A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
Adelson, Merv, xii
Aetna, 140
Ebola outbreak (2014), 170–71
proverb, 69
agriculture industry, 51, 81–82, 84, 95
Airbnb, 192
Amazon, 3, 39, 85, 103, 132, 154
American Tobacco, 91
Andreessen, Marc, 115
AngelList, 160
AOL (America Online), xiii, xiv, 2
accounting scandal (2002), 137–38
broadband and web threats, xii, 118
Case as CEO, 33–34, 38, 39–41, 56–67, 114–25
CDs, 7
CompuServe buyout offer, 59–60
credibility challenge, 72–75
culture of, 104
diversifying the business, 115–17
as dominant Internet provider, 40–41, 67, 137
first service (1985), xiii
headquarters, 31, 38, 64, 104–5, 117
importance of, 38–39
Instant Messenger, 3, 39, 116, 136
launching and rollout, 30–33
Leonsis and, 34–36
Microsoft takeover attempt, 60–66
as news platform, 39
online advertising, 67
online community, 39–41
P&G marketing concepts, 13
partnerships and, xii–xiii, 56, 62, 72–75, 86, 132, 138–39
people factor, 139–40
perseverance and, 78
pricing, 65
prominent board members, 104–5
revenue sources, 67
shopping on, 39
system down crisis (1996), 40–41
Time Warner merger, xi–xiii, 114, 116–26, 155
as transformational, xii, xiii, xiv
usage surge and problems, 66
valuation, xiii, 114, 116, 123
“You’ve got mail” recording, 31–32
AOL Greenhouse, 36–37
Apple, 2, 57, 139, 142, 150, 185, 192
AOL deal with, 73
Apple II computers, 42
App Store, 26
Case, Quantum Computers, and, 23–29
executive quote, 189
iPad, iPhone, or iPod, 3, 70–72, 85
iTunes and partnerships, 71–72
MacBook, 85
Macintosh computer, 25
self-disruption at, 85
Apple Fellow, 25
Artiphon, 94
Atlantic Records, 136
Bahl, Kunal, 177
Baltimore, Maryland, 95
Barnes & Noble, 132
BellSouth, 17–18
Bell System, 149
benefit or B corporations, 108
Berlin, Germany, 182
Bertolini, Mark, 140
Bezos, Jeff, 85
Biden, Joe, 171
Branson, Richard, 122
Brazil, 183
Buffalo, New York, 92
Buffett, Warren, 142
Burch, Tory, 155
Burks, Jewel, 96–97
Bush, George W., 118, 119, 182
cable “open access” fight, 118–19
Canadian Start-Up Visa Program, 181
Carnegie Mellon, 95
Carney, Dan and Frank, 13
Case, Dan, 9–10, 15, 34, 35, 141, 143
Case, Steve, xii–xiii
as AOL CEO, 33–34, 38, 39–41, 56–67, 114–25
AOL launch and rollout, 30–33
AOL Time Warner merger, xi–xiii, 116–42
AOL Time Warner resignation, 142
brother Dan and, 9–10, 15, 141
Case Foundation story, 109–11
chair of Jobs Council subcommittee, 156–61
chair of Startup America, 155
co-chair of NACIE, 155
college and side businesses, 10–11
digital future and, 35
first business of, Case Enterprises, 10
first computer course, 11–12
first experience with failure, 17
first startup, 15–20
Gameline and, 17
Hawaiian background of, 93
investment decisions, 92, 93–94
Jobs and the iPod, 71
marriage to Jean Case, 60
message to corporate America, 192–93
message to entrepreneurs, 189–91
message to the government, 193–94
message to the reader, 196–99
Microsoft and, 62–66
P&G brand management job, 12–13
personal statement of, 196–97
Pizza Hut position, 13–14, 185
Quantum Computer Services, 20–22
Revolution, 54, 74–75, 111, 143–44
Senate testimony, 176
thesis of, on Third Wave, 187–88
Toffler’s influence on, 1
uncertainty and career choice, 185–87
working with the government, 155–61
Case Foundation, 109–11, 171, 182
Caufield, Frank, 21
CBS, 57
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 46, 173
China, xi–xii, 91, 173, 178, 182
Christensen, Clayton M., 85
Cincinnati, Ohio, 98
Cisco Systems, 2
Clinton, Bill, 159–60
Collins, Jim, 139–40
Comcast, 140
Connors, Mike, 40
Consumer Electronics Show, Las Vegas (1983), 16–17
Control Video Corporation (CVC), 15–22, 104, 186
corporate America. See also Time Warner Inc.
