Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
Abdullah, Jasmine, 225
abolition: abolition feminism, 241; of policing, xv, 103, 124, 126, 200–202, 238, 240–241, 243; as praxis, xv
Acosta, Karina, 62
Adams, Sarah, 117
African American Policy Forum, 9, 125, 205, 209, 220
Aikins, Jaisha, 73–74, 76, 77, 78
Alexander, Marissa, 68, 193, 203
Al-Matar, Itemid “Angel,” 67–68
Almodovar, Denise, 117
Alwysh, Sourette, 179
AMEMSA (Arab, Middle Eastern, Muslim, and South Asian) women: Arab women, 2, 40, 46, 63–69, 134–35, 168, 190–91; arrests and incarceration rates, 62; controlling narratives and, 40, 68, 81, 97–98, 144–45, 185–86, 190–91, 227, 237; domestic violence and, 185–86; gender nonconformity and, 39, 86, 97; gender policing and, 134; as immigrants, 2–3, 14, 37–38, 39, 62, 168, 190–91, 216; Middle Eastern women, 116, 168, 190–91, 195, 197; motherhood and, 168; police response to violence and, 186, 190–91, 197; police sexual violence against, 113, 117, 149; pregnancy and, 168; as queer people of color, 134, 227; racial profiling and, 40, 46, 63–69; religious profiling, 46, 63–69, 81, 168, 190–91, 216, 227; in school settings, 81; sexuality and, 134, 227; war on terror and, 63–69. See also Muslim women; South Asian women; war on terror; individual identities
Ammons, Linda, 260n99
Amnesty International, 9, 51, 59, 66, 105, 168, 188
Anderson, Michelle Siguenza, 178
Anderson, Tanisha, 91, 101, 203, 205, 219, 220, 229. See also Johnson, Cassandra
Anderson, Vivian, 85–86
Ann Arbor Alliance for Black Lives, 198–99
anti-Blackness, 4, 56–57
antiviolence movements, 16–17, 106, 110, 124–25, 183–88, 192, 199–201, 212–13
Antor, Sandra, 1
Arab women, 2, 40, 46, 63–69, 134–35, 168, 190–91. See also AMEMSA (Arab, Middle Eastern, Muslim, and South Asian) women; war on terror
Arkles, Gabriel, 133, 284n2
Arnwine, Barbara, 125
Arrested Justice (Richie), 122
arrests: of Black women, 10, 29, 30, 43–46, 47–48, 51–53, 76–78, 147, 149–50, 262n9; child welfare law enforcement, 176–80, 190, 198; crimes of poverty, 45; domestic violence, 196; for domestic violence, 45, 195–98, 262n15; drug use, 45, 47, 51–53, 263n32; gendered racial disparities, 10, 44, 262n11; gender policing arrests, 285n12; immigration and, 299n56; increases over time, 44–45; Latinx women, 149–50; mandatory arrest policies, 186, 195–98, 200–201, 240, 299n56; for noncompliance, 72–73, 82–83, 165–66; poverty-related offenses, 45; queer people of color, 196; racial profiling and, 10, 44, 262n11; resisting arrest, 72–73; in school settings, 76–77, 78–79, 271n36; self-defense and, 45, 191, 194, 196–97, 212, 262n15; sex work/prostitution, 147, 149–50, 290n27; theft and other property crimes, 29, 30, 44–45
Asians for Black Lives, 227
Asian women: Asian trans women, 149, 191, 207; Black Lives Matter and, 227; controlling narratives and, 14, 23, 40, 81, 97–98, 144–45, 227; drug laws and, 46, 48; gender nonconformity and, 39, 86, 97, 130; as immigrants, 14, 37–38, 39, 168; as LGBTQ people, 130, 149, 191, 227; motherhood and, 168; police killing of, 96–97, 97–98, 215–16; pregnancy and, 168; racial profiling and, 40, 45; rates of engagement in sex work, 149; resistance, 227; response to police violence against, 195, 197; sex work/prostitution, 37–38, 39, 144–46, 149; strip searches, 48, 80–81; trafficking and, 157–58. See also Asian women, police physical violence against; Asian women, police sexual violence against; Asian women, racial profiling of; Chinese women
Asian women, police physical violence against: Asian mothers, 171; controlling narratives and, 96–97; as immigrants, 97–98, 157–58; response to police violence against, 189, 195; searches, 189; sex work/prostitution and, 157–58. See also Asian women; Asian women, police sexual violence against; Asian women, racial profiling of
Asian women, police sexual violence against: controlling narratives and, 145; gender policing and, 118; as immigrants, 115; sexuality policing and, 145–46. See also Asian women; Asian women, police physical violence against; Asian women, racial profiling of
Asian women, racial profiling of: controlling narratives, 236; gender policing and, 130–31; girls/youth and, 80–81; as immigrants, 37–38, 39, 130–31; police response to violence and, 191, 195; pregnancy and, 39; school systems and, 80–81; sexuality policing and, 191; sex work/prostitution and, 37–38, 39; strip searches and, 48. See also Asian women; Asian women, police physical violence against; Asian women, police sexual violence against
Assata’s Daughters, 224
Audre Lorde Project (ALP), 57, 139–40, 159, 201, 208, 209, 216
Baez, Iris, 228
Bah, Adama, 65
Bah, Hawa, 228
Bain, Beverly, 88, 282n80
Baker, Ella, 244
Baldwin, Dara, 99, 101
Banks, Korneisha, 187
Banks, Rosie, 93
Bates, Daisy, 211
Bean, Babe, 130
Becton, Dajerria, 70–72, 73, 206
Beltran, Alicia, 175
Berkeley Copwatch, 94–95
Bhattacharjee, Annanya, 61, 69, 174, 180, 182, 200, 263n22
Black Feminist Futures, 226
Black Lives Matter, 2, 72, 85, 122–23, 199, 203–5, 209, 222–23, 225–27. See also Movement for Black Lives
Black women: arrest and incarceration rates, 10, 29, 30, 43–46, 47–48, 51–53, 76–78, 147, 149–50, 262n9; Black lesbians, 137–38, 158–59, 193–94, 214; controlling narratives and, 35, 49–50, 74, 81, 89, 144–45, 146–47, 190–91; criminalization of, 29–37, 43–46; death by community members, 238–39; drug law enforcement, 11, 45–46, 47–50, 172–76; incarceration rates, 44, 47, 262n9; lesbians, 137–38, 158–59, 193–94, 214; motherhood and, 27, 57, 165–68, 170, 172–81, 260n106, 293n9; Movement for Black Lives and, 2, 199, 209, 222, 231–32, 237; police physical violence rates, 137–38; police violence rates against, 137–38; poverty and, 45–46; rape and, 27–28, 29, 33, 258n60; resistance and, 158–59, 193–94, 210–13; self-defense and, 192–94; as sexually deviant, 23, 144–45, 149–50, 260n99; sex work/people who trade sex and, 147–48, 149, 289n4, 290n27; as superhuman, 89, 90, 102, 138, 156, 199; trans women, 149, 150–51, 154–55; as unrapeable, 33, 258n60; welfare queen narratives, 167–68. See also Black women, police killing of; Black women, police physical violence against; Black women, police sexual violence against; Black women, racial profiling of; lesbians of color; queer people of color; slavery
Black women, police killing of, 203, 205, 225, 236; child welfare laws and, 177–78; drug law enforcement and, 51; in hospital settings, 215; mental health crisis and, 58, 88–89, 90, 94–96, 102, 203, 206, 215–16; noncompliance and, 223–24; in police custody, 9–10, 205, 206; police responses to violence and, 187, 217–18; traffic stops and, 215. See also Black women; Black women, police physical violence against; Black women, police sexual violence against; Black women, racial profiling of
Black women, police physical violence against: Black lesbians and, 158–59; Black mothers and, 165–70, 171–75; Black trans people and, 94–95, 131–32, 137–38; broken windows policing and, 58, 70–73, 74–78, 82–83; child welfare laws and, 177–79; controlling narratives and, 93–94; drug law enforcement and, 7; gender policing and, 84, 131–32, 154–55; girls/youth and, 70–73, 74–76; as immigrants, 171–72; mental health crisis and, 89–91, 93, 94–95, 100–102; noncompliance and, 82–83, 100–101; police responses to violence and, 183–84, 185, 188; pregnant women and, 48; school systems and, 72–73, 74–76; searches, 48–49, 84–85, 131, 132; sexuality policing and, 84, 131–32, 137–38, 158–59; sex work/people who trade sex and, 154–55. See also Black women; Black women, police killing of; Black women, police sexual violence against; Black women, racial profiling of
