ENDNOTES

This work’s text is set in a modern-day version of Caslon, one of Dr. Franklin’s favorite typefaces.²⁰⁶⁸ Deviations from modern-day spelling and punctuation are either in the original documents or as reminders of typesetting by hand (and, in the case of newspapers, often by candlelight), spelling by phonetics (e.g., “Lightening-Rod”), and other factors in eighteenth-century orthography. The apparent compliance of historical writings with modern-day spelling and punctuation conventions may reflect editorial changes by the editors of certain source references, as well as by your author qua editor, to enhance readability.

KEY TO ACRONYMS

AALP	Phyllis Lee Levin, Abigail Adams (New York: Ballantine Books, 1988).
AANL	Stewart Mitchell, ed., New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788-1801 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947).
ABDM	Matthew L. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr with Miscellaneous Selections from His Correspondence (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1836-37), 2 vols.
ADR	Robert R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1959-1964), 2 vols.
AFC	Herbert J. Storing, ed., The Complete Anti-Federalist (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1981), 7 vols.
AGA	Aurora General Advertiser (Philadelphia).
AGBE	Edwin G. Burrows, Albert Gallatin and the Political Economy of Republicanism 1761-1800 (New York: Garland Pub., 1986).
AGHA	Henry Adams, The Life of Albert Gallatin (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1879).
AGW	Raymond Walters, Jr., Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat (New York: Macmillan, 1957).
AHFR	Annales historiques de la révolution française (Reims, Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1924–).
AHO	Alexander Hamilton, Observations on Certain Documents Contained in No. V and VI of “The History of the United States for the Year 1796,” in Which the Charge of Speculation Against Alexander Hamilton, Late Secretary of the Treasury Is Fully Refuted. Written by Himself (Philadelphia: Printed for John Fenno, by John Bioren, 1797). REDX 32,222.
AHP	Harold C. Syrett et al., eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (New York, 1961-1987), 27 vols.
AHR	American Historical Review (Washington: American Historical Association, 1895-), 70+ vols.
AHWL	Henry Cabot Lodge, ed., Works of Alexander Hamilton (New York, London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 12 vols.
AHWO	John C. Hamilton, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Charles S. Francis, 1851), 7 vols.
ALLR	Richard Henry Lee, Life of Arthur Lee (Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1829), 2 vols.
ANAM	The Annals of America (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1968), 20 vols.
ANC	The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States … March 3, 1789 to May 27, 1824 (Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1834-56), 42 vols.
APS	American Philosophical Society.
A&R	John A. Schutz and Douglass Adair, eds., The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 1805-1813 (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1966).
AWSC	Charles J. Stillé, Major-General Anthony Wayne and the Pennsylvania Line (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1893).
BARC	Henry B. Carrington, Battles of the American Revolution, 1775-1781 (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1876).
BASN	Albert Hall Bowman, The Struggle for Neutrality: Franco-American Diplomacy during the Federalist Era (Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1974).
BBDC	Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution (New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1993), 2 vols.
BBMM	Beverly W. Bond, Jr., The Monroe Mission to France, 1794-1796 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1907).
BCAN	Clarence Saunders Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Including Additions and Corrections, 1961 (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1962).
BCMP	Catherine Drinker Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966, 1986).
BEJ	Elias Boudinot, Journal of Historical Recollections of American Events During the Revolutionary War (Trenton, 1899).
BFA	Henry Steele Commager, ed., The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin and Selections from His Other Writings (New York: Modern Library, 1950).
BFAW	Carl Van Doren, ed., Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiographical Writings (New York: Viking Press, 1945).
BFBB	Bernard Fay, The Two Franklins: Fathers of American Democracy (New York: AMS Press, 1969).
BFBC	Bache Papers, Castle Collection, American Philosophical Society. Microfilm.
BFBL	Lucien Cramer, Les Cramer, une famille génévoise. Leur relations avec Voltaire, Rousseau, et Benjamin Franklin Bache (Génève, 1952).
BFBP	John D. R. Platt, “Independent National Historic Park: Home and Office of Benjamin Franklin Bache …” (Washington, D.C.: Office of History and Historic Architecture, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service, 1970).
