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Between 1642 and 1651 England was in a state of civil war. A series of armed conflicts between supporters of Parliament (Roundheads) and supporters of King Charles I (Cavaliers) took place, over religious political, social and economic issues. The Parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell, ultimately defeated the Monarchists and in January 1649 King Charles I was tried and executed for being a "tyrant, traitor and murderer; and a public and implacable enemy to the Commonwealth of England". Two years later, his eldest son, Charles Stuart, led an invading force from Scotland, but was defeated at Worcester on 1 September 1651. He fled the battlefield, going on the run from the Parliamentarians.