Black women, police sexual violence against: controlling narratives and, 144–45; drug law enforcement and, 108; gender policing and, 118–19; Holtzclaw case, 105–8, 110, 116, 125–26, 188, 206, 213, 222, 277n4; police responses to violence and, 116–17, 188–89; searches and, 121–22, 129; sexuality policing and, 118–19, 146–48. See also Black women; Black women, police killing of; Black women, police physical violence against; Black women, racial profiling of
Black women, racial profiling of: Black mothers and, 172–75; Black trans people and, 132–33, 216–17; broken windows policing and, 56–59; child welfare laws and, 176–80; controlling narratives, 74–76, 155–56, 172–75, 236–37; drug law enforcement and, 11, 47–50, 51–53, 136–37, 172–75; gender policing and, 132–33, 134, 135–36; girls/youth and, 80–81, 154–55; police response to violence, 189–90, 195; police response to violence and, 191, 195; school systems and, 75–78, 80–81; searches and, 48, 121–22, 136–37; self-defense and, 191–92; sexuality policing and, 84, 144–45; sex work/prostitution, 146–47, 154–55, 159–64; traffic stops, 10–11, 220–21. See also Black women; Black women, police killing of; Black women, police physical violence against; Black women, police sexual violence against
Black Women’s Blueprint (BWBP), 84, 105, 219
Black Women Under Siege by NYC Police (Center for Law and Social Justice report), 208
Black Youth Project 100 (BYP100), 203–5, 209, 223–24, 244–45, 300n7
Blair, Cynthia M., 146–47, 289n4
Bland, Sandra, 9–10, 12–13, 47–48, 67, 101, 166, 206, 207, 220. See also traffic stops
Bloom, Barbara, 45
Blues Bar, 214
Bolds, Jacquia, 80
Bond, Diane, 122
Born Suspect: Stop and Frisk Abuses and the Continuing Fight to End Racial Profiling in America (NAACP report), 218
Bowen, Gary, 128, 284n5
Boyd, Nan Alamilla, 41
Boyd, Rekia, 203, 205–6, 207, 223, 228, 251. See also Sutton, Martinez
BreakOUT!, 118–19, 141–42
Brent, Linda, 26, 27, 28
broken windows policing: overview of, 53–57; arrest rates, 45; ending, 240; extortion of sex, 59; Ferguson, Missouri and, 55–56; gang-related policing and, 75–76; gender policing and, 57, 58–59, 136–37, 208; immigrants and, 57, 67; increase in police interactions, 57–59; Indigenous women and, 58; Latinx women and, 58; police discretion and, 55–57; police sexual violence and, 108, 113; as policing paradigm, 14, 53–59; poverty and homelessness, 54–55, 57, 58; problem bodies and, 53–57; public disorder and, 54–58, 73, 208; quality of life ordinances, 54–55, 58, 69, 135–36, 139, 148, 160–61, 179, 208; sexuality policing and, 55, 58–59, 208; sex work/ prostitution and, 57, 148–49; trans women of color and, 57, 58–59, 160–61; zero tolerance policies and, 53–59, 76. See also quality of life laws; zero tolerance policies
Brooks, Cat, 225
Brooks, Malaika, 165–67, 168
Brouder, Laura, 180
Brown, Michael, 10, 58, 105–6, 199, 203, 207. See also Ferguson, Missouri
Browne, Emira Habiby, 66
Brunson, Rod, 83–84
Buffalo Calf Road Woman, 210
Bumpurs, Eleanor, xi, 88–89, 90, 208, 215
Buried Seedz of Resistance (BSeedz), 222–23
Buritica, Amanda, 48–49
Burks, Mary Fair, 211
Butler, Ashanti, 225
CAAAV: Organizing Asian Communities, 86, 288n62
CAHOOTS (Crisis Assistance Helping Out on the Street), 102
Caïdor, Rachel, 193–94
Capers, I. Bennett, 128
Carey, Miriam, 65, 91, 205, 219
Carr, Gwen, 228
Carruthers, Charlene A., 16, 242–45. See also Black Youth Project 100 (BYP100)
Carter, Mandy, 134
Castile, Philando, 1, 228
Chamblee, Dee, 221–22
Chateauvert, Mindy, 159–60, 301n22
Cherry, Rosa Lee, 211
Chesney-Lind, Meda, 45
Chinese women: drug laws and, 46; gender nonconformity and, 130–31, 286n30; as immigrants, 24, 37–38, 39, 46, 130–31, 145–46, 171, 261n118; pregnancy and, 171; schools and, 80–81; sex work/prostitution and, 37–38, 39, 130–31, 145–47, 261n118. See also Asian women
Christian, Alexia, 225
Circle Bear, Sarah Lee, 12–13, 44. See also traffic stops
Civil Rights Congress, ix–x, 31–32
classification anxiety, 135–37
Clay, Cyndee, 192
Coalición de Derechos Humanos, 60
Coalition Against Police Brutality, 130, 140, 185, 219, 288n62
Coalition for Justice and Accountability, 216
Cohen, Cathy J., 35–36
Cole, Kim T., 72
Collins, Patricia Hill, 35, 36, 42
Collins, Toni, 156
colonialism/colonization: binary gender systems and, 22–23, 128; borders and, 14, 15, 36, 37–40, 210, 216; continuing, 6–7; controlling narratives of, 21–25, 35–40, 253n4; enduring legacies of, 41–42, 258n63; gender policing, 22–23, 40–41; Indigenous peoples under, 19–25; pass systems, 24, 256n29; police physical violence and, 13, 19–23; police sexual violence and, 13, 20–22; resistance and, 21, 29–30; sexuality and, 23
Colvin, Claudette, 34, 259n92
Combahee River Collective, 213, 244
Communities Against Rape and Abuse, 201
Communities United for Police Reform, 110
Compton’s Cafeteria riot, 214, 244
Concerned Women for Justice, 212
Conquest (Smith), 5, 21
controlling narratives: use of term, 3, 35, 42, 253n4; AMEMSA women and, 168; Asian women and, 15, 23, 40, 81, 97–98, 144–45, 227; Black women and, 49–50, 74, 81, 89, 144–45, 190–91; under colonialism/colonization, 21–25, 35–40, 253n4; compliance and, 74, 77–78; enduring legacies of, 41–42; gender nonconformity, 77–78; as hot-blooded, 15, 40, 79, 145, 236–37; of immigrant women, 14, 37–40, 190–91, 274n13; as immoral/sexual/submissive, 15, 37–38, 39–40, 97–98, 130–31, 145, 157; Indigenous women and, 24–25, 98–99, 144; “Jezebel,” 15, 35–36, 144–45; Latinx women and, 190–91; lesbians of color and, 144–45; “Mammy,” 35, 36, 177, 236; of mental health, 90–92, 97–98, 102, 274n13; motherhood and, 127–28, 167–68; of Muslim women, 81, 237; people with disabilities and, 90, 96–98, 102; police responses to violence and, 190, 197; pregnancy, 67–168, 172–76, 177; resistance against, 236–37; Sapphire, 36–37, 57, 236–37; of sexual deviance, 144–45, 148; sex work/prostitution and 144–45, 146–47, 150, 290n20; slavery and, 14, 35–37, 167–68; South Asian women and, 40, 145, 185–86, 190–91, 227; superhuman physical strength, 89, 90, 102, 138, 156, 199, 236–237; war on terror, 68; white womanhood and, 127–28, 237
Cook, Sophia, 7
Cooper’s Donuts, 213–14
Cop Watch, 8, 95, 96, 110, 187, 200, 230
Corley, Charneisa, 121
Cox, Juanita Valdez, 114
COYOTE (Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics), 150
Craft, William and Ellen, 26
Creative Interventions, 201
Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams, 9, 90–91, 125, 220
crime against nature, 161–64, 292n75
criminalization: broken windows policing and, 77–85, 86–87; of cross-dressing, 40–41, 128–30, 133; by employers, 30–31; of girls of color, 77–85, 86–87; of immigrants, 62–63, 115–16; motherhood and, 31, 165–68; of people with disabilities, 92–94; police sexual violence and, 108, 112–13; of pregnancy and, 15, 167, 168, 172–77, 179–80; of sexuality, 58–59; of sex work, 31, 144–45, 148–49, 161–64; Thirteenth Amendment and, 30–31; of youth of color, 14, 57, 77–85, 86–87
