NOTES

INTRODUCTION: THE CULTURE WARS CYCLE

      1.  “Kill the Ground Zero Mosque TV Ad,” YouTube video, posted by “NRTPac,” July 2, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjGJPPRD3u0.

      2.  Some have suggested that America’s culture wars are a not-so-useful fiction. Are conservatives really from Mars and liberals from Venus? Or are the so-called culture wars an artificial by-product of the machinations of politicians, special interest groups, and cable television networks that stand to benefit from angry partisanship? In What’s the Matter with Kansas? (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004), journalist Thomas Frank argued that the contemporary culture wars are economic wars in drag, cynical tactics used by Republican politicians in order to con heartland conservatives into voting against their economic interests. No one is surprised to learn of the existence of cynical politicians, but culture wars should not be reduced to proxies for something else. Human beings are motivated by fear and greed, but they are also motivated by moral convictions and theological beliefs. No subterfuge is required, especially in the United States, to create a constituency that frets more about abortion rates than about tax rates. Another strident denial comes from sociologist Alan Wolfe, who insists that most Americans are noncombatants in the culture wars, political and cultural moderates happy to split the difference between liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans. “We are not a nation of zealots determined to make enemies of each other,” Wolfe argues. We are “one nation, after all.” Echoing Wolfe, political scientist Morris Fiorina writes that “splitting the difference is the American way.” Elites may fight over abortion, guns, and the flag, but most Americans, when faced with the polarized positions of politicians and pundits, search for common ground. The culture wars are a “myth,” he says. “There is no culture war in the United States—no battle for the soul of America rages.” See Wolfe in James Davison Hunter and Alan Wolfe, Is There a Culture War?: A Dialogue on Values and American Public Life (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2006), 71; Alan Wolfe, One Nation, After All (New York: Viking, 1998); Morris P. Fiorina in Is There a Culture War?, by Hunter and Wolfe, 84; and Morris P. Fiorina, Samuel J. Abrams, and Jeremy C. Pope, Culture War?: The Myth of a Polarized America, 2nd ed. (New York: Pearson, 2006), 8. Culture war deniers do have a point. Ordinary Americans are not as bitterly divided as talking heads on FOX News and MSNBC. But this does not make the culture wars mythic. It just means that they are more likely to manifest on television sets than over dinner tables. Wolfe and Fiorina concede that partisanship and polarization characterize public debates. And since their books appeared a decade or so ago, political polarization has increased, including in the general population. See Drew DeSilver, “Partisan Polarization, in Congress and Among Public, Is Greater than Ever,” Pew Research Center, July 17, 2013, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/07/17/partisan-polarization-in-congress-and-among-public-is-greater-than-ever/.

      3.  Pew Research Center, “Political Polarization in the American Public,” June 12, 2014, http://www.people-press.org/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/.

      4.  Catalina Camia, “Texas GOP Congressman Compares Obama to Hitler,” USA Today, January 13, 2015, http://onpolitics.usatoday.com/2015/01/13/obama-hitler-randy-weber-twitter/; and Taylor Wofford, “Giuliani, Cruz Criticize Obama Over Islamic Extremism Remarks,” Newsweek, February 19, 2015, http://www.newsweek.com/giuliani-cruz-criticize-obama-over-islamic-extremism-remarks-308004.

      5.  Rebecca Riffkin, “Public Faith in Congress Falls Again, Hits Historic Low,” Gallup, June 19, 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/171710/public-faith-congress-falls-again-hits-historic-low.aspx; Public Policy Polling, “Congress Less Popular than Cockroaches, Traffic Jams,” January 8, 2013, http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2013/01/congress-less-popular-than-cockroaches-traffic-jams.html.

      6.  Rebecca Bratek, “Smartphone App Reveals the Politics in Your Shopping Cart,” Los Angeles Times, August 25, 2014, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-buy-partisan-20140825-story.html.

      7.  “Our Cold Civil War Intensifies,” The Dish (blog), June 12, 2014, http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2014/06/12/our-cold-civil-war-intensifies.

      8.  “Mayor Bloomberg Discusses the Landmarks Preservation Commission Vote on 45–47 Park Place,” August 3, 2010, City of New York website, http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/337-10/mayor-bloomberg-the-landmarks-preservation-commission-vote-45-47-park-place#/5.

      9.  Connecticut Courant, August 18, 1800, quoted in Jefferson’s Second Revolution: The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism, by Susan Dunn (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 148. Virtually all books on the culture wars trace them to either the 1960s or the 1970s. The 1960s are the key decade in All in the Family: The Realignment of American Democracy Since the 1960s, by Robert O. Self (New York: Hill and Wang, 2012); James Livingston, The World Turned Inside Out: American Thought and Culture at the End of the 20th Century (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009); and Andrew Hartman, A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2015). David T. Courtwright’s political history of the culture wars, No Right Turn: Conservative Politics in a Liberal Era (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2010), gets going in the late 1960s. The 1970s are emphasized in Age of Fracture, by Daniel T. Rodgers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2011). In God’s Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2010), Daniel K. Williams pushes the start of this story back to the 1920s, but even his book focuses almost entirely on events of the last half century.

    10.  Horace M. Kallen, “Democracy Versus the Melting-Pot,” The Nation, February 25, 1915, 220.

    11.  Bruce Chadwick, George Washington’s War: The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency (Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2004), 101.

    12.  James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991); and “Patrick Joseph Buchanan, ‘Culture War Speech: Address to the Republican National Convention,’ August 17, 1992,” Voices of Democracy, http://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/buchanan-culture-war-speech-speech-text/. Before Hunter translated the German term “Kulturkampf” into American English, others had found parallels between America’s clash of civilizations and the values war that Chancellor Otto von Bismarck waged in 1870s Germany against Jewish and Catholic minorities. In April 1990, amid a controversy over homosexuality, religion, and the arts, Rep. Henry Hyde (R-IL) wrote in a National Review cover story that “America is, in truth, involved in a Kulturkampf—a culture war, a war between cultures and a war about the very meaning of ‘culture.’” He defined this war in moral terms, as a “struggle between those who believe that the norms of ‘bourgeois morality’ (which is drawn in the main from classic Jewish and Christian morality) should form the ethical basis of our common life, and those who are determined that these norms will be replaced with a radical and thoroughgoing moral relativism” (Henry J. Hyde, “The Culture War,” National Review, April 30, 1990, 25). Later that year, Rep. Robert Dornan (R-CA) spoke of a “culture war” that extended “from flag burning to abortion to capital punishment to public funding for the arts.” He, too, saw this as a moral struggle with obvious good guys and bad guys: “On the one side are the moral relativists, whose philosophy can be summed up with the credo ‘If it feels good do it.’ On the other side are those who find their moral direction in the Judeo-Christian tradition” (Culture Wars: Documents from the Recent Controversies in the Arts, ed. Richard Bolton [New York: New Press, 1992], 268). According to Courtwright’s No Right Turn, the earliest appearance of this term may well have come in a 1970 memo from Daniel Moynihan to President Nixon, which laments the “collapse of traditional values” and describes a deep-seated conflict between “adversary culture” (6) and the “silent majority” (4). “Do not doubt,” Moynihan wrote, “that there is a struggle going on in this country of the kind the Germans used to call a Kulturkampf” (Daniel P. Moynihan, “Memorandum for the President,” November 13, 1970, Nixon Presidential Library & Museum, http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/releases/jun09/111370_Moynihan.pdf).

    13.  Ronald Reagan’s public letter, “Primary Resources: Alzheimer’s Letter,” November 5, 1994, American Experience, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/reagan-alzheimers/.

    14.  See Diana Lobel, The Quest for God and the Good: World Philosophy as a Living Experience (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2011).

    15.  In Culture Wars, Hunter argued that the key fault line in American public life ran not between competing economic theories, political parties, or religious denominations but between “competing moral visions.” On one side were the “orthodox” for whom moral authority was unchanging, transcendent, and external to the self (in scripture or natural law). On the other side were “progressives” for whom moral authority was malleable, earthbound, derived from personal experience, and accountable to scientific advances (43–45). This moral divide may characterize the contemporary culture wars, but moral relativism is a modern invention. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries both sides in America’s cultural conflicts were advanced by moral absolutists. And though there were challenges to traditional moral norms in the Roaring Twenties, moral relativism itself was still waiting to be born.

    16.  George M. Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1991), 1.

    17.  Susan Jacoby, Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism (New York: Metropolitan, 2004), 185.

    18.  See Alan Brinkley, “Liberalism’s Third Crisis,” American Prospect, December 19, 2001, http://prospect.org/article/liberalisms-third-crisis.

    19.  “From Thomas Jefferson to Abigail Adams, 22 February 1787,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-11-02-0182.

    20.  “Letters to John Taylor (1814),” Federalist Papers Project, http://www.thefederalistpapers.org/founders/john-adams.

    21.  Hartman, A War for the Soul of America, 37.

    22.  Lars Walker, “Comments on ‘Endowed by Their DNA with Certain Inalienable Rights,’” Brandywine Books, June 18, 2012, http://brandywinebooks.net/bloo.discussion.popup.php?post_id=4931. In The World Turned Inside Out, Livingston sees left-leaning academics leading an assault on white, male privilege in the Ivory Tower in the eighties and nineties: “They started the skirmishes that became the culture wars” (30). Evangelical blogger Tom Gilson echoes Walker on same-sex marriage: “A legal and social assault has indeed been launched. But we didn’t launch it: they did. They’re the ones attacking historic laws, customs, and morality. They speak as if we’re the aggressors, when in reality they are. We’ve had to take up a defensive position, to protect an institution as old as recorded history. We didn’t pick this fight, the other side did” (Tom Gilson, “Gay Rights Distortions and Aggression,” Thinking Christian, May 30, 2010, http://www.thinkingchristian.net/posts/2010/05/gay-rights-distortions-and-aggression/).

    23.  Corey Robin, The Reactionary Mind (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011), 21.

    24.  Robin, The Reactionary Mind, 38.

    25.  I am indebted here to Corey Robin. Conservatism, he argues, is “a meditation on—and theoretical rendition of—the felt experience of having power, seeing it threatened, and trying to win it back” (The Reactionary Mind, 4).

    26.  I am grateful to historian Molly Worthen for allowing me to look at an early draft of her Apostles of Reason: The Crisis of Authority in American Evangelicalism (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2013), which pushed me to think more deeply about anxiety and the culture wars.

    27.  Pew Research Center, “The Global Divide on Homosexuality,” June 4, 2013, http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/. Although the United States finished to the right of Canada (80 percent) and Australia (79 percent), it finished far to the left of China (22 percent), Russia (16 percent), and all the African and Middle Eastern countries surveyed.

    28.  Andrew Sullivan, The Conservative Soul: How We Lost It, How to Get It Back (New York: Harper, 2006), 9.

    29.  William James, The Principles of Psychology (New York: Henry Holt, 1890), 1:488.

    30.  David Brooks, “The Next Culture War,” New York Times, June 30, 2015, A23, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/opinion/david-brooks-the-next-culture-war.html. Brooks called the contemporary culture wars a “communications disaster, reducing a rich, complex and beautiful faith into a public obsession with sex.”

    31.  “MSNBC’s Toure: Islamophobia Has Become an ‘Acceptable Racism’ with Some Liberals,” Real Clear Politics video, posted by Ian Schwartz on October 13, 2014, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2014/10/13/msnbcs_toure_islamophobia_has_become_an_acceptable_racism_with_some_liberals.html.

CHAPTER 1: THE JEFFERSON WARS

      1.  Allen West, “Obama Revealed His True Colors at Prayer Breakfast, and True Ignorance of History,” AllenBWest.com, February 6, 2015, http://allenbwest.com/2015/02/obama-revealed-true-colors-prayer-breakfast-true-ignorance-history/.

      2.  James M. Banner Jr., To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815 (New York: Knopf, 1970), 4.

      3.  “To the Public,” Gazette of the United States, January 10, 1801, reprinted in Columbian Centinel, January 21, 1801, in Jefferson and His Time, by Dumas Malone (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1970), 5.

      4.  Bruce Chadwick, George Washington’s War: The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency (Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2004), 101.

