Many cruise brochures are hype over reality. We answer the questions about ocean cruising most frequently asked by those new to this type of vacation and by experienced passengers.
Cruises are packaged vacations, offering overall good value for money, with your accommodation, meals, and entertainment included. But it’s the little hidden extras that are not made clear in the brochures that you have to look out for. Some ships have ‘drinks-inclusive’ fares, while others let you choose from one of several ‘beverage packages’ on offer.
Here are some of the most commonly asked questions, covering those items that the brochures often gloss over.
Hanseatic passengers exploring a new destination.
Hapag-Lloyd Cruises
Is cruising good value?
Yes, it is. In fact, it’s never been better, thanks in part to the economic downturn that forced cruise lines to offer more incentives – such as onboard credit, cabin upgrades, and other perks – in an effort to keep their companies afloat and their ships full.
The price of your vacation is protected by advance pricing, so you know before you go that your major outgoings have already been set. A fuel surcharge is the only additional cost that may change at the last minute.
Isn’t cruising expensive?
Compare what it would cost on land to have all your meals and entertainment provided, as well as transportation to different destinations, fitness and sports facilities, leisure activities, educational talks, parties, and other social functions, and you’ll see the remarkable value of a cruise.
What you pay determines the size, location, and style of accommodation. The choice ranges from basic to luxury, so give yourself a budget, and ask your professional travel supplier how to make the best use of it.
Is the brochure price firm?
Cruise brochure prices are set by cruise line sales and marketing departments. It’s the price they would like to achieve to cover themselves against currency fluctuations, international bonding schemes, and the like. But discounts attract business, and so there is always some leeway. Also, travel agents receive a commission. As a consumer, always ask for the ‘best price,’ watch for special offers in newspapers and magazines, and talk to your travel agent – they may even rebate some of their commission, something they are not allowed to advertise on their websites.
How do I get the best discount?
Book ahead for the best discounts, as they normally decrease closer to the cruise date. You can reserve a cabin grade, but not a specific cabin – ‘TBA’ (to be assigned). The first cabins to be sold out are usually those at minimum and maximum prices. Note: premium rates usually apply to Christmas/New Year cruises. Make sure that all port charges, government fees, and any additional fuel surcharges are included in the quote.
Although bargains do exist, always check what’s included. Highly discounted fares may apply only to certain dates and itineraries; for example, the eastern Caribbean instead of the more popular western Caribbean.
A bargain price may be subject to a booking deadline or may be ‘cruise only,’ so you must arrange your own air transportation. If air transportation is included, changes or deviations may not be possible.
Your accommodation choice, grade, and location may not be available. You could be limited to first seating for dinner aboard a two-seating ship (possibly less convenient, if you are busy with activities or excursions during the day). Also, highly discounted fares may not apply to children, and port charges, handling fees, fuel surcharges, or other taxes may be extra.
Should I use the internet or a travel agent?
You’ve found an ideal cruise online – fine. But, if a cruise line suddenly offers special discounts for your sailing, or cabin upgrades, or if things go wrong with your booking, your internet booking service may prove difficult to access for post-purchase questions. Your travel agent, however, can probably make special discounts work for you and perhaps even provide upgrades.
The internet may be a useful resource tool, but I would not recommend it as the place to book your cruise, unless you know exactly what you want, and can plan ahead – and it doesn’t work for groups. You can’t ask questions, and much of the information provided is marketing hype. Most websites providing cruise ship reviews have paid advertising, or something to sell, and the sound-bite information can be misleading. Be aware that many internet booking agents are unlicensed and unregulated, and some add a ‘booking fee.’
If you book with an internet-based cruise agency, you should confirm with the cruise line that the booking has been made and that any payments have been received. Large travel agency groups and consortiums often reserve large blocks of cabins, while smaller independent agencies can access extensive discounts not available on the internet. Furthermore, cruise lines consider travel agents as their preferred distribution system and provide special discounts and value-added amenities not available online.
Do travel agents charge for their services?
Travel agents do not charge for their services, but they earn a commission from cruise lines. Consider a travel agent as your business advisor, not just a ticket agent. They will handle all matters relevant to your booking including the latest information on changes of itinerary, cruise fares, fuel surcharges, discounts, and travel and cancellation insurance in case you have to cancel for any reason prior to sailing.
Your travel agent should find exactly the right ship for your needs and lifestyle. Some sell only a limited number of cruise lines (known as ‘preferred suppliers’), because they receive ‘overrides’ on top of their normal commission. (They may know their limited number of ships well, however.)
Note that some travel agents may charge for booking airline tickets.
10 questions to ask a travel agent
1. Is air transportation included in the cabin rate quoted? If not, how much will it be? What other costs will be added – these can include port charges, insurance, gratuities, shore excursions, laundry, and drinks?
