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CHAPTER 1
3 In 1959, a young man: Keith Richards and James Fox, Life (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2010), 65.
3 he’d hated school: Ibid., 28.
3 “adopted a criminal mind,” Ibid., 56, 65.
4 “At a pace that seemed wholly un-British”: Shawn Levy, Ready, Steady, Go! (New York: Doubleday, 2002), 4, 5.
4 “You realize later on that”: Richards and Fox, Life, 50.
4 His teenage years were not: Ibid., 42–48, 56–57, 65.
4 Even at Sidcup: Ibid., 67–69, 78–81, 84.
5 In 1962, the boy: 87–90, 99–100.
5 the Stones have grossed: Andy Serwer with Julia Boorstin and Ann Harrington, “Inside the Rolling Stones Inc.,” CNN Money, September 30, 2002, accessed September 4, 2012,
http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/
fortune_archive/2002/09/30/329302/index.htm.
6 I’ve heard of an engineer: personal record.
6 I’ve seen a student: personal record.
7 Researchers at Cornell University: J. S. Mueller, S. Melwani, and J. A. Goncalo, “The Bias Against Creativity: Why People Desire but Reject Creative Ideas” (electronic version), retrieved July 2012 from Cornell University, ILR School site: digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/450/.
7 And there have been a number of studies: Kay Redfield Jamison, Touched with Fire: Manic Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Kate Stone Lombardi, “Exploring Artistic Creativity and Its Link to Madness,” New York Times, April 27, 1997, accessed October, 15, 2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/27/nyregion/
exploring-artistic-creativity-and-its-link-to-madness.html.
7 Einstein’s brain was extracted: “The Long Strange Journey of Einstein’s Brain,” NPR broadcast, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913, April 15, 2005; Brian Burrell, Postcards from the Brain Museum: The Improbable Search for Meaning in the Matter of Famous Minds (New York: Broadway, January 11, 2005).
7 (Lenin’s brain was also examined this way): Andrew Higgins, “Lenin’s Brain,” Independent, November 1, 1993, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/lenins-lenins-brain-they-took-it-out-to-understand-the-source-of-a-revolution-they-now-reject-but-they-tend-it-still-safe-and-sound-in-31000-pieces-andrew-higgins-reports-1501441.html; Paul R. Gregory, Lenin’s Brain and Other Tales from the Secret Soviet Archives (California: Hoover Institution Press, 2008), 25–26.
8 He played violin, originally: Brian Foster, “Einstein and His Love of Music,” PhysicsWorld, January 2005, accessed September 13, 2012,
http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein&music.pdf.
8 He struggled in school: Barbara Wolff and Hananya Goodman, “The Legend of the Dull-Witted Child Who Grew Up to Be a Genius,” accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.albert-einstein.org/article_handicap.html.
8 We also know Einstein drew: John S. Rigden, Einstein 1905: The Standard of Greatness. (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2006); Albert Einstein; John Stachel, ed.: Einstein’s Miraculous Year: Five Papers That Changed the Face of Physics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
8 While Einstein was a patent clerk: “Einstein in the World Wide Web: Akademie Olympia,” accessed September 13, 2012. http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/olympia-e.html.
8 Einstein acknowledged the effect: Carl Seelig, ed.; Sonja Bargmann, tr.; Albert Einstein: Ideas and Opinions (New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1954).
8 And we know that Keith Richards: Richards and Fox, Life, 142–43.
8 Oldham, who’d worked for Mary Quant: Ibid., 127–30; Andrew Loog Oldham with Simon Dudfield and Ron Ross, ed., Stoned: A Memoir of London in the 1960s (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000).
8 It was because of their collaboration: Richards and Fox, Life, 142–43.
9 “What I found about the blues”: Ibid., 94.
CHAPTER 2
11 In 1992 BusinessWeek began supporting: Bruce Nussbaum, “The Best Product Designs of the Year,” BusinessWeek, June 7, 1992,
http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1992-06-07/
winners-the-best-product-designs-of-the-year.
11 What is now called the International: The IDEA was originally called the Industrial Design Excellence Awards and changed in the late nineties to be more global.
11 In April 2006, the magazine teamed up with: Bruce Nussbaum, “The World’s Most Innovative Companies,” BusinessWeek, April 23, 2006,
http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-04-23/
the-worlds-most-innovative-companies.
11 Then, in 2008, my team: Bruce Nussbaum, “S&P/BusinessWeek Global Innovation Index,” BusinessWeek, May 1, 2008,
http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-05-01/
s-and-p-businessweek-global-innovation-indexbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice.
11 Between our many lists, the index: Bruce Nussbaum, “BusinessWeek Is Launching INside Innovation,” BusinessWeek, May 13, 2006,
http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-05-13/
business-week-is-launching-inside-innovation-dot; http://www.designing-media.com/interviews/BruceNussbaum, accessed October 15, 2012.
13 Frustrated, I began asking around: personal record.
13 from Kaiser Permanente’s shift: Bruce Nussbaum, “The Power of Design,” BusinessWeek, May 17, 2004.
13 to P&G’s development of the Swiffer: Bruce Nussbaum, “Get Creative! How to Build Innovative Companies,” BusinessWeek, August 1, 2005.
13 Years after I initially began these conversations: personal record.
14 I had joined Danny Hillis: I’d been covering design for more than a decade by the time of this meeting and was on a first-name basis with most of those attending it. They were what management consultants called “thought leaders” in innovation and design. They were, in fact, among the leading thought leaders of the field in the world. I’ve spoken at conferences organized by Patrick Whitney and have been onstage with Roger Martin and Larry Keeley.
15 While most Fortune 500s were no longer: Davis Dyer, Frederick Dalzell, and Rowena Olegario, Rising Tide: Lessons from 165 Years of Brand Building at Procter & Gamble (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2004).
15 With products like the Swiffer mop: Henry W. Chesbrough, MIT Sloan Management Review, “Opening Up Innovation at P&G,” posted on InnovationTools (January 18, 2008), accessed September 13, 2012,
http://www.innovationtools.com/Articles/
EnterpriseDetails.asp?a=297; Ben Thompson, “Designer Thinking,” Business Management, issue 12, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.busmanagement.com/
article/Designer-Thinking/; A. G. Lafley, “P&G’s Innovation Culture,” with an introduction by Ram Charan, http://strategy+business.com, http://www.strategy-business.com/article/08304?pg=all.
15 Over at the Stanford “d.school”: David Kelley interview with author at Stanford D-School (August 9, 2009).
15 Though a longtime champion: I first interviewed David Kelley even before he merged his company, David Kelley Design, with ID Two, founded by Bill Moggridge, and Matrix Product Design, Mike Nuttall’s firm, to form IDEO. That was in 1991. While writing a cover story on IDEO in 2004, I rode around in one of Kelley’s vintage trucks and visited his Ettore Sottsass–designed house. His focus on human-centered design has always been an inspiration to me.
16 In 2010, IBM ran a survey of 1,500 CEOs: Adam Richardson, “IBM Study: CEOs Say Creativity and Managing Complexity Are Vital Today,” posted on CNET News (May 26, 2010), http://news.cnet.com/8301-13641
_3-10474433-44.html; “What Chief Executives Really Want,” BusinessWeek, May 18, 2010, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/
content/may2010/id20100517_190221.htm.
16 I was fortunate to find out that I wasn’t alone: Among the others at the summit were Nick Leon, now director of Design London; Bill Burnett, Executive Director of the Stanford Design Program; Ronald Jones, who leads the Experience Design Group at Konstfack University College of Arts, Crafts and Design in Stockholm; Nathan Shedroff, who was then launching a design strategy MBA at California College of the Arts in San Francisco; and Jacob Mathew, cofounder of IDIOM, the top innovation consultancy in India.
17 Who coined those phrases: I’ve asked several of the participants at the Stanford conference who they thought came up with the terminology first, and Nick Leon, Bill Burnett, and Banny Banerjee are most often mentioned.
17 On a cold winter night: William Casey, personal conversation with the author. Off the record, unless you count what the CIA recorded without the author’s knowledge or consent. Just kidding.
17 That book, The World After Oil: Bruce Nussbaum: The World After Oil: The Shifting Axis of Power and Wealth (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983).
17 Casey had been head of the CIA: Joseph E. Persico, Casey: From the OSS to the CIA (New York: Viking Penguin, 1990), 53–73.
17 But Casey’s career in espionage: Ibid., 53–67.
18 Donovan immediately liked Casey: Ibid., 55.
18 Despite his talents: Ibid., 56.
18 Determined to prove himself: Ibid., 58.
18 In December of 1944, the thirty-one-year old: Ibid., 68–70.
18 Casey’s SI agents were given: Ibid., 71–73;
19 Casey told me, in his thick: personal interview, William Casey with author, winter 1983.
19 According to one report: Report of Proceedings, Joint Special Operations University (JSOU) and Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Society Symposium, “Irregular Warfare and the OSS Model,” (Tampa, Florida: JSOU Press, 2009), 19.
19 OSS trainees were encouraged to: John Whiteclay Chambers II, “Training for War and Espionage,” from chapter “Office of Strategic Services During World War II,” Studies in Intelligence, vol. 54, no. 2 (June 2010), 17.
19 I asked him what happened to the people: My conversation with Bill Casey happened decades ago. But while I may not remember his or my own exact words—I didn’t take notes—this was my one and only talk with the head of the CIA and the scene and discussion are clear in my mind.
19 Moe Berg, a Columbia Law School grad: “The Catcher, the Physicist, and the Nazis’ Bomb,” http://D.Chieftan.com, http://www.dchieftain.com/2010/10/13/the-catcher-the-physicist-and-the-nazis%E2%80%99-bomb, accessed September 27, 2012.
20 The actor Sterling Hayden: Richard Harris Smith, OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 133.
20 In his book Explaining Creativity: R. Keith Sawyer, Explaining Creativity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). Sawyer is one of the great chroniclers of modern creativity research, and his work and writings were critical to my own understanding of creativity. I came to the subject from a different stream of knowledge, design, and innovation, and Sawyer provided the historical context necessary for me.
20 One of these men was J. P. Guilford: Ibid., 15–16.
20 During the Cold War: Ibid., 37.
20 The NSF funded a series of key: Frank Barron and David M. Harrington, “Creativity, Intelligence, and Personality,” Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 32 (1981): 439–76; Sawyer, Explaining Creativity, 17.
20 By the sixties: Sawyer, Explaining Creativity, 17.
21 In 1960, Ellis Paul Torrance: Ibid., 17.
21 But despite the widespread use: Ibid., 50–53.
21 In the eighties, Teresa M. Amabile: Ibid., 83; T. M. Amabile, The Social Psychology of Creativity (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983).
21 As Sawyer points out, Amabile concluded: Sawyer, Explaining Creativity, 60; Amabile, “The Social Psychology of Creativity: A Consensual Assessment Technique,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1982, vol. 43, no. 5, 997–1013.
21 Amabile’s research also marked: “Faculty Profile Page: Teresa M. Amabile, Edsel Bryant Ford Professor of Business Administration Director of Research Harvard Business School,” accessed September 5, 2012, http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=bio&facId=6409.
22 By the time Amabile and others: Sawyer, Explaining Creativity, 52–56.
22 As cognitive psychology was: U. Neisser, Cognitive Psychology (New York: Meredith, 1967); “History of Cognitive Psychology,” compiled by the Cognitive Processes Classes, fall 1997, Psychology Department, Muskingum College, New Concord, OH, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/
psycweb/history/cognitiv.htm; Sawyer, Explaining Creativity, 52–56.
22 Where before, psychologists tried: Sawyer, Explaining Creativity, 63–65. As Sawyer recounts, research shifted to the university level and consisted largely of controlled lab experiments, mostly with psychology graduate students, that attempted to measure memory, attention, and other basic cognitive brain functions. Much of the research design involved solving puzzles.
22 It was in the labs of Lake Forest College: Ibid., 78–79.
22 The experiments of psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi: Ibid., 87–88; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention (New York: Harper Perennial, 1996).
22 “There’s a certain moment”: Richards and Fox, Life, 97.
23 At Chicago and in a series of books: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (New York: Harper and Row, 1990); http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:
BookSources/0060920432; Csikszentmihalyi, The Evolving Self (New York: Harper Perennial, 1994); Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity; Csikszentmihalyi, Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life (Basic Books, 1998).
23 The absence of a sense of time: Sawyer, Explaining Creativity, 78–79; Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity, 111–13.
23 Back in 1959, Rollo May: Sawyer, Explaining Creativity, 78–79.
23 By the 1990s, advances in brain imaging: Ibid., 185.
23 It continues to be a well-funded: National Science Foundation Funding Page: Cognitive Neuroscience, accessed September 5, 2012. http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5316.
23 Brain scans have shown: Sawyer, Explaining Creativity, 158–60, 195–205.
23 Because creative behaviors activate: Ibid.
24 In Renaissance Italy: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, “The Domain of Creativity,” in D. H. Feldman, M. Csikszentmihalyi, and H. Gardner, eds., Changing the World: A Framework for the Study of Creativity (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1994), 135–58; Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity, 32–36; Sawyer, Explaining Creativity, 214.
24 Florence at that time: Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity, 32–33; Sawyer, Explaining Creativity, 214.
25 Interestingly, the man who observed: Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity, 32–36.
25 In his research and his books: Csikszentmihalyi, Flow; Csikszentmihalyi, The Evolving Self; Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity; Csikszentmihalyi, Finding Flow.
25 Sawyer grew up in Newport News: R. Keith Sawyer, interviews with the author, 2011–2012.
26 With his degree, Sawyer: Ibid.
26 Sawyer is now a professor: Ibid.
27 In the end, he told me: I often think about Casey’s reference to clowns. There is documentation on the OSS providing improvisation training to agents and to actors becoming agents, but I have found nothing on clowns. Did I not hear him correctly? After all, it was late and we’d been drinking and talking for hours. I can see him now, sitting there, staring across the room, not looking at me, as he was talking about people being sent out, as if he were remembering specific individuals who went out and succeeded and others who didn’t. The clown reference remains a mystery to me.
29 And like the artists who came before: Anthropologists have long talked about the twin universes of the moral and the market, but Michael Sandel’s book What Money Can’t Buy is the best current analysis of the subject. Sandel takes the traditional approach of seeing the moral—what money can’t buy—in opposition to the market: what money can buy. I’m arguing that the moral and the market are integrated. That is, creativity bridges the two universes. It plays the role of transforming what money can’t buy into what money can buy.
29 Why not, as Indian design firm: I am indebted to Sonia Manchanda, cofounder of Idiom, one of India’s top design and innovation firms, for opening my eyes to this insight. Through her work on motivation, new business models, and framing the bottom of the pyramid, Manchanda is the direct heir of C. K. Prahalad.
29 People gather in a room: Alex F. Osborn, How to “Think Up” (McGraw-Hill, 1942); Alex F. Osborn, Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures of Creative Problem Solving, Third Revised Edition (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1963).
29 But as Sawyer points out: R. Keith Sawyer, Group Genius: The Creative Power of Collaboration (New York: Basic Books, 2007).
30 Where the older model sought: “Innovation for the Risk Averse,” Harvard Business Review, May 2012.
31 Washington has to curry: Nicole Bullock and Vivianne Rodrigues, “Scramble to Sell US Debt as Yields Hit Record Lows,” Financial Times, March 6, 2012, accessed September 12, 2012, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/04
ab95a6-66e3-11e1-9e53-00144feabdc0.html
#axzz20oSyTu99.
32 In 2010, for the first time: “World Demographic Profile 2012,” http://www.indexmundi.com/world/
demographics_profile.html, accessed September 16, 2012.
32 In forty more years: http://www.npg.org/facts/world_pop_year.htm, accessed October 18, 2012.
32 The US military’s term: Carol Mase, “VUCA—A Leadership Dilemma,” Free Management Library Leadership Blog, January 17, 2011, accessed September 12, 2012, http://managementhelp.org/blogs/leadership/2011/01/17/vuca-a-leadership-dilemma.
CHAPTER 3
43 commencement speech at Stanford: Steve Jobs, text and video of Stanford commencement address, June 12, 2005, posted on the Stanford Report, June 14, 2005, accessed September 4, 2012, http://news.stanford.edu/news/
2005/june15/jobs-061505.html.
45 Roommates Adam Lowry: I first met Josh Handy at a Design Management Institute conference on October 25 to 27, 2010, in Providence, Rhode Island, that I cochaired with David Butler, Design Director for Coca-Cola. During a subsequent discussion with Bill Moggridge, he presented the origin story of Method to the audience, and later, he and I talked about culture, innovation, and start-ups. Handy helped me understand that we embody knowledge as members of social groups and that it can be as important as, if not more important than, the knowledge we attain by immersing ourselves in learning new things. We focus on the “10,000 hours” of practice necessary to become an expert at something and often forget what we already know. April Dembosky, “Method in Their Madness,” Financial Times, September 27, 2011, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/66fc9bbc-e626-11e0-960c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz22nEQOvia.