      5.  Jefferson to Dr. Jones, March 5, 1810, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. H. A. Washington (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1859), 5:510.

      6.  Washington to Jefferson, August 23, 1792, in The Writings of George Washington, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford, vol. 12, 1790–1794 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1891), 174.

      7.  Washington to Hamilton, August 26, 1792, in The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, ed. Harold Coffin Syrett (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1967), 11:276–77.

      8.  “First Inaugural Address of George Washington,” April 30, 1789, Avalon Project, Yale Law School website, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/wash1.asp.

      9.  John Ferling, Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004), 57.

    10.  Washington to Burgess Ball, September 25, 1794, in George Washington: A Collection, ed. William B. Allen (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1988), 597.

    11.  “Washington’s Farewell Address 1796,” Avalon Project, Yale Law School website, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp.

    12.  Jefferson to William Duane, March 28, 1811, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 13:30. On the Gothic rhetoric, see Rachel Hope Cleves, The Reign of Terror in America: Visions of Violence from Anti-Jacobinism to Antislavery (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009).

    13.  Susan Dunn, Jefferson’s Second Revolution: The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 103.

    14.  “An Observer,” writing in the Gazette of the United States, August 5, 1800, reprinted in Arthur Mervyn; or, Memoirs of the Year 1793, with Related Texts, by Charles Brockden Brown, eds. Philip Barnard and Stephen Shapiro (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2008), 415; and “Aurora, Friday, April 27, 1798,” in American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns; The Suppressed History of Our Nation’s Beginnings and the Heroic Newspaper That Tried to Report It, by Richard N. Rosenfeld (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 94.

    15.  “Mail Routes,” Niles’ Weekly Register, October 6, 1832, 43:83.

    16.  Jefferson to John Adams, June 27, 1813, in Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph (Charlottesville, VA: F. Carr, 1829), 3:202.

    17.  “‘Democrats’ and ‘Federalists,’” Niles’ Weekly Register, October 13, 1832, 43:97.

    18.  Aurora, December 23, 1796, quoted in Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy, by Marcus Leonard Daniel (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), 109.

    19.  Aurora, March 6, 1797, quoted in American Press Opinion, ed. Allan Nevins (Boston and New York: D. C. Heath, 1928), 21–22.

    20.  Porcupine’s Gazette, March 17, 1798, quoted in Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism, by Eric Burns (New York: PublicAffairs, 2006), 341–42.

    21.  Aurora, June 27, 1798, quoted in The Supreme Court in United States History, by Charles Warren (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1922), 1.434.

    22.  Jefferson to Abigail Smith Adams, February 22, 1787, in The Adams-Jefferson Letters, ed. Lester J. Cappon (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1959), 1:173. According to one historian, “The Federalists may have been the only major party in American history forthrightly to proclaim democracy and freedom dangerous in the hands of ordinary citizens.” See Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty! An American History, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 284.

    23.  Jefferson to Philip Mazzei, April 24, 1796, “The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,” Princeton University website, https://jeffersonpapers.princeton.edu/selected-documents/thomas-jefferson-philip-mazzei-0.

    24.  See John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity,” in The American Bible: How Our Words Unite, Divide, and Define a Nation, by Stephen Prothero (New York: HarperOne, 2012), 34–51; and Nathan Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 1977).

    25.  Harper to his constituents, January 5, 1797, in “Papers of James A. Bayard, 1796–1815,” in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1913, ed. Elizabeth Donnan (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1915), 2:25.

    26.  Thomas Paine, Common Sense, Rights of Man, and Other Essential Writings of Thomas Paine (New York: New American Library, 2003), 353.

    27.  “From a Correspondent in Connecticut,” “Remarks on the Aurora, No. I,” in Minerva & Mercantile Evening Advertiser, September 3, 1796, quoted in The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race and the New Republic, eds. James Horn, Jan Ellen Lewis, and Peter S. Onuf (Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press, 2002), 178.

    28.  Jeffrey L. Pasley, The First Presidential Contest: 1796 and the Founding of American Democracy (Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 2013), 10.

    29.  Timothy Dwight, The Duty of Americans, at the Present Crisis (New Haven, CT: Thomas and Samuel Green, 1798), 20–21.

    30.  Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, May 17, 1898, in The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, by Sarah N. Randolph (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1871), 249.

    31.  William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1891), 2:610.

    32.  Edward J. Larson, A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign (New York: Free Press, 2007), 48.

    33.  Oliver Wolcott Jr. to “Mrs. Wilcott,” in Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and John Adams, Edited from the Papers of Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury, ed. George Gibbs (New York: 1846), 2:377–78.

    34.  Books on this election include Dunn, Jefferson’s Second Revolution; Ferling, Adams vs. Jefferson; Horn, Lewis, and Onuf, The Revolution of 1800, 178; Edward J. Larson, A Magnificent Catastrophe; and Bernard Weisberger, America Afire: Jefferson, Adams, and the Revolutionary Election of 1800 (New York: William Morrow, 2000). Articles include Frank Lambert, “‘God—and a Religious President . . . [or] Thomas Jefferson and No God’: Campaigning for a Voter-Imposed Religious Test in 1800,” Journal of Church and State 39 (1997): 769–89; Charles O. Lerche Jr., “Thomas Jefferson and the Election of 1800: A Case Study in the Political Smear,” William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser., 5, no. 4, (1948): 467–91; Charles F. O’Brien, “The Religious Issue in the Presidential Campaign of 1800,” Essex Institute Historical Collections 107 (1971): 82–93; and Constance B. Schultz, “‘Of Bigotry in Politics and Religion’: Thomas Jefferson’s Religion, the Federalist Press, and the Syllabus,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 91 (1983): 73–91.

    35.  Gazette of the United States, November 12, 1798, quoted in American Aurora, Rosenfeld, 536.

    36.  George Washington, The Writings of George Washington, ed. Jared Sparks (Boston: Russell, Shattuck, and Williams, 1836), 11:44.

    37.  Edward Livingston, “Speech on the Alien Bill,” in American Eloquence: A Collection of Speeches and Addresses, by the Most Eminent Orators of America, by Frank Moore (New York: D. Appleton, 1857), 2:224. In this speech, delivered in the House of Representatives on June 19, 1798, Livingston invoked the biblical story of the binding of Isaac in an effort to impel his colleagues to reject this bill: “Our mistaken zeal, like the patriarch of old, has bound one victim; it lies at the foot of the altar; a sacrifice of the first born offspring of freedom is proposed by those who gave it birth. The hand is already raised to strike, and nothing, I fear, but the voice of heaven, can arrest the impious blow.” No such voice was heard. The bill passed on June 25, 1798.

    38.  John Ward Fenno, Desultory Reflections on New Political Aspects of Public Affairs in the United States of America, Since the Commencement of the Year 1799 (New York printed, Philadelphia reprinted: R. T. Rawle, 1800), 6.

    39.  Fisher Ames, Works of Fisher Ames (Boston: T. B. Wait & Co., 1809), 96–97.

    40.  Connecticut Courant, September 29, 1800, 1, quoted in Conceived in Doubt: Religion and Politics in the New American Nation, by Amanda Porterfield (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2012), 4.

    41.  Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., February 2, 1800, and Jefferson to John Taylor, June 4, 1798, in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Barbara B. Oberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2004), 30:387–90; 31:357–359.

    42.  Alexander Hamilton to Theodore Sedgwick, May 4, 1800, in “Creating the Bill of Rights: Federalists Fear ‘Fangs of Jefferson,’” Library of Congress website, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/election-of-1800.html#obj7; and Aurora, December 16, 1800, quoted in American Aurora, Rosenfeld, 890.

    43.  Daily Advertiser, April 28, 1800, quoted in A Magnificent Catastrophe, Larson, 93.

    44.  Oliver Wolcott to Alexander Hamilton, October 2, 1800, in Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and John Adams, Edited from the Papers of Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury, ed. George Gibbs (New York: 1846), 2:431.

    45.  Connecticut Courant, September 20, 1800, in The Revolutionary Era Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800, ed. Carol Sue Humphrey (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003), 339.

    46.  Alexander Hamilton, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq., President of the United States, Written in 1800 (Boston: E. G. House, 1809), 10, 18.

    47.  Adams to Benjamin Rush, January 25, 1806, in Old Family Letters: Copied from the Originals for Alexander Biddle (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1892), A.92; and Adams quoted in “Enclosure: James McHenry to John Adams, 31 May 1800,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-24-02-0469-0003.

    48.  Callender quoted in A Magnificent Catastrophe, Larson, 134; and in Jefferson’s Second Revolution, Dunn, 169. For such outbursts, Callender was convicted under the Alien and Sedition Acts and sentenced to nine months in jail.

    49.  Hamilton to James Bayard, December 27, 1800, in The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, ed. Harold Coffin Syrett (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1977), 25:277.

    50.  Independent Chronicle, June 26–30, 1800, quoted in A Magnificent Catastrophe, Larson, 175; and John Wood, The History of the Administration of John Adams, Esq., Late President of the United States (New York: 1802), 261.

    51.  William Linn, Serious Considerations on the Election of a President: Addressed to the Citizens of the United States (New York: John Furman, 1800), 32.

    52.  Lerche, “Thomas Jefferson and the Election of 1800,” 487.

    53.  Robert M. S. McDonald, “Was There a Religious Revolution of 1800?” in The Revolution of 1800, Horn, Lewis, and Onuf, 180. On the post-election gossip, see Elise Lemire, “Miscegenation”: Making Race in America (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 11–34. For the broader question of the relationship between Jefferson and Hemings, see the extensive bibliography included in “Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account,” Monticello.org, http://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-brief-account#bibliography. This story was pursued particularly vigorously by Callender, who first named names in a piece in the Richmond Recorder on September 1, 1802. Soon Jefferson was being depicted in political attack ads as “A Philosophic Cock” strutting after a swarthy hen (illustration, Library of Congress website, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/images/vc140.jpg).

    54.  Encyclopedia Virginia, “Primary Resource: Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Ezra Stiles Ely (June 25, 1819),” Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Letter_from_Thomas_Jefferson_to_Ezra_Styles_June_25_1819. In an April 21, 1803, letter to Benjamin Rush, Jefferson wrote, “I am a Christian, in the only sense in which [Jesus] wished any one to be; sincerely attached to his doctrines, in preference to all others; ascribing to himself every human excellence; and believing he never claimed any other” (Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford [Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1903], 10:380).

    55.  Theophilus Parsons to John Jay, May 5, 1800, in The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay, ed. Henry P. Johnson (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1893), 4:270.

    56.  No one seems to know, the Connecticut Courant complained on August 18, 1800, “whether Mr. Jefferson believes in the heathen mythology or, in the alcoran [Quran]; whether he is a Jew or a Christian; whether he believes in one God, or in many; or in none at all” (quoted in Jefferson’s Second Revolution, Dunn, 148).

    57.  Linn, Serious Considerations, 4, 20, 28. The other voices are Mr. Caldwell and Mr. Lancaster, quoted in The Debates, Resolutions, and Other Proceedings, in Convention, on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, as Recommended by the General Convention at Philadelphia, on the 17th of September, 1787, ed. Jonathan Elliot (Washington: Jonathan Elliot, 1830), 3:176, 188. See also “God—and a Religious President,” Frank Lambert, which includes a thoughtful interpretation of the election of 1800 as a return to this contentious constitutional debate over the religion test.

    58.  Anonymous, The Providential Detection, illustration, Library of Congress website, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/images/vc136.jpg.

    59.  Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, February 2, 1800, in The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 9:111; Hamilton to John Jay, May 7, 1800, in The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, ed. Harold C. Syrett (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1976), 24:465.

    60.  Paine to Samuel Adams, January 1, 1803, in his The Theological Works of Thomas Paine (London: R. Carlile, 1824), 307; and John M. Mason, The Voice of Warning, to Christians, on the Ensuing Election of a President of the United States (New York: John M. Mason, 1800), 8, 27.

    61.  Gazette of the United States, September 10, 1800, quoted in “Was There a Religious Revolution of 1800?” by Robert M. S. McDonald, in The Revolution of 1800, Horn, Lewis, and Onuf, 182.