2. What is the cruise line’s cancellation policy?
3. If I want to make changes to my flight, routing, dates, and so on, are there any extra charges?
4. Does your agency deal with only one, or several different insurance companies?
5. Does the cruise line offer advance booking discounts or other incentives?
6. Do you have preferred suppliers, or do you book any cruise on any cruise ship?
7. Have you sailed aboard the ship I want to book or that you are recommending?
8. Is your agency bonded and insured? If so, by whom?
9. Is insurance included if I book the shore excursions offered by the cruise line?
10. Can I occupy my cabin on the day of disembarkation until I am ready to disembark?
How do I get my tickets?
Most cruise lines have changed to online bookings and check-in. You’ll need to print your own boarding passes, travel documents, and luggage tags. If you go through a cruise-travel agent, they can print these for you.
Your printed documents will allow you to pass through the port’s security station to get to your ship. Only the more exclusive, upscale cruise lines, expedition companies, and sail-cruise ship lines provide boxes or wallets packed with documents, cruise tickets, leather (or faux-leather) luggage tags, and colorful destination booklets – cruise lines operating large resort ships have all but abandoned such niceties.
Should I purchase cancellation insurance?
Yes, if it is not included, as cruises (and air transportation to/from them) must be paid in full before tickets are issued. If you cancel at the last minute – even for medical reasons – you could lose the whole fare. Pay by credit card, if you have one, as you’re then more likely to get your money back if the agency goes bust.
Cruise lines typically accept cancellations more than 30 days before sailing, but all of them charge full fare if you don’t turn up on sailing day. Many lines do not return port taxes, which are not part of the cruise fare.
Travel insurance
Cruise lines and travel agents routinely sell travel cover policies that, on close inspection, appear to wriggle out of payment due to a litany of exclusion clauses. Examples include pre-existing medical conditions (ignoring this little gem could cost you dearly) and valuables left unattended on a tour bus, even if the guide says it is safe and that the driver will lock the door.
10 tips to get the best travel insurance
1. Shop around. Don’t accept the first travel insurance policy you are offered.
2. If you purchase travel cover online, check the credentials of the company underwriting the scheme. Deal with well-established names instead of automatically taking what appears to be the cheapest deal.
3. Read the contract carefully and make sure you know exactly what you are covered for.
4. Beware the ‘box ticking’ approach to travel cover, which is often done quickly in lieu of providing proper advice. Insurers should not be allowed to apply exclusions that have not been clearly pointed out to you.
5. Ask for a detailed explanation of all exclusions, excesses, and limitations.
6. If you purchase your own air transportation, check whether your insurance policy covers you if the airline fails, or if bad weather prevents you from joining your ship on time.
7. Check the procedure you need to follow if you are the victim of a crime, such as your wallet or camera being stolen while on a shore excursion.
8. If you are a crime victim, obtain a police report as soon as possible. Many insurance policies will reimburse you only for the second-hand value of any lost or stolen items, rather than the full cost of replacement, and you may have to produce the original receipt for any such items claimed.
9. Look out for exclusions for ‘hazardous sports.’ These could include activities offered as shore excursions such as horseback riding, cycling, kayaking, jet skiing, or ziplining.
10. Different countries have different requirements for travel insurance providers. Be sure to check the details in the country where you purchased your policy.
Father and son playing table tennis abaord a Carnival ship.
Carnival Cruises
Won’t I get bored?
Whether you want to lie back and be pampered, or be active nonstop, you can do it on a cruise. Just being at sea provides an intoxicating sense of freedom that few places on land can offer. And, in case you think you may feel cut off without contact, almost all large resort ships (those carrying over 2,501 passengers) have ship-wide Wi-Fi, internet access, movies, and digital music libraries.
Why is it so expensive for solo travelers?
Almost all cruise lines base their rates on double occupancy, so when you travel alone the cabin portion of your fare reflects an additional supplement. Although most new ships are built with cabins for double occupancy, some companies may find a cabin mate for you to share with, if you so desire. However, in cabins with three or four berths (two beds plus upper berths), personal privacy doesn’t exist. Some companies sell two-bed cabins at a special single rate. Also, some companies schedule a solo travelers get-together, usually on the first or second day of a cruise.
How about holiday season cruises?
Celebrating the festive lifestyle is even more special aboard ship, where decorations add to the sense of occasion. However, the large resort ships are usually full during the main holiday periods. (Don’t travel at these busy times, if you want to have the facilities of a large resort ship but want to be able to relax.)
What about ‘Spring Break’ cruises?
If you take a cruise aboard one of the large resort ships (the most popular brands for these are Carnival Cruise Lines, Norwegian Cruise Line, and Royal Caribbean International) during the annual Spring Break (usually in March) expect to find hordes of students causing mayhem.
Do cruise lines have loyalty programs?
Many companies have loyalty clubs or programs, which offer discounts, credits, and onboard benefits unavailable to non-members. Programs are based either on the number of cruises taken, or, more fairly, on the number of nights sailed. There’s no charge to join, but many benefits to gain if you keep cruising with the same line.