46 “You’re paying your penance”: Sarah van Schagen, “An Interview with the Founders of Method Green Home-Care Products,” grist.org, March 15, 2008, accessed September 4, 2012 http://grist.org/article/fighting-dirty/
46 (their apartment actually was pretty dirty): Carlye Adler, “Method Home Cleans Up with Style and (Toxic-Free) Substance,” Time, May 3, 2011, accessed September 4, 2012, http://business.time.com/2011/05/03/method-soap-business-profile/.
46 Lowry jumped at the opportunity: Dembosky, “Method in Their Madness.”
46 The two used $90,000 that: Ibid.
46 “To us,” said Lowry: Van Schagen, “An Interview with the Founders of Method Green Home-Care Products.”
46 Ryan, Lowry, and Josh Handy: Josh Handy, personal interview with author, October 25–27, 2010.
47 In 2007, the company: Ibid.
47 The Method founders built: Ibid.
47 So it’s not surprising: “Our Story,” Method website, accessed September 4, 2012, http://methodhome.com/methodology/our-story/.
48 As a teenager, he: Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 11.
48 When he needed parts: Ibid., 17.
50 The fact that over half: Keith N. Hampton, Lauren Sessions Goulet, Lee Rainie, Kristen Purcell, Pew Research Centers’s Internet & American Life Project, June 16, 2011, accessed October 19, 2012, http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/Technology-and-social-networks.aspx.
50 I recently talked with: Personal record, July 27, 2012.
51 It was a skill McQueen: I co-taught a class at Parsons in the fall of 2011 with Ben Lee called “Steve Jobs and Alexander McQueen: Design as Social Movement,” which was attended by many students from the new MFA in Design and Society. A number had studied at Central St. Martins in London. Several talked about the great seams in McQueen’s clothes and how he had apprenticed and worked at an early age in men’s fashion before becoming famous in women’s fashion; Andrew Bolton, Savage Beauty (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art: May, 2011, fifth printing).
52 As one of China’s more innovative: I first learned of Lenovo when its head of design, Yao Yingjia, came to BusinessWeek around the time the company was buying IBM’s PC business. He wore an incredibly tailored modern “Mao” jacket that looked more Yoji Yamamoto than “Made in China” and talked more about innovation than cost and speed of delivery. I was later impressed when Lenovo asked Ziba Design, one of the smartest innovation consultancies around, to help it strategize. I then assigned a story on Lenovo’s design process; “Inside Lenovo’s Design Quest,” BusinessWeek, September 24, 2006, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/
2006-09-24/inside-lenovos-design-quest.
53 Ziba knows how to get deep: Ziba’s research for Lenovo won an IDEA award in 2006 and I wrote about it in the June 29, 2006, annual design award package. The research was showcased again in IN: Inside Innovation, September 2006, page 7, in “Ziba’s Design’s Search for the Soul of the Chinese Consumer.” I first talked to Sohrab about this work in the spring of 2006.
57 Daniel Pink, author: conversation between Roger Martin and Dan Pink, March 18, 2011, on Educating the Creative Leaders of Tomorrow, put on as part of the Steelcase 360 Discussion series.
58 In 1990, MIT roboticists: Like a lot of science-fiction-loving boys in America, I grew up intrigued by robots, and I wrote about industrial robots when I got to BusinessWeek. But the real story has been the disappointment with robots—how they have failed to live up to our Star Wars imagination. The little Roomba bots finally hit it. They opened up a new, commercial space with a robot. I believe we are now, finally, at the start of a new Robot Age. Time to see Blade Runner again. The history of iRobot, as well as success stories about Roomba and other products, can be found on the company’s website; “Our History,” iRobot, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.irobot.com/en/us/
Company/About/Our_History.aspx.
59 there’s even a smallish cult: http://hackingroomba.com, accessed October 5, 2012.
60 Early advocates of this approach: I interviewed Lafley in 2006 for the BusinessWeek cover story “The Power of Design.” I’ve talked with Claudia Kotchka, who was vice president for Design Innovation and Strategy under Lafley, many times.
60 In 2000, newly appointed CEO: Roger L. Martin, The Opposable Mind (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2009), 11–13, 60–61; Larry Huston and Nabil Sakkab, “P&G’s New Innovation Model,” March 20, 2006, Harvard Business School Working Knowledge, accessed October 15, 2012, http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/5258.html.
60 They have worked with the “NineSigma”: http://www.ninesigma.com/ninesigma-overview/clients-testimonials, accessed October 3, 2012; http://innocentive.com/
about-innoentive/facts-stats, accessed October 3, 2012.
60 One result was the Crest Spinbrush: “Toys and Spinning Brushes: How John Osher Found His Way to Profits,” Knowledge@Wharton, November 13, 2003, accessed October 3, 2012, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=870; Robert Berner, “Why P&G’s Smile Is So Bright,” July 31, 2002, BusinessWeek, accessed October 3, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/aug2002/sb2002081_2099.htm.
61 According to the Wall Street Journal: Michael Totty, “Paper Thin Screens with a Twist,” Wall Street Journal, September 26, 2010, accessed September 4, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB10001424052748703470904575500342513725972.html.
62 When James Dyson went casting: Patrick Mahoney, MachineDesign.com, August 7, 2008, accessed October 3, 2012, http://ma chinedesign.com/article/industrial-design-design-the-dyson-way-0807.
63 When I visited him in Toronto: Bill Buxton, interviews with the author, March 7, 2011, April 5, 2011, September 15, 2011, May 7, 2012; http://www.billbuxton.com/, accessed October 3, 2012.
65 “I put the black and white: “Van Gogh’s Letters,” WebExhibits, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.webexhibits.org/
vangogh/letter/20/607.htm; Debora Silverman, Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Search for Sacred Art (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000), 396.
65 Bob Dylan looked to Woody: Caspar Llewellyn Smith, Guardian, June 15, 2011, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jun/16/bob-dylan-woody-guthrie.
66 When asked in an interview: Cynthia McFadden, interview, ABC News, January 13, 2012, accessed September 4, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/
2012/01/madonna-breaks-silence-on-gaga-born-
this-way-controversy-2020-exclusive-tonight/.
66 has a replica of the Saturn V: Greg Klerkx, New Scientist, December 12, 2011, accessed at
http://www.marssociety.org/home/press/news/
illputmillionsofpeopleonmarssayselonmusk on October 15, 2012.
66 the powerful rocket: http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/rocketry/home/what-was-the-saturn-v-58.html, accessed October 15, 2012; http://www.time.com/time/specials/
packages/article/0,28804,
1910599_1910769_1910767,00.html, accessed October 18, 2012.
66 BMW bought and revived: http://www.miniusa.com/#/learn/FACTS_
FEATURES_SPECS/history/storyOfMini-m, accessed October 15, 2012; http://www.topspeed.com/cars/mini/1959-2006-the-history-of-mini-ar10921.html, accessed October 15, 2012.
66 It is once again: http://www.motoringfile.com/2012/02/04/
businessweek-mini-wins-big-over-smart/.
67 Paul Polak has spent: Paul Polak and Jacqueline Novogratz, founder of the Acumen Fund, are my two heroes in redesigning models to improve life in what C. K. Prahalad called the Bottom of the Pyramid. Both focus on using market forces, investments, and start-ups to generate income and provide water, health, education, and jobs in India, Africa, and Asia. Polak talked to me about his Orissa water project over several interviews in the United States and in India in 2011 and 2012. Donald G. McNeil, Jr., “An Entrepreneur Creating Chances at a Better Life,” New York Times, September 26, 2011, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/health/
27conversation.html?pagewanted=all.
67 Polak has talked to: Paul Polak Profile, “Unreasonable Network,” accessed September 4, 2012, http://unreasonableinstitute.org/profile/ppolak/; Jessie Scanlon, “Paul Polak: Global Poverty Fighter,” BusinessWeek, January 12, 2009, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/
2009-01-12/paul-polak-global-poverty-fighterbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice.
67 He’s seen what happens when: Paul Polak, interviews with the author, 2011 and 2012.
68 When Polak was in Bangladesh: Paul Polak, interviews with the author, 2011 and 2012; Paul Polak website, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.paulpolak.com/html/paul.html.
68 There are now eighty-four factories: http://www.ideorg.org/Our Story/Pedaling_Out_of_Poverty.pdf, accessed October 18, 2012.
68 There are 325 million: Paul Polak, interviews with the author, 2011 and 2012; Acumen Fund, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.acumenfund.org/investment/spring-health.html.
68 He came to understand two critical realities: Paul Polak, interviews with the author, 2011 and 2012.
69 Polak’s ability to see: Ibid.
69 with the help of Indian design consultancy: Jacob Mathew, cofounder of Idiom, has worked closely with Polak on the Orissa water project from its start. Mathew is responsible for the design of the brand, the jugs that carry the water, the uniforms of the people transporting the water on bicycles, and, with Polak, the business model itself; Paul Polak, interviews with the author, 2011 and 2012.
69 “Spring Health will generate”: Paul Polak, interviews with the author, 2011 and 2012; Paul Polak’s blog, accessed September 4, 2012, http://blog.paulpolak.com/?m=201106.
70 The Acumen Fund, founded by: “Spring Health,” The Acumen Fund, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.acumenfund.org/investment/spring-health.html.
70 Polak hopes it can reach: Paul Polak, interviews with the author, 2011 and 2012.
71 In 2012, Jeremy Feinberg: Lisa W. Foderaro, “A New Species in New York Was Croaking in Plain Sight,” New York Times, March 13, 2012, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/14/nyregion/new-leopard-frog-species-is-discovered-in-nyc.html; Rutgers University press release, March 2012, “Hiding in Plain Sight: Rutgers Scientist Discovers New Frog Species in New York and New Jersey,” http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/news-releases/2012/03/rutgers-ecologist-di-20120309/, accessed October 18, 2012.
71 According to CNN: Shelby Lin Erdman, “Ribbit! Frog Species Found in New York City Has a Croak of Its Own,” CNN U.S., March 17, 2012, accessed October 18, 2012, http://articles.cnn.com/2012-03-17/us/us_new-york-frog-species_1_frog-species-new-frog-new-species?_s=PM:US.
71 Leslie Rissler: http://www.leslierissler.org/Leslie_Rissler/Wel come.html, accessed October 22, 2012.
71 “I’ve given it lots of thought”: Foderaro, “A New Species in New York Was Croaking in Plain Sight.”
73 Take Singapore, which: Singapore is making enormous efforts to transform itself into a creative innovative society. I was at the president’s house in November 2009 as he personally gave out design awards to young Singaporeans who won special Red Dot design awards for the ICSID Design Conference. Singapore is also scoring higher and higher on different national innovation rankings. While I was there, I spoke with young designers and creatives who (especially if they had studied in Europe and the United States) still complained about the stultifying authoritarian hand of government and the obsessive consumerist culture that values Italian, French, British, and American brands, not local ones.
73 The government is making: “Singapore Government Arts and Creative Industries,” accessed September 9, 2012, http://www.gov.sg/government/web/content/
govsg/classic/Info_N_Policy/ip_arts/; “Singapore Budget 2011,” accessed September 9, 2012, http://www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2011/
expenditure_overview/mica.html.
73 When it comes to international sports: The Online GK, October 30, 2010, http://theonlinegk.wordpress.com/2010/10/30/indian-gold-medal-winners-of-commonwealth-games-delhi/; “Indians Shine in Commonwealth Wrestling Championships,” Jagran Post, August 8, 2011, accessed September 9, 2012, http://post.jagran.com/indians-shine-in-commonwealth-wrestling-championships-1312826371.
73 In the 2010 Commonwealth Games: Ibid.
74 There are no programs like Title IX: Usha Sharma and Sonia Manchanda, personal interviews conducted by the author, February 17, 2011.
74 Though wrestling has had a long tradition in India: Usha Sharma and Sonia Manchanda, personal interviews conducted by the author, February 17, 2011; Roshan Kumar, “Women Wrestlers Cry Disparity,” Telegraph, Calcutta, India, March 14, 2012, accessed September 9, 2012, http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120314/
jsp/bihar/story_15246222.jsp#.UE1eia60J8F.
74 Usha Sharma, a police officer: Usha Sharma, personal interview conducted by the author on February 17, 2011.
74 Sharma’s wrestling academy: Ibid.
74 Sons are preferred over daughters: prepared by Krishan S. Nehra, Senior Foreign Law Specialist: “Sex Selection and Abortion: India,” Law Library of Congress website, accessed September 9, 2012, http://www.loc.gov/law/help/sex-selection/india.php.
74 Haryana has 830 girls: “Seven Brothers: India’s Skewed Sex Ratio,” April 7, 2011, Economist, accessed October 18, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/18530371.
74 “I have always wanted”: Sonia Manchanda, interview with the author, February 17, 2011.
75 Manchanda and Idiom launched: Sonia Manchanda, interview with the author, February 17, 2011; Sarah Jacob, “Idiom: The Dream Merchants Who Turn Your Dreams into Business Ideas,” India Times, December 3, 2011, accessed September 9, 2012,
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-03/news/
30471796_1_dreams-idiom-volunteers.
75 Manchanda brought in: I was invited to participate in the second phase of the Dream:IN conference by Carlos Teixeira, a professor at Parsons The New School of Design. It was held at Idiom headquarters in Bangalore from February 16 to 19, 2011, and I joined with students and businesspeople to craft business plans for three of the aspirations that came out of the interviews that took place months earlier. They all revolved around education. A second Dream:IN conference was held in Brazil, Carlos’s home country, in the summer of 2012, http://www.fastcodesign.com/1663223/looking-to-realize-dreams-in-india-with-new-business-models.
75 “More education” was probably the most: I was present in India, participating at the Dream:IN conference, when the major themes were presented after the video narratives were collected and collated.
76 They already have $50,000: Sonia Manchanda, interview with author, autumn 2011.
76 a country where more than 65 percent: Kaushik Basu, “India’s Demographic Dividend,” BBC News, July 25, 2007, accessed September 10, 2012, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911544.stm.
77 Keith Richards and Mick Jagger: Keith Richards and James Fox, Life (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2010).
77 Today, the business degree: National Center for Education Statistics, Fast Facts, http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=37, accessed September 16, 2012; Michelle Megna, http://Schools.com, 5 most popular undergraduate majors of 2011 entry-level hires, http://www.schools.com/articles/most-popular-degrees-employers.html, accessed September 16, 2012.
78 In a talk given to a freshman: Bill Deresiewicz, article adapted from address to students at Stanford University, May 2010, http://chronicle.com/article/What-Are-You-Going-to-Do-With/124651/.
78 I recently had lunch with someone: This informal talk occurred in the spring of 2012.
80 3M was a pioneer of this strategy: Paul D. Kretkowski, “The 15 Percent Solution,” Wired, January 23, 1998, accessed October 19, 2012,
http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/1998/01/9858.
80 Google has had a 20 percent: James Whittaker, March 13, 2012, “Why I Left Google,” JW on Tech blog, accessed October 18, 2012, http://blogs.msdn.com/b/jw_on_tech/archive/2012/03/13/why-i-left-google.aspx.
82 Steve Jobs was a walker: Bill Moggridge, personal conversation, winter 2012. I knew Bill Moggridge for many years when he was at IDEO. He interviewed me for his book Designing Media, October 2010, for my transition from print to digital journalism at BusinessWeek. A pioneer in designing the first laptop, the Grid, which is now in the permanent collection of MoMA, and even more important, the interaction between people and computers, Moggridge was a giant in the design world. I was fortunate to get to know him a bit personally when he moved to New York to head the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum.
83 The late Pulitzer Prize–winning: Donald M. Murray, “Real Writers Don’t Burn Out: Making a Writing Apprenticeship Last a Lifetime,” keynote address, National Writers’ Workshop, Hartford, CT, April 1, 1995 (posted by Bill Mitchell, Poynter, August 25, 2002), accessed October 19, 2012, http://www.poynter.org/uncategorized/2063/real-writers-dont-burn-out-making-a-writing-apprenticeship-last-a-lifetime/.
CHAPTER 4
85 Charles Adler loved music: I first met Charles in Chicago at the Design Research Conference put on by the IIT Institute of Design from October 24 to 26, 2011. He gave a presentation at that conference about the origins of Kickstarter. I interviewed him November 9, 2011, and he gave a talk in my Parsons course Design at the Edge the following spring (2012).