    62.  Jedediah Morse, A Sermon, Exhibiting the Present Dangers, and Consequent Duties of the Citizens of the United States of America (Charlestown, MA: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), 31, 16–17.

    63.  Philadelphia Gazette, September 5, 1800, quoted in “Forgery: A Prop for Parson Abercrombie,” Aurora, September 10, 1800, in American Aurora, Rosenfeld, 847.

    64.  Jefferson’s writings on religion include “Syllabus of an Estimate on the Merit of the Doctrines of Jesus, Compared with Those of Others” (1803) and two cut-and-paste versions of the New Testament: “The Philosophy of Jesus of Nazareth” (1804) and “The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth” (1819 or 1820). For thorough discussions of these documents, see Thomas Jefferson, Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospels: “The Philosophy of Jesus” and “The Life and Morals of Jesus,” ed. Dickinson W. Adams (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1983); and “Thomas Jefferson’s Bible” at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian online, http://americanhistory.si.edu/jeffersonbible/. For an interpretation of Jefferson as someone who loved Jesus but hated the church, see Stephen Prothero, American Jesus: How the Son of God Became a National Icon (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2004), 19–42.

    65.  Jefferson to Miles King, September 26, 1814, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, eds. Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1905), 13:198.

    66.  Anonymous, The Voice of Warning, to Christians, on the Ensuing Election of a President of the United States (1800), reprinted in The Complete Works of John M. Mason, ed. Ebenezer Mason (New York: Baker and Scribner, 1849), 4:553, 556.

    67.  Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. David Waldstreicher (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 192; and Linn, Serious Considerations, 19.

    68.  The Augusta Chronicle and Gazette of the State, July 20, 1799, quoted in “Jefferson’s Letter to Philip Mazzei,” The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton University website, https://jeffersonpapers.princeton.edu/selected-documents/jeffersons-letter-philip-mazzei.

    69.  Hudson Bee, September 7, 1800, and Connecticut Courant, September 20, 1800, both quoted in “Thomas Jefferson and the Election of 1800,” Lerche, 474, 480.

    70.  A Christian Federalist [pseud.], A Short Address to the Voters of Delaware (Kent County: September 21, 1800), 3, Library of Congress website, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbpe.0130350a.

    71.  Linn, Serious Considerations, 28, 24, 34. For a clergyman’s refutation, see Grotius [DeWitt Clinton], A Vindication of Thomas Jefferson, Against the Charges Contained in a Pamphlet Entitled, “Serious Considerations,” &c. (New York: printed by David Denniston, 1800).

    72.  Abraham Bishop, Connecticut Republicanism: An Oration on the Extent and Power of Political Delusion (Albany, NY: John Barber, 1801), 49–50, 25.

    73.  John Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, December 30, 1800, in Writings of John Quincy Adams, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford (New York: Macmillan, 1913), 2:491.

    74.  Jefferson to Adams, April 15, 1806, in Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, Randolph, 4:522.

    75.  James Bayard to Richard Bassett, February 17, 1801, in Papers of James A. Bayard, 1796–1815, Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1913, ed. Elizabeth Donnan (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1915), 2:127.

    76.  Jefferson to William Branch Giles, December 31, 1795, in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. John Catanzariti (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2000), 28:565–67; Prothero, American Bible, 12; Abraham Lincoln, “First Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln,” March 4, 1861, Avalon Project, Yale Law School website, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln1.asp.

    77.  “Thomas Jefferson: Thomas Jefferson to Spencer Roane,” September 6, 1819, Library of Congress website, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/137.html.

    78.  National Intelligencer, March 6, 1801, quoted in “The Centennial of the First Inauguration of a President at the Permanent Seat of the Government,” by Samuel Clagett Busey, Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, DC 5 (1902): 98.

    79.  Margaret Bayard Smith to Miss Susan B. Smith, March 4, 1801, in The First Forty Years of Washington Society: Portrayed by the Family Letters of Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith (Margaret Bayard) from the Collection of Her Grandson, J. Henley Smith, ed. Gaillard S. Hunt (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1906), 26.

    80.  Thomas Jefferson, “Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1801, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb/ws/index.php?pid=25803.

    81.  John Adams, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams (Boston: Little, Brown, 1854), 9:511.

    82.  Jefferson to Francis Hopkinson, March 13, 1789, in The Works of Thomas Jefferson, Ford, 5:456.

    83.  Jefferson, “Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1801, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb/ws/index.php?pid=25803. As Weisberger notes in America Afire, “In the printed version, Federalist and Republican were capitalized, making it sound as if the president was giving his blessing to both parties, a healing if somewhat unrealistic interpretation. But in his hand-written version the labels were not in capitals, and the message was more general. Most Americans, Jefferson was insisting, were moderates” (281).

    84.  Richard J. Hooker, “John Marshall on the Judiciary, the Republicans, and Jefferson, March 4, 1801,” American Historical Review 53, no. 3 (April 1948), 519.

    85.  John Adams to Benjamin Stoddert, March 31, 1801, in The Works of John Adams, Charles Francis Adams, 9:582, http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/2107.

    86.  King quoted in One Nation, Under Gods: A New American History, by Peter Manseau (New York: Little, Brown, 2015), 220–21.

    87.  Author’s correspondence with Lauren Winner, March 2011.

    88.  Porterfield, Conceived in Doubt, 166.

    89.  Porterfield, Conceived in Doubt, 146.

    90.  Susan Jacoby, Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism (New York: Metropolitan, 2004), 67.

    91.  National Intelligencer, November 10, 1800, quoted in “The Presidential Newspaper as an Engine of Early American Political Development: The Case of Thomas Jefferson and the Election of 1800,” by Mel Laracey, Rhetoric & Public Affairs 11, no. 1 (Spring 2008): 34.

CHAPTER 2: ANTI-CATHOLICISM

      1.  Quotes from the banners, the nuns, and the superior appear in “Alvah Kelley’s Cow: Household Feuds, Proprietary Rights, and the Charlestown Convent Riot,” by Daniel A. Cohen, New England Quarterly 74, no. 4 (December 2001): 561, 562, 531. For the shouts of the mob, see United States Catholic Historical Society, “Letter of Sister St. Augustine Relative to ‘The Burning of the Convent,’” Historical Records and Studies 4 (New York: 1906): 221. Moffatt is described in The Charlestown Convent; Its Destruction by a Mob, on the Night of August 11, 1834 (Boston: Patrick Donahoe, 1870), 80. Buzzell is quoted in “Burned by a Mob,” Boston Globe, December 26, 1886, 5. Primary sources for this event include Ursuline Convent at Charlestown, Trial of John R. Buzzell, Before the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. . . . (Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Metcalf, 1834); and The Charlestown Convent; Its Destruction by a Mob. Secondary treatments include Wilfred J. Bisson, Countdown to Violence: The Charlestown Convent Riot of 1834 (New York: Garland, 1989); and Ray Allen Billington, The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860 (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 68–92. The best and most extensive is Nancy Lusignan Schultz, Fire and Roses: The Burning of the Charlestown Convent, 1834 (New York: Free Press, 2000). The Catholic University of America also maintains an extensive digital archive called “The Ursuline Convent Charlestown, Mass. Collection,” http://www.aladin0.wrlc.org/gsdl/collect/ursuline/ursuline.shtml.

      2.  Paul A. Gilje, Rioting in America (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1996), 184; David Grimsted, “Rioting in Its Jacksonian Setting,” American Historical Review 77, no. 2 (April 1972): 364; and Allan Nevins, ed., The Diary of Philip Hone, 1828–1851 (New York: Dodd, Meade, 1927), 1:134.

      3.  William Ellery Channing, Memoir of William Ellery Channing (Boston: Wm. Crosby and H. P. Nichols, 1848), 3:245.

      4.  Niles’ Weekly Register, August 8, 1835, 48:397, quoted in “Rioting in Its Jacksonian Setting,” Grimsted, 374.

      5.  Committee report from Monroe, Oneida, and Onondaga counties, quoted in the New York State Assembly, March 9, 1838, in Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Sixty-First Session, 1838 (Albany, NY: E. Croswell, 1838), 5.241.3. See also Carl E. Prince, “The Great ‘Riot Year’: Jacksonian Democracy and Patterns of Violence in 1834,” Journal of the Early Republic 5, no. 1 (Spring 1985). Some blamed this “mobocracy” on President Andrew Jackson, whose 1829 presidential inauguration turned into something of a riot itself, and it was not uncommon for rioters in the 1830s to justify their rioting via Jackson’s campaign slogans (“Let the people rule”) or other mantras of popular sovereignty (“Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God”). Eventually, this epidemic got so bad that it troubled even Jackson himself. “This spirit of mob-law is becoming too common and must be checked,” he wrote in an 1835 letter, “or ere long it will become as great an evil as servile war, and the innocent will be much exposed” (Jackson to Amos Kendall, August 9, 1835, in Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, eds. J. S. Bassett and J. F. Jameson [Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926–1935], 5:360). Lincoln later described the mob spirit as an “ill-omen” creeping across America. “Accounts of outrages committed by mobs, form the every-day news of the times,” he wrote. “They have pervaded the country, from New England to Louisiana;—they are neither peculiar to the eternal snows of the former, nor the burning suns of the latter;—they are not the creature of climate—neither are they confined to the slaveholding, or the non-slaveholding States. Alike, they spring up among the pleasure hunting masters of Southern slaves, and the order loving citizens of the land of steady habits. Whatever, then, their cause may be, it is common to the whole country” (Abraham Lincoln, “The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions,” address to the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois, January 27, 1838, TeachingAmericanHistory.org, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=157).

      6.  For a dissenting view of the working-class nature of the mob, see Daniel A. Cohen, “Passing the Torch: Boston Firemen, ‘Tea Party’ Patriots, and the Burning of the Charlestown Convent,” Journal of the Early Republic 24, no. 4 (Winter 2004): 527–86. Cohen believes the rioters “represented ‘a broad economic cross section’ of white Protestant men” (532).

      7.  Jenny Franchot calls this “chivalric nativism” in her Roads to Rome: The Antebellum Protestant Encounter with Catholicism (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1994), 140.

      8.  Both handbills are quoted in The Works of the Right Rev. John England, ed. Ignatius Aloysius Reynolds (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1849), 5:260.

      9.  Quoted in “‘Saving the West from the Pope’: Anti-Catholic Propaganda and the Settlement of the Mississippi River Valley,” by Bryan Le Beau, American Studies 32, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 108.

    10.  Lyman Beecher, A Plea for the West (New York: Leavitt, Lord, 1835), 131, 105.

    11.  See Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 1989).

    12.  Samuel Adams to John Scollay, December 30, 1780, in The Writings of Samuel Adams, ed. Harry Alonzo Cushing (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904–8), 4:238.

    13.  Public Ledger, June 8, 1844, quoted in The Philadelphia Riots of 1844: A Study of Ethnic Conflict, by Michael Feldberg (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1975), 95.

    14.  On convent horror and Indian captivity narratives see Franchot, Roads to Rome, xxv and throughout.

    15.  Trial of John R. Buzzell, 21.

    16.  United States Catholic Historical Society, “Destruction of the Charlestown Convent: Statement by the Leader of the Knownothing Mob,” Historical Records and Studies 12 (New York: June 1918), 73.

    17.  Cohen, “Passing the Torch,” 548, 541.

    18.  “Ursuline Convent at Charlestown, Mass.,” Niles’ Weekly Register, August 23, 1834, 46:437.

    19.  United States Catholic Historical Society, “Destruction of the Charlestown Convent: Stories of the Outrage from Contemporaneous Newspaper Files,” Historical Records and Studies 13 (New York: May 1919): 115. Fenwick also preached the next Sunday at the Church of the Holy Cross on “Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do” (“Miscellaneous,” Niles’ Weekly Register, August 30, 1834, 46:442).

    20.  “The Outrage,” Boston Evening Transcript, August 13, 1834, Gilder Lehrman Center, Yale University, http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/950.htm.

