglas, Lewis, 130
Dryden, Hugh, 31, 110–111, 315
DuBridge, Lee, 73–74
Dulles, Allen, 9, 32, 60, 115, 116, 125–133, 251, 306, 322, 367
Air Force rivalry and, 105–106
background of, 126–128
Bay of Pigs and, 351–352, 388–390
Bissell and, 84, 86–87, 88, 90, 105–106, 125, 140
CIA action group assembled by, 243–244
in civil defense exercise (1960), 45–47
Congress briefed by, 255
CORONA and, 323
death of, 390
in development of aerial reconnaissance, 79, 82, 84
Doolittle report on, 131–132
Eisenhower and, 128–129, 132–133, 387–388, 390
Eisenhower assured of U-2 security by, 36, 64–65, 118, 160, 271–272
Eisenhower’s warnings to, 5, 90
Golden Rule Award of, 30
“Great Thaw” memo to, 218
on high-level reconnaissance, 312
kamikaze attack feared by, 320
Kennedy and, 339–340, 341, 352, 389
Khrushchev’s meeting with, 194, 215
Nixon briefed by, 108
Open Skies and, 99
personality of, 125–126
on pilot landing instructions, 404, 405
Powers and, 335, 351–352, 354, 356, 361
press release prepared by, 50–51
proposed resignation of, 243, 246
retirement of, 389–390
Secret Speech and, 170
Senate investigation feared by, 247
on Soviet missiles, 237
Stalin’s death and, 70
Suez crisis and, 136–139
in U-2 hearings, 315, 316, 356, 360
U-2 maiden voyage and, 121, 123
U-2 program and, 9, 32, 50, 233, 234, 237, 241–242, 247, 266, 271–272, 356, 358, 404, 405
on U.S. protection of allies, 145
Dulles, Eleanor, 115, 126, 129
Dulles, John Foster, 80–84, 95–98, 139, 150–152, 178, 245, 251
Allen Dulles and, 126, 127, 130, 132, 140
Allen Dulles compared to, 126
background of, 96
death of, 176–177
development of aerial reconnaissance and, 81–83
Eisenhower’s relationship with, 96–97, 176
at Geneva Summit, 101, 102, 104, 105, 324
Geneva Summit as viewed by, 94, 95, 98
Herter compared to, 246
Khrushchev’s views on, 117
Lodge and, 311
on Soviet downing of planes, 8, 39
Soviet protest delivered to, 124
tic of, 96
U-2 disclosure recommended by, 148–149
“Dulles’s Folly,” 92–93
“Dump Nixon” movement (1956), 113–114, 179
Eames, Charles, 181
Eastern Europe, 102
Eisenhower’s views on, 87, 138
Eastman Kodak, 92
EC-130, 159
Economist, 338
Eden, Anthony, 103, 112, 116, 136, 146, 163
Egypt, Suez crisis and, 136–139
Eisenhower, Anne, 10, 122–123, 209
Eisenhower, Barbara Thompson, 10, 64, 208–209
Eisenhower, David, 10, 122–123, 209
Eisenhower, Dwight D.:
Allen Dulles and, see Dulles, Allen
on April 30, 1960, 1–11
Berlin Tunnel and, 115–116
Berlin ultimatum and, 162–163, 172–173, 184, 191, 205, 207, 211–212, 375, 378
Carter’s views on, 401
China policy and, 210–211
in civil defense exercise (1960), 45–47
command inadequacies attributed to, 49, 50, 61, 251, 280–281, 301
cooking of, 301–302
covert action and, 130–132, 234
Cross of Iron speech of, 72, 94
defense spending curbed by, 5, 153–154, 156, 366–367
de Gaulle and, 184, 204, 221, 222, 289
diary of, 70, 72, 83, 137, 231, 311
diet of, 1–2
disillusionment of, about improving Soviet relations, 325–326
Doolittle report to, 131–132
Eastern Europe as viewed by, 87, 138
in election of 1952, 70, 86, 245, 293–294
in election of 1956, 113–114, 138–139, 245
forty-fourth anniversary of, 321
Foster Dulles’s death and, 176
garbled syntax of, 264
Gates’s interrogation and, 237
Geneva Summit and, 94, 98, 99, 100–105, 324
Gettysburg farm of, 113, 208–209, 217, 226, 321, 343
golf playing of, 33, 39, 49, 57–58, 82, 100, 107, 188, 205, 227, 247, 266, 307, 324
goodwill tours of, 224–225, 319–321
heart attack of, 1, 11, 48, 107–108, 113, 271
as “hidden-hand President,” 130
honesty of, 221, 233, 252, 395
image problems of, 148–149, 154
indirect methods of, 114, 160–161
Indonesian rebellion and, 151–152
intestinal surgery of, 118–119, 122
Khrushchev and, see Khrushchev, Nikita S.