Criminalizing Condoms (report), 152
Cusseaux, Michelle, 95–96, 199, 205. See also Garrett, Fran
Daniels, Danette, 51, 181
Danner, Deborah, 90, 102
Dariela, 197
Davis, Angela Y.: abolition feminism, 241; on antiviolence movements, 88; on historical contexts, ix–x, 16, 212; INCITE! and, 184–85, 200; on intersectional analysis, 208, 213, 235, 236, 241; Joan Little case and, 212, 301n22; on police sexual violence, 27–28, 34; on police violence against women, 88, 184–85, 208, 213, 235, 241, 296n6; on prison-industrial complex, 235; on resistance, 210; on women and slavery, 27–28, 210
Davis, Renee, 226
Davis, Shantel, 204, 205
DeGraffenreid, Margaret, 32
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, 34–35, 211
Dempsey, Floranda, 99
Denson, Janneral, 48–49
Desis Rising Up and Moving (DRUM), 66, 81–82, 84
Diallo, Katadou, 228
Díaz-Cotto, Juanita, 50–51
Different Avenues, 156, 217
Ditmore, Melissa, 157
Dixon, Carmen, 204
documentation of police abuse: during civil rights movements, 34–35, 211; Cop Watch, 8, 95, 96, 110, 187, 200, 230; racialized gender and, 83–84, 234–35; In the Shadows of the War on Terror report, 9, 165; Stonewalled report, 9, 105, 119–20, 132, 134–35, 151–52, 154–55, 157, 185, 191
Doe, Hiroke, 163
Doe, Jane, 8
domestic violence: antiviolence activism and, 183–86; arrest and incarceration of survivors for, 45, 195–98, 262n15; immigrants/immigration law enforcement and, 198, 299n56; incidence among police officers, 296n8; mandatory arrest policies, 186, 195–98, 200–201, 240, 299n56; mass incarceration and, 262n15; police responses to calls, 15, 116–17, 183–92, 198; Survived and Punished, xv, 200
Dream Defenders, 201, 225
drug law enforcement: arrest rates, 45, 47, 51–53, 263n32; Asian women and, 46, 48; Black women and, 11, 45–46, 47, 48–50, 172–76; casualties of the war on drugs, 51; controlling narratives and, 48, 49–50, 51–52; criminalization of drug use, 11, 46–47, 136–37; extortion of sex, 51; gender policing and, 136–37; immigration and, 49–51; incarceration rates, 11, 44, 47, 52–53; Indigenous women and, 47, 51; Latinx women and, 47, 48, 50–51; mandatory minimum sentencing, 11; motherhood and, 51, 52–53, 172–76; police sexual violence and, 112–13; as policing paradigm, 14, 46–53; poverty and, 52; pregnancy and, 51, 111, 173–74, 176; racial profiling and, 11, 51–53; searches, 7, 48–51; sex work/ prostitution and, 148–49; trans people and, 136–37; zero tolerance, 53
Drug Policy Alliance, 47
DuBois, Sylvia, 26
Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne, 20, 24, 255n20
Dundon, Vanessa (Sioux Z), 6–7
ElBayadi, Liz, 117
Elena, 137–38
Elzie, Johnetta, 220
Eng, Jazmyne Ha, 97
Escobar, Maria, 197
Escobar, Martha D., 63, 107
Esperanza del Barrio, 59
Evans, Juan, 220–21
#EveryBlackGirl, 85–86
Families United for Justice, 228
Family Violence Project (Urban Justice Center), 192
Fariha, 81
Fausset, Lena, 32
Fearless Leading by the Youth (FLY), 224
Feliciano, Bianca, 133
feminist movements: abolition feminism, 241; antiviolence activism and, 16–17, 106, 110, 124–25, 185–86, 187–88, 199–201, 213; Black feminism, xv, 25, 183, 184–85, 212–13, 226, 253n4; mainstream white feminism, 213, 222; women of color feminism, 127–28
Ferguson, Missouri: Ann Arbor Alliance for Black Lives and, 198–99; broken windows policing, 55–56; Ferguson Action, 203, 225; Ferguson Uprising (2014), 2, 203; gender/race disparities in traffic stops, 10; Michael Brown murder, 10, 58, 105–6, 199, 203; post-Ferguson organizing, 168, 198, 206, 209, 219–27, 230–32
Fletcher, Kim, 116
Fonville, Janisha, 187
Francis, Shereese, 91, 203
Franklin, Grace, 125, 222
Frye, Shelly, 205
Gaines, Korryn, 226, 237
Galbreath, Allen, 135–36
Garcia, Bianey, 151
Garcia, Veronica, 59
Garner, Eric, 1, 101, 106, 168, 207. See also Garner, Erica
Garner, Erica, 207, 228. See also Garner, Eric
Garrett, Fran, 95–96. See also Cusseaux, Michelle
Garza, Alicia, 2
Gen 5, 201
gender identity/expression: use of terms, 2, 12, 253n1, 254n19, 284n2; binary gender systems, 22, 127–28, 284n2; clothing and, 40–41, 128–34, 285n12, 286n30; colonialism/colonization and, 22–23, 128; criminalization of, 40–41, 58–59; drag queens, 131, 214; gendercide, 23; immigration and, 37–40; Indigenous people and, 22, 23, 132; perceptions of mental instability and, 93–94; public disorder and, 55–58; sexuality and, 14; sex work and, 14; sumptuary laws, 14, 128–34; white normative gender and, 128–29. See also gender nonconforming people of color; gender policing; trans men of color; trans women of color; Two Spirit people
gender nonconforming people of color: use of terms, 12, 253n5, 284n2, 285n18; Arab women and, 134; broken windows policing and, 57, 58–59; controlling narratives, 77–78; fraud and, 41, 127–28, 132–33; gender norm policing and, 118–19; noncompliance and, 77–78. See also gender identity/ expression; gender policing
gender policing: AMEMSA women and, 130, 134; bathrooms/sex-segregated facilities, 134–35, 286n36, 286n38; binary gender systems and, 22, 127–28, 284n2; Black lesbians and, 131–32, 137–38; broken windows policing and, 57, 58–59, 136–37; clothing and, 40–41, 58–59, 128–34, 285n12, 286n30; colonialism/colonization, 22–23, 40–41; cross-dressing and, 40–41, 130, 131–34, 285n12, 286n30; disabilities and, 139–40; drug law enforcement and, 136–37; gender binary enforcement and, 14–15, 127–28; gender checks, 129, 131–34, 135–37, 138; gender nonconformity, 127–28; immigrants/ immigration and, 38–41, 59; Indigenous people and, 132; legislation and policy shifts, 221–22, 286n30, 286n38; mandatory arrest and, 196; mental health and, 139–40; problem bodies and, 39, 53, 132, 145; resistance against, 40–41, 131–32, 139–43; in school settings, 77–78, 81–82; searches, 138; sexual violence and, 137–38; sex work/ prostitution and, 145, 154; socioeconomic status, 139; sumptuary laws and, 14, 128–34; traffic stops and, 220–21; of trans people, 133–34, 220–21; white normativity and, 129–30; youth and, 130. See also classification anxiety; gender nonconforming people of color; trans men of color; trans women of color
gentrification, 56–57, 70–73, 164
Gilmer, Rachel, 220
Girls for Gender Equity, 81, 86–87
girls of color: arrest rates, 76–77; criminalization of, 77–85; defiance and, 73–74, 76, 77, 78; experiences of racialized gender and, 83–84; gang-related policing and, 75–76; gender nonconformity and, 77–78, 84; police sexual violence and, 112–13, 114; resistance and, xii–xiii, xv, 78, 84–87, 156, 201, 216, 273nn69–70; school discipline and, 76–77; sexual nonconformity and, 77–78, 84; status offenses, 83–84, 87; stop and frisk and, 84–85. See also school systems; youth of color
Girls Rock Charleston, 73
Giselle, 55
Global North/Global South, 236, 253n6
Golden, Pearlie, 91
Goldschied, Julie, 186
Gore, Dayo, 140
Gossett, Che, 217
Gossett, Reina, 214
Graham, Ramarley, 229. See also Hartley, Patricia; Malcolm, Constance
Gray, Freddie, 1, 101
Grey, Jeanette, 158–59
Grey, Kimani, 229–30
Greywind, Martina, 175
Grissom, Tiffaney, 150–51
Groves, Kim, 65, 215
Guerrero, Diana, 114
Guidance on Gender Bias in Policing (US Department of Justice), 125
Gullikson, Sharon, 58