    21.  Caleb Stetson, A Discourse on the Duty of Sustaining the Laws, Occasioned by the Burning of the Ursuline Convent. . . . (Boston: Hilliard, Gray, 1834), 12, 7. Cleverly, Stetson drew on anti-Catholic stereotypes to oppose anti-Catholic violence. “Do you wish to introduce a Protestant inquisition,” he asked, “to establish a religion by law—crush all dissenters from the legal faith, and bring back the age of persecution for opinion?” (14).

    22.  “The Late Outrage at Charlestown,” Christian Examiner and General Review 17, no. 1 (September 1834): 131–33.

    23.  “The Late Outrage at Charlestown,” 133.

    24.  “Great Meeting at Faneuil Hall,” Boston Evening Transcript, August 12, 1834, Gilder Lehrman Center, Yale University, http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/951.htm.

    25.  United States Catholic Historical Society, “Destruction of the Charlestown Convent,” 119.

    26.  Signs quoted in The Works of the Right Rev. John England, Reynolds, 5:260.

    27.  United States Catholic Historical Society, “Destruction of the Charlestown Convent,” 71.

    28.  Franchot, Roads to Rome, 140.

    29.  Trial of John R. Buzzell, 32, 33.

    30.  United States Catholic Historical Society, “Destruction of the Charlestown Convent,” 74.

    31.  “Ursuline Convent at Charlestown: Report of the Committee Relating to the Destruction of the Ursuline Convent, August 11, 1834,” in Niles’ Weekly Register, October 11, 1834, 47:96.

    32.  Michael Feldberg, The Turbulent Era: Riot and Disorder in Jacksonian America (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1980).

    33.  Cohen, “Alvah Kelley’s Cow,” 558.

    34.  Arthur Schlesinger Sr. conversation with John Tracy Ellis, recalled in American Catholicism, by John Tracy Ellis, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1969), 151.

    35.  John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1985), 68. Two books arguing for anti-Catholicism’s persistence are Philip Jenkins, The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003); and Mark Massa, Anti-Catholicism in America: The Last Acceptable Prejudice (New York: Crossroad, 2003).

    36.  Luther and the historian quoted in Protestant Crusade, Billington, 3.

    37.  James Davis Knowles, Memoir of Roger Williams (Boston: Lincoln, Edmands, 1834), 311. A table of religious restrictions on voting and office holding in colonial America can be found in Ralph E. Pyle and James D. Davidson, “The Origins of Religious Stratification in Colonial America,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42, no. 1 (March 2003): 66–68. Ray Billington provides a comprehensive narrative in his Protestant Crusade, 1–31.

    38.  John Winthrop, “A Modell of Christian Charity” (1630), Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Boston: 1838), https://history.hanover.edu/texts/winthmod.html.

    39.  Pauline Maier, “The Pope at Harvard: The Dudleian Lectures, Anti-Catholicism, and the Politics of Protestantism,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 97 (1985): 18.

    40.  Cushing, The Writings of Samuel Adams, 1:203.

    41.  “The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress: Address to the People of Great Britain, 1774,” UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/decres.htm#peoplegb. Citing this letter, some have argued that the Quebec Act was the cause of the American Revolution. According to Benedictine historian Cardinal Francis Gasquet, that war “was not a movement for civil and religious liberty; its principal cause was the bigoted rage of the American Puritan and Presbyterian ministers at the concession of full religious liberty and equality to Catholics of French Canada.” See Gasquet, “The Price of Catholic Freedom in Canada,” in The Tablet (London), July 27, 1912.

    42.  John Adams, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams (Boston: Little, Brown, 1851), 3:450, 453.

    43.  Jefferson to Alexander von Humboldt, December 6, 1813, and Jefferson to Horatio Spafford, March 17, 1814, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, eds. Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1905), 13:21, 119.

    44.  Billington, Protestant Crusade, 32.

    45.  On immigration data, see “U.S. Immigrants and Emigrants: 1820–1998” (Table Ad1–2) and “Immigrants, by Country of Last Residence—Europe: 1820–1997” (Table Ad106–120), both in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter et al. (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006).

    46.  On Catholic data, see Jay P. Dolan, The American Catholic Experience: A History from Colonial Times to the Present (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1985), 160–61.

    47.  Civis [pseud.], Romanism Incompatible with Republican Institutions (New York: American Protestant Society, 1845), 11.

    48.  Susan M. Griffin, “Awful Disclosures: Women’s Evidence in the Escaped Nun’s Tale,” Publications of the Modern Language Association 111, no. 1 (January 1996): 93.

    49.  Billington, Protestant Crusade, 53.

    50.  “American citizens! . . . A Paper Entitled The American Patriot,” published by J. E. Farwell, Library of Congress website, http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b42500/.

    51.  W. C. Brownlee, Popery: An Enemy to Civil and Religious Liberty (New York: John S. Taylor, 1836), 67; William Hogan, High and Low Mass in the Roman Catholic Church (Boston: Jordan and Wiley, 1846), 108; and One of ’Em [pseud.], ed., The Wide-Awake Gift: A Know-Nothing Token for 1855 (New York: J. C. Derby, 1855), 98. All quoted in Protestant Crusade, Billington, 355, 367.

    52.  Franchot, Roads to Rome, xxii.

    53.  Both books prompted conflicting responses. Mount Benedict’s Mary Anne Moffatt wrote An Answer to Six Months in a Convent, Exposing Its Falsehoods and Manifold Absurdities. . . . (Boston: J. H. Eastburn, 1835), to which Rebecca Reed responded with A Supplement to “Six Months in a Convent” (Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Metcalf, 1835). Books attempting to capitalize on the popularity of Awful Disclosures include Maria Monk (and J. J. Slocum), Further Disclosures by Maria Monk. . . . (New York: J. J. Slocum, 1836); and William L. Stone, Maria Monk’s Show-Up!!!; or, The “Awful Disclosures,” a Humbug (New York: Go-Ahead Press, [1836?]).

    54.  Maria Monk, Awful Disclosures, by Maria Monk, of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery of Montreal, 2nd ed. (London: James S. Hodson, 1837), 47.

    55.  Arthur B. Cross, Priests’ Prisons for Women. . . . (Baltimore: Sherwood, 1854).

    56.  Franchot, Roads to Rome, 197. See also David Brion Davis, who describes Masons, Catholics, and Mormons as “both frightening and fascinating” in “Some Themes of Counter-Subversion: An Analysis of Anti-Masonic, Anti-Catholic, and Anti-Mormon Literature,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 47, no. 2 (September 1960): 208.

    57.  John Adams to Abigail Adams, October 9, 1774, in The Letters of John and Abigail Adams, ed. Frank Shuffelton (New York: Penguin, 2004), 27.

    58.  David Harry Bennett, The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 188), 86.

    59.  Brutus [Samuel F. B. Morse], Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States (New York: Leavitt, Lord, 1835), 25, 118.

    60.  [Morse], Foreign Conspiracy, 59, 53, 66; An American [Samuel F. B. Morse], Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States Through Foreign Immigration (New York: E. B. Clayton, 1835), 12; and [Morse], Foreign Conspiracy, 7, 70.

    61.  [Morse], Imminent Dangers, 13, 10, 11.

    62.  [Morse], Imminent Dangers, 12, 13.

    63.  [Morse], Imminent Dangers, 12.

    64.  In Rhetorical Campaigns of the Nineteenth Century: Anti-Catholics and Catholics in America (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1999), Jody M. Roy distinguishes between the “assimilationist” rhetoric of Orestes Brownson and the “confrontational” rhetoric of John Hughes.

    65.  Orestes A. Brownson, The Works of Orestes A. Brownson (Detroit: Thorndike Nourse, 1885), 18:289, 291, 324.

    66.  John R. G. Hassard, Life of the Most Reverend John Hughes (New York: D. Appleton, 1866), 105, 107.

    67.  Freeman’s Journal, January 21, 1843, and Hughes, quoted in Protestant Crusade, Billington, 158, 231. Hughes was referring to the burning of Moscow by Russians in the face of an advancing Napoleon in 1812.

    68.  American Protestant Association poster quoted in “For the Honor and Glory of God: The Philadelphia Bible Riots of 1840,” by Vincent P. Lannie and Bernard C. Diethorn, History of Education Quarterly 8, no. 1 (Spring 1968): 62.

    69.  Bishop Kenrick to the board of controllers of the public schools, November 14, 1842, in United States Catholic Magazine 2 (February 1843): 125–26.

    70.  Rev. Walter Colton, “The Bible in Public Schools,” Quarterly Review of the American Protestant Association 1 (January 1844): 22.

    71.  January 10, 1843, resolution, in Twenty-Sixth Annual Report of the Controllers of the Public Schools of the City and County of Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Board of Controllers, 1844), 6.

    72.  L. Giustiniani, Intrigues of Jesuitism in the United States of America, 7th ed. (New York: printed for the author by R. Craighead, 1846), 168.

    73.  American Protestant Association, Address of the Board of Managers of the American Protestant Association; with the Constitution and Organization of the Association (Philadelphia: American Protestant Association, 1843), 7.

    74.  Giustiniani, Intrigues of Jesuitism, 169.

    75.  New York Observer, March 16, 1844, quoted in Protestant Crusade, Billington, 222.

    76.  Presbyterian, March 16, 1844, quoted in “For the Honor and Glory of God,” Lannie and Diethorn, 66.

    77.  Native American, May 6, 1844, quoted in “For the Honor and Glory of God,” Lannie and Diethorn, 73.

    78.  Billington, Protestant Crusade, 224.

    79.  “George Shiffler,” song sheet, printed by G. S. Harris, Philadelphia, 1844, Library of Congress website, http://www.loc.gov/item/amss000431/.

    80.  Native American, May 7, 1844, quoted in Protestant Crusade, Billington, 225.

    81.  “Foreign News: America,” in Gentleman’s Magazine 177 (July 1844): 80.

    82.  Native American, May 9, 1844, quoted in Protestant Crusade, Billington, 226.

    83.  Giustiniani, Intrigues of Jesuitism, 170.

    84.  Spirit of the Times, May 9, 1844, and Pennsylvania Freeman, May 9, 1844, quoted in “For the Honor and Glory of God,” Lannie and Diethorn, 78.

    85.  Public Ledger, July 19, 1844, quoted in “Violence in Philadelphia in the 1840s and 1850s,” by Elizabeth M. Geffen, Pennsylvania History 36, no. 4 (October 1969): 403–4.

    86.  “The Philadelphia Anti-Catholic Riots,” United States Catholic Magazine and Monthly Review 3 (June 1844): 379.

    87.  North American, May 21, 1844, in “For the Honor and Glory of God,” Lannie and Diethorn, 79.

    88.  Feldberg, The Turbulent Era, 3.

    89.  Gilje, Rioting in America, 10.

    90.  “Design of the American Protestant,” American Protestant Magazine 1, no. 1 (June 1845): 2. “We rather pity than censure the great mass of these deluded men,” the magazine wrote of the “Romanists.”

    91.  Lawrence Kehoe, ed., Complete Works of the Most Rev. John Hughes, D.D., Archbishop of New York (New York: Catholic Publication House, 1864), 2:101.

    92.  Samuel Irenaeus Prime, Memoirs of the Rev. Nicholas Murray, D.D. (Kirwan.) (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863), 310.

    93.  Prime, Memoirs of the Rev. Nicholas Murray, 309–10.

    94.  Harriet Beecher Stowe, “What Will the American People Do?” New-York Evangelist 17 (January 29 and February 5, 1846), quoted in Mightier than the Sword: “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” and the Battle for America, by David S. Reynolds (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), 32.

    95.  Bennett, The Party of Fear, 90, 118.

    96.  Anti-convent tales of the 1850s include Charles W. Frothingham, The Convent’s Doom: A Tale of Charlestown in 1834 (Boston: Graves & Weston, 1854); and Josephine M. Bunkley, The Testimony of an Escaped Novice from the Sisterhood of St. Joseph, Emmitsburg, Maryland (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1855).

    97.  A Native Protestant [pseud.], “Violence the Natural Consequence of the Know Nothing Organization and Doctrines,” in Washington Union, reprinted in A Biographical Sketch of Henry A. Wise, by James P. Hambleton (Richmond, VA: J. W. Randolph, 1856), 328.