benefit or B corporations, 108
Case’s message to, 192–93
conservative mind-set of, 83
culture of, 140
fostering innovation in, 84, 88, 193
internal venture funds, 87
investing in the future, 87–88
playing offense and, 87
predicted failures, 81
R&D and, 81–82
Coursera, 76
Crain, Jason, 97
Cuba, 183
DARPA, 147
Davis, Donn, 142
Dell, Michael, 155
Dell computers, 155
Diamandis, Peter, 81
Digital Cities, 36
digital industry and technology, xi, xiii, xiv, 12, 17, 35, 39, 45, 91, 109
federal government and, 150, 153–54
Kodak and, 86
Time Warner and, 119–20, 122, 129, 134, 136, 140, 142
Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI), 150
American dominance and, 165–84
challenge for Fortune 500 CEOs, 84
corporate bias toward “no” and, 83
embracing innovators to manage, 84
embracing self-disruption, 85–86
Kodak and, 86
playing offense and, 87
R&D to counter, 81
Reuters report, 80
strategy vs., 75
top companies failing by 2020, 81
world view of change and, 82–84
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, 157
Doerr, John, 156
DuPont, 86
Durham, North Carolina, 91
Earle, Steve, 144
Ebola outbreak (2014), 170–71
Edison, Thomas, 188
barriers to entry and, 70
barriers to innovation in, 50–51
Kickboard and data for, 99–100
low-cost teaching experiments, 49–50
measuring classroom success, 49
MOOCs, 75–76
New Orleans and edtech, 101
Pear Deck, 47–48
personalizing the learning process, 48
Revolution Foods and, 111–13
Teachers Pay Teachers, 48
teacher’s role and, 49
technology in the classroom, 47
venture capital and edtech, 101
virtual dashboards, 47
Edwards, Elwood, 31–32
Edwards, Karen, 31
Eisenhower, Dwight, 147
Electronic Privacy Information Center, 152
Energy Intelligence, 92
entrepreneurs, 6, 7, 9. See also Case, Steve; specific people
American dominance and, 7, 165–84
barriers to entry, 5, 70, 101–2
Case’s message to, 189–91
Case’s message to the reader, 196–99
cresting of Third Wave and, 55
crowdfunding and, 157
foreign startup communities, 182
as future-focused, 83
geographic concentration of, 90, 91, 188
geographic diversity and choice of startup locations, 91–98, 188
government and, 145–64
healthcare system and, 45
immigration and, 156, 176–79, 194
Importance of Startups in Job Creation (chart), 168
lessons of the First Wave and, 42
mind-set for, 79
new job creation and startups, 92–93
opportunity in New Orleans, 98–101
in other countries, 181–84
partnerships, 5, 69–76, 87, 101, 191
perseverance, 78–79
Pizza Hut and, 13
“the rise of the rest,” 91, 94–105
rules changing for, 7
SBA and, 150
social benefit considered by, 107, 188
Startup America, 110–11
startup money and, 83, 87, 101
tax incentives for, 175–76
Third Wave and, 5, 42–54, 68–79
three P’s for startups, 68–79
U.S. government and, 78, 146–47, 167–68, 188
U.S. government and venture capital laws, 156–61, 174–76, 194
valuation gap in startup location, 103
Washington, DC as hub, 104–5
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 152–53
Ertegun, Ahmet, 136–37
Estrin, James, 86
Etsy, 108
Everyday Health, 74
ExactTarget, 103
diversity problem, 102
“move fast and break things,” 84
Fadell, Tony, 71
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 77
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 119
First Wave, xv, 2, 5, 41, 43, 179
American dominance and, 184
edtech and, 47
lessons of, 42
startup locations, 91
technology risk of, 77
fitness trackers, 45
Fonda, Jane, xi
food, 50–55
artisan farmers, 54
barriers to entry and, 70
bee population and, 52–53
farm-to-table restaurants, 54–55
foodtech startups, 54
millennials and change, 54
obesity in America and, 112