BFBR	B. F. Bache, Remarks Occasioned by the Late Conduct of Mr. Washington, President of the United States (Philadelphia: Printed for Benjamin Franklin Bache, 1797). REDX 31,759.
BFBS	Jeffery Alan Smith, Franklin and Bache: Envisioning the Enlightened Republic (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1990).
BFBT	James Tagg, Benjamin Franklin Bache and the Philadelphia Aurora (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1991).
BFBW	Benjamin Franklin Bache, Truth Will Out! The Foul Charges of the Tories Against the Editor of the Aurora Repelled … (Philadelphia, 1798). REDX 33,648.
BFCV	Carl Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin (New York: Viking Press, 1938).
BFFC	Alfred Owen Aldridge, Franklin and His French Contemporaries (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1957).
BFFS	Willis Steell, Benjamin Franklin of Paris (New York: Minton, Balch, 1928).
BFLC	Claude-Anne Lopez, Mon Cher Papa. Franklin and the Ladies of Paris (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1990).
BFPL	Leonard W. Labaree et al., eds., Papers of Benjamin Franklin (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1959-), 31 vols.
BFPO	John Clyde Oswald, Benjamin Franklin Printer (N.P., 1917).
BFPP	Luther Samuel Livingston, Franklin and His Press at Passy (New York: Grolier Club, 1914).
BFSG	Gerald Stourzh, Benjamin Franklin and American Foreign Policy (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1954).
BFSM	Albert Henry Smyth, ed., The Writings of Benjamin Franklin (New York: Macmillan, 1905-07), 10 vols.
BFWE	Esmond Wright, Franklin of Philadelphia (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1986).
BFWS	Jared Sparks, ed., The Works of Benjamin Franklin (Boston: Hilliard, Gray, 1836-40), 10 vols.
BFWT	William Temple Franklin, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin (London: Henry Colburn, 1818), 2 vols.
BGH	George Bancroft, Histoire de l’action commune de la France et de l’Amérique pour l’indépendance des États-Unis, transl. by Comte Adolphe de Circourt (Paris: F. Vieweg, 1876), 3 vols.
BP	Boston Patriot (Boston, Mass.), newspaper.
BRL	L. H. Butterfield, ed., Letters of Benjamin Rush (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1951), 2 vols.
BRP	William Russell Birch & Son, The City of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, North America; As It Appeared in the Year 1800 [consisting of 28 copperplate engravings executed during 1798 and 1799] (Philadelphia: W. Birch, 1800).
BSDR	Samuel Flagg Bemis, Diplomacy of the American Revolution (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983).
CEFP	Edward S. Corwin, French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 (New York: B. Franklin, 1916, 1970).
CFFR	Frances Sergeant Childs, French Refugee Life in the United States, 1790-1800 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1940).
CFR	Chronicle of the French Revolution (London: Chronicle Publications, 1989).
CGD	John J. Meng, ed., Despatches and Instructions of Conrad Alexandre Gérard, 1778-1780 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1939).
CLMS	Theodore Thayer, The Making of a Scapegoat: Washington and Lee at Monmouth (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1976).
CMLV	Marquis de Condorcet, The Life of Voltaire, to Which Are Added Memoirs of Voltaire, Written by Himself (Philadelphia: W. Spotswood, 1792), 2 vols.
CRIS	John C. Miller, Crisis in Freedom: The Alien and Sedition Acts (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952).
DAB	Allen Johnson et al., eds., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1928-44), 20 vols. + Suppl.
DAQW	Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797-1801 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966).
DERD	Elisha P. Douglass, Rebels and Democrats: The Struggle for Equal Political Rights & Majority Rule During the Revolution (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1955).
DFMC	Guillaume de Deux-Ponts, My Campaigns in America: A Journal Kept by Count William de Deux-Ponts, 1780-81. Transl. by Samuel Abbott Green (Boston: J. K. Wiggin & Wm. Parsons Lunt, 1868).
DGW	Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Diaries of George Washington (Charlottesville, Va.: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1976-79), 6 vols.
DIMJ	James Munves, Thomas Jefferson and The Declaration of Independence: The Writing and Editing of the Document … (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978).