Gunn Allen, Paula, 22
Gutierrez, Jewlyes, 81
Haggerty, LaTanya, 183, 215, 296n6
Haley, Sarah, xii, 29–30, 31, 36–37, 91, 174
Hall, Mya, 1, 65, 203, 228
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 34–35, 211
Hamilton, Brandi, 121
Hansen-Singthong, Anothai, 189
Harcourt, Bernard, 54
Harm Free Zones, 201
Harriet’s Apothecary, 203
Harrington, Penny, 110, 112
Harris, Cathy, 50
Harris-Dawson, Marqueece, 68
Hartley, Patricia, 229. See also Graham, Ramarley
Hawkins, Annie, 26
Hayder, Tashnuba, 64
Hayes, Lisa, 99–100
Haywood, Deon, 162
Height, Dorothy, 34, 211
Helping Individual Prostitutes Survive (HIPS), 149
Henderson, Yuvette, 225
Hernandez, Jessie, 222
Hernandez, Jo, 223
Hernandez, Vivianna, 132
Herzing, Rachel, 240
Hill, Renata, 193. See also New Jersey 7
Holmes, Billie Moton, 32
Holtzclaw, Daniel, 105–8, 110, 116, 125–26, 188, 206, 213, 222, 277n4
homelessness: broken windows policing and, 54–55, 57, 58; police violence and, 45–46, 54–58, 89–90, 92–93, 133–34, 156, 179–80, 190, 214
hooks, bell, 25, 36, 78
Howell, Cynthia, 228. See also Spruill, Alberta
Human Rights Watch, 138, 149, 151, 152–53, 216
Huq, Chaumtoli, 66–67
immigrants/immigration and law enforcement: AMEMSA women and, 14, 62, 168; arrests rates, 82, 299n56; border control and, 13, 14, 49–51, 115–16; broken windows policing and, 57, 67; Chinese women and, 37–38, 39; collaboration with local law enforcement, 61–62; colonialism/colonization and, 14, 15, 36, 37–40, 210, 216; controlling narratives and, 37–40, 115–16, 274n13; criminalization of, 115–16; deportation, 45, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69, 114–15, 115–16, 140, 171, 266n91, 285n14, 299n56; disability and, 274n13; domestic violence and, 97–98, 195, 197, 198, 299n56; enforcement as policing paradigm, 14, 59–63; exclusions of, 17, 37–38, 39, 161, 268n108, 285n14; extortion of sex, 114–15, 116; gender nonconformity and, 39; gender policing and, 40–41, 130, 140, 285n14; incarceration rates, 46; Indigenous women and, 60–61; mandatory arrest laws and, 198, 299n56; motherhood and, 167–68, 172, 179, 293n9; people with disabilities and, 37, 39; police response to violence and, 190–91, 195, 197; police physical violence and, 39–40, 59, 62–63, 67, 154–55; police sexual violence and, 39–40, 112, 114–116; pregnant women and, 39, 62; queer people of color and, 208; racialization and, 60–61; resistance organizing, 142, 208, 209, 210, 216, 227; in school settings, 62, 82; sexual assault of immigrants, 115; sexuality and, 37–40, 208; sex work/prostitution and, 37–38, 145, 146, 161; South Asian immigrants and, 62, 285n21; street vendors, 57, 59; sumptuary laws and, 130–31; trans immigrants, 115, 154–55. See also AMEMSA women, Asian women, Black women, Latinx women
INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence: campaign on law enforcement violence, 216–17; Color of Violence anthology, 201, 213; Critical Resistance Statement on Gender Violence and the Prison Industrial Complex, 9, 185, 201–2, 208–9, 216–17; Angela Y. Davis and, 184–85, 200; New Jersey 7 and, 193–94; Organizer’s Tool Kit on Law Enforcement Violence, 9, 75, 216–17
Indigenous women: use of terms, 254n19, 255n20; arrest and incarceration rates, 47–48, 51–53, 59–63, 78–79; binary gender systems and, 22, 128; broken windows policing and, 58; under colonialism/colonization, 19–25; controlling narratives and, 15, 24–25, 98–99, 144; death by community members, 238–39; death in custody, 12–13; drug laws and, 47, 51, 122; gendercide and, 23; gender identity and, 22; incarceration rates, 47, 235; incarceration rates for drug offenses, 47; increase in rates of imprisonment, 235; indentured servitude of children, 256n27; Kanien’kehá:ka, 5–6; military authorities and, 13, 20, 21; movement on/off reservations, 13; motherhood and, 168, 175; NODAPL and, 6; Oka Crisis, 5–6; pass systems, 24, 256n29; people with disabilities, 98–99; police sexual violence against, 122, 137, 145, 157; police violence rates against, 137–38; poverty and, 45–46; pregnancy and, 168; racialization of, 24–25; racial profiling and 44; rate of incarceration, 44; reproductive violence and, 22; resistance, 6–7, 19–25, 210, 226, 227; response to police violence against, 190, 195; school-based arrests and, 78–79; sexuality and, 23; sex work/prostitution and, 144, 149; Two Spirit people, 12, 20, 24, 140, 209, 239, 254n19; visibility of, 24–25. See also colonialism/ colonization
Indigenous women, police physical violence against: 5–7, 58, 98, 137; broken windows policing and, 58; controlling narratives and, 78–79, 98–99; gender policing and, 137–38; girls/youth and, 98; as immigrants, 59–63; police killing of, 12–13, 19–25, 98–99, 226; school based arrests and, 78–79; trans Indigenous women, 137–38, 149, 157. See also Indigenous women; Indigenous women, racial profiling of
Indigenous women, racial profiling of: child welfare laws and, 175–76; controlling narratives, 78–79, 236; disability and, 79, 91, 98; drug law enforcement and, 11, 51–53, 175–76; gender policing and, 132; Indigenous mothers and, 175; police response to violence and, 189–90, 195; school systems and, 78–79. See also Indigenous women; Indigenous women, police physical violence against
International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), 111–12, 124
intersectional analysis: centering experiences of women of color, 11–18, 231–32; Angela Y. Davis on, 208, 213, 235, 236, 241; post-Ferguson organizing, 206, 209, 220, 223
In the Shadows of the War on Terror (McClary and Ritchie), 9, 165
Irlbeck, Dawn, 113, 118
Irrizary, Mesha, 228
Jackson, Lawrence, 130
Jackson, Vanessa, 91
Jadallah, Huda, 134
jails: use of term, 44; increase in rates of women’s imprisonment, 43–45, 235; police rape within holding facilities, 117
James, Joy, xiv, 208
Jeffers, Geraldine, 179
Jim Crow laws, 13–14, 31–35, 40, 174, 259n86, 269n5
Jimenez, Tiffany, 158–59
Johnson, Cassandra, 229. See also Anderson, Tanisha
Johnson, June, 34–35
Johnson, Marsha P., 214
Johnson, Michelle Siguenza, 178
Johnson Duanna, 154–55
Johnston, Kathryn, 51
Jones, Bettie, 187
Jones, Ella Ree, 33–34
Jones, Mary, 130
Jones, Monica, 217–18
Jones, Redel, 226
Jun, Ok Jin, 97–98
Justice Committee (National Congress of Puerto Rican Rights), 140, 229, 288n62
Justice for Jackie campaign, 226
Kaba, Mariame, xi–xv, 8, 16, 170, 188–89, 194, 199–200, 224
Kanehsatá:ke, 5
Kang, Joo-Hyun, 110
Kanien’kehá:ka, 5–6
Keckley, Elizabeth, 26
Kelling, George L., 53–57
Kenny, Niya, 72–73, 77, 85–86
Kharbanda, Sheba Remy, 76, 81–82, 104
Kicking Down the Door (Sex Workers Project), 157–58
Kim, Mimi, 213
King, Breaion, 10. See also traffic stops
Kunzel, Regina, 214
LaGender, Inc., 221–22
Lamot, JaLea, 139–40
Latinx women: use of term, 2; arrest and incarceration rates, 47–48, 79; arrest rates, 149–50; broken windows policing and, 57–58; controlling narratives and, 15, 38–39, 40, 122, 145, 190–91; drug law enforcement, 11, 47–48, 50–51, 81, 122; gender policing and, 130, 133; incarceration rates, 44, 47, 235; Latinx lesbians, 55, 131; mandatory arrest and, 197; motherhood and, 168, 170; police killing of, 140, 187, 222–23; police violence rates against, 137–38; poverty and, 45–46; pregnancy and, 168; racial profiling and, 55, 62, 150; resistance, 214, 227; sex work/ prostitution and, 39, 133, 145, 149, 150, 152, 153, 157–58; trafficking and, 152, 157–58; Trans Latina Coalition, 149. See also Latinx women; Latinx women, police sexual violence against; Latinx women, racial profiling of