86 Chen was living in New York: Charles Adler, personal interviews with the author. Charles Adler presentation in the author’s Parsons course Design at the Edge, spring 2012; Carlye Adler, “How Kickstarter Became a Lab for Daring Prototypes and Ingenious Products, Wired, March 18, 2011, accessed September 11, 2012, http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/03/
ff_kickstarter/2/.
86 All transactions are handled: Yancey Strickler, “Amazon Payments and US-Only” Kickstarter Blog post, October 3, 2009, http://www.kickstarter.com/blog/amazon-payments-and-us-only, accessed September 11, 2012.
86 On one level Chen, Strickler: Charles Adler: personal interviews with the author. Charles Adler presentation in the author’s Parsons course Design at the Edge, spring 2012.
87 The first Kickstarter projects: Ibid.
87 Between its launch in 2009 and October 2012: http://www.kickstarter.com/help/stats, accessed October 4, 2012.
87 which had an operating budget: http://www.arts.gov/about/budget/
appropriationshistory.html, accessed October 19, 2012.
87 A campaign for new watches: “Transform Your iPod Nano into the World’s Coolest Multi-Touch Watches with TikTok + LunaTik by Scott Wilson and MINIMAL,” Kickstarter campaign site, http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/
1104350651/tiktok-lunatik-multi-touch-watch-kits.
87 San Francisco–based studio raised: “Doublefine Adventure,” Kickstarter campaign page, accessed September 11, 2012, http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/doublefine/
double-fine-adventure?ref=live.
88 JOBS Act, new legislation: Mark Landler, “Obama Signs Bill to Promote Start-Up Investments,” New York Times, April 5, 2012, accessed September 11, 2012, hhtp://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/us/politics/obama-signs-bill-to-ease-investing-in-start-ups.html; Ryan Caldbeck, “How the JOBS Act Could Change Startup Investing Forever,” TechCrunch, March 16, 2012, accessed September 11, 2012, http://techcrunch.com/2012/03/16/
crowdfundingstartups/.
88 We all hold a number: I am deeply indebted to my wife, Leslie M. Beebe, who, until recently, was Professor of Sociolinguistics at Teachers College, Columbia University, for showing me the significance of the concept of Framing. She pointed me to the deep well of research on the subject and introduced me to the work of her friend Deborah Tannen, Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University. Leslie highlighted the status function of Framing as well—how it can present you as “one up” or “one down.” How you frame yourself can reinforce or help change your status.
88 Gregory Bateson, a British anthropologist: Gregory Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972).
89 He painted side by side: “Pablo Picasso’s Cubism Period—1909 to 1912,” http://www.pablopicasso.org/cubism.jsp, accessed September 9, 2012.
89 But then he went further: “MoMA Featured Works: Picasso Guitars, 1912–1914,” Still Life with Guitar: http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/
2011/picassoguitars/featured-works/35.php; Guitar: http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2011/picassoguitars/featured-works/36.php, accessed September 9, 2012. Holland Cotter, “When Picasso Changed His Tune,” New York Times, February 10, 2011, accessed October 20, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/11/
arts/design/11picasso.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
89 In 2011, the Museum of Modern Art: Andrea Kirsh, “Picasso, Music and Negative Space: The Guitars at MoMA,” posted on The Art Blog, February 21, 2011, accessed September 9, 2012, http://www.theartblog.org/2011/02/picasso-music-and-negative-space-the-guitars-at-moma/. I was fortunate enough to see the Picasso Guitars exhibit at MoMA, and it was a powerful visual trigger in understanding the role of reframing in creativity.
89 Ninety-four years later, a young artist: I first met Marla Allison in Santa Fe when she won the first Innovation Award given out by SWAIA, the Southwestern Association for Indian Arts, at the annual Indian Market for her portrait of her mother in 2009. She came to New York to give presentations in my Design at the Edge classes in 2011 and 2012. Although I waited too long and missed the chance to buy the painting of her mother, I do have another hanging on my wall that portrays the hills of her Laguna Pueblo where potters go to collect their clay.
90 Erving Goffman, a Canadian-born: Erving Goffman, Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior (New York: Anchor Books, 1967); Erving Goffman, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (London: Harper and Row, 1974).
90 But today, thanks to outrage at the 1 percent: Kevin Roose, “A Blow to Pinstripe Aspirations,” New York Times, November 11, 2011, accessed September 11, 2012, http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/11/21/wall-st-layoffs-take-heavy-toll-on-younger-workers/.
91 Chemotherapy is a difficult therapy: I heard Irish Maliq speak at the GE HealthCare Conference Health by Design in 2009. Over the next couple of years she told me more about Memorial Sloan-Kettering’s innovative approach to the delivery of chemotherapy, and in 2011, I got to attend a presentation given by the students in which they analyzed the MSK Infusion Center project. I had a chance to talk to them about their reframing process afterward.
92 In the end, the neighborhood chemo: Reframing the delivery of medicine from something given to patients in a massive, centralized, and faraway hospital to something offered in a small, friendly, local place is one of the most important trends taking place in the medical industry. The MSKCC Brooklyn Infusion Center, with its street-front gallery and storefront access, is in the vanguard of this trend.
92 One of my first cover stories for BusinessWeek: Bruce Nussbaum, “I Can’t Work This Thing!” BusinessWeek, April 28, 1991, accessed September 11, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1991-04-28/i-cant-work-this-thing. (The title of this article has been changed on BusinessWeek’s website. The title of the print version was “I Can’t Make the !@#&%! Thing Work.”)
94 In his 2004 book Don’t Think of an Elephant!: George Lakoff, Don’t Think of an Elephant! (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co, 2004).
95 IBM, for example, found itself: Lisa DiCarlo, “How Lou Gerstner Got IBM to Dance,” Forbes, November 11, 2002, accessed September 11, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/2002/11/11/
cx_ld_1112gerstner.html.
95 IBM was able to reframe: Ira Sager, “How IBM Became a Growth Company Again,” BusinessWeek, December 9, 1996, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/
1996/50/b35051.htm.
95 Kodak was slow to rethink: There were many stories written about the decline of Kodak, but one of the best was by Steve Hamm, who wrote this insightful piece for IN:Inside Innovation in February 2007, while I was editor. Steve was perhaps too optimistic about the possibility of resurrection; Steve Hamm, “Kodak’s Moment of Truth,” BusinessWeek: IN, February 18, 2007, accessed September 15, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/
2007-02-18/kodaks-moment-of-truth.
96 Global corporations like Unilever: Kay Johnson/Xa Nhon, “Marketing: Selling to the Poor,” Time, April 17, 2005, accessed September 11, 2012, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/
article/0,9171,1050276,00.html.
98 As for “gifts,” they like Groupon: I first realized that “gifting” had tremendous social and economic importance when I was in the Philippines as a Peace Corps volunteer. Filipino society was then, in the late 1960s, based on utang na loob, or “debt from inside.” It’s a reciprocity culture and people feel the obligation to pay their economic and social debts. Japan, for all its modernity, is built on a similar system. Understanding the deep meaning of the gift and what “free” often implies is a key skill in comprehending social media and modern life in the United States, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East.
99 I was on a jury: I saw the KNOCK Project presentation in Toronto on April 19, 2011, at the Microsoft Design Expo held at the Design Exchange, an event put on by Bill Buxton for his students. Susan Gorbet and Spencer Saunders were the creators of KNOCK.
100 Lenovo, the Chinese computer company: Chuck Salter, “Protect and Attack: Lenovo’s New Strategy,” Fast Company, November 22, 2011, accessed September 11, 2012, http://www.fastcompany.com/1793529/
protect-and-attack-lenovos-new-strategy; Bloomberg News, “China Rural Incomes Rising Most Since ’84 Show Lure for Job-Seeking Obama,” January 20, 2011, accessed October 20, 2012,
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/
2011-01-20/china-rural-incomes-rising-most-since-84-show-lure-for-job-seeking-obama.html.
101 By making the box representative: Ibid.
101 At a Design Management Conference in 2010: I organized and cochaired with David Butler, the head of design for Coca-Cola, the M5+D=nV conference in Providence, Rhode Island, October 25 to 27, 2010. It was based on five macro changes—the rise and fall of nations, the rise and fall of generations, social media, urbanization, and sustainability—that design can have a huge impact on and generate new value.
101 “You know you are going to”: Kathleen Taylor spoke at the M5+D=nV conference organized by the 2010 Design Management Conference.
102 Several years ago, I asked my students where: Creativity and innovation probably happen across all eras and time frames, but they appears to cluster and spike at certain specific moments in certain specific places, often cities. Florence in the 1400s, as Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi observed, for example. London in the sixties. Silicon Valley in the nineties. New York City, where I currently live, is in the midst of a huge surge in creativity and entrepreneurship. But why? How does this come about? I asked my students at Parsons to begin mapping their inspirations as they live, work, study, and create in New York. Where do they go to be challenged? Who do they actually connect with? What neighborhoods are the “hottest” and why? It’s a project that I hope will grow so we can eventually have creativity maps of Shanghai and Berlin, Paris and São Paolo, Chicago and Stuttgart. It may even help us promote creativity in our personal lives.
104 At a Design Indaba Conference: The Design Indaba Conference (February 26 to 28, 2010) was my first time in Cape Town. It was an inspiring, stimulating series of days that showed just how creative South Africa truly is. Ravi Naidoo is the organizer of this annual conclave, and his energy, intellect, and global network of connections are powers to behold. Martha missed an opportunity, because she was stuck in the same old frame.
104 The Economist is turning: http://www.economistgroupmedia.com/products/
eiu/audience/, accessed October 20, 2012.
105 Pat Pruitt, a metalsmith from New Mexico: Each year in August, SWAIA, or the Southwest Association for Indian Arts, judges hundreds of works by Native artists at the Indian Market. Winners are announced, and they, along with hundreds of other artists, sell their art under a cloud of white tents set up in the streets of Santa Fe. If you want a special work of art, you have to line up in the dead of night. I got to Pat Pruitt’s tent at 4 a.m. to buy his concho belt in the summer of 2011. I use it in my classes to illustrate the power of aura and the need for strong engagement between people and objects.
105 There are billboards for Calvin Klein: Giselle Tsirulnik, “Calvin Klein Activates Billboards with QR Codes Pushing Mobile Video Ad,” Mobile Marketer, July 29, 2012, accessed September 12, 2011, http://www.mobilemarketer.com/cms/news/
advertising/6933.html.
105 The art world, too, is embracing: I’ve worked with Paola Antonelli in the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on Design and she has spoken in my Design at the Edge class several times. Her exhibits at the MoMA, from her first, Mutant Materials, showcased the engagement between people and design. Paola is a champion of the designer’s role as the bridge between science and society, technology and humanity.
105 But Antonelli’s exhibits: Personal record of presentation, Paola Antonelli.
105 In their 1999 book The Experience Economy: J. Pine and J. Gilmore, The Experience Economy (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999).
106 GBN, the scenario-planning arm: Aging Asia: Economic and Social Implications of Rapid Demographic Change in China, Japan, and Korea. February 26–27, 2009, conference, co-organized by Shorenstein APARC and the Global Aging Program at the Stanford Center on Longevity, accessed October 14, 2012, http://asiahealthpolicy.stanford.edu/events/5501.
107 According to GBN’s Bulletin: http://asia healthpolicy.stanford.edu.events/5501; “Asia Is Getting Older—How About Wiser?” GBN Bulletin, Summer 2009, 5.
107 Nearly all the experts on population: http://longevity1.stanford.edu/AgingAsia/
Pages/Day2Links.html, accessed October 20, 2012.
107 Lisa K. Solomon is a principal: I first met Lisa Solomon at the Design Management Institute conference on October 25–27, 2010, in Providence, RI, that I cochaired with David Butler, the Vice President of Global Design, The Coca-Cola Company. Her presentation, Scenario Planning: Preparing for the Future of Design, blew the audience away.
109 Arthur C. Clarke was the quintessential: Dylan Tweney, “Sci-Fi Author Predicts Future by Inventing It,” Wired, May 25, 2011, http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2011/05/
0525arthur-c-clarke-proposes-geostationary-satellites/; Gerald Jonas, “Arthur C. Clarke, Author Who Saw Science Fiction Become Real, Dies at 90,” New York Times, March 19, 2008, accessed September 11, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/books/
19clarke.html?pagewanted=all; Neil McLain, CSBE, “Arthur C. Clarke: The Father of Satellite Communications,” Society of Broadcast Engineers Chapter 24, Inc., accessed September 11, 2012, http://www.ctiinfo.com/SatControl/ComTrack/
InclinedOrbitTutorial/appndxb.htm.
110 The geostationary satellite concept: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/
524891/satellite-communication/224536/
Development-of-satellite-communication, accessed October 20, 2012.
110 It took that long: http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/
space/bls/deltaHistory.html, October 20, 2012.
110 with the second of his “Three Laws”: Arthur C. Clarke, “Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagination” in Profiles of the Future, (London: Scientific Book Club, Book Club Edition, 1962).
110 In a piece entitled: Jonas, “Arthur C. Clarke . . . Dies at 90”; Tweney, “Sci-Fi Author Predicts Future by Inventing It.”
111 One company that was able to successfully: Bombardier Company history, accessed September 15, 2012, http://www.bombardier.com/en/corporate/
about-us/history?docID=0901260d8001dffa.
112 If Kodak executives: see earlier note in this chapter regarding Kodak, Hamm, “Kodak’s Moment of Truth.”
113 Had Philips, the Dutch corporate consumer giant: http://www.flatpanelshd.com/
news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1303112824, accessed October 15, 2012.
113 Umpqua Bank, one of Oregon’s oldest: I spoke with Sohrab Vossoughi, founder of Portland-based Ziba Design, about his work with Umpqua. As we walked through the streets of Portland to see the Umpqua branches, I was surprised and delighted by the first thing you see at the branch—the water dish for dogs. Sohrab got the culture right and engaged Umpqua’s customers strongly and emotionally even before they entered the bank.
114 In a piece for the New York Times Opinionator: Tina Rosenberg, “For Healthy Aging, a Late Act in the Footlights,” August 15, 2012, accessed September 15, 2012, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/15/for-healthy-aging-a-late-act-in-the-footlights/.
114 “We live in a society that’s very acute-care based”: Ibid.
CHAPTER 5
117 West, the CEO of the Boston-based: Continuum is one of the great design and innovation consultancies, and I’ve had many talks with Harry West and the firm’s founder Gianfranco Zaccai over the years. It is most famous for its research and development of the Swiffer mop for Procter & Gamble, now one of P&G’s most profitable brands. But Continuum’s work in financial services, medical products, and brand strategy is widely known throughout the United States and Europe. The last time I saw Gianfranco was when we were both speakers at the ICSID World Design Conference in Singapore in 2009. Harry West has presented in my Design at the Edge class, and I talk with him often; this story is based on my interview with West on March 20, 2012, in New York City.
117 Dr. Ruben Rausing is usually credited: “Who We Are: Our Legacy,” Tetra Pak USA website, accessed September 10, 2012, http://www.tetrapak.com/us/
whoweare/heritage/pages/default.aspx.
117 Continuum then launched: Harry West interview, March 20, 2012, New York City.
118 In a recent Harvard Business Review: “Life’s Work: Richard Serra,” Harvard Business Review, March 2010, accessed September 13, 2012, http://hbr.org/2010/03/lifes-work-richard-serra/ar/1.
119 Though there are countless ways of playing: My conversations with Katie Salen, a graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design in game design, and my reading of her book, have had a huge impact on how I understand the creative process. Salen introduced me to the idea of “magic circles” and connected the engaged interaction of gaming to the educational philosophy of John Dewey, who talked about “learning by doing.” Salen is helping to remake the face of public education; she has set up three public schools—two in Chicago, one in New York—that team up teachers with game designers to build an exciting learning experience for students; Institute of Play, http://www.instituteofplay.org/about, accessed September 17, 2012.
119 Though scholars are in disagreement: Marilyn Yalom, Birth of the Chess Queen (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 3; David Shenk, The Immortal Game (New York: Doubleday, 2006), 16–20.
119 “This was a war game”: Shenk, The Immortal Game.
119 According to military strategist: Max Boot, War Made New (New York: Gotham Books, 2006), 122.
120 In 2002, General Tommy Franks: GlobalSecurity.org, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/
internal-look.htm, accessed September 13, 2012.
120 Internal Look was also used: Mark Mazzetti and Thom Shanker, “U.S. War Game Sees Perils of Israeli Strike Against Iran,” New York Times, March 19, 2012, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/20/world/
middleeast/united-states-war-game-sees-dire-results-of-an-israeli-attack-on-iran.html?_r=2.
120 The outcome of this particular game: Ibid.
120 In 1905, German economist: Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005; orig. pub. Allen and Unwin, 1930), 116.