DJDH	Jonathan R. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1985).
DJFN	Jonathan R. Dull, The French Navy and American Independence (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1975).
DJNM	John Durand, ed., New Materials for the History of the American Revolution (New York: Henry Holt, 1889).
DMAF	Manning J. Dauer, The Adams Federalists (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1968).
DMSM	Kenneth and Anna M. Roberts, eds., Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, 1793-1798 (New York: Doubleday, 1947).
DNL	Henri Doniol, ed., Histoire de la participation de la France à l’établissement des États-Unis d’Amérique (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1884-92), 6 vols.
DRDK	Kenneth Gordon Davies, ed., Documents of the American Revolution 1770-1783, Great Britain Colonial Office Series (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1972-76), 21 vols.
DSFR	John Hall Stewart, A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution (New York: Macmillan, 1951).
EHFJ	Jean Pierre Marie Flourens, Éloge historique de Benjamin Delessert (Paris: Didot Frères, 1850).
EMAF	Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993).
FBRS	Bernard Fay, The Revolutionary Spirit in France and America (New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1966).
FETT	James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1956).
FFKL	Lee Kennett, The French Forces in America 1780-1783 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977).
FNE	Allan Forbes and Paul F. Cadman, France and New England, (Boston: State Street Trust, 1925), 2 vols.
FUMR	Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union, 1781-1789 (New York: Harper & Row, 1987).
GJAY	Jerome A. Greene, The Allies at Yorktown: A Bicentennial History of the Siege of 1781 (Denver: U.S. National Park Service, 1976).
GLBE	Lawrence Henry Gipson, The British Empire before the American Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1936-70), 15 vols.
GLEF	Louis R. Gottschalk, The Era of the French Revolution (1715-1815) (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929).
GLM	Deborah Norris Logan, Memoir of Dr. George Logan of Stenton, edited by Francis A. Logan (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Penn., 1899).
GLP	Frederick B. Tolles, George Logan of Philadelphia (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1953).
GUS	Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia).
GWCA	Charles H. Ambler, George Washington and the West (New York: Russell & Russell, 1971).
GWD	John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Diaries of George Washington, 1748-1799 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), 4 vols.
GWF	James Thomas Flexner, George Washington … (Boston: Little Brown, 1965-72), 4 vols.
GWFB	Bernard Fay, George Washington: Republican Aristocrat. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931).
GWFS	Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1948-1957), 7 vols.
GWKB	Bernhard Knollenberg, Washington and the Revolution. A Reappraisal (New York: Macmillan, 1940).
GWKC	Thomas A. Lewis, For King and Country (New York: HarperCollins, 1993).
GWMK	Marvin Kitman, The Making of the President 1789 (New York: Harper & Row, 1989).
GWPA	Philander D. Chase, ed., The Papers of George Washington: Revolutionary War Series (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1985-), 6 vols.
GWPB	Dorothy Twohig, ed., The Papers of George Washington: Presidential Series (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1987-), 6 vols.
GWPD	W.W. Abbot, ed. The Papers of George Washington: Colonial Series (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1983-1995), 10 vols.
GWRH	Rupert Hughes, George Washington … (New York: William Morrow, 1926-30), 3 vols.
GWW	John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931-44), 39 vols.
GWWF	Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., The Writings of George Washington (New York, London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1889-[93]), 14 vols.
GWWS	Jared Sparks, ed., The Writings of George Washington (New York, 1848), 12 vols.
HMP	Mme. Du Hausset, Mémoires de madame du Hausset, femme de chambre de madame de Pompadour, et extrait des mémoires historiques et littéraires de Bachaumont, de l’année 1762 à l’année 1782 avec avant-propos et notices, par Fs. Barrière (Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1846).
HNYJ	Thomas Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War: and of the Leading Events in the Other Colonies at That Period (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1879), 2 vols.
HP	Hewson Family Papers, American Philosophical Society.
HSKD	Sanford W. Higginbotham, The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics 1800-1816 (Harrisburg: Penn. Historical and Museum Commission, 1952).
IRPT	Thomas Pakenham, The Year of Liberty: The History of the Great Irish Rebellion of 1798 (London: Phoenix, 1992).