    98.  Alessandro Gavazzi et al., Father Gavazzi’s Lectures in New York, 3rd ed. (New York: De Witt and Davenport, 1853), 77. In culture wars style, Gavazzi described himself as a “soldier” who “came here to excite the Americans for war” (79).

    99.  Gavazzi quoted in “Know-Nothings, Nationhood, and the Nuncio: Reassessing the Visit of Archbishop Bedini,” by David J. Endres, U.S. Catholic Historian 21, no. 4 (Fall 2003): 7; and Bedini quoted in Protestant Crusade, Billington, 303.

  100.  Billington, Protestant Crusade, 345.

  101.  Billington, Protestant Crusade, 386.

  102.  The Know-Nothing “Ritual” quoted in A Biographical Sketch of Henry A. Wise, Hambleton, 51.

  103.  Witte quoted in Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States 50 (February 5, 1855): 313–14.

  104.  Seward and other New York legislators quoted in The Party of Fear, Bennett, 121.

  105.  A Native Protestant [pseud.], “Violence the Natural Consequence,” in A Biographical Sketch of Henry A. Wise, Hambleton, 329–30. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s critique was pithier. The Know-Nothings are “an immense joke,” he said, and to vote for them was to put your head in a bag (Emerson antislavery lecture, January 26, 1855, quoted in “A Know-Nothing Legislature,” by George H. Haynes, New England Magazine 2, no. 1 [March 1897]: 27).

  106.  Hambleton, A Biographical Sketch of Henry A. Wise, 8, 14.

  107.  Hambleton, A Biographical Sketch of Henry A. Wise, 9, 12, 25.

  108.  Hambleton, A Biographical Sketch of Henry A. Wise, 26, 354, 20.

  109.  Hambleton, A Biographical Sketch of Henry A. Wise, 112.

  110.  Hambleton, A Biographical Sketch of Henry A. Wise, 24, 12. Wise also confessed to being a proud Virginian, a proud Protestant, and a proud American who saw “the freedom of opinion and the liberty of conscience” as the “essence in Americanism” (13). And all this from a slaveholder and future Confederate general who served as the governor of Virginia during the raid of abolitionist John Brown on Harper’s Ferry in 1859.

  111.  Fremont’s Romanism Established. Acknowledged by Archbishop Hughes. . . . [1856], 11, 4, Internet Archive, http://www.archive.org/stream/fremontsromanism00slsnrich#page/n1/mode/2.

  112.  Col. Fremont Not a Roman Catholic [1856?], Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text and Image, http://sceti.library.upenn.edu/sceti/printedbooksNew/index.cfm?TextID=73540_O&PagePosition=1.

  113.  On this episode, see Elizabeth Fenton, Religious Liberties: Anti-Catholicism and Liberal Democracy in Nineteenth-Century U.S. Literature and Culture (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011), 96–101.

  114.  New-York Mirror quoted in Washington Evening Star, November 3, 1856, quoted in The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856, by William E. Gienapp (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1987), 371.

  115.  Gilje, Rioting in America, 67.

  116.  The Pope’s Dream—A Roman Catholic America, illustration, Puck, July 24, 1889, Library of Congress website, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b01146/.

  117.  Will Herberg, Protestant-Catholic-Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (New York: Doubleday, 1955), 98, 101, 90.

  118.  Abraham Lincoln, “Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1865, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25819.

CHAPTER 3: THE MORMON QUESTION

      1.  Joseph Smith, General Smith’s Views of the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States (Nauvoo, IL: printed by John Taylor, 1844), 9.

      2.  “Resolutions,” Nauvoo Expositor, June 7, 1844, 2, Special Collections, SolomonSpalding.com, http://www.solomonspalding.com/docs/exposit1.htm.

      3.  On the history of anti-Mormonism, see Patrick Q. Mason, The Mormon Menace: Violence and Anti-Mormonism in the Postbellum South (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011); J. Spencer Fluhman, “A Peculiar People”: Anti-Mormonism and the Making of Religion in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2012); J. B. Haws, The Mormon Image in the American Mind: Fifty Years of Public Perception (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2013); Christine Talbot, A Foreign Kingdom: Mormons and Polygamy in American Political Culture, 1852–1890 (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 2013); Sarah B. Gordon, The Mormon Question: Polygamy and Constitutional Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2001); and Terryl L. Givens, The Viper on the Hearth: Mormons, Myths, and the Construction of Heresy (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997).

      4.  “Golden Bible,” Palmyra Freeman, August 11, 1829, Rev. Sidney Rigdon Memorial Web-Site, http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/NY/wayn1830.htm#081129.

      5.  “Blasphemy—‘The Book of Mormon,’ Alias The Golden Bible,” Rochester Daily Advertiser and Telegraph, April 2, 1830, Rev. Sidney Rigdon Memorial Web-Site, http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/NY/miscNYSf.htm#040230.

      6.  “The Book of Pukei—Chap. 1,” The Reflector, June 12, 1830, 36–37, Rev. Sidney Rigdon Memorial Web-Site, http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/NY/wayn1830.htm#061230; and The Reflector, January 1, 1831, Rev. Sidney Rigdon Memorial Web-Site, http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/NY/wayn1830.htm#010131a.

      7.  “Mormon Emigration,” The Telegraph (Painesville, OH), May 17, 1831, Rev. Sidney Rigdon Memorial Web-Site, http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/OH/paintel2.htm#051731.

      8.  For an early use of the term “Mormonites,” see Alexander Campbell, “An Analysis of the Book of Mormon. . . . ,” Millennial Harbinger, February 7, 1831, LDS-Mormon.com, http://www.lds-mormon.com/campbell.shtml. Before the end of the year this coinage would find its way into an encyclopedia. See Francis Lieber, ed., Encyclopaedia Americana (Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1831), 8:492.

      9.  Willard Richards journal, February 16, 1847, Church History Library, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, UT, quoted in Brigham Young: Pioneer Prophet, John G. Turner (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2012), 161.

    10.  Joseph Smith—History, 1:18, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints website, https://www.lds.org/scriptures/pgp/js-h/1.18,19?lang=eng.

    11.  “The Articles of Faith,” Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints website, https://www.lds.org/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1.8?lang=eng.

    12.  “Kentucky Mob Cuts Down Mormon Church,” Atlanta Constitution, August 5, 1899, quoted in The Mormon Menace, Mason, 138.

    13.  “From Rev. B. F. Morris, Warsaw, Illinois,” in Home Missionary 14, no. 7 (November 1841): 149.

    14.  Sparta Ishmaelite, reprinted in “Mormonism and the Remedy,” Atlanta Constitution, August 23, 1879, quoted in The Mormon Menace, Mason, 30.

    15.  Edje Jeter, “Graphical Images of Horned Mormons,” Juvenile Instructor, November 10, 2013, http://www.juvenileinstructor.org/graphical-images-of-horned-mormons/.

    16.  James A. Garfield, “Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1881, American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25823.

    17.  Orson Pratt, “Farewell Message of Orson Pratt,” November 8, 1845, Times and Seasons (Nauvoo, IL: John Taylor, 1845), 6:1042; Brigham Young in Salt Lake City Herald, April 10, 1869, quoted in The Lion of the Lord: A Biography of Brigham Young, by Stanley P. Hirshson (New York: Knopf, 1969), 278–79; and Wilford Woodruff, “Epistle of Elder Wilford Woodruff,” Millennial Star, April 21, 1879, 243. In 1858, Brigham Young opined that both President Polk and President Taylor were “weltering in hell” (“Remarks by President Brigham Young,” Millennial Star, January 16, 1858, 33).

    18.  Mason, The Mormon Menace, 44.

    19.  Jesse Townsend letter, August 16, 1834, reprinted in “Mormonism,” Sackets Harbor Courier, August 1834, Rev. Sidney Rigdon Memorial Web-Site, http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/NY/miscNYSb.htm#080034.

    20.  Alexander Campbell, Delusions: An Analysis of the Book of Mormon (Boston: Benjamin H. Greene, 1832), 15, 11, 13.

    21.  E. D. Howe, Mormonism Unvailed (Painesville, OH: E. D. Howe, 1834), 145.

    22.  John C. Bennett, The History of the Saints; or, An Exposé of Joe Smith and Mormonism (Boston: Leland & Whiting, 1842), 5–6. Later in his History, Bennett calls Smith “the Pontifical Head of the Mormon Harem” (254).

    23.  Thomas Nast, Religious Liberty Is Guaranteed but Can We Allow Foreign Reptiles to Crawl All Over Us? illustration, Library of Congress website, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cai.2a14002.

    24.  “The American Nation and Tribes Are Not Jews,” Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge 1, no. 1 (Spring 1832): 98; and “The Yankee Mahomet,” American Whig Review 13, no. 78 (June 1851): 554–64.

    25.  Reverend S. G. Wright quoted in “Correspondence of the A.H.M.S.,” Home Missionary 14, no. 4 (August 1841): 81.

    26.  John C. Bennett to General James Gordon Bennett, August 27, 1842, in The History of the Saints, Bennett, 151.

    27.  “Affidavit of Thomas B. Marsh,” Richmond, Missouri, October 24, 1838, Document Containing the Correspondence, Orders, &C. in Relation to the Disturbances with the Mormons. . . . (Fayette, MO: Boon’s Lick Democrat, 1841), 58. Also in Document, John Corrill (another disaffected Mormon) attributes a similar quote to Smith: “If the people would let us alone, we would preach the gospel to them in peace; but, if they came on us to molest us, we would establish our religion by the sword; and that he would become to this generation a second Mahomet” (111).

    28.  Quoted in “Mormonism,” Western Monitor, August 2, 1833, reprinted in The History of Jackson County, Missouri (Kansas City: Union Historical Company, 1881), 254. Marvin S. Hill observes that the causes of anti-Mormonism differed by locale. See his Quest for Refuge: The Mormon Flight from American Pluralism (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1989). Some historians are convinced that hostility to the Mormons was largely religious. See Fluhman, “A Peculiar People.” Others agree with Kenneth H. Winn, who argues in Exiles in a Land of Liberty: Mormons in America, 1830–1846 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1989) that “the majority of those who opposed the Mormon Church did so for nonreligious reasons” (64).

    29.  Alphonso Wetmore, comp., Gazetteer of the State of Missouri (St. Louis: C. Keemle, 1837), 94.

    30.  Sidney Rigdon, Oration Delivered by Mr. S. Rigdon on the 4th of July at Far West, Caldwell County, Missouri (Far West, MO: Journal Office, 1838), 12.

    31.  “Mormon Extermination Order,” October 27, 1838, Quaqua Society website, http://www.quaqua.org/extermination.htm. This order was rescinded in 1976 by Missouri governor Christopher Bond.

    32.  The “sinned against” article was widely reprinted in venues such as New York Gazette and General Advertiser (November 22, 1838); American Sentinel (Philadelphia: November 22, 1838); The New-Yorker (November 24, 1838); Niagara Courier (Lockport, NY: November 28, 1838); Constitutionalist (Bath, NY: November 28, 1838); and Northampton Courier (Northampton, MA: November 28, 1838). A similar sentiment appears in an account of a “state convention” held in Boston in support of Smith’s run for the presidency. See “Mormon War in Boston,” New York Herald, July 4, 1844, http://wiki.nycldshistory.com/w/1844-07-04-New_York_Herald-Mormon_War_in_Boston.

    33.  William Henry Channing, “Outrages of Missouri Mobs on Mormons,” Western Messenger 7, no. 3 (1839): 209–14.

    34.  R. Laurence Moore, Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1986), 31. Objecting to Moore’s claim that Smith self-consciously employed a “rhetoric of deviance” (33), Givens claims that “Mormons engaged in a quite conscientious ‘campaign of superior virtue,’ by which they intended to persuade their compatriots that they were not social deviants, but rather more American than apple pie” (Viper on the Hearth, 17). I side here with Moore.

    35.  Brigham Young, April 9, 1844, speech in Wilford Woodruff’s Journal, 1833–1898: Typescript, ed. Scott G. Kenney (Midvale, UT: Signature Books, 1983–84), 2:390, quoted in Brigham Young, Turner, 106.

    36.  Doctrine and Covenants, 130:22, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints website, https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/130.22.