Knowland’s meeting with, 83–84
McCone’s telephone conversation with (August 13, 1964), 403–405
morning ritual of, 1–3
motion picture tastes of, 10–11
nuclear test ban treaty and, 231–233
at Paris Summit, 270–304, 376–380
press conferences of, 151, 178, 184, 230, 236, 264–265
resignation wish of, 254
responsibility for espionage assumed by, 252–253, 254–255, 257–258, 373
softness of, 220, 301, 307, 324
son’s relationship with, 36, 63–64, 271
Soviet trip cancelled for, 319
Soviet trip planned by, 7, 11, 40, 55, 57, 179, 212, 213, 217, 226–230, 263, 266, 274–275
Soviet U-2 protest as viewed by, 124
Soviet Union visited by (1945), 67–68, 185
speeches of, 38–39, 44, 72, 94, 227, 307–309, 321, 338
stag dinners of, 80, 183–184, 211
Stalin’s death and, 70–71
Suez crisis and, 136–139
U-2 program and, see headings beginning with U-2
Zhukov’s friendship with, 67–68, 70, 101, 102, 206
Eisenhower, Edgar, 81
Eisenhower, John, 3, 10, 49, 55, 95, 108, 161, 178, 320, 321
Allen Dulles as viewed by, 387–388
children as viewed by, 209, 226
father’s relationship with, 63–64, 271
at Geneva Summit, 100–103
Goodpaster’s relationship with, 35–36
Khrushchev’s death and, 387
Khrushchev’s U.S. visit and, 206, 208–209
movie for Khrushchev selected by, 11
at Paris Summit, 277, 280, 282, 283, 289–293, 296–297, 302, 303
in Soviet Union, 68
U-2 missions as viewed by, 8, 36, 64–65
as White House aide, 3, 4n, 35–36, 63
Eisenhower, Mamie, 1, 33, 36, 55, 80, 82, 193, 294, 296, 304, 343
Camp David redecorated by, 205
husband’s candidacy and, 293
husband’s correspondence with, 63–64, 69
husband’s health and, 107–108, 118, 149
Eisenhower, Mary Jean, 10, 33, 209
Eisenhower, Milton, 25, 96, 97, 107, 114, 204, 252
in Soviet Union, 179, 181, 183–184
Eisenhower Dacha, 227
Elbrick, Burke, 303
election of 1952, 70, 86, 245, 293–294
election of 1956, 113–114, 138–139, 179, 245
election of 1960, 2–3, 179, 181, 225, 226, 327–328, 339–341
Soviet-American relations in, 7, 267, 339–340
U-2 and Summit collapse as factors in, 318–319, 355, 339
Elliott, William Yandell, 179, 183
Elson, Edward, 80
ER-1, 392
espionage:
balloon, 77, 81, 111–112, 152, 362
diplomacy vs., 238
humans vs. technology in, 89, 144
Khrushchev’s boasting about, 198–199
Open Skies as, 103
in popular culture, 395–396
Powers’s views on, 17
press knowledge of, 56–57, 234–235
sabotage vs., 359
see also aerial reconnaissance; U-2 incident; U-2 missions
Esquire, 397
Ever Knee-Deep in Blood, Ever Trampling Corpses, 198
Ewald, William, 129
Face to Face with America, 218
Farley, James A., 303
“Farm, the” (Camp Peary, Va.), 108
Faulkner, William, 335
Faure, Edgar, 103
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 37, 75, 260–261, 331, 348, 396
“First Provisional Weather Reconnaissance Squadron,” 112
5412 Committee (Special Group), 132, 367–368
Flanner, Janet, 299
Fortune, 390
Foster, John W., 96
as great power, 221–223
as nuclear power, 222, 233, 276
Suez crisis and, 136–139
Frankel, Max, 251
freedom:
pornography vs., 200
Freers, Edward, 216–217
Fulbright, J. William, 56, 302, 309, 313–317, 353
Fuller, Buckminster, 181
Gaither Commission, 231
Gaither Report, 149
Gaitskell, Hugh, 310
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 86, 197
Gardner, Trevor, 73–74, 79, 84, 89–90
Garst, Roswell, 202
Gates, Thomas, 31, 45, 154, 237, 251–252, 254, 266, 313, 322, 397
in civil defense exercise (1960), 45, 47
at Paris Summit, 281, 283, 284, 301
on pilot landing instructions, 404, 405
in U-2 hearings, 315–316
Geneva:
Big Four foreign ministers meeting in, 175–179
test ban talks in, 39–40, 231, 300, 321
Geneva Summit (1955), 94, 95, 98–105, 324
Gentry, Curt, 398
George Washington, 4
German Democratic Republic (East Germany), 138, 162–163, 170, 230
German peace treaty, proposals for, 7, 162, 172, 300, 305, 384
Germany, Federal Republic of (West Germany), 93–94, 123
in NATO, 172
as nuclear power, 172, 376, 378
U-2 base in, 116–117, 121, 124, 144
Germany, Nazi, 166–167
Giebelstadt, 144
Glennan, T. Keith, 51, 275, 307, 310
Glienicker Bridge, 348–349
Goldwater, Barry, 313, 328, 354, 361
Goodpaster, Andrew Jackson, 4, 10, 35–37, 64, 97, 101, 120, 123, 124, 133, 139, 140, 160, 161, 263–264, 266, 272, 320, 405
background of, 4
Berlin Tunnel and, 115–116
in CIA action group, 243–244
Eisenhower’s paternal relationship with, 4, 35, 48
Eisenhower’s reputation protected by, 48–49, 131
Eisenhower’s surgery and, 118–119
Herter statement supported by, 247–248
John Eisenhower’s relationship with, 35–36
Khrushchev’s U-2 speech as viewed by, 46–47
Khrushchev’s visit and 189, 207, 209
at Paris Summit, 277, 278, 282, 289, 292, 377
at State Department meetings, 244, 246–247
U-2 missions as viewed by, 8, 118, 119
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 394
Gosden, Freeman, 200
Gray, Gordon, 4, 47, 218, 272, 322
Great Britain, 234
at Geneva Summit, 103–104
intelligence of, 76–77, 78–79, 93–94, 116, 136
Royal Air Force of, 78, 138, 147, 310
secrecy consciousness of, 146
in U-2 missions, 146–147
Grechko, Andrei, 55
Greenstein, Fred, 130
Griniev, Mikhail, 328, 329, 332–335
Gromyko, Andrei, 55, 117, 158, 175, 239, 260, 267, 344
at Paris Summit, 283, 292, 299
at UN, 312–313
U.S. visited by, 190, 200, 205, 206, 208, 211, 312–313
Gromyko, Lidiya, 200
Grotewohl, Otto, 305