120 American economist Frank Knight: Ben Lee, former Provost and Professor of Philosophy and Anthropology at the New School, first brought my attention to the significance of Chicago economist Frank Knight’s work in linking business and economics to uncertainty, games, and play. Knight’s work provided a fundamental underpinning for much of this book; Frank Hyneman Knight, The Ethics of Competition (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2009, originally published in 1935 by Harper and Brothers and Allen & Unwin), 38.
121 When Barbara Walters asked: “Famous Montessori Students, Parents, and Supporters,” http://www.michaelolaf.net/google.html, accessed September 13, 2012; ABC News, “A Fascinating Group,” http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=309165&page=1#.UEu57q60J8E.
121 “We both went to Montessori School”: ABC News, “A Fascinating Group.”
121 Montessori alums include: Peter Sims, “The Montessori Mafia,” Wall Street Journal, April 5, 2011, accessed September 13, 2012, http://blogs.wsj.com/ideas-market/2011/04/05/the-montessori-mafia/.
121 Other entrepreneurs with educational backgrounds: “Google Logo, Founders Spell Success: Montessori,” http://HispanicBusiness.com, August 31, 2012, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2012/8/31/
google_logo_founders_spell_success_montessori.htm.
121 Paul Graham, the founder of Y Combinator: Randall Stross, The Launch Pad: Inside Y Combinator, Silicon Valley’s Most Exclusive School for Startups (New York: Portfolio, 2012); http://paulgra ham.com/bio.html.
121 Biz Stone, cofounder of Twitter: http://CMO.com, “Twitter Creator Biz Stone Chats with Adobe CMO Lewnes at Digital Summit 2012, http://m.cmo.com/leadership/
twitter-creator-biz-stone-chats-adobe-cmo-lewnes-digital-summit-2012, accessed September 13, 2012.
121 “Being playful, less structured”: Melissa Korn and Amir Efrati, “Master of ’Biz’ Returns to School,” Wall Street Journal, September 1, 2011, accessed September 13, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405311190
4009304576533010574207444.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_MIDDLE_Video_Third.
122 In fact, bringing Katie Andresen: Bruce Nussbaum, “INside Innovation—Lessons Learned from Open-Sourcing Innovation,” BusinessWeek, May 25, 2006, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-05-25/
inside-innovation-lessons-learned-from-open-sourcing-innovation-dot.
123 In 2008, I went to a conference: I attended Serious Play in 2008 in Pasadena. Chee Pearlman organized this extraordinary conference that highlighted for me the importance of play to creativity. A second conference, Radical Craft, foreshadowed the resurgence of the Maker culture. Chee was a key mentor when I began covering design in the early nineties. Chee is founder of Chee Company, which provides design and innovation content to conferences, websites, magazines, books, and all of today’s “platforms.” Chee also runs the Curry Stone Design Prize awards program.
123 Not long ago, Craig Wynett called me: personal record of conversation September 12, 2011.
124 In times of relative stability: US Department of Defense News Transcript, February 12, 2002, http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/
transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2636, accessed September 13, 2012.
124 Chad Hurley, the cofounder of YouTube: I was in the audience for this interview, and asked questions afterward. Bill Moggridge held an extraordinary series of public conversations with prominent designers while he was running the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum. The audiences were small, perhaps fifty to seventy-five people, and the talk was casual and insightful, with plenty of time for questions. I attended the conversation with Chad Hurley.
125 Walter Isaacson’s biography: Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 346.
126 “The stage, the screen”: J. Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture (London: Routledge, 1949), 10; conversations with Katie Salen.
127 And finally, don’t be afraid: Harry West, interview with Bruce Nussbaum, March 20, 2012, New York City.
129 Adam Bosworth, the founder: http://keas.com/blog/keas-introduces-the-power-of-play-in-a-new-online-health-and-wellness-social-game-that-delivers-unprecedented-employee-health-engagement-rates/, accessed October 20, 2012.
129 “If you want to get people”: Adam Bosworth, “Web of Games,” TechCrunch, June 18, 2011, accessed September 13, 2012, http://techcrunch.com/2011/06/18/web-of-games/.
129 When he headed: Adam Bosworth, interview with Eric Schonfeld, “Google Health Creator Adam Bosworth on Why It Failed: It’s Not Social,” TechCrunch, June 24, 2011, accessed October 22, 2012, http://techcrunch.com/2011/06/24/google-health-bosworth-social/.
129 Eric Bailey, Aimee Jungman, and: Eric Bailey, Aimee Jungman, and Thomas Sutton, “Google Health’s Failure to Bring Meaning to Data,” Design Mind, June 28, 2011, accessed September 13, 2012, http://designmind.frogdesign.com/blog/google-health-s-failure-to-bring-meaning-to-data.html.
130 Google Health attracted: Steve Lohr, “Google to End Health Records Service After It Fails to Attract Users,” New York Times, June 24, 2011, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/
technology/25health.html; Marshall Kirkpatrick, “Google Health: Why It’s Ending and What It Means,” ReadWriteWeb, June 24, 2011, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/
google_health_why_its_ending_what_it_means.php.
130 Bosworth didn’t let the failure: Elizabeth Gudrais, “Playing with Health,” Harvard Magazine, May to June 2012, accessed September 13, 2012, http://harvardmagazine.com/2012/05/playing-with-health.
130 With more than one third: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/
data/adult.html, accessed October 20, 2012.
130 More than 100,000 people: Gudrais, “Playing with Health.”
130 Of the eight thousand employees: Miguel Helft, “Getting Healthy Is All Fun and Games for Keas,” CNN Money, March 9, 2012, accessed September 13, 2012, http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/03/09/keas-health-social-gaming/.
130 In twelve-week pilot programs: http://keas.com/success/, accessed September 13, 2012.
131 Virgin HealthMiles: Helft, “Getting Healthy Is All Fun and Games for Keas”; http://us.virginhealthmiles.com/Pages/Home.aspx, accessed September 13, 2012; RedBrick Health, https://www.redbrickhealth.com/, accessed September 13, 2012.
131 SuperBetter is one of the most creative additions: SuperBetter website, https://www.superbetter.com/, accessed September 13, 2012.
131 Though a passionate believer: Bruce Feiler, “She’s Playing Games with Your Life,” New York Times, April 17, 2012, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/29/fashion/
jane-mcgonigal-designer-of-superbetter-moves-games-deeper-into-daily-life.html.
132 And so SuperBetter’s brightly designed: http://www.superbetter.com/, accessed September 13, 2012.
132 “Play is a voluntary activity”: Huizinga, Homo Ludens, 7.
132 And a great deal in shirts: http://Gilt.com, http://www.gilt.com, accessed September 13, 2012.
133 It raised another $138 million: Evelyn M. Rusli, “Gilt Groupe Valued at Roughly $1 Billion,” New York Times, May 9, 2011, accessed September 13, 2012, http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/05/09/gilt-groupe-valued-at-roughly-1-billion/; Tomio Geron, “Gilt Groupe Raises $138 Million Led by Japan’s Softbank,” Forbes, May 9, 2011, September 13, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2011/
05/09/gilt-groupe-raises-138-million-led-by-japans-softbank/.
133 At its height, 80 million: Oliver Chiang, “FarmVille Players Down 25% Since Peak, Now Below 60 Million,” Forbes, October 15, 2012, accessed October 18, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/oliverchiang/2010/
10/15/farmville-players-down-25-since-peak-now-below-60-million/.
133 And millions more people: Adam Holisky, “World of Warcraft Subscriber Numbers Dip 100,000 to 10.2 Million,” http://joystiq.com, February 9, 2012, accessed September 13, 2012, http://wow.joystiq.com/2012/02/09/world-of-warcraft-subscriber-numbers/.
134 Bob Greenberg, CEO: Bob Greenberg told me this story when I was at BusinessWeek. He is one of the most inspiring creators I’ve ever met. Dressed in New York black and wearing cool silver bracelets, balding with long silver hair, he cuts a definitive figure across the creative landscape of both coasts. He started R/GA doing creative work for the movies and reinvents the company every nine years. In 2012, Greenberg looked at the fast growth of R/GA to over one thousand and decided to split it up into teams of 150 each and add new services, from product design to strategic consulting; Nike+, http://judgeseyesonly.com/nikeplus.html, accessed September 13, 2012.
134 So R/GA designed a website: personal interview with Greenberg; http://judgeseyesonly.com/nikeplus_video.html.
135 There are many different kinds of games: personal interview with Katie Salen, June 6, 2011, New York City; Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman, Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals (Boston: MIT Press, 2004), 80–83.
136 Friedrich Froebel: One of the legends of product design, Tucker Viemeister first presented this connection between progressive education and design and creativity at a DMI conference that I cochaired with David Butler, the design director of Coca-Cola. It was eye-opening, and I asked him to present it to my class, which he did, in the spring of 2011. He’s the only designer I know who was named after a car, the Tucker, which his father designed. http://www.friedrichfroebel.com/, accessed October 20, 2012.
136 the progressive education movement expanded: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montessori_education, accessed September 13, 2012; http://www.montessori-ami.org, accessed September 13, 2012; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wal dorf_schools, accessed September 13, 2012.
136 In 2007, Katie Salen: interview with Katie Salen, June 6, 2011.
136 received a MacArthur Foundation grant: http://www.instituteofplay.org/about, accessed September 13, 2012.
137 Salen puts on a weeklong summer: interview with Katie Salen, June 6, 2011, Institute of Play, http://www.instituteofplay.org/work/
projects/mobile-quest, accessed September 13, 2012.
137 Perhaps that is why 72 percent: Video Game Voters, http://videogamevoters.org/pages/top_10_gamer_facts/, accessed September 13, 2012.
137 StarCraft II: John Gaudiosi, “Major League Gaming Wraps Record-Breaking 2011 Season with Over $600,000 in Cash and Prizes,” GamerLive.TV, November 21, 2011, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.gamerlive.tv/article/major-league-gaming-wraps-record-breaking
-2011-season-over-600000-cash-and-prizes; Gunnar Technology Eyewear, http://www.gunnars.com/events/gunnar-mlg-providence-national-championships/, accessed September 13, 2012.
138 Re-Mission is a game: Re-Mission website, http://www.re-mission.net/, accessed September 13, 2012.
138 The game was created by HopeLab: “About HopeLab,” http://www.hopelab.org/about-us/, accessed September 13, 2012.
138 According to a study conducted: Pamela M. Kato, Steve W. Cole, Andrew S. Bradlyn, and Brad H. Pollock, “A Video Game Improves Behavioral Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer: A Randomized Trial,” Pediatrics, vol. 122, no. 2, August 1, 2008, accessed September 13, 2012, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/122/2/e305.full.
138 “A game designer”: Edutopia, “Big Thinkers,” http://www.edutopia.org/digital-generation
-katie-salen-video?page=1,accessed September 13, 2012; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity, accessed October 21, 2012.
139 Humans vs. Mosquitoes: http://humansvsmosquitoes.com/background/, accessed September 13, 2012; Lauren Graham, “Climate Conversations—Can a Game Combat Malaria?” AlertNet, July 17, 2012, accessed October 20, 2012, http://www.trust.org/alertnet/blogs/climate-
conversations/can-a-game-combat-malaria/.
139 It was designed by students: Ibid.
140 In 1485, Leonardo da Vinci: http://www.flyingmachines.org/davi.html, accessed September 13, 2012.
140 It was not only a beautiful work: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithopter, accessed September 13, 2012.
140 in 1959, a wealthy British businessman: Aza Raskin, “Wanna Solve Impossible Problems? Find Ways to Fail Quicker,” Fast Company, accessed October 15, 2012, http://www.fastcodesign.com/1663488/
wanna-solve-impossible-problems-find-ways-to-fail-quicker.
141 Aeronautics engineer Paul B. MacCready, however: Fiddlers Green, http://www.fiddlersgreen.net/models/
aircraft/Gossamer-Albatross.html, accessed September 13, 2012.
141 saw that the game itself was flawed: Raskin, “Wanna Solve Impossible Problems? Find Ways to Fail Quicker.”
141 MacCready was able to fly three: Ibid.
142 This is what the four founding members: http://www.ucbcomedy.com/
podcasts/ucbtny, accessed September 13, 2012.
143 In a 2011 interview: Ibid.
143 This ran counter to the way: Ibid.
143 as well as an acclaimed training: “About Us,” Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre, accessed September 15, 2012, http://newyork.ucbtheatre.com/about.
145 As Greenberg learned: In creating Nike+, Greenberg built one of the first product/experience ecosystems outside Apple. He was a decade ahead of others in understanding that a key business strategy should be to build not just products or services but an entire ecosystem within which the consumers participate and create their own identities.
CHAPTER 6
147 It was 3:44 in the morning: “SpaceX Launch—NASA,” http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/
commercial/cargo/spacex_index.html, accessed September 7, 2012.
147 The Dragon capsule was free: Clara Moskowitz, “SpaceX Launches Private Capsule on Historic Trip to Space Station,” May 22, 2012; http://www.space.com/15805-spacex-private
-capsule-launches-space-station.html, accessed September 7, 2012.
147 Just days after the launch: “Space X,” accessed September 7, 2012, http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/
commercial/cargo/spacex_index.html.
148 This flight was, after all: “Elon Musk, CEO and Chief Designer,” http://www.spacex.com/elon-musk.php, accessed September 7, 2012.
148 Many know Elon Musk: Ibid.
148 pretty much at the nadir: Encyclopedia of World Biography,
http://www.notablebiographies.com/news/
Li-Ou/Musk-Elon.html#b, accessed September 7, 2012.
148 By 2002, eBay realized: http://news.cnet.com/2100-1017-941964.html, accessed September 7, 2012.
148 In 2002, Musk became the CEO: Margaret Kane, “eBay picks up PayPal for $1.5 Billion,” CNET News, July 8, 2002; http://www.notablebiographies.com/news/
Li-Ou/Musk-Elon.html#b, accessed September 7, 2012.
149 A year later he founded a second: Will Oremus, “Tesla’s New Electric Car Is Practical and Affordable, as Long as You’re Rich,” Slate, June 20, 2012, accessed September 7, 2012, http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/
2012/06/20/tesla_model_s_new_electric_car_is
_practical_affordable_for_the_rich.html.
149 But Musk said in his celebratory: Ibid.
149 In 2007, just before the biggest: Gabriel Sherman, “The End of Wall Street as They Knew It,” New York magazine, February 5, 2012, accessed September 7, 2012,
http://nymag.com/news/
features/wall-street-2012-2/index3.html.
149 Historically, banks never accounted: Gillian Tett, Financial Times US editor and author of Fool’s Gold, shared this information at a March 10, 2010, presentation at Columbia University; Sherman, “The End of Wall Street as They Knew It.”
150 the majority of business school graduates: personal interview with Roger Martin; Rakesh Khurana, From Higher Aims to Hired Hands: The Social Transformation of American Business Schools and the Unfulfilled Promise of Management as a Profession (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 328–31, 349.
150 But by the end of the century: Ibid.
150 Top bankers received astonishing: Linda Anderson, “MBA Careers: Financial Services—A Breadth of Opportunity,” Financial Times, January 29, 2007, accessed September 7, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/
3baa68a4-ad5a-11db8709-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=991cbd66-9258-11da
-977b0000779e2340.html#axzz22nEQOvia.
150 When BusinessWeek ran: January 31, 2000, issue, cover story by Michael Mandel.
151 An inequality gap: Sam Pizzigati, “Happy Days Here Again, 21st Century–Style,” Institute for Policy Studies, March 13, 2012, accessed September 7, 2012, http://www.ips-dc.org/blog/
happy_days_here_again_21st_
century-style.
151 Alice Waters’s groundbreaking organic: “About Chez Panisse,” http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Chez_Panisse, accessed September 7, 2012.
152 Just as important, Gen Y: I joined Parsons in 2008, and I am indebted to my Parsons students for these and other insights into Gen Y culture.
152 You can pay about a hundred bucks: TechShop website, http://www.techshop.ws/, accessed September 7, 2012.
152 Make magazine, launched in 2005: http://makezine.com/magazine/, accessed September 7, 2012.
153 The Faires celebrate “arts, crafts”: http://makerfaire.com/newyork/2012/index.html, accessed September 7, 2012.
153 Generation Y, on the other hand: interviews with Kelsey Meuse in my classroom and after graduation.
154 Bombarded with as many as five thousand: Louise Story, “Anywhere the Eye Can See, It’s Likely to See an Ad,” New York Times, January 15, 2007, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/business/
media/15everywhere.html?pagewanted=all.