    37.  Joseph Smith, “The Globe,” Nauvoo Neighbor, April 17, 1844, 2, http://boap.org/LDS/Nauvoo-Neighbor/1844/4-17-1844.pdf. On Smith’s multiple marriages, see “Plural Marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo,” Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints website, https://www.lds.org/topics/plural-marriage-in-kirtland-and-nauvoo?lang=eng. This essay first appeared on the official LDS website in 2014.

    38.  Eliza R. Snow, “Let Us Go,” in her Poems, Religious, Historical, and Political (London: Latter-day Saints’ Book Depot, 1856), 1:147.

    39.  Harold Bloom, The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 108.

    40.  Cong. Globe, 32d Cong., 1st Sess. 354 (January 24, 1852) (“Election of the Delegate from Utah,” statement of Rep. David Cartter).

    41.  Deseret News—Extra, September 14, 1852, 14, 19.

    42.  Deseret News—Extra, September 14, 1852, 25–28.

    43.  Brigham Young, “Mormon History, Nov 16, 1847: Minutes, Quorum of Twelve,” Mormon Church History, http://mormon-church-history.blogspot.com/2013/09/mormon-history-nov-16-1847_7903.html.

    44.  “From Utah: A Personal Interview with Brigham Young,” New York Times, July 31, 1858, 1.

    45.  Edgar E. Folk, The Mormon Monster; or, The Story of Mormonism (Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1900), 273.

    46.  Robert Baird, Religion in America. . . . (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1844), 288.

    47.  Mason, The Mormon Menace, 155.

    48.  Cong. Globe (Appendix), 33d Cong., 1st Sess. 593 (May 4, 1854) (“Polygamy Hostile to Republican Institutions,” statement of Rep. Hiram Walbridge).

    49.  “The Mormon Question: Shall We Admit into the Union an Anti-Christian and Barbarous State?” Christian Advocate and Journal, July 19, 1855, 114.

    50.  Cong. Globe, 36th Cong., 1st Sess. 1500 (April 2, 1860) (statement of Rep. Emerson Etheridge).

    51.  Barbee quoted in The Mormon Menace, Mason, 75.

    52.  Rabbi Louis Weiss letter to Chattanooga Times, August 3, 1899, quoted in “‘Let Truth Stand If Heavens Fall’: The 1899 Weiss-Rich Correspondence,” by JB [pseud.], January 30, 2014, Study and Faith (blog), http://study-and-faith.blogspot.com/2014/01/let-truth-stand-if-heavens-fall-1899.html.

    53.  Bangor Daily Whig and Courier, April 18, 1857, 2.

    54.  Brigham Young, August 17, 1856, sermon, in Journal of Discourses, 4:32, Mormon Research Ministry, http://jod.mrm.org/4/20.

    55.  Robert Tyler to James Buchanan, April 27, 1857, reprinted in “President Buchanan Receives a Proposal for an Anti-Mormon Crusade, 1857,” by David A. Williams, BYU Studies 14, no. 1 (1974): 103–5.

    56.  James Buchanan, “First Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union,” December 8, 1857, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29498.

    57.  Brigham Young, “Remarks by President Brigham Young,” Millennial Star, January 16, 1858, 33–34.

    58.  Brigham Young, Proclamation by the Governor (broadside), August 5, 1857, Internet Archive, http://archive.org/stream/proclamationbygo00youn#page/n0/mode/2up.

    59.  Brigham Young, Proclamation by the Governor (broadside), August 5, 1857, Internet Archive, http://archive.org/stream/proclamationbygo00youn#page/n0/mode/2up.

    60.  Patrick Mason, correspondence with author, April 10, 2014.

    61.  Cong. Globe, 33d Cong., 1st Sess. 1098, 1095, 1097 (May 4, 1854) (statements of Rep. John Goodrich, Rep. George Simmons, and Rep. Samuel Benson).

    62.  Cong. Globe, 36th Cong., 1st Sess. 1410 (March 28, 1860) (statement of Lawrence Branch).

    63.  Cong. Globe, 36th Cong., 1st Sess. 1500 (April 2, 1860) (statement of Emerson Etheridge).

    64.  Cong. Globe, 36th Cong., 1st Sess. 1099–100 (May 4, 1854) (statement of Rep. Laurence Keitt).

    65.  Cong. Globe, 33d Cong., 1st Sess. 1110, 1094 (May 4, 1854) (statement of Rep. William Boyce).

    66.  Cong. Globe, 33d Cong., 1st Sess. 1110, 1094 (May 4, 1854) (statement of Rep. Alexander Stephens).

    67.  Cong. Globe, 34th Cong., 3d Sess. 288–89 (February 2, 1857) (statement of Rep. Justin Morrill).

    68.  Lincoln quoted in The “Americanization” of Utah for Statehood, by Gustave O. Larson (San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1971), 60.

    69.  Abraham Lincoln, “The Emancipation Proclamation,” January 1, 1863, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/transcript.html.

    70.  Christian Index, August 3, 1882, quoted in The Mormon Menace, Mason, 61; A. Conan Doyle, “A Study in Scarlet,” in Beetons Christmas Annual 1887 (London: Ward, Locke, 1887), 1–95; and Pope Leo XIII, “Arcanum,” February 10, 1880, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, http://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_10021880_arcanum.html.

    71.  Historian Jan Shipps, who has charted American attitudes toward Mormons, describes 1881–1885 as the “lowest point in negative attitudes for the entire century.” In his study of Southern anti-Mormonism, historian Patrick Mason sees violence against Mormons spiking in the South in the mid-1880s. See Jan Shipps, Sojourner in the Promised Land: Forty Years Among the Mormons (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 2000), 64; and Mason, The Mormon Menace, 130–32.

    72.  Mason, The Mormon Menace, 100.

    73.  Chester A. Arthur, “First Annual Message,” December 6, 1881, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29522.

    74.  “Mormonism,” Tennessee Baptist, October 4, 1884, quoted in The Mormon Menace, Mason, 62.

    75.  John C. Bennett, The History of the Saints; or, An Exposé of Joe Smith and Mormonism (Boston: Leland & Whiting, 1842), 257. One scholar gives Bennett’s exposé “the prize as the most entertaining and comprehensive nineteenth-century condemnation of Mormonism.” See Stephen Eliot Smith, “Barbarians Within the Gates: Congressional Debates on Mormon Polygamy, 1850–1879,” Journal of Church and State 51, no. 4 (Autumn 2009): 594.

    76.  Cong. Globe, 36th Cong., 1st Sess. 1514 (April 3, 1860) (statement of Rep. John McClernand).

    77.  Benjamin G. Ferris, Utah and the Mormons: The History, Government, Doctrines, Customs, and Prospects of the Latterday Saints, from Personal Observations During a Six Months’ Residence at Great Salt Lake City (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1854), 247.

    78.  Eric A. Eliason, “Curious Gentiles and Representational Authority in the City of the Saints,” Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 11, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 159.

    79.  “The Mormon Problem Must Be Solved,” San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, June 18, 1857.

    80.  Gregory Pingree, “‘The Biggest Whorehouse in the World’: Representations of Plural Marriage in Nineteenth-Century America,” Western Humanities Review 50, no. 3 (Fall 1996): 213–32.

    81.  Jennie Fowler Willing, On American Soil; or, Mormonism the Mohammedanism of the West (Louisville, KY: Pickett, 1906), 15.

    82.  Mary W. Hudson, Esther the Gentile (Topeka, KS: G. W. Crane, 1888), 166.

    83.  “Is a Community Safe When Mormon Elders Are Allowed to Inhabit It?” Alabama Baptist, November 17, 1887, quoted in The Mormon Menace, Mason, 65; and Hudson, Esther the Gentile, 166.

    84.  News and Observer (Raleigh, NC), July 20, 1881, quoted in The Mormon Menace, Mason, 72.

    85.  “The Mormons,” Harper’s Weekly, April 25, 1857, 1.

    86.  Ann Eliza Young, Wife No. 19 (Hartford, CT: Dustin, Gillman, 1875), 321.

    87.  Maria Ward, Female Life Among the Mormons: A Narrative of Many Years’ Personal Experience (New York: J. C. Derby, 1855), 429. In a clear nod to Maria Monk’s Awful Disclosures, later editions of this book included on the title page the phrase “Maria Ward’s Disclosures.”

    88.  Willing, On American Soil, 21–22.

    89.  Alfreda Eva Bell, Boadicea: The Mormon Wife (Baltimore: Arthur R. Orton, 1855), 54.

    90.  Young, Wife No. 19, 7, 32.

    91.  Harriet Beecher Stowe, preface to “Tell It All”: The Story of a Life’s Experience in Mormonism, by Mrs. T. B. H. Stenhouse (Hartford, CT: A. D. Worthington, 1874). Stowe concluded this preface by sending a prayer up to God the Liberator: “May He who came to break every yoke hasten this deliverance” (vi).

    92.  Harriet Beecher Stowe, “Women of America,” Anti-Polygamy Standard, April 1880, 1.

    93.  Nancy Bentley, “Marriage as Treason: Polygamy, Nation, and the Novel,” in The Futures of American Studies, eds. Donald Pease and Robyn Wiegman (Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2002), 347.

    94.  Barbara Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820–1860,” American Quarterly 18, no. 2 (Summer 1996): 151–74.

    95.  Bentley, “Marriage as Treason,” 347.

    96.  “Consent is an obsessive theme of antipolygamy fiction,” writes Nancy Bentley in “Marriage as Treason,” 347.

    97.  Associate Judge W. W. Drummond quoted in “Dreadful State of Affairs in Utah,” New York Herald, March 20, 1857.

    98.  William Harris, Mormonism Portrayed (Warsaw, IL: Sharp & Gamble, 1841), 15.

    99.  Nauvoo Expositor, June 7, 1844, 1–2, SolomonSpalding.com Special Collections, http://www.solomonspalding.com/docs/exposit1.htm. Smith’s decision to destroy the Nauvoo Expositor printing press confirmed to many that he was intent on consolidating ecclesiastical and political power in a manner wholly incompatible with republicanism. To Thomas Sharp, this action by “Mormon Mobocrats” was a “most diabolical outrage” designed “to ROB men of their property and RIGHTS.” “War and extermination” were now “inevitable,” he said. “Let it be made WITH POWDER AND BALL!” (“Unparralled Outrage at Nauvoo,” Warsaw Signal, June 12, 1844, Rev. Sidney Rigdon Memorial Web-Site, http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/sign1844.htm#0612).

  100.  Minutes of July 23, 1851, Box 2, Folder 31, General Church Minutes, CR 100 318, Church History Library, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, UT, quoted in Brigham Young, Turner, 201.

  101.  Cong. Globe (Appendix), 34th Cong., 2d Sess. 285 (February 23, 1857) (“Utah Territory and Its Laws—Polygamy and Its License,” statement of Rep. Justin Morrill).

  102.  “Highly Interesting from Utah. . . .” New York Times, May 19, 1857, 1; and “The Mormon War,” New York Times, November 19, 1857, 4.

  103.  Cong. Globe (Appendix), 34th Cong., 2d Sess. 289 (February 23, 1857) (“Utah Territory and Its Laws—Polygamy and Its License,” statement of Rep. Justin Morrill).

  104.  Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York: American Home Missionary Society, 1885), 60, 61, 66, 61, 64.

  105.  “The Mormon War,” New York Times, November 19, 1857, 4.

  106.  Robert A. Wilson, Mexico and Its Religion (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1855), 291.

  107.  W. J. Scott, “Mormonism,” Quarterly Review of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South 6, no. 3 (July 1884): 434.

  108.  Willing, On American Soil, 4, 30, 83–84.

  109.  E. W. Tullidge, “Views of ‘Mormonism’ and the ‘Mormons,’” Millennial Star, February 2, 1861, 66–68. For an extended discussion of Mormonism and Islam, see Fluhman, “A Peculiar People,” 31–39.

  110.  Matilda Joslyn Gage, Woman, Church and State (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1893), 408–9, 411.

  111.  Kate Field quoted in “Crimes Committed in Utah: Miss Kate Field Favors a National Marriage Law,” New York Times, November 22, 1885, 7, and “Kate Field in the West,” Chicago Tribune, February 25, 1887, 9.