ground-to-air missiles, see surface-to-air missiles
Gruenther, Alfred, 102
Guatemala, CIA operations in, 88
Gundersen, Oskar, 256
Gunther, John, 101
Hagerty, James, 46–50, 70, 108, 119, 148, 213, 335
background and personality of, 47
election of 1956 and, 113, 114
at Paris Summit, 283, 290, 292
U.S. advance parties led by, 227–228, 320
as White House press secretary, 46–50, 57, 247, 264–265, 271, 308
Haldeman, H. R., 179
Halle, Louis, 221
Hammarskjold, Dag, 338
Hannah, Norman, 268
Harding, Warren G., 2
Hardy, Thomas, 174
Harriman, W. Averell, 197
Hayhayen, Reino, 346
Helms, Richard, 88, 143–144, 155, 236
Henderson, Loy, 246
Herald Tribune (Paris), 48
Herter, Christian, 47, 176–177, 218, 222, 224, 230, 240, 244–249, 251–253, 260, 266, 269, 338, 370
background of, 244–245
Congress briefed by, 255
Khrushchev as viewed by, 260
Khrushchev’s U.S. visit and, 188, 190, 205, 206, 209, 211, 212
at Paris Summit, 274, 277, 278, 281–286, 292, 296, 302
physical handicap of, 176, 244–246
State Department appointment of, 176, 245–246
Turkish coup and, 313
in The U-2 Affair (NBC News documentary), 342
U-2 statements of, 247–249, 254, 257–258
Hirohito, emperor of Japan, 320
Hitler, Adolf, 76, 138, 166, 170
Hollywood, 199–200
Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 397–398
Hoover, Herbert, Jr., 139
Hoover, J. Edgar, 127, 194, 348, 389
Houghton, Amory, 273–274, 277, 280, 298, 301–302
Houghton, Laura, 301
House of Representatives, U.S., 56, 68, 129, 245, 395
Houston, Lawrence, 155–156, 346, 352
Hoyer-Millar, Sir Frederick, 284
Hull, Cordell, 96
Humphrey, George, 19
Humphrey, Hubert H., 250
Hungarian rebellion (1956), 138, 170, 312
Hunt, Howard, 390
Huntley, Chet, 342
Hutchins, Robert Maynard, 335
Hycon, 92
Hyland, William, 384
ICBMs, see intercontinental ballistic missiles
Indonesian rebellion (1958), 151–152
inflation, 153–154
intelligence, see aerial reconnaissance; Central Intelligence Agency; espionage; U-2 incident; U-2 missions
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 150, 152–153, 173, 233, 238
Allen Dulles’s predictions for, 237
camouflaging of, 322
first operational, 241–242, 341–342
launch sites of, 237–238
international law, air sovereignty in, 311–312, 363
Israel, Suez crisis and, 136–139
Ivanov, Valentin, 249
Izvestia, 201, 291, 297, 319–320
Jackson, Henry, 148
Jaffe, Sam (nephew), 329–331, 336–337
Jaffe, Sam (uncle), 329
U-2 base in, 46, 144–145, 235, 319–320
U.S. security treaty with, 269, 319
Johnson, Althea, 91
Johnson, Kelly, 89–90, 105, 253, 356, 361
as aircraft designer, 79, 91–93, 253–254, 323, 364, 393
Powers and, 350, 396, 398, 400
Johnson, Lyndon B., 149, 236, 302, 319, 390
Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S., 8, 34, 77–78, 155, 173, 322, 368
Bay of Pigs and, 389
Code Three alert declared by, 281
Kadar, Janos, 338
Kaganovich, Lazar, 165, 170–171
Kamchatka Peninsula, 147
Kamenev, Lev, 166
Kennedy, John F., 80, 291, 303, 311, 364, 378, 384, 387
Allen Dulles and, 339–340, 341, 352, 389
Bay of Pigs and, 303, 351–352, 389–390
Bissell and, 352, 389, 390–391
Eisenhower’s views on, 2
in election of 1960, 2, 225, 267, 302, 318–319, 327, 339–341
inauguration of, 343
Khrushchev’s meetings with, 195, 344–345, 383
Powers snubbed by, 353
prisoner exchange and, 346, 348, 349–350
at Vienna meeting, 344–345, 383
Kennedy, Joseph P., 132
Kennedy, Robert F., 353, 389, 390–391
Kerensky, Alexander, 211
KGB, 169, 171, 195, 215, 219, 252, 377, 385
American threat and, 230
U-2 missions and, 235, 358–359
KGIL Radio, 399
Khrushchev, Nikita S.:
Allen Dulles’s views on, 30
appearance of, 188, 197, 199, 330
Azerbaidzhan speech of, 241
background and political rise of, 164–171
Berlin ultimatum of, 7, 162–163, 171–177, 184, 191, 205, 207, 211–212, 375, 378, 383
at Bucharest meeting (1960), 324–325
as Butcher of Hungary, 170, 184, 200
China visited by, 218–219
death of, 387
decline in power of, 323–325, 384–385
disappearance from public view of, 239–240
in East Berlin, 305
Eisenhower as viewed by, 7, 40–41, 44, 61, 117, 185, 208, 216–217, 220, 226, 259, 263, 300–301, 306–307, 323–324, 386
Eisenhower invited to Moscow by (1961), 383–384
Eisenhower’s accidental invitation to, 177–178
Eisenhower’s apology and, 274–277, 287–289, 292, 295, 297
Eisenhower’s correspondence with, 226–227, 228, 240
Eisenhower’s first meeting with, 68, 185
Eisenhower’s planned gift to, 228
Eisenhower’s views on, 163, 184, 260, 308–309, 380
election of 1960 and, 225, 340–341
estates of, 208
foreigners’ impressions of, 30, 163, 164, 174, 182, 184, 197, 199, 276
at Geneva Summit (1955), 100–105, 163
Geneva test ban talks and, 231
Gorky Park speech of, 262–263, 266, 274, 280
in Great Britain, 116, 117–118
health of, 206–207
homecoming speech of (1959), 216–217, 218
“inferiority complex” of, 208
Jaffe and, 330
Kennedy and, 195, 225, 344–345, 383
Lodge’s Moscow visit with, 225–226
Macmillan and, 173–175, 338–339
Malenkov and, 168–171
marriages of, 165
memoirs of, 386–387
missile claims of, 152
movies preferred by, 205
near immigration of, 198
near overthrow of, in Anti-Party Coup (1957), 29, 170–171, 325
as Nikita the Corn-Grower, 122, 202, 217
Nixon and, 178–183, 191–192, 194, 196, 206
Nixon’s views on, 182, 208, 337
Open Skies rejected by, 103, 117–118, 158
Palais de Chaillot speech of, 299–300
at Paris Summit, 272–301, 305–307, 309–310, 376–380, 393