Latinx women, police physical violence against: broken windows policing and, 58; child welfare laws and, 179; controlling narratives and, 15, 79, 236; gender policing and, 139–40; as immigrants, 59, 62–63; 170–71; Latinx lesbians and, 158–59; Latinx mothers, 165–70, 170–71; Latinx trans women, 119, 133, 137–38, 139–140, 154–55; police responses to violence and, 187; school systems and, 79; searches, 131; sexuality policing and, 55, 131–32, 139, 158–59; sex work/prostitution and, 151–52, 154–55, 170–71; strip searches, 48. See also Latinx women; Latinx women, police sexual violence against; Latinx women, racial profiling of
Latinx women, police sexual violence against: Border Patrol and, 114; controlling narratives and, 145; Explorer programs and, 114; extortion of sex, 115; gender policing and, 118, 145; girls/ youth and, 113, 114; as immigrants, 114–16, 216; Latinx trans women and, 115, 119; police responses to violence and, 116–17; sexuality policing and, 38–39, 133–34, 145–46; sex work and, 118–19. See also Latinx women; Latinx women, police physical violence against; Latinx women, racial profiling of
Latinx women, racial profiling of: child welfare laws and, 179; controlling narratives, 39, 40, 79, 236; drug law enforcement and, 11, 40, 50–51; gender policing and, 38–39; as immigrants, 38–39, 197; police response to violence and, 195; school systems and, 79; searches and, 48; sexuality policing and, 55. See also Latinx women; Latinx women, police physical violence against; Latinx women, police sexual violence against
Law, Victoria, 168, 176, 262n15
LeFlouria, Talitha L., 29, 30
legislation: antiprostitution laws, 145–48; bathroom policing, 134; common nightwalker laws, 14, 147–48; crimes against nature laws, 161–64; gender policing, 221–22; quality of life policies, 54–55, 58, 69, 135–36, 139, 148, 160–61, 179, 208; sumptuary laws, 128–34
Lerner, Gerda, 26–27
lesbians of color: AMEMSA lesbians, 134; Black lesbians, 137–38, 158–59, 193–94, 214, 218, 225–26; gender policing and, 119–20, 131–32, 137–38, 158–59, 192, 214; immigration and, 37, 38–39; Latinx lesbians, 55, 131–32; New Jersey 7, 193–94; police killings and, 119–20, 187; police rape and, 119–20; police sexual violence and, 106, 112–13, 117–18, 119–20; resistance and, 158–59, 213–15, 290n20; sexuality policing, 92, 144–45, 158–59; sex work/prostitution and, 41, 148, 214, 290n20; sumptuary laws and, 128–34. See also Stonewalled (Amnesty International)
Lewis, Nakisha, 85
Liger, Candace, 125, 222
Little, Joan, 212–13, 301n22
Livingston, Kyam, 205. See also Neal, Anita
Lockett, Gloria, 150
Lorde, Audre, xi, 131
Love, Eulia, xvii, 215
Lozen, 21, 210
Lugones, Maria, 22
Luibhéid, Eithne, 37–39, 115–16
lynching, x, 31, 167, 210, 225, 238
Madrid, Mimi, 222–23
Magaña, Roger, 108, 112, 116, 188
Maher, Rebecca, 52, 264n60
Make the Road New York, 137, 151, 159
Maksuda, 81
Malcolm, Constance, 229. See also Graham, Ramarley
Malcolm X Grassroots Movement, 288n62
Maldonado, Stephanie, 58
Manavi, 185–86
Mann, Coramae Richey, 259n86
Marsalis, Ernest, 121
mass incarceration, 2, 3, 8, 11, 17–18, 43–46, 47, 218, 234–35. See also jails; prisons
McClary, Tonya, 9, 165–67, 168
McDonald, CeCe, 191
McGuire, Danielle, 32, 33, 34, 210–12, 259n92
McHarris, Thenijwe, 230
McMillen, Gynnya, 201
McNeal, Yvonne, 218
McSpadden, Lesley, 228
McTighe, Laura, 162
mental health: controlling narratives of, 90–92, 97–98, 102, 274n13; gender policing and, 139–40; people with disabilities and, 14, 88–89, 90, 91; police killing and, 58, 88–89, 90–91, 94–96, 102, 203, 206, 215–16, 274n13; pregnancy and, 176; trans women of color and, 93–94, 94–95, 203, 205, 228. See also people with disabilities
Mervin, Pleajhai, 75
Mexican women, 38–39, 40, 46, 50–51, 63, 119, 130, 179. See also Latinx women
Middle Eastern women, 40, 46, 66, 67–68, 116, 168, 190–91, 195, 197; pregnancy and, 168. See also AMEMSA (Arab, Middle Eastern, Muslim, and South Asian) women
Mijente, 227
Milburn, Dymond, 154–55
Miller, Jody, 83–84
Miller, Laniya, 225
Miller, Rosann, 1
Miller, Susan L., 196
Miller, Tyisha, 183, 215
Mindi, 79
Mingus, Mia, 91, 103
Miranda, Deborah A., 23
Mitchell, Margaret, 58
Mocabee, Skye, 226
Mogul, Joey, 133
Mogulescu, Kate, 149
Montañez, Maleatra, 116
Montgomery, Velmanette, 152
Moore, Darnell, 123
Moore, Kayla, 94–95, 203, 205, 228
Moore, Maria, 228. See also Moore, Kayla
Moore, Tiawanda, xiii–xiv, 188–89, 199–200
Morris, Monique, 74, 76, 77–78
The Most Dangerous Thing Out Here Is the Police (SNaPCo), 160
motherhood: AMEMSA women and, 168; Asian women and, 168; Black women and, 57, 165–68, 170, 172–81, 172–82, 260n106, 293n9; child endangerment charges, 238; controlling narratives and, 127–28, 167–68; criminalization of, 31, 165–68; drug law enforcement and, 51–52, 52–53, 172–76; immigrant/ immigration and, 167–68, 293n9; mothers/family of victims of police brutality, 227–30; police sexual violence and, 116–17; under slavery, 27–28, 35, 165–66, 167, 173–75, 177. See also pregnancy
Mothers Against Police Brutality, 228
mothers/family of victims of police brutality, 94, 104, 139, 186–87, 205, 222–23, 227–30
Movement for Black Lives, 231–32, 237. See also Ann Arbor Alliance for Black Lives; Asians for Black Lives; Black Lives Matter
Moving Robe, 210
Mujeres Unidas y Activas, 227
Muñiz, Ana, 233
Muslim women: controlling narratives of, 81, 237; as immigrants, 2–3, 190–91; Muslim youth, 64, 65, 81; religious profiling, 63–69, 81, 168, 190–91, 216, 227; resistance, 81, 216, 227, 235–36; war on terror and, 46, 63–69; as women of color, 2–3. See also AMEMSA (Arab, Middle Eastern, Muslim, and South Asian) women
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV), 185–86
National Coalition on Police Accountability, 105
National Congress of Puerto Rican Rights Justice Committee, 140, 229, 288n62
National Council of Anti-Violence Programs (NCAVP), 192, 196
National Council of Negro Women, 34–35, 211
National Day of Action to End State Violence Against Black Women, Girls and Femmes, 203–6, 207, 223–25, 231, 300n7, 302n47
National Disability Rights Network, 99–100
National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance, 227
Native women. See Indigenous women
Native Youth Sexual Health Network, 254n19
Neal, Anita, 205. See also Livingston, Kyam
Nelson, Camille A., 14, 93, 275n25
Nelson, Laura, 229
Nestle, Joan, 41, 158–59
Nettles, Islan, 203, 204
New Jersey 7, 193–94. See also Hill, Renata
Newsome, Yvonne, 49–50
New York City Council Young Women’s Initiative, 86, 153, 201
Nguyen, Kim, 118
Nguyen, Tram, 63, 68
Noble, Jeanne, 211
No Dakota Access Pipeline (NODAPL), 6
Nolan, Kathleen, 77, 270n29
noncompliance: arrests for, 72–73, 82–83, 165–66; extortion of sex and, 111; gender nonconformity and, 77–78; police sexual violence and, 119–20; resistance as, 78; resisting arrest charges, 72–73, 82–83, 165–66; in school settings, 72–74, 76, 77, 78; school systems and, 72–74, 76, 77, 270n29; Tasers and, 166
No Selves to Defend, 193–94