Revolution Foods in schools, 111–13
size of the industry, 50
smart packaging, 53
smart refrigerators, 54
technology and food production, 52
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 77, 78
Fortune magazine, Global Forum, 140
Freed, Alan, 48
freelance economy, 179–81
Frost, David, 121
General Electric (GE), 56, 69, 158
GEnie, 60
R&D, 84
Germany, 173
Gerstner, Lou, 133–34
Global Center for Digital Business Transformation, 80–81
Golden, David, 143
Google, 3, 37, 39, 138–39, 154, 172, 176, 192
diversity problem, 102
search, 150
self-driving car and, 81
Gretzky, Wayne, 87
H&R Block, 59
Habitat for Humanity, 109
Haig, Al, 104
Hambrecht & Quist (H&Q), 15, 21, 35, 143
Hastings, Reed, 155
barriers to entry and, 70
biomedical R&D, 173
Case and Revolution Health, 74
disease mismanagement, 45–46
fitness trackers, 45
health data analysis, 46
medical and biotech corridor, 90
misdiagnosis and, 44
outdated systems and, 44
startups, 92
startups, locations of, 95
tracking epidemics, 46
Helsinki, Finland, 182
Hewlett-Packard (HP), 2
Holden, Christopher, 67
Horowitz, Ben, 115
hotel industry, 192
IBM, 2, 46, 57–58, 69, 73, 92, 133
Idea Village, 101
Immelt, Jeff, 158
Canadian Start-Up Visa Program, 181
H-1B visa program, 177–78
Startup Visa program proposal, 178
Case Foundation story, 109–11
convergence and, 113
National Advisory Board, 111
Revolution Foods, 111–13
rise of, 107–9
size of, 113
Snapdeal and, 177
Indiegogo, 157
Innovators, The (Isaacson), xiii
Innovator’s Dilemma, The (Christensen), 85
Instacart, 179
Intel Corporation, 150
Internet. See also First Wave; Second Wave; Third Wave
AOL’s importance to, 38–39
broadband, 118
cybersecurity and, 151–52
democratization of, xiv
early connection costs, 2
early use, 2–3
“the eternal September,” xiv
global connectivity, 3
Gore and, xiv
government role in, 149–52
net neutrality rules, 119
percentage of Americans online (1985), xiii
public access to, xiv
regulation of, 159–60
service providers, xiv
social networks, xiii
worth of economic activity, 149–50
Internet of Everything, 5, 43, 187–88, 191
Internet of Things, 151–52, 168–69
Isaacson, Walter, xi–xv, 62, 70
Ive, Jonathan, 71
Jobs, Steve, 24, 70–72, 85, 142
John Deere, 82
Johnson, Earvin “Magic,” 155
Johnson & Johnson, 81
Joswiak, Greg, 70
Kaeser, Joe, 140
Kartsotis, Tom, 94
Kauffman Foundation, 92, 111, 176
Kay, Alan, 25
Kenney, Jason, 181
Kenya, 183
Kesmai, 67
Khan Academy, 49
Kickboard, 99–100
Kimsey, Jim, 20–21, 27–29, 33, 38, 59
Klain, Ron, 171
Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (KPCB), 21, 156
Kobie, Nicole, 52–53
Kodak, 86
Kullman, Ellen, 86
Levin, Jerry, xii, 120–22, 129–30, 131, 132, 133, 141
Logan, Don, 134–35
as top city for crowdfunding, 182
Luce, Henry, 117
MacHugh, Will, 53
Malone, John, 64
Mandela, Nelson, 198
Marx, Groucho, 165–66
Massachusetts, 90
McKinsey report on pro-innovation policies, 156
Medbery, Jen, 99–100
acquisitions of competitors, 62–64
AOL acquisition try, 60–66
millennial generation, 54, 107–8
Mitchell, Kate, 160
mobile apps, 3, 4, 43, 69–70, 95
mobile devices, 3
Monsanto, 84
MOOCs (massive open online courses), 75–76
Mossberg, Walt, 37
Motley Fool, The, 36
Moviefone, 36
MP3 players, 70
NASA, 173
National Advisory Council on Innovation & Entrepreneurship (NACIE), 155
National Institutes of Health, 173
National Science Foundation, 173
Netflix, 155
Netscape, 114–15
New Line Cinema, 128
New Orleans, Louisiana, 90, 98–101
Hurricane Katrina and, 98–99
startups in, statistics, 101
New York City, 98
New York State, 90
Nigeria, 183
Nixon, Richard M., 170
Nooyi, Indra, 85–86
Obama, Barack, 153, 155–56, 160