154 sales of vinyl albums:
http://www.businesswire.com/news/
home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report, accessed October 12, 2012; “It’s Official—Vinyl Sales Up 39 percent in 2011,” Digital Music News, January 4, 2011, http://www.digitalmusicnews.com/
permalink/2012/120104vinyl/, accessed September 8, 2012; “Back to Black,” Economist, August 20, 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/21526296, accessed September 8, 2012.
154 The generations who grew up in a fast-food: interviews with students, 2009 through 2012.
155 To anyone under thirty: Parsons classroom discussions, 2008 through 2012.
155 You can go to Etsy, http://Fab.com, or the Vintage Typewriter Shoppe: http://imitationobjects.com/art/
restored-vintage-typewriters-fab-com/, accessed September 7, 2012; http://www.etsy.com/shop/TheAntikeyChop, accessed September 7, 2012; http://www.vintagetypewritershoppe.com/
Vintage_Typewriters_25.html, accessed September 7, 2012.
156 people are using film: David Graham, “Developing into a Thing of the Past,” http://thestart.com, April 3, 2008, accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.thestar.com/living/
article/409180/;
http://fwd.channel5.com/gadget-show/gadget-news/
polaroid-600-one-camera-gets-reissued, accessed September 8, 2012; http://www.chemie.unibas.ch/
~holder/slr690.htm, accessed September 8, 2012.
156 folks eager to develop: http://www.photokaboom.com/photography/
learn/tips/014_how_to_develop_film.htm, accessed September 8, 2012; http://www.kodak.com/global/en/consumer/education/
lessonPlans/darkroom/fullCourse.shtml, accessed September 8, 2012; Jessica Schira, “How to Develop Film in a Darkroom,” accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.ehow.com/how_4466203_develop-
film-darkroom.html.
156 Jennie Dundas and Alexis Miesen: http://www.bluemarbleicecream.com/, accessed September 8, 2012.
157 Their Brooklyn-based company: Deborah L. Cohen, “Entrepreneurs Get the Scoop on Success,” Reuters, May 19, 2010, accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/
2010/05/19/us-column-cohen-bluemarble
-idUSTRE64I4BM20100519.
157 made with milk from grass-fed: http://travel.yahoo.com/ideas/
best-ice-cream-spots-in-the-u-s-.html?page=all, accessed October 15, 2012; http://www.slowfoodnyc.org/program/snail_approval/
awardee/blue_marble_ice_cream; accessed October 15, 2012; http://www.bluemarbleicecream.com/, accessed September 8, 2012.
157 Launched in 2007, just as: Cohen, “Entrepreneurs Get the Scoop on Success”; http://www.bluemarbleicecream.com/, accessed September 8, 2012; Jen Carlson, “Jenny and Alexis: Blue Marble Ice Cream,” Gothamist, October 7, 2008, accessed September 8, 2012, http://gothamist.com/2008/10/07/
jennie_and_alexis_blue_marble_ice_c.php; http://www.triposo.com/poi/N__832243111, accessed September 8, 2012.
157 Miesen says the name: http://www.bluemarbleicecream.com/, accessed September 8, 2012; http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/
2012/1/2/07/15755286-40-years-later-apollo-17s-blue-marble-leaves-a-mark-on-our-memory?lite accessed September 8, 2012;
157 “want to know the origins”: Carlson, “Jenny and Alexis: Blue Marble Ice Cream.”
157 “to connect with the faces, cultures”: Ibid.
158 The stores use only biodegradable: Ibid.
158 Coming full circle to Miesen’s original: Zoe Schlanger, “Blue Marble to Open Rwanda’s First Ice Cream Shop,” Gothamist, May 28, 2012, accessed September 8, 2012, http://gothamist.com/2010/05/28/
blue_marble_to_open_rwandas_first_i.php; Leslie Goldman, “Ice Cream Entrepreneurs Bring Sweetness—and Jobs—to Rwanda,” Oprah, August 2011, accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.oprah.com/spirit/
Helping-Rwanda-Blue-Marble-Ice-Cream-Jennie-Dundas.
158 Babette, a successful: http://www.babettesf.com/, accessed September 8, 2012.
159 And the most difficult restaurant:
http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/
denmarks-noma-retains-best-restaurant-title/
story-e6frfku0-1226343377226, accessed September 8, 2012; http://noma.dk/reservations/, accessed September 8, 2012.
160 General Electric is about as global: David Wessel, “Big U.S. Firms Shift Hiring Abroad,” Wall Street Journal, April 19, 2011, accessed September 8, 2021, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014
24052748704821704576270783611823972.html; http://www.gereports.com/
immelt-on-60-minutes-how-growing-global
-markets-translate-into-american-jobs/.
160 In the rush away from manufacturing: Geoffrey Colvin and Katie Brenner, “GE Under Siege,” CNN Money, October 15, 2008, accessed September 8, 2012,
http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/09/news/
companies/colvin_ge
.fortune/index2.htm.
160 Only after the financial crash of 2007: Stephanie Clouser, “GE’s Jeff Immelt Offers 10 Ways to Be More Competitive,” Business First, March 21, 2012, accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.bizjournals.com/
louisville/blog/2012/03/immelt
-shares-his-thoughts-on-what-it.html.
160 GE is spending $1 billion: http://www.gereports.com/ge-accepting-
applications-for-480-new-appliance
-manufacturing-jobs-in-louisville, accessed September 8, 2012; http://www.gereports.com/ge-invests-1-billion-in-
high-tech-plants-to-open-u-s-manufacturing-jobs/, accessed September 8, 2012.
160 Water heaters and washing machines: Ed Crooks, “GE Takes a $1 Billion Risk in Bringing Jobs Home,” Financial Times, April 2, 2012, accessed October 20, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/
21a46546-78f1-11e1-88c5-00144feab49a.html#axzz29rvIaGu3; Pamela Coyle, “GE Heats Up Louisville, KY’s Appliance Park with New Investment,” Business http://Climate.com, accessed September 8, 2012, http://businessclimate.com/kentucky-economic
-development/ge-heats-louisville-kys-
appliance-park-new-investment.
160 Lower prices for technology: Lisa Harrington, “Is U.S. Manufacturing Coming Back?” Inbound Logistics, August 2011, accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/
article/is-us-manufacturing
-coming-back/.
161 So Chip Blankenship, chief executive: Jason Heiner, “Behind GE’s Feature-Heavy Refrigerator, a Lean Manufacturing Strategy,” Smart Planet, March 22, 2012, accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.smartplanet.com
/blog/smart-takes/behind-ges-feature
-heavy-refrigerator-a-lean-manufacturing
-strategy/24564.
161 Soon many that were stamped: http://www.gereports.com/an-inside-
look-at-ges-manufacturing
-prowess/, accessed September 8, 2012; Harrington, “Is U.S. Manufacturing Coming Back?”
161 Christine Furstoss, Technical Director: personal interviews with Christine Furstoss and Beth Comstock, spring 2012; http://ge.geglobalresearch.com/about/
technology-directors/christine-furstoss/, accessed September 8, 2012.
161 The company found that with: personal interviews with Christine Furstoss and Beth Comstock; http://www.3dprinter.net/3d-printing-
make-ge-jet-engines-
lighter-efficient, accessed September 8, 2012.
161 Typically these devices are made: personal interviews with GE’s Beth Comstock and Christine Furstoss.
161 Printing them is much easier: personal interviews with GE’s Beth Comstock and Christine Furstoss; David H. Freedman, “Layer by Layer,” Technology Review, January/February 2012, accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.technologyreview.com/
featuredstory/426391/layer-by-layer/.
161 The process begins with spreading: personal interviews with GE’s Beth Comstock and Christine Furstoss.
162 “We are seeing the convergence”: http://www.ge.com/audio_video/ge/
news_events/a_look_inside
_ge_garages.html, accessed September 8, 2012.
162 Recently GE “printed” out: personal interviews with GE’s Beth Comstock and Christine Furstoss.
162 Two of Chrysler’s most popular: “Imported from Detroit” and “The Things We Make, Make Us,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Mi0SbrrGaiw, accessed September 8, 2012.
162 When Daimler AG: http://www.leftlanenews.com/videos
-dieter-zetsche-stars-in-new
-chrysler-ads.html#, accessed September 8, 2012.
162 Its ads focused on German technology: http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=SKL254Y_jtc, accessed September 8, 2012.
162 Amy Turn Sharp and her husband: Dean Narciso, “Recalls Spur Old-Fashioned Toy Carving,” Columbus Dispatch, February 7, 2009, accessed October 21, 2012, http://www.dispatch.com/content/
stories/local/2009/02/07/woodshop.
ART_ART_02-07-09_B3_LVCR16U.html; “Little Alouette: Wood for Wee Ones,” http://www.littlealouette.com/story, accessed September 8, 2012.
163 Joe, who grew up in Britain: “Little Alouette: Wood for Wee Ones.”
163 the high prices of vintage: http://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?
_nkw=Old+German&_sacat=717&_
odkw=german&_osacat=717, accessed September 8, 2012.
163 Amy and Joe began: “Little Alouette: Wood for Wee Ones.”
163 Kids “require so little”: “Little Alouette Has Big Plans for Baby Toys,” post by Walker, Columbus Underground, October 19, 2009, September 8, 2012, http://www.columbusunderground.com/
little-alouette-has-big-plans-for-baby-toys.
163 And for every purchase: http://www.etsy.com/listing/48850576/
little-alouette-wee-wood-moustache, accessed September 8, 2012.
163 In 2007, the Sharps opened: http://www.etsy.com/shop/littleal ouette, accessed September 8, 2012.
163 Rattles and teethers: http://www.littlealouette.com/blocks/
safari-free-play-block-set, accessed September 8, 2012.
164 Sharp is an Etsy mom: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mompre neur, accessed September 8, 2012; http://www.wisegeek.com/
what-is-a-mompreneur.htm, accessed September 8, 2012.
164 They set up shop, literally: “Little Alouette Has Big Plans for Baby Toys.”
164 millions who shop there: http://mywifequitherjob.com/etsystores/, accessed September 8, 2012.
164 Rob Kalin dropped out: Teri Evans, “Creating Etsy’s Handmade Marketplace,” Wall Street Journal, March 30, 2010, accessed September 8, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB1000142405270230437030
4575152133860888958.html?mod=WSJ_hp_edi torsPicks; http://www.nyu.edu/about/university-initiatives/
entrepreneurship/nyu-ventures/
success-stories/etsy.html, accessed September 8, 2012.
164 His real passion: Evans, “Creating Etsy’s Handmade Marketplace.”
164 In 2005, he got two: http://www.nyu.edu/about/universityinitiatives/
entrepreneurship/nyu-ventures/success-stories/etsy.html, accessed September 8, 2012.
164 Headquarters were set up: http://www.etsy.com/help/article/486/, accessed September 8, 2012.
164 Etsy has 875,000 sellers: I am indebted to Larry Keeley of Doblin, part of the Monitor Group of consultants, for first showing me the importance of platforms and platform innovation. Before we had Etsy, Amazon, or eBay, Larry was telling his clients that they should be seeking big, disruptive innovations via their business platforms. Today, with Apple’s huge success, platform innovation is the new orthodoxy; Jenna Wortham, “Etsy Raises $40 Million for International Expansion,” New York Times Bits Blog, May 29, 2012, accessed September 8, 2012, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/
09/etsy-raises-40-million-for-international-expansion/.
164 And there is talk: Inc. staff, “Rob Kalin Out as Etsy CEO,” Inc., July 21, 2011, accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.inc.com/articles/201107/
rob-kalin-steps-down-as-etsy-ceo.html.
164 Etsy has been able: Wortham, “Etsy Raises $40 Million for International Expansion.”
165 The year before, the company: Ibid.
165 the site charges sellers: http://www.etsy.com/sell?ref=so_sell, accessed September 8, 2012; Alex Williams, “That Hobby Looks Like a Lot of Work,” New York Times, December 16, 2009, accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/
12/17/fashion/17etsy.html.
165 Etsy’s user base: Williams, “That Hobby Looks Like a Lot of Work.”
165 Martha Stewart Media gave: http://thecraftsdept.marthastewart.com/
2010/11/vote-for-the-winners-in-the-holiday-craft-sale.html, accessed September 8, 2012.
165 The toy company then moved: http://www.littlealouette.com/FAQ, accessed September 8, 2012.
165 Swiss Miss, Cool Mom Picks: http://www.littlealouette.com, accessed September 8, 2012.
166 The site does not track: Williams, “That Hobby Looks Like a Lot of Work.”
166 But over the last year: Wortham, “Etsy Raises $40 Million for International Expansion.”
166 “multinational of one”: Tim Brown used this term when he spoke at my class in the spring of 2012.
167 Dan Provost, an interaction: http://www.crunchbase.com/person/dan-provost, accessed September 8, 2012.
167 He is one of the millions: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/
danprovost/glif-iphone-4-tripod-mount-and-stand, accessed September 8, 2012.
167 “Because of its small form”: Ibid.
167 he joined with his friend: http://tomgerhardt.com/, accessed September 8, 2012.
167 neither had any direct: Jenna Wortham, “A Web Edge for Makers of Real Stuff,” New York Times, April 20, 2011, accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/
21/technology/21make.html?_r=1&scp=2&
sq=Glif&st=cse&pagewanted=all.
167 it needed a tripod: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/
danprovost/glif-iphone-4-tripod-mount-and-stand, accessed September 8, 2012.
167 The two began by sketching: http://www.therussiansusedapencil.com/post/
2794775825/idea-to-market-in-5-months-making-the-glif, accessed September 8, 2012.
167 “From the beginning, it was clear”: Ibid.
168 They quickly came up: Ibid.
168 The price of design software: Ibid.
168 A Brooklyn-based start-up: http://www.makerbot.com, accessed September 8, 2012.
169 If you break your paper: Ibid.
169 Services like Shapeways: http://www.therussiansusedapencil.com/post/
2794775825/idea-to-market-in-5-months-making-the-glif, accessed September 8, 2012.
169 And because 3-D printing: Ibid.
169 Apple stores offer one-on-one: http://www.apple.com/retail/
learn/one-to-one/, accessed September 8, 2012.
169 Instructables.com, an online: http://www.instructables.com, accessed September 8, 2012.
169 You can learn how: Ibid.
170 After Provost and Gerhardt: http://www.therussiansusedapencil.com/post/
2794775825/idea-to-market-in-5-months-making-the-glif, accessed September 8, 2012.
170 “People launching projects”: personal interviews with Charles Adler, one at a research conference in Chicago at the IIT Institute of Design on November 9, 2011, the other in the spring of 2012 in my class Design at the Edge.
170 “too slick”: “An Atom-Based Product, Developed in Bits,” post by G.F., Economist’s Babbage blog, October 6, 2010, accessed September 8, 2012, http://www.economist.com/blogs/
babbage/2010/10/small-scale_production.
170 The second featured: http://www.therussiansusedapencil.com/post/
2794775825/idea-to-market-in-5-months-making-the-glif, accessed September 8, 2012.
170 they raised the entire $10,000: Ibid.
170 And the money kept: Ibid.; “An Atom-Based Product, Developed in Bits.”
170 They received $137,417: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/danprovost/
glif-iphone-4-tripod-mount-and-stand?ref=live, accessed October 20, 2012.
170 The top sites for generating: http://www.therussiansusedapencil.com/
post/2794775825/idea-to-market-in-5-months-making-the-glif, accessed September 8, 2012.
170 Provost and Gerhardt went searching: Ibid.
171 They are designing and making: http://www.studioneat.com/products/cosmonaut/, accessed September 9, 2012.
172 “Seeing a motorcycle about to leave”: Matthew B. Crawford, Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry into the Value of Work (New York: Penguin, 2009), 4–5.
CHAPTER 7
177 As a member of the seminal: The story about Beats was told to me by Bob Brunner over many phone conversations and presented to my Design at the Edge class at Parsons.
177 a producer who has worked: The Richest.org, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.therichest.org/
entertainment/dr-dre-net-worth/; Andrew J. Martin, “Headphones with Swagger (and Lots of Bass),” New York Times, November 19, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/business/
beats-headphones-expand-dr-dres-business-world.html?
_r=1&pagewanted=1&partner=rss.
177 He’s also known to be a perfectionist: Recording Connection Audio Institute, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.recordingconnection.com/artists/dr-dre.
177 “People aren’t hearing all the music”: http://ellauniverse.blogspot.com/2010/
07/hear-all-music-with-beats-by-dr-dre.html, accessed October 20, 2012.
177 In his three decades making music: Zack O’Malley Greenburg, “Hip-Hop’s Wealthiest Artists 2011,” Forbes, accessed September 4, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/
zackomalleygreenburg/2011/03/09/
the-forbes-five-hip-hop-wealthiest-artists/.
178 The man Dre teamed up with: personal interview with Bob Brunner; personal record from Brunner’s presentation in my spring 2012 Design at the Edge class.