ITHP	Isaiah Thomas, The History of Printing in America (New York: Weathervane Books, 1970).
JAAA	L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, and Mary-Jo Kline, eds. The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762-1784 (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1975).
JABW	Walt Brown, John Adams and the American Press (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1995).
JAC	Peter Shaw, Character of John Adams (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1976).
JADA	Lyman H. Butterfield, ed., The Adams Papers: Diary and Autobiography of John Adams (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1961-1962), 4 vols.
JADR	James H. Hutson, John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky, 1980).
JAFA	Charles Francis Adams, ed., Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail Adams During the Revolution (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1875).
JAFC	L. H. Butterfield et al., eds., The Adams Papers: Adams Family Correspondence (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1963-93), 6 vols.
JAFW	Charles Francis Adams, ed., Letters of John Adams Addressed to His Wife (Boston: Little, Brown, 1841), 2 vols.
JAGG	Gilbert Chinard, Honest John Adams (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1976).
JAOF	Old Family Letters: Copied from the Originals for Alexander Biddle; Series A-B. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1892).
JAPA	Robert J. Taylor, ed., The Adams Papers: Papers of John Adams (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1977-), 8 vols.
JAPM	Adams Papers Microfilm, Massachusetts Historical Society.
JAPP	Zoltan Haraszti, John Adams and the Prophets of Progress (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1952).
JAPS	Page Smith, John Adams (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 2 vols.
JAPW	George A. Peek, Jr., ed., The Political Writings of John Adams (New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1954).
JATJ	Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters … (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1959).
JAWJ	John Wood, The Suppressed History of the Administration of John Adams (from 1797 to 1801) As Printed and Suppressed in 1802, J. H. Shelburne, ed. (Philadelphia, 1846).
JAWL	Warren-Adams Letters, Being Chiefly a Correspondence Among John Adams, Samuel Adams, and James Warren, (Boston: The Mass. Historical Society, 1917-25), 2 vols.
JAWO	Charles Francis Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams … (Boston: C. C. Little, J. Brown, 1850-1856), 10 vols.
JBZP	Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, John Beckley: Zealous Partisan in a Nation Divided (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1973).
JCC	Worthington C. Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789 (Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Print Off., 1904-37), 34 vols.
JCCS	Secret Journals of the Acts and Proceedings of Congress, from the First Meeting thereof to the Dissolution of the Confederation by the Adoption of the Constitution of the United States. (Boston: Thomas B. Wait, 1820-21), 4 vols.
JCHT	Michael Durey, “With the Hammer of Truth”: James Thomson Callender and America’s Early National Heroes (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1990).
JCHU	James Thomson Callender, The American Annual Register, or, Historical Memoirs of the United States, for the year 1796 (Philadelphia: Bioren & Madan, 1797). REDX 31,905.
JCPB	James Thomson Callender, The Prospect Before Us (Richmond: Jones, Pleasants, Lyon, 1800), 2 vols. REDX 37,083 & 37,084.
JCSH	James Thomson Callender, Sketches of the History of America (Philadelphia: Snowden & M’Corkle, 1798). REDX 33,485.
JCUS	James Thomson Callender, The History of the United States for 1796 … (Philadelphia: Snowden & McCorkle, 1797). REDX 31,906.
JDBM	Charles Campbell, ed., Some Materials to Serve for a Brief Memoir of John Daly Burk, Author of a History of Virginia (Albany, N. Y.: J. Munsell, 1868).
JHB	W. T. Baxter, The House of Hancock (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1945).
JHHA	Herbert S. Allan, John Hancock, Patriot in Purple (New York: Beechhurst Press, 1953).
JJPA	Henry P. Johnston, ed., The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay, 1763-1826 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1890-93), 4 vols.
JMAD	Gaillard Hunt and James Brown Scott, eds., The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Which Framed the Constitution … Reported by James Madison … (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1987), 2 vols.
JMAP	William T. Hutchinson and William M. E. Rachal, eds., The Papers of James Madison (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1962–), 17 vols.
JMAW	Gaillard Hunt, ed., Writings of James Madison (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900-10), 9 vols.