Paris Summit invitation of, 222
political fears and risks of, 29, 40–41, 185, 223, 229–230, 306
popularity of, 216–218
Powers’s capture announced by, 58–66, 373
as propagandist and agitator, 40–45
psychological profiles of, 163
Rapacki Plan of, 378
retirement of, 386–387
Secret Speech of, 169–170, 171, 194, 230
Soviet power blocs antagonized by, 219–220, 224, 323–325, 374, 385
Stalin and, 165–168
Stalin denounced by, 169–170
Stalin’s death and, 71
State Department U-2 statements and, 256, 259
Supreme Soviet speeches of, 43–47, 53, 54, 58–61, 372–373
technical advisers withdrawn from
China by, 324
U-2 flights as viewed by, 123, 238–239, 371–372, 381
underclass image of, 163–164
U.S. television speech of, 212, 213
U.S. visited by, 7, 9, 33, 40, 44, 65, 184–218, 230, 238, 299, 337–339, 371, 380
at Vienna meeting with Kennedy, 344–345, 383
Virgin Lands idea of, 325
“We will bury you” pledge of, 184, 195, 200
in World War II, 166–167
Khrushcheva, Nina Petrovna, 165, 188, 199, 201, 223, 228
Khrushcheva, Rada, 201
Khrushcheva, Yelena, 331
Khrushchevland, 227
Khrushchev Remembers, 386
Killian, James, 74, 79–80, 81–83, 93, 119, 123, 149, 152, 366
on U-2 security, 369–370
Killian Commission (Technological Capabilities Panel), 74–76, 79–80, 366
Kirilenko, Alexander, 386
Kirkpatrick, Lyman, 87
Kirov, Sergei, 166
Kishi, Nobusuke, 144, 268–269, 319–320
Kissinger, Henry, 2, 97, 379, 381
Kistiakowsky, George, 45, 46, 57, 234, 241, 326
on Missile Gap, 237
on U-2 incident, 259–260
Kitchen Debate, 181
KNBC Television, 400
Knowland, William, 83–84
Kohler, Foy, 190, 244, 246, 254
Koht, Paul, 268
Korean Airlines incident (1983), 394, 395
Korean War, 14, 18–19, 36, 71, 381
Kosygin, Alexei, 385
Kozlov, Frol, 177, 178, 182, 223
Bucharest report delivered by, 324–325
Krock, Arthur, 234
Kruminsh, Zigurd, 343–344
Kubrick, Stanley, 15
Kurile Islands, 322
labor unions, 202
Lachaise, Gaston, 181
Lakenheath (SAC base), 112
Land, Edwin, 75–76, 79–80, 81–83, 89, 119
Land, Jennifer, 75
Latin America, U.S. image in, 88
Lausche, Frank, 316
Leacocos, John, 234
Bay of Pigs and, 389
U-2 program and, 37, 234–235, 252
Lehman, Herbert, 197
LeMay, Curtis, 73, 82–83, 105–107, 119, 150
Lenin, V. I., 73, 127, 165, 169, 171, 219, 239, 299, 324
Lenin Sports Palace, 216–217
Lincoln, Abraham, 76
Lippmann, Walter, 234, 245, 251, 258, 281, 324
Literaturnaya Gazeta, 202, 291
“Little Kremlin, the,” 40
Lloyd, Selwyn, 277, 283, 284, 294, 310
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 79, 90–93, 111, 350, 392, 396–397, 398
Lodge, Henry Cabot:
background of, 310–311
Eisenhower drafted to run for President by, 245, 293
Khrushchev’s U.S. visit and, 188, 190, 196, 198–201, 203–204, 215
Soviet Union visited by, 225–226
at UN, 310–313
London Daily Mail, 250
London Daily Mirror, 250
London Daily Sketch, 259
London Daily Telegraph, 250
London Evening Standard, 218–219
London News Chronicle, 250
London Sunday Express, 250
“Long Live Leninism” (Mao Tse-tung), 240
Lop Nor, 148
Los Angeles, Calif., 198–201
Los Angeles Times, 61
Lovelace Clinic, 109
Lowe, Thaddeus, 75
Lowry Air Force Base, 107, 108, 281
Lubyanka Prison, 31–32, 34, 38, 58, 269–270, 317–318, 328, 331, 333
Lundahl, Arthur, 143–144, 155, 241–242, 255
MacArthur, Douglas, 68
MacArthur, Douglas, II, 320
McCann, Kevin, 48
McCarthy, Joseph R., 48, 94, 131, 180, 264
McCloy, John J., 383
McCone, John, 352, 353, 356–357, 360, 403–405
McElroy, Neil, 152–154, 172–173, 176
McMahon Act, 222
Macmillan, Harold, 7, 29, 62, 96, 103–104, 146–147, 179, 369
background and personality of, 174
at Camp David, 232
de Gaulle and, 221–222
diary of, 174, 175, 232, 279, 280, 282, 292, 293
Eisenhower’s promises to, 184, 204
Khrushchev’s ultimatum and, 173–176
Khrushchev’s U.S. visit resented by, 184
nuclear attack feared by, 175
at Paris Summit, 273, 278–280, 282–287, 289, 291–298, 300, 301, 309–310
U-2 revelations as viewed by, 253, 259, 374
at UN, 338–339
McNamara, Robert, 391
Macomber, William, 177
Majors, Lee, 400
Makinen, Marvin, 347–348
Malenkov, Georgi, 71, 72, 168–171
Malinovsky, Rodion, 23–24
at Paris Summit, 275, 283–285, 294–295, 299
Manchester Guardian, 351
Mansfield, Mike, 56, 131, 309, 313, 395
Mao Tse-tung, 209–211, 219, 220, 240, 392
Moscow invitation refused by, 274
U-2 incident and, 259
Marco Polo If You Can (Buckley, Jr.), 395–396
Marines, U.S., 22, 144, 236, 320
Marshall, S. L. A., 335
Martini, Steve, 57
Marxism, U.S. fear of, 191
Matsu, 320
May Day (1960), Soviet celebration of, 23–24, 27, 28–29, 42, 43–44
May Day flight, see U-2 incident
Meany, George, 57
Mendès-France, Pierre, 80
Menshikov, Mikhail, 159, 188, 190, 193, 212, 218, 234, 344
as “Smiling Mike,” 203
Stevenson’s invitation from, 225
Merchant, Livingston, 243, 244, 277, 278, 283
Mercury, Project, 109, 142, 315
Meyer, Cord, 85
Middle East, 136–139
Middle Way, The (Macmillan), 174
Mikoyan, Anastas, 42, 223, 240
Military Affairs, 357–358
Miller, Arthur, 199
Millikan, Max, 98
Minot, Jean, 294
Mirza, Iskander, 146
Missile Gap, 5, 150, 153–154, 237, 323, 327, 342, 366–367
in election of 1960, 339–340, 341
Khrushchev’s ultimatum and, 172–173
in Cuba, 374, 378, 381, 384, 391
Khrushchev’s refusal to tour sites of, 203
launch points of, 182–183
Soviet testing of, 78, 147, 155
surface-to-air, 25, 78, 160, 182–183, 238, 357, 359, 362