180 In 2011, the Designer Fund: http://designerfund.com, accessed September 5, 2012.
180 About 180,000 master’s degrees: National Center for Educational Statistics, accessed September 5, 2012, http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/
display.asp?id=37; Kelly Holland, “Is It Time to Retrain B-Schools?” New York Times, March 14, 2009, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/
03/15/business/15school.html.
180 Courses in entrepreneurialism are among: Personal interviews with deans of a number of business schools in North America.
180 Harvard Business School, a longtime: http://www.hbs.edu/entrepreneurship/, accessed September 5, 2012.
181 Richard Florida has long discussed: Richard Florida’s website, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.creativeclass.com/
richard_florida/books/the_rise_
of_the_creative_class; Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
181 A 2012 study for the Center: http://nycfuture.org/content/articles/
article_view.cfm?article_id=1306, accessed September 5, 2012.
181 Since 2007, local venture capital: http://www.crunchbase.com/company/ia-ventures, accessed September 5, 2012.
181 Tumblr CEO David Karp describes: Dana Rubinstein, “On Bloomberg’s Alley Versus Valley Designs, Tumblr’s David Karp Explains That the Flavors Are Different,” Capital New York, February 16, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.capitalnewyork.com/
article/politics/2012/02/5280012/
bloombergs-alley-versus-valley-designs-tumblrs-david-karp-explains-.
181 There were around a dozen tech incubators: http://www.quora.com/What-are-the-top
-startup-incubators-accelerators-and-startup-coworking-spaces-in-NYC, accessed September 4, 2012.
181 Go to a meeting of NY Creative Interns: personal interview with Emily Miethner, who presented in my class; http://nycreativeinterns.com/about/, accessed September 5, 2012.
181 Even New York Mayor: William Glaberson, “Life After Salomon Brothers,” New York Times, October 11, 1987, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/11/business/
life-after-salomon-brothers.html.
181 and whose financial data company: http://www.bloomberg.com/company/, accessed September 5, 2012.
182 In 2011, he set up a contest: Oliver Staley and Henry Goldman, “Cornell, Technion Are Chosen by New York City to Create Engineering Campus,” http://Bloomberg.com, December 19, 2011, accessed September 5, 2012,
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-19/
cornell-university-said-to-be-chosen-by-new-york-for-engineering-campus.html.
182 The word “pivot” is often: Lizette Chapman, “’Pivoting’ Pays Off for Tech Entrepreneurs,” Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240
52702303592404577364171598999252.html; Adam Tratt, “Our Startup’s Pivot: Three Important Lessons We Learned,” GeekWire, July 19, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012,
http://www.geekwire.com/2012/
pivot-boss-3-lessons-learned/.
182 Instagram, for example, started: M. G. Siegler, “A Pivotal Pivot,” Tech Crunch, November 8, 2010, accessed September 5, 2012, http://techcrunch.com/2010/11/08/
instagram-a-pivotal-pivot/.
182 Burbn didn’t succeed: Ibid.
183 In his book What Money Can’t Buy: Michael J. Sandel, What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2012).
184 Sales of the headphones: personal interview with Bob Brunner; http://beatsbydre.com/, accessed September 5, 2012.
184 And the design, too, was key: http://ellauniverse.blogspot.com/2010/
07/hear-all-music-with-beats-by-dr-dre.html, accessed September 5, 2012.
185 Dr. Dre has amplified the Beats: http://www.squidoo.com/coolest-
headphones#module155639586, accessed September 5, 2012; http://wireless-headphones-review.
toptenreviews.com/, accessed September 5, 2012.
185 in August 2012, the NPD Group: Ben Arnold, “From Compton with Love: Beats by Dre Makes Some Noise at the Olympics in London,” August 6, 2012, accessed October 15, 2012, https://www.npdgroupblog.com/from-compton-with-love-beats-by-dre-makes-some-noise-at-the-olympics-in-london/.
185 A Beats store just opened: http://beatsbydre.com/, accessed September 5, 2012.
185 in 2012, Beats Electronics bought: Tom Cheredar, “Hear That? Beats Electronics Officially Buys MOG,” Venture Beat, July 2, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://venturebeat.com/2012/07/
02/beats-mog/; Mike Snider, “Beats Electronics Acquires MOG Music Service,” USA Today, July 2, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://content.usatoday.com/communities/
technologylive/post/2012/07/
beats-electronics-accquires-mog-music-service/1#.UCMmGHDgJT4.
185 that year Beats also dropped: Antony Bruno, “Jimmy Iovine on the Beats/HTC Deal: ’The Record Industry Must Make the Transition to Phones Globally,’” Billboard.biz, August 11, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/in dustry/
digital-and-mobile/jimmy-iovine-
on-beats-htc-deal-the-record-1005314212.story.
185 “secular epiphanies”: The first time I heard the term “secular epiphany” was when my colleague and co-teacher Ben Lee used it in reference to Max Weber and Émile Durkheim and their work on the religious origins of capitalism.
185 In his 1933 essay: Jun’ichiro Tanizaki, In Praise of Shadows, tr. Thomas J. Harper and Edward G. Seidensticker (Stony Creek, CT: Leete’s Island Books, 1977), 16.
186 Walter Benjamin argued: Walter Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” in Illuminations, Hannah Arendt, ed. (New York: Schocken, 1968).
187 When Steve Jobs returned: Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 348–57.
187 Designers Jonathan Ive and Danny Coster: Peter Burrows, “Who Is Jonathan Ive? The Man Behind Apple’s Design Magic,” IN: Inside Innovation, September 2006. The “jelly bean story” was told to Peter Burrows at the Radical Craft Conference at the Art Center College of Design, Pasadena, in 2006, and reported on in IN magazine, a quarterly magazine inside BusinessWeek, which I founded that year and edited. I assigned and edited the story, suggesting to John Byrne, Managing Editor of BusinessWeek at the time, that he should get Burrows to this conference.
187 Ive’s team of designers: Burrows, “Who Is Jonathan Ive?”; http://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/
online/jonathan-ive-on-apple/
imac-1998, accessed September 5, 2012.
187 Next the team traveled: Burrows, “Who Is Jonathan Ive?”; http://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/
online/jonathan-ive-on-apple/imac-1998, accessed September 5, 2012; Janet Abrams, “Radical Craft/The Second Art Center Design Conference,” http://www.core77.com/reactor/
04.06_artcenter.asp, accessed September 5, 2012.
187 Ive then spent yet more: Burrows, “Who Is Jonathan Ive?”
188 They also designed a beautiful: Neil Hughes, “Book Details Apple’s ‘Packaging Room,’ Steve Jobs’ Interest in Advanced Cameras,” Apple Insider, January 24, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.appleinsider.com/
articles/12/01/24/book_details_apples_packaging_
room_interests_in_advanced_cameras_.html; Yonu Heisler, “Inside Apple’s Secret Packaging Room,” Network World, January 24, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.networkworld.com/community/
blog/inside-apples-secret-packaging-room.
188 The iMac’s launch in 1998: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BHPtoTctDY, accessed September 5, 2012; http://designmuseum.org/design/jonathan-ive, accessed September 5, 2012; John Webb, “10 Success Principles of Apple’s Innovation Master Jonathan Ive,” Innovation Excellence, April 30, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.innovationexcellence.com/blog/2012/
04/30/10-success-principles-of-apples-innovation-master-jonathan-ive/.
188 In a 2006 interview with Peter Burrows: Burrows, “Who Is Jonathan Ive?”
188 Apple is the world’s largest company: https://www.google.com/finance?client=ob&q=NASDAQ:AAPL, accessed October 17, 2012.
189 As Walter Isaacson’s biography: Isaacson, Steve Jobs.
189 The iTunes app acts: http://www.apple.com/itunes/, accessed September 5, 2012.
189 face-to-face dimension: Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.”
190 Boeing has begun using new: accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.boeing.com/commercial/
787family/background.html/; accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/
articles/qtr_4_06/article_04_2.html.
190 IBM has moved into: Jessi Hempel, “Crowdsourcing,” September 24, 2009, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/
2006-09-24/crowdsourcing; http://www-07.ibm.com/services/ph/portfolios/
ITS/its_s_cs_c_nationalcity.html, accessed September 9, 2012; http://www.cnbc.com/id/17169877?__source=vty, accessed September 9, 2012.
191 Corning is developing new: http://9to5mac.com/2012/
06/04/corning-announces-slim-flexible-willow-glass-video/, accessed September 5, 2012; http://www.apple.com/about/job-creation/, accessed September 9, 2012; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Glass, accessed September 9, 2012.
191 From its founding in 1939: In the spring of 2012, I assembled a panel of six retired HP engineers and researchers who’d worked there from the early glory days through the company’s decline, and spent two days talking with them in order to understand the culture of HP and how it had changed.
191 advanced degrees in electrical engineering: Lee Fleming, “Finding the Organizational Sources of Technological Breakthroughs: The Story of Hewlett-Packard’s Thermal InkJet,” Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 11, no. 5, 1059–84 (Oxford University Press, 2002); “Case Study: Spitting Image,” Economist, September 19, 2002, accessed September 10, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/1324685.
192 “HP Labs was a wonderful place”: Fleming, “Finding the Organizational Sources of Technological Breakthroughs.”
192 “I bore easily”: Ibid.
192 “very far, very fast”: Ibid.
192 In 1978, Vaught and Donald: Ibid.
192 From the beginning of what: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer, accessed September 5, 2012; http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id325.htm, accessed September 5, 2012.
192 Dot-matrix printers were “impact printers”: Stan Retner, “History of Inkjet Printers Development,” Toner Cartridge Depot, November 21, 2007, accessed September 5, 2012, http://blog.tonercartridgedepot.com/2007/
11/21/history-of-inkjet-printers-development/.
192 Printing was slow and loud: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_per_inch, accessed September 5, 2012.
192 In fact, the joke going: personal interviews with the six retired HP engineers I talked with in Portland, Oregon, in the spring of 2012.
193 For most of its early history: Ibid.; Frank Cloutier, “Building One of the World’s Largest Technology Businesses (and How to Have Fun and Profit from Your Hobbies),” presentation at MIT, March, 2, 2004, accessed at http://techtv-dev.mit.edu/videos/
15930-building-one-of-the-world-s-largest-technology-businesses-and-how-to-have-fun-and-profit-from-your-home.
193 “We weren’t the largest”: Cloutier, “Building One of the World’s Largest Technology Businesses.”
193 And yet on Christmas Eve: Fleming, “Finding the Organizational Sources of Technological Breakthroughs; “Case Study: Spitting Image.”
193 as Vaught caught sight: Fleming, “Finding the Organizational Sources of Technological Breakthroughs.”
193 “Inventors just don’t go home”: Ibid.
193 “if you think about it”: Ibid.
193 (Because of this explosive process): Thomas Kraemer, “Printing Enters the Jet Age,” American Heritage Invention and Technology, Spring 2001, vol. 6, no. 4, 18–27; accessed September 5, 2012, http://tomsosu.blogspot.com/2012/
02/history-of-hp-inkjet-printers-in.html.
194 “They had tremendous fun”: Alan G. Robinson and Sam Stern, Corporate Creativity (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 1997, 1998), 161.
194 In three months’ time: “Case Study: Spitting Image.”
194 The process promised to be fast: Ibid.; Robinson and Stern, Corporate Creativity, 165–66.
194 “carried the ball in selling”: Fleming, “Finding the Organizational Sources of Technological Breakthroughs.”
194 “Vaught doggedly pursued his interest”: “Case Study: Spitting Image.”
194 “Because its inner workings”: Robinson and Stern, Corporate Creativity, 162.
195 “phreatic reaction”: “Case Study: Spitting Image.”
195 “the worst period of his life”: Robinson and Stern, Corporate Creativity, 163.
195 Meanwhile, Frank Cloutier: Kraemer, “Printing Enters the Jet Age.”
195 Cloutier’s role was to support: Ibid.
195 HP at that time had a lot of wanderers: personal interviews with the six retired HP engineers I talked with in Portland, Oregon, in the spring of 2012.
195 The key was to keep the labs: Ibid.
196 Cloutier found what he was looking for: Robinson and Stern, Corporate Creativity, 165.
196 Thanks to help from colleagues: Ibid., 163–64.
196 “technological performance and manufacturing”: Frank L. Cloutier, “Managing the Development of a New Technology,” Hewlett-Packard Journal, May 1985, 39.
196 “One was unrivaled communications”: Ibid.
196 In a 2004 speech at MIT: Cloutier, “Building One of the World’s Largest Technology Businesses.”
197 “As you think about visions”: Ibid.
197 It took the work of hundreds: Robinson and Stern, Corporate Creativity, 165.
197 it wasn’t until 1984: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/histnfacts/
museum/imagingprinting/0011/index.html, accessed September 5, 2012.
197 That year, HP also released: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/
histnfacts/museum/imagingprinting/
0018/index.html, accessed September 5, 2012.
197 Only in 1988 did HP: Kraemer, “Printing Enters the Jet Age.”
197 its first color inkjet: http://www.hpmuseum.net/
divisions.php?did=4, accessed September 15, 2012.
197 printer went on to become: Sergio G. Non, “Will Merger Hurt HP’s Printing Biz?” ZDNet, February 8, 2002, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.zdnet.com/news/
will-merger-hurt-hps-printing-biz/120630.
197 About 300 million have been: HP release, “Twenty Years of Innovation,” http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/
press_kits/2008/deskjet20/
bg_deskjet20thannivtimeline.pdf.
197 In 2011, HP’s Imaging: Ibid.
197 A month before: Robinson and Stern, Corporate Creativity, 165.
197 He wandered into the calligraphy: Steve Jobs, text and video of Stanford commencement address, June 12, 2005, posted on the Stanford Report, June 14, 2005, accessed September 4, 2012,
http://news.stanford.edu/news/
2005/june15/jobs-061505.html.
198 Without Peggy Guggenheim: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Jackson_Pollock; http://totallyhistory.com/jackson-pollock/, accessed September 5, 2012.
198 in Long Island where his Drip paintings: http://totallyhistory.com/jackson-pollock/, accessed September 5, 2012.
198 Guggenheim also introduced: Helen Gent, “Peggy Guggenheim, Mistress of Modernism,” Marie Claire, June 19, 2009, accessed September 5, 2012, http://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/marie-claire/
features/life-stories/article/-/5869429/peggy-guggenheim-mistress-of-modernism/.
198 Of course, Guggenheim played: Kay Larson, Where the Heart Beats (New York: Penguin Press, 2012), 96–97.
198 More recently, Stanford University: Liz Gannes, “Stanford Professors Launch Coursera with $16M from Kleiner Perkins and NEA,” All Things D, April 18, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://allthingsd.com/20120418/
stanford-professors-launch-coursera-with-16m
-from-kleiner-perkins-and-nea/; John Markoff, “Online Education Venture Lures Cash Infusion and Deals with 5 Top Universities,” New York Times, April 18, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/
04/18/technology/coursera-plans-
to-announce-university-partners-for-online-classes.html.
198 one of two VCs who invested: Markoff, “Online Education Venture.”
198 In December 2009, Jesse Genet: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/
lumi/lumi-co-a-new-textile-printing-technology, accessed September 5, 2012.
199 a printing system based: Morgan Furst, Q&A with Jesse Genet, Source 4 Style, December 22, 2011, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.source4style.com/trends/the-academy/
qa-with-jesse-genet-printing-with-light/; http://lumi.co/, accessed September 5, 2012.
199 Angoulvant needed $50,000: http://lumi.co/collections/kickstarter, accessed September 5, 2012; http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/
lumi/print-on-fabric-using-sunlight-the-lumi-process, accessed September 5, 2012.
199 Eddie Huang was a twenty-three-year-old: Baohaus story based on interviews with Evan Huang; Fresh Off the Boat, Eddie Huang’s blog, http://thepopchef.blogspot.com/; New York magazine, accessed September 8, 2012, Salon, January 19, 2011; http://www.baohausnyc.com/about.html, accessed September 5, 2012.
200 the small meat-filled buns: Joe DiStefano, “A First Look at Baohaus (in Which I Learn I Fit the Profile), January 11, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://newyork.seriouseats.com/2010/01/
a-first-look-at-baohaus-review-lower-east-side-manhattan-new.html; http://www.baohausnyc.com/about.html, accessed September 5, 2012.
200 Huang wanted to call: Evan Huang, interviews with the author, spring 2012.
200 Eddie’s father may have been: “The Year of Asian Hipster Cuisine,” New York magazine “Grub Street,” July 8, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://newyork.grubstreet.com/2012/
07/asian_hipster_cuisine.html.