  112.  Willing, On American Soil, 53.

  113.  “House Joint Memorial No. 1,” House Committee on the Territories, Admission of Utah: Report of the Committee on Territories on the Admission of Utah as a State, to the House of Representatives, 50th Cong., 2d Sess., H.R. Rep. 4156, at 179 (1889).

  114.  Smith, “Barbarians Within the Gates,” 595.

  115.  “Meddling with the Mormons,” Daily Graphic, December 9, 1873, quoted in Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage, by C. Carmon Hardy (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois, 1992), 59.

  116.  Metta Victoria Fuller, Mormon Wives (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1856), xi; Howe, Mormonism Unvailed, 74; Allen G. Campbell, “Has Utah a Republican Form of Government?” Century Magazine, March 1882, 716; and “Separate Report of John A. McClernand,” Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1889 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1890), 3:207.

  117.  “Kansas—The Mormons—Slavery: Speech of Senator Douglas,” New York Times, June 23, 1857, 2.

  118.  See David J. Whittaker “Early Mormon Polygamy Defenses,” Journal of Mormon History 11 (1984): 43–63; and David J. Whittaker, “The Bone in the Throat: Orson Pratt and the Public Announcement of Plural Marriage,” Western Historical Quarterly 18 (July 1987): 293–314.

  119.  July 12, 1843, revelation, Doctrine and Covenants 132:6, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints website, https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/132.

  120.  Annie Musser Sheets, “Mormonism Is Not Malevolence,” Deseret News, June 10, 1885, 7.

  121.  “The Mormon Question,” New York Herald, May 3, 1857.

  122.  Robert G. Ingersoll, The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, ed. and comp. by David Widger (New York: Dresden, 1902), 8:260.

  123.  The Book of Mormon does allow for polygamy when it is commanded by God (Jacob 2:30).

  124.  Parley P. Pratt, Marriages and Morals in Utah (Liverpool, England: Orson Pratt, 1856), 8.

  125.  Belinda Marden Pratt, Defence of Polygamy, by a Lady of Utah. . . . (Salt Lake City: 1854), 5. This letter, originally dated January 12, 1854, was later reprinted in full in Richard Burton’s City of the Saints (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1862).

  126.  Peggy Pascoe, Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874–1939 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1990), 67.

  127.  Woman speaker quoted in “Special Correspondence: Utah,” by J. M. Coyner, New England Journal of Education 9, no. 6 (February 6, 1879): 90.

  128.  Cong. Globe (Appendix), 41st Cong., 2d Sess. 173–79 (March 23, 1870) (“Polygamy in Utah,” statement of Rep. William Hooper).

  129.  Cong. Globe, 33d Cong., 1st Sess. 1112 (May 5, 1854) (statement of Rep. John Letcher).

  130.  A. S. Bailey, “Anti-American Influences in India,” in Christian Progress in Utah: The Discussions of the Christian Convention (Salt Lake City: Frank H. Nelden, 1888), 19.

  131.  “Among the Mormons,” St. Louis Christian Advocate, November 8, 1876, quoted in The Mormon Menace, Mason, 98–99.

  132.  Rev. William H. Strickland, “Mormonism,” Daily American, August 25, 1884, quoted in The Mormon Menace, Mason, 47.

  133.  Joseph Belcher, The Religious Denominations in the United States (Philadelphia: J. E. Potter, 1854), 850, 862.

  134.  Schuyler Colfax, The Mormon Question. . . . (Salt Lake City: printed by Deseret News Office, 1870), 4, 7. Though no friend of religion, Mark Twain thought Colfax’s argument was a joke. “Considering our complacent cant about this country of ours being the home of liberty of conscience, it seems to me that the attitude of our Congress and people toward the Mormon Church is matter for limitless laughter and derision,” he wrote in an 1886 letter. “The Mormon religion is a religion . . . and so I shall probably always go on thinking that the attitude of our Congress and nation toward it is merely good trivial stuff to make fun of” (S. L. Clemens to Kate Field, March 8, 1886, in Kate Field: A Record, by Lilian Whiting [Boston: Little, Brown, 1900], 449).

  135.  Gordon, The Mormon Question, 13. See also Philip Hamburger, Separation of Church and State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2002).

  136.  “The Mormon Question: Shall We Admit into the Union an Anti-Christian and Barbarous State?,” 114.

  137.  Cong. Globe (Appendix), 34th Cong., 2d Sess. 288–89 (February 23, 1857) (“Utah Territory and Its Laws—Polygamy and Its License,” statement of Rep. Justin S. Morrill).

  138.  Cong. Globe (Appendix), 34th Cong., 2d Sess. 288–89 (February 23, 1857) (“Utah Territory and Its Laws—Polygamy and Its License,” statement of Rep. Justin Morrill).

  139.  Gordon, The Mormon Question, 157–58, 275.

  140.  John Taylor, August 20, 1882, Journal of Discourses 23:240–41, Mormon Research Ministry, http://jod.mrm.org/23/235.

  141.  “Official Declaration 1,” Doctrine and Covenants, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints website, https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/od/1?lang=eng.

  142.  See D. Michael Quinn, “LDS Church Authority and New Plural Marriages, 1890–1904,” Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 18, no. 1 (Spring 1985): 9–105.

  143.  See Cristine Hutchison-Jones, “Reviling and Revering the Mormons: Defining American Values, 1890–2008” (Ph.D. thesis, Boston University, 2011).

  144.  Jan Shipps, “From Satyr to Saint: American Perceptions of the Mormons, 1860–1960,” in her Sojourner in the Promised Land, 51–97.

  145.  “The Mormons,” Harper’s Weekly, April 25, 1857, 1.

  146.  George F. Will, “The Mormons Have a Different Reality,” Boston Globe, January 22, 1979, 10.

CHAPTER 4: PROHIBITION AND PLURALISM

      1.  “John Barleycorn’s ‘Wake’ Very Wet,” Boston Globe, January 16, 1920, 1.

      2.  New York Herald, January 15, 1920, quoted in The Dry Decade, by Charles Merz (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1969), 51.

      3.  “Bury John Barleycorn,” Los Angeles Times, January 19, 1920, 2:5.

      4.  “Churches Hold J.B.’s Funeral; Cremate Effigy,” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 19, 1920, 10.

      5.  William T. Ellis, “Billy” Sunday: The Man and His Message (Lima, OH: Webb Book and Bible, 1914), 87–88, 89, 91, 101–102.

      6.  “Billy Sunday Speeds Barleycorn to Grave: Preaches at Mock Obsequies, with Devil as Mourner, in Norfolk Tabernacle,” New York Times, January 17, 1920, 3.

      7.  Ellis, “Billy” Sunday, 99. Hoover never called prohibition a “noble experiment.” However, in an August 11, 1928, speech accepting the Republican Party nomination, he called it “a great social and economic experiment, noble in motive and far-reaching in purpose” (quoted in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Herbert Hoover, 1929 [Washington, DC: Office of the Federal Register, 1974], 511).

      8.  Norman H. Clark, Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976), 144.

      9.  “Southern Baptists,” Time, May 26, 1930, 47.

    10.  Barbara Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820–1860,” American Quarterly 18, no. 2 (Summer 1966): 151–74. According to Lawrence Levine, the 1920s exemplified “the central paradox of American history”: “a belief in progress coupled with a dread of change; an urge towards the inevitable future combined with a longing for the irretrievable past” (Lawrence W. Levine, The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History [New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993], 191). This “paradox” is not particularly paradoxical, however. It is yet another expression of the nation’s liberal–conservative split.

    11.  Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform (New York: Vintage, 1960), 289–90.

    12.  Tim Stafford, “Gender Prohibition,” Books & Culture: A Christian Review, May/June 2000, http://www.booksandculture.com/articles/2000/mayjun/8.26.html.

    13.  William J. Bryan, “The Case Against Alcohol,” The Commoner, May 1915, reprinted in Selected Articles on Prohibition of the Liquor Traffic, ed. Lamar T. Beman (White Plains, NY: H. W. Wilson, 1917), 65–72; and Clarence Darrow, “The Ordeal of Prohibition,” American Mercury 2 (August 1924): 419–27.

    14.  Virginius Dabney, Dry Messiah: The Life of Bishop Cannon (New York: Knopf, 1949), 181, 183; and The Sun (Baltimore), October 19, 1928, quoted in Prohibition and Politics: The Life of Bishop James Cannon, Jr., by Robert A. Hohner (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1999), 227.

    15.  Michael Monahan, Dry America (New York: Nicholas L. Brown, 1921), 9.

    16.  Ellis, “Billy” Sunday, 90.

    17.  Alfred E. Smith, Campaign Addresses of Governor Alfred E. Smith, Democratic Candidate for President (Washington, DC: Democratic National Committee, 1929), 108, 216, 246, 247, 299.

    18.  Alfred E. Smith, “Catholic and Patriot,” The Atlantic, May 1927, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1927/05/catholic-and-patriot/306522/.

    19.  “Ben M. Bogard’s Speech in City Park, Little Rock,” Baptist and Commoner, August 1, 1928, 5, quoted in American Apocalypse: A History of Modern Evangelicalism, by Matthew Avery Sutton (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2014), 204.

    20.  Fellowship Forum quoted in God’s Rascal: J. Frank Norris and the Beginnings of Southern Fundamentalism, by Barry Hankins (Lexington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1996), 59.

    21.  Henry S. Clubb, The Maine Liquor Law: Its Origin, History, and Results (New York: Fowler and Wells, 1856), 5–6; and Clark, Deliver Us from Evil, 17. The data on Arbella alcohol is from Mark Edward Lender and James Kirby Martin, Drinking in America: A History (New York: Free Press, 1987), 2.

    22.  Martin Luther to Jerome Weller, July 1530, in The Life and Letters of Martin Luther, by Preserved Smith (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 324.

    23.  Increase Mather, Wo to Drunkards. . . . (Cambridge, MA: printed by Marmaduke Johnson, 1673), 3–4.

    24.  Jessica Kross, American Eras: The Colonial Era, 1600–1754 (Detroit: Gale Research, 1998), 300.

    25.  Clark, Deliver Us from Evil, 16.

    26.  Ian R. Tyrrell, Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800–1860 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1979), 18; and W. J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1979), 151.

    27.  Frederick Marryat’s A Diary in America (Paris: Baudry’s European Library, 1839), 45–47. See also Rorabaugh in The Alcoholic Republic: “Alcohol was pervasive in American society; it crossed regional, sexual, racial, and class lines. Americans drank at home and abroad, alone and together, at work and at play, in fun and in earnest. They drank from the crack of dawn to the crack of dawn. . . . From sophisticated Andover to frontier Illinois, from Ohio to Georgia, in lumbercamps and on satin settees, in log taverns and at fashionable New York hotels, the American greeting was, ‘Come, Sir, take a dram first.’” (21).

    28.  Anthony Benezet, The Mighty Destroyer Displayed. . . . (Philadelphia: printed by Joseph Crukshank, 1774), 17, 8. Benezet also gave voice to American Indian opposition to strong drink, quoting Chief Scarrooyady as saying, “The rum ruins us: we beg you would prevent its coming in such quantities, by regulating the traders. We never understood the trade was for whiskey. We desire it may be forbidden . . . in the Indian country” (11–12).

    29.  Benjamin Rush, An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Body. . . . (Boston: Thomas and Andrews, 1790), 12.

    30.  “On Intemperance,” in Tracts Published by the New England Tract Society (Andover, MA: Flagg and Gould, 1814), 1:1–2.

    31.  John Ware, address to the Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, May 1825, in “Extracts from Dr. Ware’s Address,” in Hopkinsian Magazine 2, no. 4 (April 1826): 86–87.

    32.  Lyman Beecher, Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance (New York: American Tract Society, 1827), 7–8, 52–53.

    33.  Abraham Lincoln, “Temperance Address: An Address, Delivered Before the Springfield Washington Temperance Society, on the 22d February 1842,” in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1953), 1:271–79.

    34.  “Song of the Cold Water Army,” in Journal of the American Temperance Union 8, no. 7 (July 1844): 104. This journal’s motto was “Total Abstinence from All That Intoxicates.”