Nwangaza, Efia, 85–86
Ocen, Priscilla, 46
Oka Crisis (1990), 5–6, 7
Ore, Ersula, 58
Ortega, Lisa, 102
Parks, Rosa, 212, 259n92
Pegues, Alexis, 236
Penner, Lori, 50–51
people in the sex trades/who trade sex. See sex work/prostitution
People’s Justice for Community Control and Police Accountability, 219
people with disabilities: activism/ organizing by, 101–3; arrest rates, 92–93, 102; controlling narratives and, 90, 96–98, 98–99, 102; criminalization of, 92–94; deaf people, 100–101; gender policing and, 139–40; immigration enforcement and, 39; Indigenous women, 98–99; mental health crises and, 14, 88–89, 90, 91; physical disabilities, 14, 99–101; police accountability to, 95, 96–97, 101–3; police killings and, 88–89, 90, 91, 92–93; police sexual violence and, 112–13; police violence in home/hospital settings, 88–89, 90, 94–98, 101; policy recommendations, 101–3; pregnancy and, 39; public space and, 92–94; racialization of disability, 14; school settings and, 93; transphobia and, 93–95, 203, 205, 228; violence against, 98
Perkins, Frankie, 51
Perkins, Gertrude, 211
Peterson, Ky, 200
Pine Leaf Woman, 210
Pinnock, Marlene, 89–90
Piri, 130
police accountability: accountability mechanisms, 123–24, 125; calls for termination, 96, 224; IACP guidance, 111–12, 124; to people with disabilities, 95, 96–97, 101–3; police crisis intervention training, 95; police sexual violence and, 112, 114–15, 122–26; suspensions, 96, 181; United Nations and, ix–x, 9, 31–32, 105
police brutality: use of term, xv
police killing/fatal violence: of Asian women, 96–97, 215–16; of Indigenous women, 12–13, 19–25, 98–99, 226; of Latinx people, 140, 187, 222–23. See also Black women, police killing of
police physical violence: colonialism/ colonization and, 13–14, 19–23; against pregnancy, 1, 15, 116–17, 165–67, 168–72, 304n64; sex workers/people in the sex trades and, 154. See also Asian women, police physical violence against; Black women, police physical violence against; Indigenous women, police physical violence against; Latinx women, police physical violence against
police rape: Black women and girls and, 33, 105–8, 258n60; gender binary enforcement and, 14–15; within holding facilities, 117; of lesbians of color, 119–20; police sexual violence against queer people of color, 118–20; of undocumented immigrants, 115; of youth, 114, 117. See also Black women, police sexual violence against; Indigenous women, police sexual violence against; Latinx women, police sexual violence against; rape
police reform: challenging state power and, 237, 240–41; civilian oversight mechanisms, 123–24, 239; IACP guidance, 111–12, 124; implicit bias training, 237; police sexual violence and, 122–26; policy advocacy and, 122–26, 140–43; safety vs. reform, 122–24, 238–41. See also police accountability
police response to violence: controlling narratives and, 190–91, 237; domestic violence and, 15, 116–17, 183–92, 198; failure to respond as violence, 238; gender nonconformity and, 192–95; gender policing and, 139–40, 191–93; homophobic violence, 192; immigrants/immigration enforcement and, 90–191, 197, 198; impact on requests for assistance, 194–95, 297n26, 298n36; mandatory arrest polices, 195–98; police killing, 186–87, 198–99, 219–20, 226; police sexual violence, 32–33, 116–17, 188–89; queer people of color and, 191–93; racialized gender policing, 192–95; resistance against, 198–202; self-defense and, 192–93, 197; sexual assault survivors, 8; strip searches, 189–90; transphobic violence, 94, 191–92. See also Asian women, Black women, Indigenous women, Latinx women, trans women
police sexual violence: use of term, 111–12, 279n28; antiviolence advocates and, 125; against Black women and girls, 33, 105–8, 258n60; colonization and, 13–14, 20–22; complaints against police, 121; criminalization and, 108, 112–13; Explorer programs and, 113, 114; extortion of sex, 8, 51, 59, 86, 108, 111, 112–13, 114–15, 116, 118, 156–57, 170, 234; gender nonconformity and, 13, 14–15, 118–20; IACP guidance, 111–12, 124; immigrants and, 115; invisibility as police brutality, 104–5; men of color and, 254n21; noncompliance and, 111; police accountability and, 114–15, 120–21; reporting rates, 109–13, 113–14; resistance against, 122–25; searches as, 121–22, 282n80; sexual shakedowns, 86, 108, 111, 115; strip searches as, 8, 48–50, 121–22, 282n80; structural problems of, 111–13; survivor reporting of, 108, 110–11; traffic stops and, 111, 113–14; verbal abuse, 9–10, 66, 86, 135, 136, 137–38, 141–42, 145, 186, 192; visibility of, 109–11, 121–22; voyeurism, 111, 279n29. See also Asian women, police sexual violence against; Black women, police sexual violence against; Indigenous women, police sexual violence against; Latinx women, police sexual violence against
police violence: use of terms, 111–12, 279n28
policing: use of term, 13; abolition of, xv, 198–202, 241; revenue policing, 54–55; structural/systemic nature of police violence, 13
policing paradigms: overview of, 43–46; broken windows policing, 14, 53–59; immigration enforcement, 14, 59–63; war on drugs, 14, 46–53; war on terror, 14, 63–69
Portica, Geraldine, 130
pregnant women: Arab women and, 168; arrest rates of, 176; child welfare law enforcement and, 176–80, 190, 198; controlling narratives and ADD, 67–168, 172–76, 177; criminalization of, 15, 167, 168, 172–77, 179–80; devaluation of motherhood and, 167; drug law enforcement and, 51, 111, 170–71, 172–76; extortion of sex, 170; immigrants/immigration enforcement and, 62, 168, 170–71; Indigenous women and, 22; loss of pregnancy, 171–72; mental health issues and, 176; people with disabilities and, 39; police physical violence against, 1, 15, 116–17, 165–67, 168–72, 304n64; police sexual violence and; police violence and, 116–17, 304n64; resistance, 181–82; sex work/people who trade sex and, 170–71; socioeconomic status and, 176–77; strips searches and, 48–49; surveillance of, 15; Taser use, 165–66, 168–69, 181, 182; welfare queen narratives, 167–68
President’s Task Force on 21st-Century Policing (2014), 124, 153, 186
Price, Rena, 229. See also Frye, Marquette
Prince, Mary, 28
Prison Rape Elimination Commission, 109
prisons: use of term, 44; incarceration rates, 43–44, 261n1, 262n8. See also mass incarceration
Pritchett, Andrea, 94–95
Project Nia, 16, 178, 223–24. See also Kaba, Mariame
prostitution: use of term, 144–45, 289n3; antiprostitution laws, 145–53; controlling narratives and, 31, 37–40, 41, 53–54, 144–45, 155–56. See also sex work/prostitution
Public Health Crisis: The Impact of Using Condoms as Evidence of Prostitution in New York City (report), 152
public schools. See school systems
public space: anti-Blackness and, 56–57; continuity of policing within, 82–83; deportment offenses, xii, 29–31, 36–37, 45, 91, 174; disabled bodies and, 39, 40–41, 53, 92, 129, 130–32, 140, 145–46, 285n14, 286n30; drug law enforcement and, 52; gender nonconformity and, 40–41, 92, 128–34; gentrification, 56–57, 70–73, 164; lesbian bars, 41; mental health disabilities and, 92–94; sexuality and, 40–41; street vendors, 57, 59; youth and, 14, 82–83. See also broken windows policing
Puerto Rican women/gender nonconforming people, 40, 139–40, 152
Pushout (Morris), 74, 76, 77–78