see also intercontinental ballistic missiles
Model Airplane News, 234
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 88, 145, 199, 225, 267, 268
Mollet, Guy, 136
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 17, 94, 112, 122, 168
Khrushchev opposed by, 170–171
Khrushchev’s attack on, 169–170
Monroe, Marilyn, 199
Montgomery, Robert, 308
Moos, Malcolm, 307
Morris, James, 351
Morse, Wayne, 129
Moscow:
American Embassy in, 121–122, 229, 236
American Exhibition in, 178, 180, 181, 208
Eisenhower itinerary in, 227
Khrushchev’s return to, from U.S., 216–217
May Day celebration in, 23, 28–29
“second American Exhibition” in, 261–263, 300, 317
Khrushchev in, 217–218
Murphy, Charles, 389–390
Murphy, Robert, 159, 178, 253, 311
Nairn, Sardar Mohammed, 268
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 126, 136, 138
Nathan, James, 357–358
National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), 110–111, 112, 133
see also National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 5, 8, 31, 275, 315, 392, 398
cover story released by, 39, 47, 49–52, 372–373
National Intelligence Estimate, 150
National Press Club, 194–195, 249
National Reconnaissance Office, 392
national security:
economics of, 153; see also defense spending
press protection of, 57, 234–235
scientific aspects of, 73–74
National Security Agency (NSA), 30, 37, 123, 142, 158–159
on U-2 downing, 356–357
National Security Council (NSC), 45, 255, 307, 368
National War College, 249
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 94, 116, 135, 138, 219, 221
intelligence efforts of, 77, 78
Nazi Germany, 166–167
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 199
Newsday, 351
New York, Khrushchev’s visits to, 197–198, 337–339
New York Economic Club, 197–198
New Yorker, 104
New York Herald Tribune, 2, 115, 251, 258, 293, 310, 351
New York Mirror, 261
New York Times, 2, 47, 56–57, 97, 159, 170, 214, 273, 335
intelligence leaks to, 234
Khrushchev’s visit in, 202, 206
Stalin’s death in, 71
U-2 incident in, 250, 251, 258, 269, 270, 271
U-2 story concealed by, 234, 235
Nielsen, Aksel, 107
Nilsen, Selmer, 358–359
Nitze, Paul, 86
Niven, David, 199
Nixon, Richard M., 104, 190, 191–192, 195, 240, 344
at Camp David, 207–208
defense views of, 154
drinking of, 183
Eisenhower’s heart attack and, 108
Eisenhower’s views on, 2–3, 113–114, 184
in election of 1956, 113–114, 245
in election of 1960, 2–3, 179, 181, 225, 226, 319, 327–328, 340–341, 399
in election of 1968, 399
Khruschev and, 178–183, 191–192, 194, 196, 206
Kitchen Debate and, 181
Soviet Union visited by, 25, 178–184, 206, 207–208
The U-2 Affair (NBC News documentary) and, 342
U-2 incident and, 254–255, 280–281
Norstad, Lauris, 293
North American Rockwell Management Club, 399
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 94, 116, 135, 138, 219, 221
Norway, 4, 13, 14, 30, 60, 145, 256
Soviet threats to, 267–268
Nosenko, Yuri, 337
NSA, see National Security Agency
nuclear test ban treaty, 7, 231–233, 376, 379
Geneva talks on, 39–10, 231, 300, 321
on-site inspections and, 232
partial, 385
nuclear testing, atmospheric, 384
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 128, 346
Official Secrets Act, 234
Open Skies, 98–100, 102–105, 107, 111, 249, 366, 393
Khrushchev’s rejection of, 103, 117–118, 158
Operation Overflight (Powers), 361, 398
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 74
Ordzhonikidze, 116
OSS (Office of Strategic Services), 128, 346
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 236
Pakistan, 4, 10, 11, 59, 60, 145–146
Soviet threats to, 267–268
see also Peshawar airfield
Paris Presse, 250
Paris Summit (1960), 7, 270–304, 374
Berlin question and, 226, 230, 277
de Gaulle’s delay of, 220–223
Ehrenburg’s views on, 29
Eisenhower’s apology and, 274–277, 287–289, 292, 295, 297
Eisenhower’s speech on, 307–309
Eisenhower’s statement at, 286
election of 1960 and, 318–319
first day of, 282–292
Gates’s prediction of collapse of, 281
in Khrushchev’s memoirs, 386
Khrushchev’s military cuts and, 224
Khrushchev’s speech on, 306–307
Khrushchev’s statement at, 284–286
Khrushchev’s terms for, 276
Macmillan’s fears about, 62
proposed reconvening of, 305–306
proposed U.S. boycott of, 56
Senate invstigation of failure of, 313–317
Thompson’s toast to, 223
U-2 as threat to, 9, 29, 32, 38, 40, 43–44, 51, 56, 62, 63, 65, 239, 258, 265–267, 274, 277, 308
without U-2 crisis, 376–380
Parker, Alexander, 329, 330, 336
Parker, Mrs. Alexander, 329, 330
Passport Agency, U.S., 117
Pasternak, Boris, 201
PBCFIA (President’s Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities), 132–133, 161, 233, 367–368
Pearson, Drew, 100
Pennsylvania Railroad, 196–197
People’s Daily (Peking), 240
Peshawar airfield, 13–17, 145–146, 147, 235, 238, 256, 268
Philby, Kim, 78
Philippines, 319
photointerpretation, 142–144
Pickens, Slim, 15
Pierpoint, Robert, 57
Pittsburgh, Pa., 202–203
in World War II, 166
Polaris submarine, 106
Polaroid Corporation, 75
Polish Home Army, 87
Popov, Pyotr, 236
Portugal, Eisenhower’s visit to, 297–298, 303
Powers, Barbara Moore, 13, 17, 19–22 134, 260
in Athens, 20–21
committed to psychiatric institution, 345
drinking of, 22, 330, 336, 396
husband’s correspondence with, 317–318, 344
husband’s disappearance and, 38, 58.
