APPENDIX
Chronology
ROMAN PERIOD (AD 43–410)
| 43 | Britain invaded by Romans |
POST-ROMAN (410–660)
DARK AGES (410–1066)
| 410 | Roman legions leave Britain |
| 446 | Quintus Aurelius, Roman consul |
| 449 | Saxon Advent |
| 450 | Cunedda and his mercenaries invited into north Wales |
| 451 | Attila the Hun defeated at the Battle of Châlons |
| 455 | Saxon Revolt |
| 465 | Death of Vortigern |
| 473 | Anglo-Saxons advance westward |
| 475 | Ambrosius becomes high king of Britain |
| 476 | End of Roman Empire in the West |
| 477 | Ambrosius leads the Britons to push back Anglo-Saxons |
| 479 | Anglo-Saxons confined to east and southeast England |
| 480 | Enniaun Girt becomes king of Gwynedd |
| 485 | Renewed Anglo-Saxon advance in the southeast |
| 490 | Anglo-Saxons pushing west all across Britain |
| 495 | Owain Ddantgwyn becomes king of Powys |
| 500 | Battle of Badon |
| 519 | Battle of Camlann: Anglo-Saxons renew advances into British territory |
| 520 | Maglocunus, king of Gwynedd; Cuneglasus, king of Powys |
| 545 | Gildas writes On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain |
| 573 | Battle of Arfderydd |
| 610 | The Gododdin composed |
| 644 | Battle of Cogwy and the death of the Northumbrian king Oswald |
| 657 | Death of Penda; Mercia defeated by Northumbria |
| 658 | Northumbria invades Powys; Death of Cynddylan; Abandonment of Viroconium |
| 659 | Dinas Bran becomes new capital of Powys |
END OF POST-ROMAN PERIOD (AD 660)
| 670 | Llywarch composes Elegy of Cynddylan |
| 675 | Heledd composes Song of Heledd |
| 700 | Saxons conquer most of England |
| 731 | Bede completes The Ecclesiastical History of the English People |
| 890 | Anglo-Saxon Chronicle compiled |
| 830 | Nennius writes The History of the Britons |
| 850 | Pillar of Eliseg erected |
| 900 | The Spoils of Annwn composed |
| 927 | Unified kingdom of England established |
| 954 | Welsh Annals compiled in its present form |
END OF DARK AGES (AD 1066)
MEDIEVAL OR MIDDLE AGES (1066–1485)
| 1066 | Norman invasion of England |
| 1125 | William of Malmesbury writes the Deeds of the English Kings |
| 1130 | William of Malmesbury writes the Ecclesiastical History of Glastonbury |
| 1136 | Geoffrey of Monmouth completes his History of the Kings of Britain |
| 1150 | Geoffrey of Monmouth writes the Life of Merlin |
| 1155 | Wace composes the Romance of Brutus |
| 1170 | Chrétien de Troyes writes Erec and Enide |
| 1171 | England begins invasion of Wales |
| 1180 | Lancelot composed by the French poet Chrétien de Troyes |
| 1184 | Glastonbury Abbey fire |
| 1190 | Chrétien de Troyes writes The Story of the Grail |
| 1191 | “Arthur’s grave” discovered at Glastonbury |
| 1195 | Robert de Boron’s Joseph of Arimathea written |
| 1200 | Robert de Boron’s Merlin written. Layamon writes Brut |
| 1230 | The Vulgate Death of Arthur written |
| 1230 | The Vulgate Merlin written |
| 1250 | Fouke le Fitz Waryn romance composed |
| 1282 | Wales conquered by the English |
| 1453 | Fall of Constantinople and final collapse of the Byzantine Empire |
TUDOR PERIOD (1485–1603)
| 1485 | Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur published |
| 1539 | Glastonbury Abbey dissolved by King Henry VIII |
| 1540 | Henry VIII’s chief antiquarian John Leland examines the Galstonbury lead cross |
| 1566 | Mary Queen of Scots commissions the making of an “Arthurian Round Table” |
| 1567 | The Triads of Britain published by William Salesbury |
| 1603 | Death of the last Tudor monarch, Elizabeth I |