JMOW	Stanislaus M. Hamilton, ed., The Writings of James Monroe (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898-1903), 7 vols.
JPBL	Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1978).
JPJ	Phillips Russell, John Paul Jones: Man of Action (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1927)
JWM	Edgar S. Maclay, A.M., ed., Journal of William Maclay, United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789-1791 (New York: D. Appleton, 1890).
JWMA	William Maclay, Sketches of Debate in the First Senate of the United States in 1789-90-91 (New York: Burt Franklin, 1880).
KGFJ	Sir John Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third (1760-1783) (London: Macmillan, 1927-28), 6 vols.
KMM	Monica Mary Gardner, Kosciuszko: A Biography (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1920).
KRW	Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894).
LC	Library of Congress.
LCC	Edmund Cody Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1921-36), 8 vols.
LCCS	Paul A. Smith, ed., Letters of the Members of the Continental Congress (Washington, 1994-), 21 vols.
LFCA	Louis Gottschalk, Lafayette Comes to America (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1935).
LFGB	Louis Gottschalk, Lafayette Between the American and the French Revolutions, 1783-1789 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1950).
LFL	Louis Gottschalk, ed., The Letters of Lafayette to Washington, 1777-1799 (Philadelphia: American Phil. Society, 1976).
LFM	George Washington Lafayette, ed., Mémoires, correspondance, et manuscrits du General Lafayette, publiés par sa famille (Bruxelles: Société Belge de Librairie, 1857), 2 vols.
LFSL	Stanley J. Idzerda, ed., Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution: Selected Letters and Papers, 1776-1790 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1977), 5 vols.
LJLC	Jean-Pierre-Louis de Luchet, Les contemporains de 1789 et 1790, ou les opinions débattues pendant la première législature … (Paris: Lejay fils, 1790), 3 vols.
LP	The Lee Papers: Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1872 (New York: New York-Historical Society, 1872-75), 2 vols.
LTNA	François-Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Travels Through the United States of North America, the Country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada, in the years 1795, 1796, and 1797 … (London: R. Phillips, 1799), 2 vols.
LWSR	William Bell Clark, Lambert Wickes, Sea Raider and Diplomat (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1932).
MCA	Mathew Carey, Autobiography (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Eugene L. Schwaab, 1942).
MFBS	Frank Luther Mott, Golden Multitudes: The Story of Best Sellers in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1947).
MFDR	Frank Moore, The Diary of The Revolution [reprinted] (Hartford: J. B. Burr, 1876).
MHCC	Honore-Gabriel Mirabeau de Riquetti, Considerations on the Order of Cincinnatus To Which Are Added Several Original Papers Relative to That Institution (London, 1784).
MHS	Massachusetts Historical Society.
MJFE	John C. Miller, The Federalist Era 1789-1801 (New York: Harper & Row, 1960).
MJOR	John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston: Little, Brown, 1943).
MJSS	Joachim Merlant, Soldiers and Sailors of France in the American War for Independence (1776-1783), transl. by Mary Bushnell Coleman (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920).
MJTF	John C. Miller, Triumph of Freedom 1775-1783 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948).
MLA	Aleine Austin, Matthew Lyon, “New Man” of the Democratic Revolution, 1749-1822 (Univ. Park: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, 1981).
MRFC	Richard G. Miller, Philadelphia–The Federalist City: A Study of Urban Politics, 1789-1801 (Port Washington, N.Y: Kennikat Press, 1976).
MRPM	Richard B. Morris, The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (New York: Harper & Row, 1965).
MSOH	Samuel Eliot Morison, The Oxford History of the American People (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1965).
ND	Dudley W. Knox, ed., Naval Documents Related to the Quasi-War between the United States and France (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Off., 1935-38), 7 vols.
NDR	William Bell Clark et al., eds., Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964-), 10 vols.
NGL	George Washington Greene, The Life of Nathanael Greene (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867), 3 vols.
NJUV	Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Under Their Vine and Fig Tree: Travels Through America in 1797-1799, 1805 … transl. and ed. by Metchie J. E. Budka (Elizabeth, N.J.: Grassmann Publishing, 1965).