    35.  J. W. Goodrich, A Second Declaration of Independence; or, The Manifesto of all the Washington Total Abstinence Societies of the United States of America (Worcester: printed by Spooner & Howland, 1841), 3.

    36.  L. M. Sargent, Address, Delivered at the Beneficent Congregational Meeting House, July 4, 1838; Being the First Temperance Celebration of American Independence, in Providence (Providence: B. Cranston, 1838), 4; and A. L. Stone, Mr. Stone’s Oration Before the Sons of Temperance, at Charlestown, N.H., July 4, 1850 (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1850), 9.

    37.  John W. Frick, Theatre, Culture and Temperance Reform in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003), 73.

    38.  “Temperance Address,” in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, Basler, 1:279.

    39.  Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic, 214.

    40.  Heman Humphrey, Parallel Between Intemperance and the Slave-Trade (New York: John P. Haven, 1828), 10, 12, 3, 2, 3, 11.

    41.  Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1855), 256.

    42.  Mrs. F. E. W. Harper, “Symposium-Temperance,” African Methodist Episcopal Church Review 7, no. 4 (April 1891): 373.

    43.  William Whipper, “Address Delivered Before the Colored Temperance Society of Philadelphia, January 8, 1834,” in The Liberator, June 21, 1834, 100; June 28, 1834, 104; and July 5, 1834, 108, http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/.

    44.  “On Intemperance,” in Tracts Published by the New England Tract Society, 1:29.

    45.  T. S. Arthur, Ten Nights in a Bar-Room, and What I Saw There (Boston: L. P. Crown; and Philadelphia: J. W. Bradley, 1854), 239.

    46.  Laws for the Suppression of Drinking Houses and Tippling Shops (Augusta, GA: William T. Johnson, 1853), 8.

    47.  “Ingersoll’s Denunciation of Alcohol,” The Commoner, July 11, 1913, 13, Chronicling America, Library of Congress website, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/46032385/1913-07-11/ed-1/seq-13/.

    48.  Edward Huntington Williams, “What Shall We Do About It?” speech at the National Conference on Race Betterment, Battle Creek, Michigan, January 10, 1914, reprinted in Selected Articles on Prohibition of the Liquor Traffic, ed. Lamar T. Beman, 2nd ed. (New York: H. W. Wilson, 1917), 111.

    49.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H526 (December 22, 1914) (statement of Rep. Daniel Garrett).

    50.  Frick, Theatre, Culture and Temperance Reform, 74.

    51.  Nation quoted in Carry Nation, by Herbert Asbury (New York: Knopf, 1929), xvii; and in Vessel of Wrath: The Life and Times of Carry Nation, by Robert Lewis Taylor (New York: New American Library, 1966), 4.

    52.  “Mrs. Nation Angers a Coney Island Audience,” New York Times, September 9, 1901, 1.

    53.  “The New Kansas ‘Twister,’” Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1901, 8.

    54.  Nation quoted in “People and Events: Carrie Nation,” American Experience website, www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/peopleevents/pande4.html.

    55.  H. L. Mencken, A Mencken Chrestomathy (New York: Knopf, 1949), 624.

    56.  Ronald G. Walters, American Reformers: 1815–1860, rev. ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1997), 143.

    57.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H569, 513, 594 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. Percy Quin, Rep. Willis Hulings, and Rep. Hubert Stephens). See, too, these words on alcohol from Atlanta journalist Henry Grady, quoted repeatedly on the House floor: “It is the mortal enemy of peace and order. The despoiler of men, the terror of women, the cloud that shadows the face of children, the demon that has dug more graves and sent more souls unshrived to judgment than all the pestilences that have wasted life since God sent the plagues to Egypt, and all the wars that have been fought since Joshua stood beyond Jericho” (Henry W. Grady, “A Plea for Prohibition,” in The Complete Orations and Speeches of Henry W. Grady, ed. Edwin DuBois Shurter [New York: Hinds, Noble & Eldredge, 1910], 128).

    58.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H607 (December 22, 1914) (statement of Rep. Richmond Hobson).

    59.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H497 (December 22, 1914) (statement of Rep. Philip Campbell).

    60.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H605 (December 22, 1914) (statement of Rep. Richmond Hobson).

    61.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H513, 514, 503 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. Willis Hulings, Rep. Richmond Hobson, and Rep. M. Clyde Kelly).

    62.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H514, 536 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. Richmond Hobson and Rep. Andrew Volstead).

    63.  Proceedings, Fifteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America (Westerville, OH: American Issue, 1913), 89.

    64.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H504, 572, 569 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. M. Clyde Kelly, Rep. James Bryan, and Rep. Percy Quin).

    65.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H526 (December 22, 1914) (statement of Rep. Daniel Garrett).

    66.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H497, 520, 555 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. J. Campbell Cantrill, Rep. Oscar Underwood, and Rep. Andrew Barchfeld).

    67.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H542 (December 22, 1914) (statement of Rep. Robert Henry).

    68.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H544–45, 509 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. Robert Henry and Rep. Charles Coady).

    69.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H588, 554 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. Martin Morrison and Rep. Andrew Barchfeld).

    70.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H508 (December 22, 1914) (statement of Rep. Edward Pou).

    71.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H534, 535 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Julius Kahn and Rep. J. Hampton Moore).

    72.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H582, 535, 558 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. James Gallivan, Rep. J. Hampton Moore, and Rep. Henry Vollmer).

    73.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H548, 506, 582 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. Richard Bartholdt and Rep. Edward Pou; and a rereading of a portion of 1887 speech by Rep. Roger Q. Mills).

    74.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H562, 548 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. James Buchanan and Rep. Richard Bartholdt).

    75.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H595, 539, 513 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. John McKenzie, Rep. Caleb Powers, and Rep. Richmond Hobson).

    76.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H502 (December 22, 1914) (statement of Rep. Clyde Kelly).

    77.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H513 (December 22, 1914) (statement of Rep. Willis Hulings).

    78.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H536, 513, 529 (December 22, 1914) (statements of Rep. Francis Lindquist, Rep. Willis Hulings, and Rep. Edwin Webb).

    79.  John Strange quoted in The Pabst Brewing Company: The History of an American Business, by Thomas C. Cochran (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1948), 320.

    80.  Baptist Observer, May 1, 1924, quoted in Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–1928, by Leonard J. Moore (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina, 1997), 35.

    81.  Merz, The Dry Decade, 211.

    82.  Mark Matthews quoted in Deliver Us from Evil, Clark, 199; and “Calls Prohibition a Complete Success,” New York Times, November 26, 1925, 25.

    83.  “Find Sober Men Critical,” New York Times, April 13, 1922, 11.

    84.  Warren G. Harding, “Second Annual Message,” December 8, 1922, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29563.

    85.  H. L. Mencken, “The Perihelion of Prohibition,” Sydney Bulletin (Australia), July 20, 1922, in his A Mencken Chrestomathy, 411–12.

    86.  H. L. Mencken, “Five Years of Prohibition,” American Mercury 3, no. 4 (December 1924): 420.

    87.  Clarence Darrow, “The Ordeal of Prohibition,” American Mercury 2, no. 8 (August 1924): 419–27.

    88.  Matthews quoted in The Dry Years: Prohibition and Social Change in Washington, by Norman H. Clark (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1988), 66, 208, 111.

    89.  Michael A. Lerner, Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2008), 113, 122, 177.

    90.  Percy Andreae, The Prohibition Movement in Its Broader Bearings upon our Social, Commercial and Religious Liberties (Chicago: Felix Mendelsohn, 1915), 10, 12, 10, 13.

    91.  Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Conservative,” lecture delivered at the Masonic Temple, Boston, December 9, 1841, Ralph Waldo Emerson Texts website, http://www.emersoncentral.com/conservative.htm.

    92.  Jefferson to John Adams, August 1, 1816, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. H. A. Washington (Washington, DC: Taylor & Maury, 1854), 7:27.

    93.  Chandler Owen, “The Cabaret—A Useful Social Institution,” The Messenger, August 1922, 461.

    94.  Horace M. Kallen, “Democracy Versus the Melting-Pot,” The Nation, February 18 and 25, 1915, 190–94, 217–20.

    95.  Nicholas Murray Butler to “Fritz,” September 4, 1928, quoted in Dry Manhattan, Lerner, 235; and Stephen S. Wise, “Ku Klux Klanism,” Reform Advocate, October 22, 1921, 303.

    96.  Jones quoted in “Smith Overcoming Alabama Enemies,” New York Times, October 7, 1928, E2.

    97.  Mencken, A Mencken Chrestomathy, 412.

    98.  Martha Bensley Bruère, Does Prohibition Work? (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1927), 282.

    99.  Clark, Deliver Us from Evil, 224.

  100.  Clark, Deliver Us from Evil, 176–78.

  101.  Merz, The Dry Decade, 220.

  102.  Rev. S. Parkes Cadman and Rev. Charles S. Macfarland quoted in The Politics of Moral Behavior: Prohibition and Drug Abuse, ed. K. Austin Kerr (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1973), 131.

  103.  “This Is Armageddon,” Christian Century, March 1, 1933, 281.

  104.  Sabin quoted in “Four Women Lead Attack on Dry Law,” New York Times, February 14, 1930, 18.

  105.  “Telegram from W. R. Hearst to E. J. Clapp,” January 2, 1929, in Brooklyn Standard Union, January 30, 1929, 6. John D. Rockefeller Jr., a lifelong teetotaler who had previously contributed generously to the Anti-Saloon League, also turned against the Eighteenth Amendment. See “Text of Rockefeller’s Letter to Dr. Butler,” New York Times, June 7, 1932, 12.

  106.  Merz, The Dry Decade, 224.

  107.  Raskob quoted in “National Affairs: Raskob et Al.,” Time, July 23, 1928, 9.

  108.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H548 (December 22, 1914) (statement of Rep. Richard Bartholdt).

  109.  Franklin D. Roosevelt, “187—Proclamation 2065—Repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment,” December 5, 1933, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14570.

  110.  Mencken quoted in Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol, by Iain Gately (New York: Penguin, 2008), 399.

  111.  “Harding Appeals for Party Unity and Rebukes Bloc,” New York Times, February 12, 1922, 2.

  112.  Harding quoted in New World Coming: The 1920s and the Making of Modern America, by Nathan Miller (New York: Scribner, 2003), 65.

  113.  Fitzgerald quoted in Sometimes Madness Is Wisdom: Zelda and Scott Fitzgerald: A Marriage, by Kendall Taylor (New York: Ballantine Books, 2003), 62.

  114.  F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (London: Urban Romantics, 2012), 18, 34.

  115.  Walter Lippmann, Men of Destiny (New York: Macmillan, 1927), 28.

  116.  Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Morals (New York: Macmillan, 1929), 51, 3.

  117.  Theodore Roosevelt, “On American Motherhood,” March 13, 1905, National Center for Public Policy Research, http://www.nationalcenter.org/TRooseveltMotherhood.html.

  118.  Roosevelt to Richard M. Hurd, January 3, 1919, in The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Elting E. Morison (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1951–54), 8:1422.

  119.  “Milestones: 1921–1936: The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act),” U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, http://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act.

  120.  Randolph S. Bourne, “Trans-national America,” The Atlantic, July 1916, 86–97, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1916/07/trans-national-america/304838/.

  121.  Wise, “Ku Klux Klanism,” 303.

  122.  Kallen, “Democracy Versus the Melting-Pot,” The Nation, February 25, 1915, 220.

  123.  Horace M. Kallen, “The Meaning of Americanism,” Immigrants in America Review 1 (January 1916): 12–19.

  124.  Calvin Coolidge, “Address Before the American Legion Convention at Omaha, Nebraska,” October 6, 1925, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=438.

  125.  James A. Morone, Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History (New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 2003), 311.

  126.  52 Cong. Rec. (63d Cong., 3d Sess.) H555 (December 22, 1914) (statement of Rep. Andrew Barchfeld).

  127.  Anti-Saloon League and New York World quoted in Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition, by Daniel Okrent (New York: Scribner, 2010), 3.

  128.  Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877–1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), 4.