quality of life laws, 54–55, 58, 69, 135–36, 139, 148, 160–61, 179, 208. See also broken windows policing
Queer (In)Justice (Mogul, Ritchie, and Whitlock), 9, 23, 144, 154–55, 185, 193
queer people of color: gender normativity and, 119–20; immigrants/immigration law enforcement and, 208; mandatory arrest rates, 196; police physical and sexual violence and, 106; prostitution laws and, 41; racial profiling and; resistance organizing, 227; self-defense and, 193–94; sumptuary laws and, 128–34. See also gender nonconforming people of color; lesbians of color
Queers for Economic Justice, 139, 218
queer women of color: extortion of sex and, 156–57; self-defense and, 193–94
Quigley, Bill, 162
Quiroz, Sarah Harb, 38
Ramirez, Candace, 117
Randle, Alexandria, 121
rape: Black women and, 29, 32–33, 258n60; Indigenous women and, 20, 22, 25; reporting rates, 110; sex work and, 301n22; under slavery and, 25, 27–28, 29, 35, 258n60, 260n99, 261n99; women of color as unrapeable, 25, 33, 258n60. See also police sexual violence
Reagon, Bernice Johnson, 212
The Red Record (Wells-Barnett), x, 210
Red Umbrella Project, 152
religious profiling: Muslim women, 46, 63–69, 81, 168, 190–91, 216, 227; resistance to, 216, 227; in school settings, 81; war on terror and, 46, 63–69, 81
Rent, Tiffany, 168–69
resistance: antiviolence movements and, 16–17, 106, 110, 124–25, 183–88, 192, 199–201, 212–13; centering women of color, 207–8, 218, 219–27, 237–41; colonialism/colonization and, 21; community-based responses to violence and, 141–42, 200–202, 212–15, 221–29, 231–32; against controlling narratives, 236–37; Cop Watch, 8, 95, 96, 110, 187, 200, 230; creative strategies for media support, 125–26; crimes against nature and, 161–64; cross-community collaborations, 139–40, 186, 203–32; decreasing power of police, 123–24; documentation as, 193–94, 234–41; against gender policing, 139–43; girls of color and, xii–xiii, xv, 78, 84–87, 156, 201, 216, 273nn69–70; historical resistance, 210–19; impact of post-Ferguson organizing on, 206, 209, 230–32; individual case protests, 198–200, 215–16; intersectional analysis of law enforcement violence, 208–10; mainstream movements and, 213–14; as mental illness trope, 91–92; nationwide campaigns, 219–27; Organizer’s Tool Kit on Law Enforcement Violence, 8–9, 75, 216–17; by people with disabilities, 101–2; police accountability, 122, 123–24; against police sexual violence, 219; policy shifts, 140–41, 142–43, 153; pregnancy and, 181–82, 216; public awareness campaigns, 122, 123; to religious profiling, 216, 217; #Say Her Name, 9, 90–91, 95, 220, 244–45, 300n8; sex work/people who trade sex and, 159–64, 217; under slavery, 25–27, 36, 78, 91–92, 210; social media campaigns, 10, 73, 85–86, 199–200, 206–7, 231; solidarity as, 11–12, 198, 213, 225–26, 227, 235–36; trans youth of color and, 214, 222–23; war on terror, 68–69, 208
Resisting State Violence (James), xiv, 208
Reynolds, Diamond Lavish, 228
Rhodes, Tatyana, 70–72
Richie, Beth E., 122, 183, 208, 213
Rios, Destiny, 170–71
RIPPD (Rights for Imprisoned People with Psychiatric Disabilities), 101–2
Rivera, Sylvia, 131, 150, 214
Roberts, Dorothy, 167, 172–73, 174–75, 176–77, 179–80
Robinson, Jessie Mae, xii, xv
Robinson, Jo Ann, 34, 211
Robinson, Nicola, 169–70
Rodriguez, Roberto, 60–61
Rodriquez, Shirley, 122
Roe, Jane, 119
Rosario, Margarita, 228
Ross, Luana, 20–21, 24, 25, 47
Rosser, Aura Rain, 198–99
Sadia, 82
Sadie Nash Leadership Project, 86, 273n69
Safe Outside the System Project (ALP), 201
safety vs. police reform, 238–41
Salcedo, Bamby, 149
Salva, Sofia, 171–72
Salyers, Jacqueline, 226
Savali, Kirsten West, 105
Say Her Name (Crenshaw and Ritchie), 9, 90–91, 125, 220
#Say Her Name, 2, 9, 90–91, 95, 220, 244–45, 300n8
school systems: Arab women and, 66; arrests and discipline, 76–77, 78–79, 270n20, 270n29, 271n36; Black students and, 70–78; charges and offenses, 72–77, 78, 83, 93; compliance and, 72–74, 76, 77, 270n29; gender nonconformity and, 77–78, 81–82, 84; immigration enforcement in, 62, 82; Indigenous students and, 23, 78–79, 91–92, 275n25; Latinx students and, 77, 79; offenses and charges, 270n20, 270n29; police sexual violence, 80–81; police stations within, 74–75; racial profiling and, 270n25; religious profiling and, 81; resistance organizing in, 85–87; school to prison pipeline, 14, 76–77, 78, 85–87; searches within, 80–81; sexuality policing, 77–78, 81–82, 84; South Asian students and, 81–82; student resistance, 85–87; students with disabilities and, 93; surveillance in, 76–77; use of Tasers, 79–80; zero tolerance policies, 53, 70–73, 76–77
searches: gender checks, 138; gender nonconforming people of color and; as sexual assault, 48–50, 121–22, 282n80; stop and frisk, 47, 84–85, 86, 113; strip searches, 6, 11, 48–50, 121–22, 282n80; transgender people and; war on drugs and, 48–50. See also documentation of police abuse; gender policing
Sears, Clare, 39, 40–41, 53, 92, 129, 130–32, 140, 145–46, 285n14, 286n30
self-defense, 45, 191, 194, 196–97, 212, 262n15
sexuality: Arab women and, 134; broken windows policing and, 55; controlling narratives of, 144–45, 148; criminalization of, 58–59; deviant sexualities and, 23; gender binary enforcement and, 14–15; gender roles and, 35–36; gender-specific forms of police abuse and, 14–15; immigration and, 37–39, 37–40; Muslim women and, 227; police rape and, 118–20; police sexual violence and, 106; public space and, 40–41; in school settings, 81–82. See also lesbians; lesbians of color; queer people of color
Sex Workers Project (Urban Justice Center), 152, 162
sex work/prostitution: use of terms, 144–45, 289n3; antiprostitution laws, 145–53; arrest rates, 149–50, 290n27; Asian women and, 37–38, 144, 145, 146–47; Black women and, 145, 146–47, 149, 289n4, 290n27; broken windows policing and, 57, 148–49; Chinese women and, 37–38, 146–47; civil nuisance enforcement, 148; common nightwalker laws, 14, 147–48; controlling narratives and, 144–45, 146–47, 150, 290n20; crime against nature laws, 161–64, 292n75; criminalization of, 31, 144–45, 148–49, 161–64; deportation, 39, 268n108; drug law enforcement and, 148–49; extortion of sex, 8, 108, 118, 156–57; gender norm enforcement, 118; gender policing and, 133, 145, 154; gender specific contexts of abuse, 14–15; immigration and, 37–38, 144; Latinx women and, 39, 145, 147; legislation and policy shifts, 217–18; lesbians and, 148; no condoms as evidence campaigns, 152–54; police sexual violence against, 154–55; police sexual violence and, 112–13; racially gendered profiling, 149; rape and, 301n22; trafficking, 148, 157–58; trans people and, 138, 149, 150–51, 152–53, 216; vice raids, 148
Shakara, 3, 72–74, 77, 83, 85–86
Shakur, Assata, 65, 215
Shannara, 84
Sharp, Kwamesha, 170
Sharpe-Levine, Julia, 220
Shattered Bonds (Roberts), 180
Shaw, Patti Hammond, 141
Sista II Sista, 201, 216, 288n62
slavery: Black womanhood and, 25–29, 257n58; controlling narratives and, 14, 35–37, 167–68; enduring legacies of, 41–42, 258n63; marriage under, 28; motherhood under, 27–28, 165–66, 167, 173–75, 177; pass systems, 26, 28; plantation justice, 13–14, 25–27; rape and, 25, 27–28, 29, 35, 258n60, 260n99; resistance against, 25–27, 36, 78, 91–92, 210; sex work/people who trade sex and, 144; slave codes, 25–26, 28, 29, 32, 49; slave patrols, 11, 14, 258n63; sumptuary laws and, 128–29