ODF	Our Debt to France (New York: Washington Lafayette Institution, 1926).
PAAS	Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society (Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society).
PAFC	John McMaster and Frederick Stone, eds., Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution 1787-1788 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1970), 2 vols.
PAPS	Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1838-), 100+ vols.
PDS	Cornelius William Stafford, ed., The Philadelphia Directory for 1798 (Philadelphia: William W. Woodward, 1798).
PG	Porcupine’s Gazette (Philadelphia).
PGP	Pennsylvania Gazette (Philadelphia).
PHL	William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1891), 3 vols.
PJFR	James Breck Perkins, France in the American Revolution (Williamstown, Mass.: Corner House Publishers, 1970).
PMHB	Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Penn., 1877-), 96+ vols.
PRA	The Complete Poor Richard’s Almanacks Published by Benjamin Franklin, reproduced in facsimile by Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. (Barre, Mass.: Imprint Society, 1970), 2 vols.
RARW	Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1993).
RANV	M. L’Abbé Robin, Nouveau voyage dans l’Amérique septentrionale en l’année 1781, et campagne de l’armée de M. Le Comte de Rochambeau (Philadelphia, 1782).
RDCS	Jared Sparks, ed., The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution. (Boston: N. Hale and Gray & Bowen, 1829-30), 12 vols.
RDCW	Francis Wharton, ed., The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1889), 6 vols.
REDX	Early American Imprints, First Series, 1639-1800. Evans [microform] (New York: Readex Microprint, 1983). Microfiche.
RHLL	James Curtis Ballagh, ed., The Letters of Richard Henry Lee (New York: Macmillan, 1911-14), 2 vols.
RJMP	James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1896-99), 10 vols.
RKLK	Charles R. King, ed., The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894-1900), 6 vols.
RWA	Weekly Advertiser of Reading (Berks County, Pennsylvania).
SCRT	Report of the Trial of the Hon. Samuel Chase … Before the High Court of Impeachment … (Baltimore: Samuel Butler and George Keatings, 1805).
SDAR	Daniel Sisson, The American Revolution of 1800 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974).
SDBF	Rupert Furneaux, Saratoga: The Decisive Battle (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1971).
SDOP	Donald H. Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period (Albany: State Univ. of New York Press, 1969).
SFAC	Benjamin Franklin Stevens, ed., B. F. Stevens’s Facsimilies of Manuscripts in European Archives Relating to America, 1773-1783 (London: Malby & Sons, 1889-1895), 24 portfolios.
SFP	Shaw Family Papers, Library of Congress.
SJPC	J. Paul Selsam, The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1936).
SJPF	Jeffery A. Smith, Printers and Press Freedom (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988).
SJRH	John Jay Smith, ed., Letters of Doctor Richard Hill and His Children … (Philadelphia: privately printed, 1854).
SLFR	Laura Charlotte Sheldon, France and the American Revolution 1763-1778 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Andrus & Church, 1900).
SRMG	George Richards Minot, The History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts in the Year 1786 … (Boston: James W. Burditt, 1810).
SSC	Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989).
SWHA	Helen Augur, Secret War of Independence (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1955).
SWHP	J. Thomas Scharf and Thompson Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884 (Philadelphia: L. H. Everts, 1884), 3 vols.
TCER	Jacob E. Cooke, Tench Coxe and the Early Republic (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1978).
TCPL	Dumas Malone, The Public Life of Thomas Cooper, 1793-1839 (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1926).
THRF	H. M. Tinkcom, The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania, 1790-1801 (Harrisburg, 1950).
TJAH	Claude G. Bowers, Jefferson and Hamilton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925).
TJJC	Chauncey Ford, ed., Thomas Jefferson and James Thomson Callender 1798-1802 (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Historical Printing Club, 1897).
TJJM	James Morton Smith, ed., The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Jefferson and Madison 1776-1826 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 3 vols.
TJMD	Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948-1981), 6 vols.
TJMJ	James Thacher, Military Journal During the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783 (Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1823).
TJPB	Julian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1950–), 26 vols.
TJPM	Thomas Jefferson Papers Microfilm (Library of Congress).
TJWF	Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson. Federal Edition (New York, London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904-5), 12 vols.