Ebola outbreak (2014) and, 170–71
“Obama’s stealth startup,” 153
online gaming, 16–18
online music industry, 70–72
Page, Larry, 150
Park, Todd, 154
partnerships, 5
African proverb and, 69
AOL and, xii–xiii, 56, 62, 72–75
bolstering the internal team, 73–74
Catch-22 for, 75
credibility challenge and, 72–76
Second Wave and, 75
for the Third Wave, 69–76, 191, 193
Partpic, 96–97
Patagonia, 108
Pathfinder, 122
PayPal, 79
Pear Deck, 47–48
PepsiCo, 85–86
perseverance, 78–79
Pfund, Nancy, 112–13
Picasso, Pablo, 70
Pittman, Bob, 131–32
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 95
Pixar, 142
PlanetOut, 36–37
Plank, Kevin, 155
regulated industries and, 76–77
POP Biotechnologies, 92
Powell, Colin, 104–5
PowerUP, 109
President’s Council on Jobs and Competiveness (Jobs Council), 155–61
Procter & Gamble (P&G), 12–13
Qualcomm, 150
Quantum Computer Services, 20–26
AOL launch and rollout, 30–33
Apple partnership, 23–29
Commodore and, 22–23
idea for Internet portal, 28–29, 30
launching of, 22
R&D, 84
government-funded, 147, 172–74
Kullman force-out and, 86
managing disruption and, 81
100 Award, 147
Raines, Frank, 104
Ravikant, Naval, 160
Reddit, xiii
Redgate Communications, 34–36
Revolution, 54, 111, 143–44, 171
Revolution Foods, 111–13
Revolution Health, 74–75
“Revolution Starts Now, The” (Earle), 144
Richmond, Kristin Groos, 111–12
“rise of the rest,” 94–105, 194
challenges for, 102–5
diversity of opportunity and, 101–2
industry-specific expertise and, 95–98
pitch competition, Atlanta, 96
startup location diversity, 91–98, 188
valuation gap in startup location, 103
venture capital and, 93–98, 103
Roberts, Brian, 140
robotics technology, 95
Roosevelt, Theodore, 53
“man in the arena” speech, 198–99
Ross, Steve, 117
Rotenberg, Marc, 152
Salesforce, 103
Samuelsohn, Darren, 168–69
Sandberg, Sheryl, 156
San Francisco, California, 98
Sarbanes-Oxley legislation, 157
Sasson, Steven, 86
Savage, Tige, 143
Schiller, Phil, 71
Sears, 57
Second Wave, xv, 3–4, 42, 87, 179
American dominance and, 184
apps and success in, 69–70
characteristics of, 43
dorm-inspired apps, 5
edtech and, 47
location of entrepreneurs and, 91, 95
market risk of, 77
partnerships not needed, 75
peaking of, 43
success stories, 96
technology focus of, 95
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 77, 175
self-driving car, 76, 81–82, 190
Seriff, Marc, 15–16, 20, 21, 27, 29, 33
Shackleton, Ernest, 186
Shazam, 97
Shinola, 94
Shockley, William, 104
Silicon Valley, 6, 15, 43, 90, 95, 105, 114–15, 186, 188
culture of innovation, 43
Cupertino, Case, and Apple, 23–26
diversity problem, 102
foreign-born company founders, 176
government and, 150–51
relationship with the federal government, 163–64, 194–95
start of tech in, 104
Small Business Administration (SBA), 150
Smalltalk programming language, 25
Smith, Clive, 19–20
Smith, Fred, 155
Smith, Megan, 37
Smithsonian’s American History Museum, Places of Invention, 105
Snapdeal, 177
Social Impact Investment Taskforce, 108
Solow, Robert, 174
Source, The, 15
South by Southwest (SXSW) conference (2014), 111, 112
Soylent, 51
Special Olympics, 109
Sperling, Gene, 159
startups. See entrepreneurs
Stockholm, 182
Sun Microsystems, 2
SUNY at Buffalo, 92
Surowiecki, James, 178
Sweetgreen, 54
Tandy, 73
TCI (Tele-Communications Inc.), 64
Teachers Pay Teachers, 48
telecommunications, 15, 149, 196
Tesla, 176
Thalberg, Irving, 165
Thiel, Peter, 163
Third Wave, xv, 4–5, 42–55, 68–79
adaptability and, 78–79
American dominance and, 165–84
assets for, 87
barriers to entry and, 5, 42, 70
Case’s thesis, 187–88
companies, new regional areas, 91–94