husband’s release and, 350
in Moscow, 329, 330–331, 334–336
pregnancy and miscarriage of, 21
press conference of, 261
sexuality of, 330, 331, 336, 396
Powers, Francis Gary, 13–34, 55, 108, 110, 235, 260, 344–363, 396–401
Air Force study of, 18
background and personality of, 17–20
back pay of, 336, 351, 353, 360
Board of Inquiry report on, 352–353, 357, 360, 362
captivity routine of, 269–270
capture of, 27–28, 30, 243–244
CIA debriefing of, 350, 351–352
criminal indictment of, 328
death of, 400–401
defection considered for, 255, 259–260, 315, 356–357, 360
election of 1960 and, 341
first Soviet flight of, 139
flight log of, 22–23
Khrushchev’s announcement of capture of, 58–66, 373
Kruminsh and, 343–344
lectures of, 398–399
in Lubyanka Prison, 31–32, 34, 38, 58, 269–270, 317–318, 328, 331, 333
Malik’s revelations about, 53–54
memoirs of, 360, 361, 397–398, 400, 405
personal identification carried by, 16
public opinion and, 335–336, 351
regrets for “crime” expressed by, 328, 332, 333, 351
Senate questioning of, 353–354
shooting down of, 25–27, 332–333
Soviet questioning of, 30, 31–32, 53, 58, 269–270, 333
Suez crisis and, 137
trial of, 328–336, 351, 352–353
in Vladimir Prison, 343–344, 345
welcome home of, 396
on worries of U-2 pilots, 159–160
Powers, Francis Gary, II, 397, 400
Powers, Ida, 329, 330–331, 335, 336, 350
Powers, Jessica, 270, 330, 336
Powers, Oliver, 18, 39, 61, 133–134, 350
Khrushchev’s correspondence with, 253
in Moscow, 329, 330–331, 334, 336
Powers, Sue Downey, 396–397, 399, 401
Powers, Thomas, 88–89
Prague, Soviet capture of, 69
Pratt & Whitney aircraft engines, 89, 92, 110, 362
Pravda, 23, 25, 27, 29, 39, 216, 218, 240, 306, 307, 320, 324, 339
Khrushchev denounced in, 385
Khrushchev’s death in, 387
on Khrushchev’s visit to U.S., 189–190, 201–202, 204
President’s Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities (PBCFIA), 132–133, 161, 233, 367–368
Presidium, 170–171, 223, 261, 274, 385
press:
Eisenhower’s views on, 2, 48, 234
freedom of, 192, 197–198, 201–202
Khrushchev’s U-2 announcement and, 46–50
restraint of, 234–235
U-2 cover story and, 39, 248–249
see also specific publications
Prettyman, E. Barrett, 352, 357
Prince’s Islands, 204
Project Mercury, 109, 142, 315
Pryor, Frederick, 347–349
public opinion:
Eisenhower’s distrust of, 374–375
U.S.-Soviet relations and, 177
Quarles, Donald, 173
Quemoy, 320
Radio Moscow, 70, 227, 291, 335, 343
Radio Peking, 320
Radium Springs Motel, 20, 108, 401
Rand Corporation, 73
Rapacki Plan, 378
Soviet downing of, 321–322, 395
Soviet release of fliers from, 341, 343, 344, 353
“R.B.A.F.” (Richard Bissell’s Air Force), 147
reconnaissance, see aerial reconnaissance; espionage; satellites; headings beginning with U-2
Red River Dave, 335–336
Reeves, Jay, 330
Republican National Committee, 303
Republican party, U.S., 113–114, 327–328
Reston, James, 56–57, 228, 234, 251, 258, 271, 297
Right Stuff, The (Wolfe), 109
Ritland, Osmond, 89
Roberts, Charles, 50
Robinson, William, 293
Rockefeller, John D., 197
Rockefeller, Nelson, 4, 97–98, 198, 220
Eisenhower policies critiqued by, 5, 327–328
in election of 1960, 3, 225, 327–328
at Geneva Summit, 102–103
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 198
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 97, 127, 180, 184, 198, 244, 340
Eisenhower compared to, 2, 64, 68, 264
World War II and, 68, 204, 221, 228n
Roosevelt, James, 64
Roosevelt, Theodore, 86
Ross, Thomas, 369
Rovere, Richard, 104
Royal Air Force, 78, 138, 147, 310
‘R” planes, 93
Rudenko, Roman A., 120, 124–125, 332–334
Russell, Richard, 129, 195, 353
Russian Revolution, 127, 164–165, 299
SA-2 Guideline missiles, 25, 160, 238, 357, 359, 362
Safire, William, 181
Sagdeev, Roald, 394
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 250
Salazar, Antonio, 303
Salinger, Pierre, 350
Salisbury, Harrison, 42, 206, 228, 320–321
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), 393
Saltonstall, Leverett, 354
SAMs, see surface-to-air missiles
San Francisco, Calif., 201, 202
San Francisco Chronicle, 250
satellites, 322
CIA-Air Force attempts at launching of, 323
CORONA, 323
de Gaulle on, 287–288
Sputnik, 148–150, 156, 275, 288, 312, 365, 393
spy, 392–393
U-2 compared to, 363–364
SAVAK, 145
Schischkin, Ivan, 347–349
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 319
Science Advisory Committee, 73–74
Scott, Hugh, 250
Scoville, Herbert, 46–47
“Second Provisional Weather Squadron,” 135
Senate, U.S., 56, 83, 247, 302
Appropriations Committee of, 56
Armed Services Committee of, 56, 129, 353
Foreign Relations Committee of, 56, 129, 145, 195, 224, 339, 353, 356, 360, 370, 395
