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Copyright © 1946 by Oxford University Press;
renewed 1974 by Arnold J. Toynbee and Dorothea Grace Somervell
First published in Great Britain in 1946 by Oxford University Press,
Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
First published in the United States in 1947 by Oxford University Press, Inc.,
198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016-4314
First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 1987
Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, 1889-1975.
A study of history.
Includes indexes.
1. Civilization. 2. History—Philosophy. I. Somervell,
D. C. (David Churchill), 1885-1965. 11. Title.
CB63.T6433 1987 909 87-12291
ISBN-13 978-0-19-500198-3 (v. 1)
ISBN-13 978-0-19-505080-6(pbk.: v. 1)
ISBN-13 978-0-19-500199-0 (v. 2)
ISBN-13 978-0-19-505081-3 (pbk.: v. 2)
printing, last digit: 20 19 18 17
Printed in the United States of America