cresting of, 55
finance industry and, 70
future scenario, 89–90
government and, 146–47, 151–72, 188
impact investing, 106–13
infrastructure for, 42
Internet of Everything, 5, 43, 187–88
mantra for, 47
millennial generation and, 54, 107–8
partnerships and, 69–76, 87, 191, 193
perseverance and, 78–79
policy risk, 78
regulated industries of, 76–77, 191
“the rise of the rest” and, 94–105
single greatest startup challenge, 72
startups superstars for, 68–69
success stories, 96
as tech-enabled not tech-centric, 95
transformative economic value, 101–2, 113
transportation and, 70
who will win in, 79
Third Wave, The (Toffler), 1, 7, 12
“news tour” to China (199), xi
partnership with AOL for online content, xii–xiii
Time Warner
acquisitions, 117–18
AOL merger, xii–xiii, 114, 116–42, 155
board of directors, 135–36, 140–41
dot-com bubble and, 127
formation of, 117
Internet and, 62, 121–22, 134–35
revenues and profits, 118
Time Warner Cable, 120, 128, 130, 134, 136
Time Warner Ventures, 143
Tobey, Kirsten Saenz, 111–12
Towers Watson, 74
transportation, 190
barriers to entry and, 70
self-driving car, 76, 81–82, 190
supersonic Hyperloop, 190
Third Wave and, 5
U.S. Department of Transportation as Third Wave customer and, 153
Turner, Ted, xi, 118, 122, 129
Turner Broadcasting System (TBS), 118, 119–20, 128, 129
23andMe, 78
Under Armour, 155
United Kingdom, 182
UPS, 84
U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), Third Wave integration and, 153
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), 153
US Digital Service (USDS), 153–54
U.S. government, 145–64
agencies and the digital age, 153–54
American dominance and, 165–84
Case and how to work with the government, 155–61
Case’s message to, 193–94
as customer, 152–54
cybersecurity and, 151–52
DARPA, 147
data, regulation of, 151
Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI), 150
entrepreneurial environment and, 146–47, 167–68, 188
getting in front of the Third Wave, 168–72
immigration laws, 156, 176–79, 194
as innovator, 147–51
Internet regulations, 159–60
new rules for a new era and, 179–81
reforming Senate confirmation and vetting process, 170–71
regulated industries, 76–77, 191
regulatory function, 151
Silicon Valley and, 163–64, 194–95
size of the cabinet and, 170
startups vs. small businesses and, 167–68
Telecommunications Act (1996), 149
Third Wave czar proposed, 172
Uber and, 161–63
venture capital laws, 156–61, 174–76, 194
venture capital, 83. See also impact investing
Case’s decisions in, 92, 93–94
Case’s largest check, 94
corporate funding of entrepreneurs, 87
edtech and, 101
federal regulations and, 156–61, 174–76, 194
focus on return, 106
geographic concentration of, 90
geographic diversity of, 93–98
internal venture funds, 87
rise-of-the-rest pitch competition, 96–97
seeking biggest idea, 83
valuation gap in startup location, 103
West Bank and, 182
video games, 16–17
Virgin Group, 122
von Meister, Bill, 15–16, 72, 104, 186
Wall Street Journal (WSJ)
AOL review by Mossberg, 37–38
AOL’s IPO and, 34
AOL Time Warner merger story, 128
Warby Parker, 108
Warner, Mark, 180
Warner Brothers, 118, 119, 128
Warner Communications, 16, 117
Warner Music, 16, 118, 128, 136
Washington Post
negative stories on AOL, 137
“Unconventional Transactions Boosted Sales,” 137
Waze, 4
Wharton School, report on impact funds, 109
WhatsApp, 116
“What Washington Really Knows About the Internet of Things” (Samuelsohn), 168–69
Wheeler, Tom, 119
Whitman, Meg, 117
Wiggins, Betti, 112
Williams, Tennessee, 98
Williamson, Tim, 101
Xerox PARC, 25
XPRIZE, 81
YouTube, 39
Zakaria, Fareed, 91
Zappos, 103