Powers questioned by, 353–354
Select Committee on Intelligence of, 357, 395
U-2 investigation of, 313–317, 353, 356, 360
Serov, Ivan, 171
Sevastopol, 226
Shah of Iran, 88, 145, 199, 225, 267, 268
Sheen, Martin, 400
Shelton, William, 59
Shevchenko, Arkady, 54
Shyrock, Richard, 384
Sino-Soviet relations, strains in, 209–211, 218–219, 220, 232, 324, 375, 385
Skunk Works, 91, 92, 394n, 400
Smith, Gerard, 393
Smith, Stephen and Jean, 349
Smith, Walter Bedell, 96, 128–129
Snider, Sammy, 46, 108, 110, 133–134, 136, 141–142, 401
on problems with Powers plane, 360–361
Snyder, Howard, 107–108
Snyder, Richard, 331
socialism, Khrushchev’s views on, 170, 195
Soldatov, Aleksandr, 190
Sorensen, Theodore, 339
Sothern, Ann, 10
Soviet-American relations, 67–73, 192
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 374, 378, 381, 384, 391
Eisenhower’s planned Soviet trip and, 7, 11, 40, 55, 57, 179, 212, 213, 217, 226–230, 263, 266, 274–275
Eisenhower’s threat to break relations and, 321–322
Foster Dulles’s views on, 97
Geneva arms control talks and, 39–40, 231, 300, 321, 393
“hot line” and, 384–385
Lodge’s visit and, 225–226
misperceptions in, 380–382
in 1953, 70–73
Nixon’s trip and, 25, 178–184, 206, 207–208
“peaceful coexistence” in, 179, 185, 195, 198; 219, 220, 266, 298
SR-71 Blackbird and, 393–394
under Stalin, 67–70
wheat sales and, 385
see also Cold War; détente; Geneva Summit (1955); Paris Summit
Soviet Union:
agriculture in, 167, 169, 324, 325, 384
“American Spring” in (1960), 229
Anti-Party Coup in, 171, 224, 385
balloons shot down by, 111–112
China’s relations with, 209–211, 218–219, 220, 232, 324, 375, 385
German invasion of, 166–167
humor in, 202
Macmillan’s visit to, 174–175
military cuts in, 223–224
secrecy of, 75–76, 81, 157, 274, 363, 365, 380–381, 393
Suez crisis and, 138–139
Twining group in, 119–120
in World War II, 67–69, 129, 166–167, 209, 299, 387
see also Moscow
Soviet Writers’ Union, 201
space flight, 31, 148–150, 188–189, 195
Spaso House, 121–122, 183, 227, 313
Spectrum (Wise), 369
Speier, Hans, 98
Sputnik, 148–150, 156, 275, 288, 312, 365, 393
Spy Wife (Barbara Powers), 396
SS-6, 152
Stalin, Joseph, 42, 70, 78, 94, 165–168, 171, 182, 206, 214, 219, 257, 386
Eisenhower’s meeting with, 67–68, 185
Khrushchev compared to, 325
Khrushchev’s indictment of, 169–170
movies and, 205
paranoia of, 167–168
Stalingrad, Battle of, 167, 299, 387
State Department, U.S., 78, 158, 159, 359
Foster Dulles’s appointment to, 96
Intelligence and Research Bureau of, 30–31
Presidential gift list for Soviets compiled by, 228
U-2 information released by, 47, 49, 50–51, 372
Steichen, Edward, 181
Stennis, John, 354
Stevenson, Adlai E., 86, 139, 181, 202, 240, 267
in election of 1960, 225, 302, 319, 341
Strategic Air Command (SAC), 73, 105–107, 108–109, 112, 149, 150, 237, 307
Kennedy’s visit to, 339–340
targets of, 155–156
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), 393
Suez crisis (1956), 136–139, 163
Sukarno, Achmed, 151
Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 234
Sulzberger, C. L., 273, 335, 356
Supreme Soviet, 41–45, 53, 55–56, 58–61, 223–224
surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), 78, 160, 182–183
SA-2 Guidelines, 25, 160, 238, 357, 359, 362
Susskind, David, 280
Sverdlovsk, 25, 28, 30, 182–183, 241, 359, 361, 362
Symington, Stuart, 5, 153, 214, 318
Taft, Robert A., 293
Talbott, Harold, 82
Tass, 309
Technological Capabilities Panel (Killian Commission), 74–76, 79–80, 366
telephones, U.S. vs. Soviet, 208
test ban treaty, see nuclear test ban treaty
Thigpen, Corbett, 345
Third World:
Eisenhower’s image in, 225
Soviet relations with, 219, 224
Thompson, Jane, 42, 53, 54, 180, 181, 200, 223, 301
Thompson, Llewellyn (Tommy), 42, 44, 54–56, 58, 62–63, 172, 216, 218, 222, 227, 256–257, 375
on disarmament, 231–232
on Gorky Park speech, 266
“hot line” inspired by, 385n
on Khrushchev’s military cuts, 224
at Kremlin New Year’s reception, 223, 225
“most urgent” cable of (May 5, 1960), 53–54, 57, 65
at Paris Summit, 278, 301, 302
in planning of Eisenhower’s Soviet trip, 226, 228, 229
on Soviet reaction to U-2, 251
Time-Life, 360
Times, The (London), 250
Todd, Mike, 11
Toumanoff, Vladimir, 183, 230, 331, 332
trade, U.S.-Soviet, 190, 209, 218
“Trial of Francis Gary Powers, The” (Red River Dave), 336
Trotsky, Leon, 166
Truman, Harry S., 49, 73, 94, 197, 220, 264, 390
Eisenhower compared to, 80, 214
intelligence agency requested by, 128
overflight plan and, 77–78
U-2 incident and, 249
Truscott, Lucian, 99
coup in (1960), 313
Soviet threats to, 60, 267–268
see also Adana
Twain, Mark, 86
Twining, Nathan, 77–78, 79, 82–83, 106, 150–151, 173, 260