200 Luckily, several of Eddie: Evan Huang, interviews with the author, spring 2012.
201 They arrived in 2009: interviews with Huang, spring 2012; http://thepopchef.blogspot.com/search?updated-min
=2009-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&updated-max=2010-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&max-results=50, accessed September 5, 2012.
201 Baohaus catered the Kickstarter: Evan Huang, interviews with the author, spring 2012.
201 For about $4: Ligaya Mishan, “Baohaus,” New York Times, February 23, 2010, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/24/
dining/reviews/24under.html.
202 Eddie and Evan use social media: http://thepopchef.blogspot.com/.
202 Evan even hired one: Evan Huang, interviews with the author, spring 2012.
202 The original Rivington Street: Evan Huang, interviews with the author, spring 2012; Josh Ozersky, “Meet Eddie Huang, Food Personality,” Time, February 23, 2011, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.time.com/time/nation/
article/0,8599,2053195,00.html.
202 Eddie has worked with fashion: TSSCREW, “Hoodman Clothing,” Smoking Section, December 1, 2008, accessed September 5, 2012, http://smokingsection.uproxx.com/TSS/
2008/12/hoodman-clothing; Anne van de Sande, “Hoodman Clothing CEO Discussed Messages Behind New Line,” Baller Status, July 15, 2008, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.ballerstatus.com/2008/07/15/
hoodman-clothing-ceo-discusses-messages-behind-new-line/.
202 that features illustrations criticizing: “In Defense of Chinese Dads,” Eddie Huang, Salon, January 19, 2011, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.salon.com/2011/01/19/
in_defense_of_chinese_dads/.
202 On his blog “Fresh Off the Boat”: http://thepopchef.blogspot.com/, accessed October 21, 2012; Eatocracy editors, “Chow 13 Honorees—A Sneak Peek,” November 3, 2011, http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/11/03/
chow-13-honorees-a-sneak-peek; TSSCREW, “Hoodman Clothing.”
202 The Huangs have networked: Emily Nordee, “Talking with Eddie Huang,” March 28, 2011, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.foodrepublic.com/2011/
03/28/talking-eddie-huang.
202 Eddie has been a guest: Matt Rodbard, “Eddie Huang Got a TV Show. Earned It,” December 29, 2011, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.foodrepublic.com/2011/12/
29/eddie-huang-got-tv-show-earned-it; Allison Benz, “A Day in the Life of a Chef,” Radio Blog, July 3, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://theradioblog.marthastewart.com/
2012/07/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-chef.html; Evan Huang, interviews with the author, spring 2012.
203 One incubator that nurtures: Y Combinator Site, http://ycombinator.com/, accessed September 5, 2012.
203 Architect Charles Gwathmey: http://www.trianglemodernisthouses.com/gwathmey.htm, accessed September 5, 2012.
204 There are also manufacturing platforms: Bob Brunner, discussions in author’s class at Parsons; Tim Brown, discussions in author’s class at Parsons.
204 NY Creative Interns: Emily Miethner spoke at my class and I interviewed her in the spring of 2012; http://www.hercampus.com/career/
how-she-got-there-emily-miethner-founderpresident-ny-creative-interns.
204 Past events have included: http://nycreativeinterns.com/, accessed September 5, 2012; http://wearenytech.com/
294-emily-miethner-founder-president-of-ny-creative-interns-community-manager-at-recordsetter-com, accessed September 5, 2012.
205 YouTube cofounder Chad Hurley: interview between Hurley and Bill Moggridge that I attended and participated in, 2011.
207 Brian Chesky, cofounder: Steven Loeb, “Airbnb Buys Up UK Rival, Crashpadder, Ahead of Olympics,” VatorNews, March 20, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012,
http://vator.tv/news/
2012-03-20-airbnb-buys-up-uk-rival-crashpadder-ahead-of-olympics; Robin Wauters, “Airbnb Buys German Clone Accoleo, Opens First European Office in Hamburg,” TechCrunch, June 1, 2011, accessed October 22, 2012, http://techcrunch.com/2011/
06/01/airbnb-buys-german-clone-accoleo-opens-first-european-office-in-hamburg/.
207 And eBay has grown: http://news.cnet.com/2100-1017-941964.html.
207 Even Apple has begun: http://www.cultofmac.com/129150/
this-norwegian-man-made-millions-selling-siri-to-steve-jobs/.
208 On January 28, 2010: http://www.economist.com/node/15393377, accessed September 8, 2012.
209 Prophet of Profits: I came up with this term in talking about the Economist cover with Ben Lee.
209 Charisma, secularized from: accessed September 5, 2012, http://oed.com/view/Entry/
30721?redirectedFrom=charisma&.
210 “the quality of an individual”: Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, tr. A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947), 328, 358.
210 “The holder of charisma”: Max Weber, “The Sociology of Charismatic Authority,” from Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, tr. and ed. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946).
211 When Facebook “went public”: http://stream.wsj.com/story/
facebook-ipo/SS-2-9640/, accessed September 5, 2012.
211 But in all the conversation: http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/
1326801/000119312512034517/d287954ds1.htm#toc287954_10, accessed September 5, 2012.
211 In his IPO letter: Ibid.
211 To ensure that sentiment: Michael Hiltzik, “Facebook Shareholders Are Wedded to the Whims of Mark Zuckerberg,” Los Angeles Times, May 20, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012—http://arti cles.latimes.com/
2012/may/20/business/la-fi-hiltzik-20120517.
211 Of course, the subsequent IPO: Roben Farzad, “Facebook: The Stock That Keeps on Dropping,” BusinessWeek, August 2, 2012, accessed October 15, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-08-02/
facebook-the-stock-that-keeps-on-dropping; Jessica Guynn, “Facebook: Mark Zuckerberg Won’t Sell Stock for at Least One Year,” Los Angeles Times, September 4, 2012, accessed October 15, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/04/
business/la-fi-tn-facebook-ceo-mark-zuckerberg-wont-sell-stock-for-at-least-one-year-20120904.
212 From the 1920s through much: Rakesh Khurana, interviews with author; Roger Martin, conversations with author; Rakesh Khurana, From Higher Aims to Hired Hands (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).
212 Back in 2004, when Sergey: http://investor.google.com/corporate/
2004/ipo-founders-letter.html, accessed September 5, 2012.
212 “Sergey and I founded Google”: Ibid.
213 Though Steve Jobs is now: Olivia Fox Cabane, “Can You Learn to Be as Charismatic as Steve Jobs?” Gigaom, April 25, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012, http://gigaom.com/2012/04/25/
can-you-learn-to-be-as-charismatic-as-steve-jobs/.
214 I saw Mark Zuckerberg: author’s notes, World Economic Forum in Davos, 2009.
214 Mark Zuckerberg was once: Nicholas Carlson, “The Facebook Movie Is an Act of Cold-Blooded Revenge—New Unpublished IMs Tell the Real Story,” Business Insider, September 21, 2010, accessed September 5, 2012, http://www.businessinsider.com/
facebook-movie-zuckerberg-ims#.
214 Zuckerberg is a master at finding: Henry Blodget, “The Maturation of the Billionaire Boy-Man,” New York magazine, May 6, 2012, accessed September 5, 2012,
http://nymag.com/news/
features/mark-zuckerberg-2012-5/.
218 In her classic book: Julia Cameron, The Artist’s Way (New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 1992).
CHAPTER 8
223 In May and September 2012, Hewlett-Packard announced: Shara Tibken, “H-P Says It Plans 2,000 More Layoffs,” Wall Street Journal, September, 10, 2012, accessed September 15, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB10000872396390444100404577643352249358504.html; New York Times Business Day Companies, Hewlett-Packard Corporation (HPQ) News Report, August 23, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012,
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/
business/companies/hewlett_packard_corporation/index.html; Wendy Kaufman, “Hewlett-Packard Set to Lay Off 30,000 People,” National Public Radio broadcast, May 18, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012,
http://www.npr.org/2012/05/18/
152979181/Hewlett-packard-set-to-layoff-30000-people.
223 The decisions were made: Jordan Robinson, “Atop Meg Whitman’s Worries: H-P’s Size,” Associated Press, September 23, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012, http://phys.org/news/
2011-09-atop-meg-whitman-h-p-size.html; Laurent Belsie, “Meg Whitman New HP CEO,” Christian Science Monitor, September 23, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012,
http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/
2011/0922/Meg-Whitman-new-HP-CEO.-What-firm-has-more-CEO-change/Hewlett-Packard-4-CEOS.
223 Where once HP led the world: Stacey Vanek Smith, “Hewlett-Packard Reportedly Will Lay Off 30,000,” Marketplace Tech, May 18, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/tech/
hewlett-packard-reportedly-will-lay-off-30000; Hewlett-Packard YouSigma SWOT Analysis: http://www.yousigma.com/comparativeanalysis/
hewlettpackardswot.pdf, accessed September 14, 2012.
223 Even with a cutting-edge new technology: Ben Worthen, “H-P Opts to Divest High-end Halo System,” Wall Street Journal, June 1, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/06/01/
h-p-opts-to-divest-high-end-halo-system; Larry Walsh, “HP Targets Cisco, Rivals in Networking Push,” Channelnomics, December 9, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012, http://channelnomics.com/2011/12/09/
hp-targets-cisco-rivals-networking-push/.
223 In the spring of 2012: One weekend in April 2012, I gathered together six former HP engineers in Portland, Oregon, to talk about the change in culture at HP over time. This was an extraordinary group of men who clearly loved working at HP for most of their careers and cared deeply about the company. Each one felt a deep sense of loss for HP’s decline in innovation and creativity. I have omitted names to protect their identity, but I was moved by their insights and passion. Much of what follows emerged from that session (April 4 to 5, 2012).
224 Fiorina was brought in: Craig Johnson, “The Rise and Fall of Carly Fiorina: An Ethical Case Study,” Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, November 2008, vol. 15, no. 2, 188–96.
224 Her strategy was to shift: Ibid.
224 While she was boosting: Larry Walsh, “Tale of Two Product Launches: Apple vs. HP,” Channelnomics, January 16, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012, http://channelnomics.com/2012/01/16/
tale-product-launches-apple-vs-hp/; John Martellaro, “Last Qtr: iPad Outsells HP’s PCs,” Mac Observer, January 25, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/
last_qtr_apple_ipad_outsells_hps_pcs/.
224 once the tablet was introduced: Jack Schofield, “2010 PC Sales Grew 13.8%, but 2011 Looks Tough,” ZDNet, January 13, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.zdnet.com/2010-pc-sales-grew-
13-8-but-2011-looks-tough-4010021485/; IDC Press Release, January 12, 2011, “PC Market Records Modest Gains During Fourth Quarter of 2010,” http://www.idc.com/about/viewpressrelease.jsp?containerId=prUS22653511&
sectionId=null&elementId=null&
pageType=SYNOPSIS, accessed September 14, 2012.
225 She was, as one former HP engineer: personal interviews with HP employees, April 4 to 5, 2012.
225 Decisions once made: Ibid.
225 New ideas were thereafter: Ira Kalb, “Everything at Hewlett-Packard Started to Go Wrong When Cost-Cutting Replaced Innovations,” Business Insider, May 27, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.businessinsider.com/
heres-where-everything-at-hewlett-packard-started-to-go-wrong-2012-5.
225 Fiorina was pushed out: Joe Nocera, “Real Reason for Ousting H.P.’s Chief,” New York Times, August 13, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/14/
business/14nocera.html.
225 He cut spending: personal interviews with HP engineers, April 4 to 5, 2012.
225 “Once you started worrying”: Ibid.
226 But instead of looking: James B. Stewart, “Voting to Hire a Chief Without Meeting Him,” New York Times, September 21, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/business/
voting-to-hire-a-chief-without-meeting-him.html.
226 After management consultants: personal interviews with HP engineers, April 4 to 5, 2012.
226 “We would see them only once”: Ibid.
226 HP fights to remain: “PC Market Struggles, Lenovo Nearly Catches HP,” CDR Info, October 11, 2012, accessed October 12, 2012, http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/
Details.aspx?NewsId=34502; “HP Still Has Top Market Share for PCs,” Forbes, October 13, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012,
http://www.forbes.com/sites/marketnewsvideo/
2011/10/13/hp-still-has-top-market-share-for-pcs/; Terrence O’Brien, “HP Reclaims Top Spot in PC Sales, Market as a Whole Climbs 21 Percent,” http://engadget.com, May 1, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.engadget.com/2012/05/01/
hp-reclaims-top-spot-in-pc-sales-market-as-a-whole-climbs-21-pe/.
226 Even when its labs produced: http://www.polycom.com/products/polycom_halo.html, accessed September 14, 2012; Mark Speir, “Polycom Acquires HP’s Halo Video Conferencing for $89M,” RCR Wireless, June 1, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.rcrwireless.com/austin/20110601/
components/polycom-acquires-hps-halo-video-conferencing-for-89m/.
227 sociologist Erving Goffman: Erving Goffman, Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 78; referenced in Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 436.
227 Great Recession would soon: Michael Lind, “The Failure of Shareholder Capitalism,” http://Salon.com, March 29, 2011, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.salon.com/2011/03/29/
failure_of_shareholder_capitalism/; “A New Idolatry,” Economist, April 22, 2010, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/15954434.
228 In May of 1970, Eugene Fama: Eugene F. Fama, “Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work,” Journal of Finance, vol. 25, no. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the American Finance Association New York, N.Y., December 28 to 30, 1969 (May 1970), 383–417. Published by Wiley-Blackwell for the American Finance Association.
228 In it, Fama would take: Joe Nocera, “Poking Holes in a Theory on Markets,” New York Times, June 6, 2006, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/06/business/
06nocera.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
228 In its purely financial form, EMT: Jeremy J. Siegel, “Efficient Market Theory and the Crisis,” Wall Street Journal Online, October 27, 2009, accessed September 13, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB10001424052748703573604574491261905165886.html.
228 Of course, what was missing: I am indebted to Ben Lee, who received his PhD from the University of Chicago, for highlighting the difference between uncertainty and risk in the economic analysis and theory formation that came out Chicago’s economics department. This distinction forms a major theme in the course we co-teach at Parsons. Ray Ball, “The Global Financial Crisis and the Efficient Market Hypothesis: What Have We Learned?” University of Chicago, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, vol. 21, no. 4, 2009; Siegel, “Efficient Market Theory and the Crisis”; Roger Lowenstein, “Book Review: The Myth of the Rational Market by Justin Fox,” Washington Post, June 7, 2009, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/
content/article/2009/06/05/AR2009060502053.html.
228 “black swans”: Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (New York: Random House, 2007).
228 By excluding uncertainty: Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (New York: Sentry Press, 1921).
229 In the 1960s and 1970s, as EMT: John Cassidy, “The Minsky Moment,” New Yorker, February 4, 2008, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2008/
02/04/080204taco_talk_cassidy.
229 Charles Kindleberger’s: Charles P. Kindleberger, Manias, Panics and Crashes (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1978).
229 British journalist and essayist: Walter Bagehot, Lombard Street (New York: Scribner, 1873).
229 And who hasn’t heard: Charles MacKay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, with a foreword by Andrew Tobias (1841; New York: Harmony Books, 1980).
230 The belief in the efficient market: Professors Roger Martin and Ben Lee pointed out the linkage between CEO pay, profits, and stock market performance to me; Michael Jensen and William Meckling, “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Financial Economics, October 1976, vol. 3, no. 4, 305–60, http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=94043.
230 In their work, including a paper: Ibid.
230 Roberto Goizueta: “Coke CEO Roberto C. Goizueta Dies at 65,” http://cnn.com, October 18, 1997, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/US/9710/18/
goizueta.obit.9am/; Jerry Schwartz, “Roberto C. Goizueta, Coca-Cola Chairman Noted for Company Turnaround, Dies at 65,” New York Times, October 19, 1997, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/19/us/
roberto-c-goizueta-coca-cola-chairman-noted-for-company-turnaround-dies-at-65.html.
231 After talking to Wall Street: interview with Professor Ho at a copresentation she gave with Gillian Tett of the Financial Times, March 10, 2010, at Columbia University; Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009).
231 The value of millions of houses remains: Binyamin Appelbaum, “Cautious Moves on Foreclosures Haunting Obama,” New York Times, August 19, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/20/business/economy/
slow-response-to-housing-crisis-now-weighs-on-obama.html; Les Christie, “Troubled Homeowners Get a Lifeline,” CNN Money, October 24, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012, http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/24/real_estate/
housing_refinance/index.htm.
231 Interest rates, zero for many: David Shulman, “The Downside of the Fed’s Zero Rate Policy,” US News and World Report, April 30, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/
economic-intelligence/2012/04/30/the-downside-of-the-feds-zero-interest-rate-policy.