Smith, Andrea, 5, 20–21, 21–22, 23
Smith, Audrey, 7, 8, 106–7
Smith, Barbara, 183, 235
Smith, Helen, PFC, 33
Smith, Makia, 230
Smith, Tommie, PVT, 33
Smith, Yvette, 183, 187, 219
So Gitwho, 129
Solutions Not Punishment Coalition (SNaPCo), 160–61, 221–22
Sotero Vásquez, Alicia, 62–63
South Asian women: controlling narratives and, 145, 185–86, 190–91, 227; domestic violence and, 185–86; gender policing and, 285n21; as immigrants, 62, 285n21; religious profiling and, 46, 63–69, 81, 190–91; schools and, 81–82; war on terror and, 46, 63–69. See also AMEMSA (Arab, Middle Eastern, Muslim, and South Asian) women
Southerners on New Ground (SONG), 134, 227
Sparks, Elizabeth, 26
Spruill, Alberta, 51, 205, 215–16, 220, 228. See also Howell, Cynthia
Stanley-Jones, Aiyana, 219
state violence: enduring legacies of, 41–42; gender-specific forms and contexts, 14–15, 240–41; intersection with police violence, 13; military authorities, 6, 13, 19–25, 41; white supremacy and, 15
Stevens, Lucinda, 30
Stewart, Denise, 178
Stonewalled (Amnesty International), 9, 105, 119–20, 132, 134–35, 151–52, 154–55, 157, 185, 191
Stonewall Uprising, 213–14
stop and frisk. See searches
Strangio, Chase, 200
Strayhorn, Nannie, 33
Survived and Punished, xv, 200
Sutton, Martinez, 223, 228. See also Boyd, Rekia
Tasers: compliance enforcement and, 166; mental health crises and, 100; pregnant women and, 165–66, 168–69, 181, 182; in school settings, 79–80, 98–99; sex work/people who trade sex and, 194; use of force policies and, 166, 168, 216; youth and, 79–80, 82–83, 98–99
Taylor, Becki, 117
Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta, 240
Taylor, Meagan, 132–33
Taylor, Recy, 32–33
Taylor, Shanesha, 179–80
Terwinder, 62
Thomas, Alesia, 1, 177–78
Thomas, Gigi, 149
Thomas, Lena, 32
Thompson, Shakina, 117
Tiffany, 119–20
Tikkun v. City of New York, 189
Tillman, Monique, 82–83
trafficking, 148, 157–58
traffic stops: driving while female, 10, 113–14; empowerment of law enforcement during, 68, 69, 113–14; gender and racial disparities in, 10; gender policing and, 220–21; noncompliance and, 165–66; police sexual violence and, 111, 113–14, 279n29, racial profiling and, 10, 62. See also Bland, Sandra; Circle Bear, Sarah Lee; King, Breaion
Tran, Bich-Cau Thi, 216
Transgender Health Empowerment, 156
Trans Latina Coalition, 149
trans men of color: use of term, 253n5, 284n2, 285n18; discussion of in text, 12; police physical violence and, 128, 220–21; police sexual violence and, 149, 200; self defense and, 200; traffic stops and, 220–21. See also trans women of color
trans women of color: use of term, 12, 253n5, 284n2, 285n18; Asian trans women, 149, 191, 207; bathroom policing, 134–35; Black trans women, 94–95, 131–33, 137–38, 154–55, 216–17; broken windows policing and, 57, 58–59; criminalization of, 58–59; death by community members, 238–39; drug law enforcement and, 136–37; extortion of sex and, 156–57; gender checks, 133–34, 135–37, 220–22; gender policing of, 118–19, 133–38, 220–22, 285n22; as immigrants, 115, 191; increase in rates of imprisonment, 235; Indigenous trans women, 137, 157; Latinx trans women, 115, 119, 133, 137–38, 139–140, 154–55; mental health and, 93–94, 94–95, 203, 205, 228; police harassment, 137–38, 154–55; police physical violence against, 112–13, 128, 137–38, 154–55; police sexual violence and, 106, 137–38; racial profiling and, 149, 191; resistance, 140–41, 150; sexuality policing and, 131–32; sex work/people who trade sex and, 131–32, 149–50, 163; sumptuary laws and, 130–34; traffic stops and, 220–21; Trans Latina Coalition, 149; Two Spirit people, 12, 20, 24, 140, 209, 239, 254n19; visibility of, 12, 57
Traversie, Josie, 79
Treasure, 52; Treasure: From Tragedy to Transjustice (film), 264n55
Treatment Advocacy Center, 92, 102, 274n19
Truth, Sojourner, 34, 210
Tsingine, Loreal, 98–99, 226
Tubman, Harriet, 34, 210
Turner, Charles, Mrs., 32
Two Spirit people, 12, 20, 24, 140, 209, 239, 254n19
United Nations, ix–x, 9, 31–32, 105–6
Urquijo-Ruiz, Rita, 63
2015 US Transgender Survey, 137, 140, 150, 151, 154, 156–57
vagrancy laws, 24, 29, 41, 53, 55–56, 148, 213–14
Valdez, Janissa, 79
Valsamaki, Lindsey, 117
Veles, Alexandra, 38–39
Venegas, Laura, 179
Ventura, Melissa, 187
Vicks, Sharlie Apollo, 134
visibility: centering women of color, 11–18, 110–13, 122–26, 207–8, 218, 219–27, 230–35, 237–41; Indigenous women and, 24–25; of police sexual violence, 121–22; of systemic violence, 15–18
Vision for Black Lives, 231–32
Walden, Harriet, 227
Walker, Samuel, 113
war on drugs, 11, 46–53, 68–69, 108, 113, 121, 168, 172–76, 181, 220–21. See also drug law enforcement
war on terror: AMEMSA women and, 63–69; Black women and; controlling narratives, 68; as policing paradigm, 14, 63–69; racialization and, 64–65, 67; religious profiling and, 46, 63–69, 81, 168, 216, 227; resistance against, 68–69, 208; South Asian women and, 46; youth and, 64. See also AMEMSA (Arab, Middle Eastern, Muslim, and South Asian) women
“We Charge Genocide” (petition), ix–x, 31–34
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., x, 210–11
Whitaker, Ethel, 148
White, Lashonn, 100–101
white supremacy: appropriation and, 284n5; controlling narratives and, 236–37, 253n4; gender policing and, 15, 127–28, 129–30; as morality, 15; police as enforcers of, 15; state violence and, 17–18; white normativity and, 15, 127–28, 129–30; white womanhood and, 127–28, 237
Wijeyeratne, Sasha, 227, 228
Wild Indians (Yellow Bird), 91–92
Williams, Cecil, 159
Williams, Cherae, 183–84, 188, 199
Williams, Jessica Nelson, 206
Williams, Lizzie, 28
Williams, Malissa, 203
Wilson, James Q., 53–57
Wilson, Tarika, 51, 219
women of color: use of term, 12, 255n20. See also AMEMSA (Arab, Middle Eastern, Muslim, and South Asian) women; Asian women; Black women; Indigenous women; Latinx women
Women on the Rise, 225
Women’s All Points Bulletin (WAPB), 223
Women With a Vision (WWAV), 162–63
Working Group on Police and State Violence (Audre Lorde Project), 57, 139. See also Audre Lorde Project (ALP); Coalition Against Police Brutality
Yates, Ashley, 220
Yellow Bird, Pemina, 91–92
Young Women’s Empowerment Project (YWEP), xii–xiii, xv, 156
youth of color: Arab youth, 67–68; condoms as evidence, 153; criminalization of, 14, 77–85; extortion of sex and, 50, 118, 156–57; gang-related policing and, 75–76; gender policing and, 130; Indigenous youth, 256n27; Muslim youth, 64, 65, 81; police rape of, 114, 117; police sexual violence and, 105–6, 112–14, 130–31; profiling as sex workers, 86, 155–56; religious profiling, 67–68; resistance by, 85–87, 118–19, 141–42; school to prison pipeline, 14, 76–77, 78, 85–87; sex work/people who trade sex and, 163; status offenses, 83–84, 87; stop and frisk and, 84–85; trans youth of color, 214, 222–23; violence against people with disabilities, 98; war on terror and, 64, 65. See also girls; school systems
Yusuf, Manny, 84–85
zero tolerance policies: broken windows policing and, 53–59, 76; drug law enforcement and, 53; school systems, 53, 70–73, 76–77. See also broken windows policing
Zorza, Joan, 196
Zuniga, Sidelina, 179