TJWL	Andrew A. Lipscomb and Ellery Bergh, eds., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (Washington, 1903-4), 20 vols.
TMH	Hunter Miller, ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931).
TPAD	Gerard H. Clarfield, Timothy Pickering and American Diplomacy, 1795-1800 (Columbia, Mo.: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1969).
TPHD	David Freeman Hawke, Paine (New York: Harper & Row, 1974).
TPKJ	John Keane, Tom Paine: A Political Life. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995).
TPLW	Thomas Paine, Letter to George Washington, President of the United States of America, On Affairs Public and Private (Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin Bache, 1796). REDX 30,951.
TPPM	Pickering Papers Microfilm, Massachusetts Historical Society.
TPTB	Benjamin Bussey Thatcher, ed., Traits of the Tea Party: Being A Memoir of George R. T. Hewes, One of the Last of Its Survivors (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1835).
TPW	Philip S. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York: Citadel Press, 1969), 2 vols.
TYQ	Lyon G. Tyler, ed., Tyler’s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine (Richmond, Va.: Richmond Press, 1919-1952), 33 vols.
UHRA	Jackson Turner Main, The Upper House in Revolutionary America 1763-1788 (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1967).
W&A	George Gibbs, ed., Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and John Adams (New York, 1907), 2 vols.
WBRA	Robert C. Alberts, The Golden Voyage. The Life and Times of William Bingham 1752-1804 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969).
WCED	G.D.H. Cole, ed., Letters from William Cobbett to Edward Thornton Written in the Years 1797 to 1800 (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1937).
WCPM	George Spater, William Cobbett: The Poor Man’s Friend (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge Univ. Press,1982).
WCPW	William Cobbett, Porcupine’s Works (London, 1801), 12 vols.
WCWR	Christopher Ward, The War of the Revolution (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 2 vols.
WDBF	William Duane, ed., The Works of Dr. Benjamin Franklin (Philadelphia, 1808-18), 6 vols.
WDBM	Biographical Memoire of William J. Duane (Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen, and Haffelfinger, 1868).
WDCA	Allen C. Clark, William Duane (Washington, D.C.: W. F. Roberts, 1905).
WDGE	Elizabeth Duane Gillespie, A Book of Remembrance (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1901).
WDKP	Kim Tousley Phillips, William Duane, Radical Journalist in the Age of Jefferson (New York: Garland Publishers, 1989).
WDLW	[William Duane,] A Letter to George Washington, President of the United States: Containing Strictures on his Address of the Seventeenth of Sept. 1796, Notifying his Relinquishment of the Presidential Office, by Jasper Dwight, of Vermont (Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin Bache, 1796). REDX 31,315.
WDME	Minutes of Examination, Taken in Short Notes—on the Trial of the Rioters, for a Riot and Assault on William Duane, on the 15 May, 1799—Trial 28 Apr., 1801 (Philadelphia, 1801?).
WDRP	William Duane, The Revolutionary Part, Vol. 4 (1798) of John Gifford, The History of France, from the Earliest Time Till the Death of Louis Sixteenth … and Continued from the Above Period Until the Conclusion of the Present War, by a Citizen of the United States [William Duane] (Philadelphia: Stewart & Rowson, 1796-98), 4 vols. REDX 33,796, 48,414.
WFST	Francis Wharton, ed., State Trials of the United States During the Administrations of Washington and Adams (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1849).
WLFA	Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History, 1789-1801 (New York: Free Press, 1948).
WPAE	Vincent J. Esposito, ed., The West Point Atlas of American Wars (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1959), 2 vols.
WWHJ	Edwin Wolf and Maxwell Whiteman, The History of the Jews in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1956, 1975).
YCJH	Henry P. Johnston, The Yorktown Campaign and The Surrender of Cornwallis 1781 (New York: Harper & Bros., 1881).
YF	Thomas Condie and Richard Folwell, History of the Pestilence, Commonly Called Yellow Fever, Which Almost Desolated Philadelphia, in the Months of August, September and October, 1798 (Philadelphia: Press of R. Folwell, 1798). REDX 35,335; 35,336; 36,287(#5).