231 the volatility of the markets: Tami Luhby, “Credit Freeze and Your Paycheck,” CNN Money, September 28, 2008, accessed September 14, 2012,
http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/28/news/economy/
main_street_impact/index.htm?postversion=2008092811; Colin Barr, “How It Got This Bad,” CNN Money, September 26, 2008, accessed September 14, 2012, http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/26/news/
leverage.fortune; Martin Wolf and Chris Giles, “Transcript: Larry Summers Interview,” Financial Times, April 2, 2010, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/
3c023d9c-3dba-11df-bdbb-00144feabdc0.html#axzz24r1TJX1h.
232 It took years for economists: Marcus Baram, “Who’s Whining Now? Gramm Slammed by Economists,” September 19, 2008, accessed September 14, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=5835269.
232 In a 2010 interview with Martin Wolf: Wolf and Giles, “Transcript: Larry Summers Interview.”
232 Summers was, after all: Stephen Labaton, “Congress Passes Wide-Ranging Bill Easing Bank Laws,” New York Times, November 5, 1999, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/05/business/
congress-passes-wide-ranging-bill-easing-bank-laws.html; Charles Ferguson, “Larry Summers and the Subversion of Economics,” Chronicle of Higher Economics, October 3, 2010, accessed September 14, 2012, http://chronicle.com/article/Larry-Summersthe/124790/; Rana Foroohar, “Larry Summers: No Regrets on Deregulation,” Time Business, April 12, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012, http://business.time.com/2011/04/12/
larry-summers-no-regrets-on-deregulation/.
232 In 1999, Summers, along with: Cyrus Sanati, “10 Years Later, Looking at Repeal of Glass-Steagall,” DealBook, November 12, 2009, accessed September 14, 2012, http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/10
-years-later-looking-at-repeal-of-glass-steagall/.
232 the Depression-era regulation: Labaton, “Congress Passes Wide-Ranging Bill Easing Bank Laws.”
232 calling the repeal “historic”: Sanati, “10 Years Later.”
232 Perhaps no one believed: Justin Fox, “The Myth of the Rational Market,” Time, June 22, 2009, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/
article/0,9171,1904153,00.html.
232 But in October 2008, Greenspan: Edmund L. Andrews, “Greenspan Concedes Error on Regulation,” New York Times, October 23, 2008, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/
business/economy/24panel.html.
232 “Those of us who have looked: Kara Scannell and Sudeep Reddy, “Greenspan Admits Errors to Hostile House Panel,” Wall Street Journal, October 24, 2008, accessed September 14, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB122476545437862295.html.
232 Greenspan was criticized: Andrews, “Greenspan Concedes Error on Regulation.”
233 Back in the mid-nineties: Katrina Brooker, “Citi’s Creator, Alone with His Regrets,” New York Times, January 2, 2012, accessed September 13, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/
business/economy/03weill.html.
233 On July 25, 2012: “Wall Street Legend Sandy Weill: Break Up the Big Banks,” CNBC Report, July 25, 2012, http://www.cnbc.com/id/48315170, accessed September 13, 2012.
233 from 1977 to 2008: Roger Martin, “The Age of Customer Capitalism,” Harvard Business Review, January 2010, http://hbr.org/2010/01/
the-age-of-customer-capitalism/ar/1.
233 Compare that with: Ibid.
234 In 2009, Michael Mandel: I’ve known and respected Mike Mandel for all the years we worked together at BusinessWeek and the years thereafter. We talk often about the issues of innovation and growth that are discussed here, and I have written about Mike’s work in the past. Mike has the keen mind of an original thinker and a striking ability to see through the mass of data to find new patterns. He is a superb knowledge miner and dot connector. Mike is the most brilliant economist that I know. Michael Mandel, “The Failed Promise of Innovation in the U.S.,” http://Businessweek.com, June 3, 2009, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/
content/09_24/b4135000953288.htm; Bruce Nussbaum, “America’s Innovation Shortfall and How We Can Solve It,” Harvard Business Review, September 20, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012, http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2011/09/
americas_innovation_shortfall.html.
234 While futurists in the nineties: Michael Mandel, “My Review of Tyler Cowen’s New Book,” Mandel on Innovation and Growth, February 2, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012, http://innovationandgrowth.wordpress.com/tag/
innovation-shortfall/; Michael Mandel, discussions with the author, 2012.
235 The consequences of this: Mandel, “The Failed Promise of Innovation in the U.S.”; Michael Mandel, discussions with the author, 2012.
235 almost $7 trillion: Michael Mandel, discussions with the author, 2012; Ian Campbell, “U.S. August Net Trade Deficit Reported at U.S. $44.2 Billion,” Safe Haven, October 17, 2012, accessed October 20, 2012, http://www.safehaven.com/article/27361/
us-august-net-trade-deficit-reported-at-us442-billion.
235 Even in high tech: Michael Mandel, “Innovation Failure,” Mandel on Innovation and Growth, October 5, 2010, accessed October 21, 2012, http://innovationandgrowth.wordpress.com/2010/10/05/
innovation-failure/; Michael Mandel, discussions with the author, 2012.
235 A National Science Foundation report: Mark Boroush, “NSF Releases New Statistics on Business Innovation,” October 2010, accessed October 12, 2012, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/
infbrief/nsf11300/.
235 At an Aspen Institute: TPI Aspen Forum, August 21 to 23, 2011, https://techpolicyinstitute.org/aspen2011/.
235 Peter Thiel, a cofounder: Rip Empson, “Max Levchin and Peter Thiel: Innovation in the World Today Is Between ’Dire Straits and Dead,’” TechCrunch, September 12, 2011, http://techcrunch.com/2011/09/12/
max-levchin-and-peter-thiel-innovation-in-the-world-today-is-between-dire-straits-and-dead/.
235 and we haven’t seen any new breakthroughs in energy: Ken Bossong, “Renewable Energy Provided 11% of Domestic Energy Production in 2010,” Renewable Energy World, accessed September 15, 2012,
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/
article/2011/04/
renewable-energy-provided-11-of-domestic-energy-production-in-2010.
235 We have all been feeling the ripple: Michael Mandel, “Why Isn’t the Innovation Economy Creating More Jobs?” Mandel on Innovation and Growth, February 22, 2012, accessed on October 21, 2012, http://innovationandgrowth.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/
why-isnt-the-innovation-economy-creating-more-jobs-part-i/; Michael Mandel, discussions with the author, 2012.
236 As a consequence of the failure of this innovation: Francis Fukuyama, “A Conversation with Peter Thiel,” American Interest, March/April, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.the-american-interest.com/
article.cfm?piece=1187; http://www.bls.gov/news.release/
realer.nr0.htm, accessed September 14, 2012; Thiel’s comments at the Aspen conference.
236 Young college grads: Michael Mandel, “The State of Young College Grads 2011,” Mandel on Innovation and Growth, October 1, 2011, accessed October 21, 2012, http://innovationandgrowth.wordpress.com/2011/
10/01/the-state-of-young-college-grads-2011/; Michael Mandel, discussions with the author, 2012.
236 To make matters worse: Michael Mandel, conversations with the author, 2012.
236 It isn’t working for many: Michael Mandel, conversations with the author, 2012; US Census Bureau release, Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011, accessed October 15, 2012, http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/
archives/income_wealth/cb12-172.html.
237 “We need fewer efficient: J. Bradford DeLong, “Economics in Crisis,” Project-Syndicate.org, April 29, 2011, accessed September 14, 2012, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/
economics-in-crisis.
237 In 2009, the futurist Paul Saffo: Paul Saffo presentation at the HSM World Innovation Forum, May 4, 2009. Paul kindly granted me several interviews over the next few years. The following insights are informed by his presentation and materials from interviews with him.
238 In my fall 2012 Design: Personal record, 2012.
239 New companies (those less than five years old): Tim Kane, “The Importance of Startups in Job Creation and Job Destruction,” http://www.kauffman.org/research-and-policy/
the-importance-of-startups-in-job-creation-and-job-desctruction.aspx.
239 data that the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation: Ibid.
240 Building a new economics of creativity: This model came out of long discussions with Ben Lee and Mike Mandel and a great number of students in my classes at Parsons. I’ve put forth parts of the model in blogs on Fast Company and Harvard Business Review to generate discussion, but this is the first time I’ve tried to build the scaffolding of a cohesive paradigm of a creativity-driven capitalism.
242 Though he’s best known: “University of Chicago Centennial Faculty Pages: Frank K. Knight,” http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/projects/
centcat/centcats/fac/facch23_01.html.
242 Chicago economist Frank Knight: Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit (Washington, DC: Beard Books, 2002), 224–25.
242 In his book Risk: Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit.
243 For Knight, social uncertainty: Ross Emmet, Selected Essays. Volume 1, “What Is Truth in Economics.” Volume 11, “Laissez-faire: Pro and Con” (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
244 Fortunately, there are “incubators”: Nicole Davis, “Putting Your Money Where Your Mom and Pops Live,” Brooklyn Based, March 3, 2012, accessed September 15, 2012, http://brooklynbased.net/email/2012/
03/putting-your-money-where-your-mom-and-pops-live/.
244 As Amy Cortese, a crowdfunding: http://www.amycortese.com/Amy_Cortese_homepage.html, accessed September 15, 2012; Davis, “Putting Your Money Where Your Mom and Pops Live.”
244 ”people need to be able: Amy Cortese, correspondence with author, August 7, 2012.
244 Cortese believes that: Ibid.
244 Smallknot, for example: Davis, “Putting Your Money Where Your Mom and Pops Live.”
244 Egg restaurant in Brooklyn: Ibid.
244 The forty-five investors: Smallknot profile of Egg restaurant campaign, http://smallknot.com/egg, accessed September 15, 2012.
244 Smallknot was founded by two: Andrew Cominelli, “Smallknot Redefines Small Business Finance,” Greenpoint Gazette, March 14, 2012, accessed September 15, 2012,
http://www.greenpointnews.com/news/4316/
smallknot-redefines-small-business-finance.
245 “We were working all hours”: Ibid.
245 “Local crowdfunding can mitigate”: Amy Cortese, correspondence with author, August 7, 2012.
245 In Britain, crowdfunding: http://locavesting.blogspot.com, accessed October 18, 2012.
245 Funding Circle, for example: http://www.fundingcircle.com/, accessed September 15, 2012.
245 If Americans shifted just half: Danielle Sacks, interview with Amy Cortese, “ ’Locavesting’: Investing in Main Street Instead of Wall Street,” Fast Company, accessed October 18, 2012, http://www.fastcoexist.com/1678356/
locavesting-investing-in-main-street-instead-of-wall-street.
245 In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy: Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York: Harper, 1975; orig. pub. 1942), 82–85.
CHAPTER 9
251 Sixteen of us had spent: Future of Design Summit, Stanford, March 19 to 20, 2010. Among the others at the summit were Nick Leon, now director of Design London; Bill Burnett, Executive Director of the Stanford Design Program; Ronald Jones, who leads the Experience Design Group at Konstfack University College of Arts, Crafts and Design in Stockholm; Nathan Shedroff, who was then launching a design strategy MBA at California College of the Arts in San Francisco; and Jacob Mathew, cofounder of IDIOM, a top innovation consultancy in India.
253 Roger Martin at the Rotman: I talk with Roger Martin often and have done many interviews and panels with him over the last fifteen years, but he shared this important bit of advice about assessing creativity during an online discussion. Reena Jana, who was a member of our innovation and design team at BusinessWeek and is now Executive Editor at Frog, moderated this conversation between Roger and Dan Pink on March 18, 2011, on Educating the Creative Leaders of Tomorrow, put on as part of the Steelcase 360 Discussion series.
253 The Juilliard process: http://www.juilliard.edu/apply/
program-information/dance/
index.php#auditions, accessed September 6, 2012.
254 On Dancing with the Stars: http://beta.abc.go.com/shows/
dancing-with-the-stars/about-the-show, accessed September 8, 2012.
254 A three-person panel of judges: Ibid.
254 In The Creative Vision: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Jacob W. Getzels, The Creative Vision: Longitudinal Study of Problem Finding in Art (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1976).
254 Teresa M. Amabile later used: http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/
nrcgt/reports/rm04202/rm04202.pdf, accessed September 6, 2012. As Keith Sawyer describes in Explaining Creativity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 40–44, Kaufman, Amabile, and others in the field of creativity research favored what is called the consensual assessment technique (CAT) as a measurement of individual creativity.
255 In 2012, 7 percent of all: “100 Top MBA Employers 2012—Where MBA Students Said They’d Most Like to Work”
http://money.cnn.com/news/
economy/mba100/2012/full_list/, accessed September 8, 2012.
255 That placed the consultancy: Ibid.
255 On March 28, 2011, Brown: Tim Brown’s presentation to my class was one of the most extraordinary talks on the history and future of design I have ever heard. It was simply brilliant. Tim explained the evolution of the field from designing products to social systems, from objects to interventions, from consumerism to social innovation. He pointed to start-ups and science as new frontiers for design, as well as health, education, and government itself. I’ve known Tim for over a decade and he’s been both a pioneer in the field and an inspiration all this time.
256 Spotify, for example: http://www.glassdoor.com/Overview/
Working-at-Spotify-EI_IE408251.11,18.htm, accessed September 8, 2012; http://www.spotify.com/au/blog/archives/
2012/08/29/can-you-solve-spotifys-tech-puzzles/, accessed September 8, 2012.
256 Continuum, the innovation: interview with Harry West, March 20, 2012.
258 a game called Odyssey: http://www.odysseyofthemind.com, accessed September 8, 2012. I have had a number of conversations about Odyssey of the Mind with Kelsey Meuse, a student of mine who played the game and loved it.
258 There are tournaments in cities: http://www.odysseyofthemind.com/
learn_more.php, accessed September 8, 2012.
259 In the 2011 to 2012 game: http://www.odysseyofthemind.com/
materials/2012problems.php?l=wf2012, accessed October 19, 2012.
259 A previous year’s problem: http://www.odysseyofthemind.com/materials/
2011problems.php#p4, accessed October 19, 2012.
259 The teams are then assessed: http://www.odysseyofthemind.com/whatis.php, accessed September 8, 2012.
259 Judges are mostly parents: http://www.capregboces.org/BOCESInsider/
InsidePages/2010-11/01_21_OdysseyJudgesSIDELINK.cfm, accessed September 8, 2012.
259 Problem Captains: http://www.odysseyofthemind.com/judges/
positions_descriptions.php, accessed September 8, 2012.
260 A small group of curators: http://www.kickstarter.com/
discover/curated-pages, accessed September 8, 2012; Julia Cheng, “The Crowdfunding Festival—JOBS Act, Kickstarter & Indiegogo—What Do They Mean to Entrepreneurs?” July 29, 2012, accessed September 9, 2012, http://demystifylegal.blogspot.com/2012/
07/crowdfunding-JOBS-kickstarter-indiegogo-crowdfunder.html.
EPILOGUE
263 In August 2012: E. S. Browning, Steven Russolillo, and Jessica E. Vascellaro, “Apple Now Biggest-Ever U.S. Company,” Wall Street Journal, August 20, 2012, accessed October 22, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB10000872396390443855804577601773524745182.html; “Apple Becomes the Most Valuable Company Ever,” CBS Money Watch, August 20, 2012, accessed October 22, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505123_
162-57496461/apple-becomes-most-valuable-company-ever/. In inflation-adjusted dollars, Microsoft was valued at about $850 billion in 1999, higher than Apple in August 2012. Many Wall Street analysts are predicting that Apple’s stock would rise to $800 and perhaps even $1,000 over the next year or two, which would give it a market capitalization higher than Microsoft even when inflation is taken into account.
263 There are clear lessons: Japan’s great moment of innovation in the 1970s and 80s came from a small group of post–World War II entrepreneurs, such as Sony’s Akita Morita, who were not connected with the country’s giant zaibatsus, or conglomerates. Morita was a hero to Steve Jobs. But Sony failed to integrate its digital and hardware operations to create a single engaging ecosystem and lost its lead to Apple. Japan’s consumer electronics giants, once leaders, are now commodity manufacturers of TVs and other products. India, on the other hand, is proving to be very creative in developing new business models based on its traditional style or “frugal innovation.”
264 That may be beginning to change: I’ve been to a design conference in Inchon put on by the mayor, whose two brothers graduated from RISD and Parsons. Parsons’s largest alumni group is in Korea. I’ve also consulted once for Samsung by being on a panel that talked about design trends in front of the company’s top designers.
264 In announcing its latest Five Year Plan: KPMG China, “China’s 12th Five-Year Plan Overview,” March 2011, accessed October 15, 2012, http://www.kpmg.com/cn/en/IssuesAndInsights/
ArticlesPublications/Documents/China-12th-Five-Year-Plan-Overview-201104.pdf.