Soviet trip of, 119–120, 123, 188
U-2:
announced as weather plane, 110–111
CIA vs. Air Force competition for, 105–107
emergency destruction system in, 15–16, 60, 404
equipment of, 14–15, 60, 92, 238, 364, 369
as mainstay of “R.B.A.F.,” 147
naming of, 92–93
new models of, 392
U-2 Affair, The (NBC News documentary), 342
U-2 Affair, The (Wise and Ross), 369
U-2 incident (1960):
altitude of plane in, 332–333, 356–360
American life affected by, 394–396
autopilot problems in, 24–25, 360–361
Bay of Pigs compared to, 389
CIA theories of, 355–357
Eisenhower notified of downing in, 34
Eisenhower’s handling of, 36–37, 46–49, 55, 57–58, 65–66, 247–248, 252–255, 258, 260, 263–266, 271–272, 372–376, 380–382
election of 1960 and, 318–319
Khrushchev’s decline in power and, 325, 378–379
Khrushchev’s handling of, 39–45, 55–56, 58–63, 256–257, 259, 261–263, 371–372, 376–377, 380–382
Khrushchev’s political fears in, 29, 40–41
mystery of downing in, 355–363
Nathan’s views on, 357–358
Nixon’s interview on, 280–281
pilot error theory of, 362–363
press response to, 250, 258–259
“second American Exhibition” and, 261–263
Soviet bomb theory of, 358–359
Soviet deceptive photo released in, 253–254, 259
Soviet downing of plane in, 23–24, 25–27, 325, 355–363, 376–377
Soviet reaction to, 29–30, 39–45, 52–54, 58–61, 251, 256–257, 259, 261–263, 267–270
U.S. allies affected by, 267–269
U.S. reaction to, 30–31, 32–40, 45–52, 55–58, 61–66, 243–255, 263–267
U-2 missions, 355–376
achievements of, 363–364, 366–367
authorization of, 133, 233–234, 241–242, 244, 257, 314
Bissell petition to resume, 322–323
British role in, 146–147
Camp David talks and, 215, 238, 299, 312
in China, 148
CIA assurances about security of, 8, 14, 34, 36, 38, 64–66, 118, 160, 238, 271–272, 308, 368–370, 380, 404
CIA success with, 365–367
cover story of, 8, 28, 31, 32–33, 37–38, 39, 41, 46–52, 110–111, 112, 244, 314, 372–374, 380, 395
Eisenhower’s bans on, 136, 139, 233, 366
Eisenhower’s fears about, 6, 8–9, 34, 118, 139, 150–151, 160–161, 176, 233–234, 366
Eisenhower’s use of evidence from, 366–367
European bases of, 112, 116–117, 121, 144
ICBM information obtained by, 152–153, 237, 238, 241–242, 258, 341–342
Indonesian rebellion monitored by, 151–152, 367
maiden voyage of, 118–123
after May 1960, 391–392
Middle East mapped during, 137–138
in 1957, 140–148
Pakistan base for, 10, 11, 13–17, 145–146, 147, 235, 238, 256, 268
risk of war attached to, 6, 9, 29, 61, 62–63, 118, 151, 158, 239, 252–253, 265–266, 364, 365, 371, 391
secrecy of, 4–6, 9, 56–57, 160, 367–368
Senate investigation of, 313–317, 353, 356, 360
Soviet anxiety and, 157–158
Soviet intelligence and, 235–236
Soviet protests of, 9, 43, 124–125, 139, 151, 239, 391
targets of, 24, 25, 147, 155–56
traditional espionage vs., 9
UN debate on, 311–313
U.S. concern about loss of information from, 322–323
U.S. vs. Soviet perceptions of, 364–365, 380–381
weather problems and, 9–10, 14, 119
CIA Intelligence Stars to, 397
fears of, 159–160
landing instructions of, 404, 405
personal identification of, 16, 151, 152
recruitment of, 20, 106, 108–109
Soviet views on, 55
suicide recommended for, 14, 16, 369
training of, 106–107, 109, 112
Ukraine, 166–167
Ulam, Adam, 379–380
General Assembly of, 337–339
Khrushchev at, 198, 207, 337–339
Recovery Agency of, 197
Security Council of, 43, 311–313, 322, 338
United Press International (UPI), 45–46, 80
Vandenberg, Hoyt, 77–78
Vershinin, Konstantin, 39–40, 54, 274
Vienna, Kennedy-Khrushchev meeting in, 344–345, 383
Vietnam War, 392
Vinogradov, Sergei, 282
Vogel, Wolfgang, 347
Voice of America, 197–198, 218, 227, 291, 309
Waging Peace (Eisenhower), 388, 403, 405
Wagner, Robert, 197
Wainwright, Stuyvesant, 131
Wall Street Journal, 258–259
Walters, Vernon, 284, 289, 296–297
Washington Post, 39, 56–57, 149, 201, 234, 235, 250, 321, 349–350
Washington Star, 250
Watertown Strip, 93, 105, 107, 109–110, 147
Wayne, John, 70
Welch, A. D., 80
Werth, Alexander, 219
Wheeler, Earle, 339–340
White. Lincoln, 50–51, 52, 58, 243, 248–249, 257–258, 267, 269
Whitman, Ann, 33, 64, 80, 82, 107, 108, 176, 185, 193, 196, 204, 213, 254, 266, 270–271, 272, 296–297, 307
Whitney, John Hay, 2, 296, 301
Wickers, John, 351
Wiley, Alexander, 316
Will, George, 394
Williams, Daniel, 361
Wise, David, 369
Wolfe, Tom, 109
World War II, 63–64, 67–69, 81, 86, 129, 166–167, 209, 294–295, 299, 387
Yeager, Chuck, 93
Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 387
York, Herbert, 46–47
Zaroubin, Georgi, 111, 124, 125
Zhukov, Georgi, 67–68, 70, 101–103, 163, 171, 275
Eisenhower’s friendship with, 67–68, 70, 101, 102, 206
Zinoviev, Grigory, 166
Zorin, Valerian, 220