Some companies allow you to transfer point levels to a sister brand. There are usually several levels (a maximum of six at present), such as Silver, Gold, Platinum, Diamond, Titanium, etc., depending on the cruise line. Reaching the higher levels requires more effort because the cruise companies are overwhelmed by the sheer number of passengers in their respective clubs/programs.
Five rip-offs to watch out for
1. Internet charges. Cruise lines often overcharge for use of the internet (connections are by satellite).
2. Currency conversion. Using a foreign credit card to pay your account means you could incur unseen currency conversion charges, known in the trade as dynamic currency conversion (DCC). When you pay your bill, the price quoted is recalculated into a ‘guaranteed’ price, often higher than the rate quoted by banks or credit card companies.
3. Double gratuities. Some cruise lines typically imprint an additional gratuity line on signable receipts for such things as spa treatments, extra-cost coffees, and other bar charges, despite a 15 percent gratuity having already been added. Example: for an espresso coffee costing $2.80, a 15 percent tip of 40 cents is added, thus making the total cost $3.22. You sign the receipt, but one line above the signature line says ‘Additional Gratuity’ – thus inviting you to pay a double gratuity.
4. Transfer buses. The cost of airport transfer buses in some ports, such as Athens and Civitavecchia (the port for Rome). A cheaper option is to take the train instead.
5. Mineral water. The cost of bottled mineral water for shore excursions. Example: one cruise line charges $4.50, but then adds another 15 percent gratuity ‘for your convenience.’ Budget accordingly.
Queen Mary 2 has 24 kennels on board.
Cunard Line
Is there enough to keep kids busy?
Most cruises provide families with more quality time than any other type of vacation, and family cruising is the industry’s largest growth segment, with activities tailored to various age groups.
Do we need to take towels and soap?
No. Both of these are provided by the cruise ship. Some ships have individual soaps, and some fit liquid soap and shampoo in wall-mounted dispensers. Towels for the pool deck are provided either in your cabin or by the pool.
Do cruise ship pools have lifeguards?
In general, no, except for Disney Cruise Line, Norwegian Cruise Line and Royal Caribbean International.
Do youth programs operate on port days?
Most cruise lines also operate programs on port days, although they won’t be as extensive as on days at sea.
Are there adults-only ships?
Companies that operate small and mid-size adults-only ships include Cruise & Maritime Voyages (Columbus, Magellan, Marco Polo), P&O Cruises (Adonia, Arcadia, Oriana), and Saga Cruises (Saga Pearl II, Saga Sapphire). The minimum age may be different depending on the company, so do check for the latest information.
Can cruise lines provide a daily program for each day at the beginning of the cruise, so that I can plan my stay and activities accordingly?
Apart from minor changes that may need to be made each day (due to weather conditions, or substitutions), there’s no reason why this can’t be done.
How can I celebrate a birthday or anniversary?
If you have a birthday or anniversary or other special occasion to celebrate during your cruise, let the cruise line know in advance. They should be able to arrange a cake for you, or a special ‘Champagne breakfast’ in bed. Some cruise lines offer anniversary packages – for a fee – or a meal in an alternative restaurant, where available.
Do cruises suit honeymooners?
Absolutely. A cruise is the ideal setting for romance, for shipboard weddings aboard ships with the right registry (they can also be arranged in some ports, depending on local regulations), receptions, and honeymoons. And for those on a second honeymoon, many ships can perform a ‘renewal of vows’ ceremony; some will make a charge for this service.
Do some people really live on board?
Yes! There are several ‘live aboard’ passengers who simply love traveling the world continuously – and why not? They sell their house, put possessions into storage, step on board, and disembark only when the ship has to go into dry dock for refits.
Outdoor breakfast aboard Seven Seas Voyager.
Regent Seven Seas Cruises/Michel Verdure
10 money-saving tips
1. Research online, but book through a specialist cruise-travel agency.
2. Cut through the sales hype and get to the bottom line.
3. Make sure that all taxes are included.
4. Book early – the most desirable itineraries go soonest. If air travel is involved, remember that air fares tend to rise in peak seasons.
5. The best cabins also go sooner rather than later, so book early to get the best one of these at the lowest prices.
6. Book a cabin on a lower deck – the higher the deck, the more expensive will it be.
7. An interior (no view) cabin is cheaper, if you can live without natural light.
8. Be flexible with your dates – go off-season, when fares will be lower.
9. Book an older (pre-1990) ship – the newest ships are more expensive.
10. Purchase travel cancellation insurance – your cruise is an investment, after all.
A birthday aboard a Carnival Cruise Line ship.
Carnival Cruises
Is a repositioning cruise cheaper?
When ships move from one cruise region to another, it is termed repositioning. When ships move between the Caribbean and Europe, typically in April/May, or between Europe and the Caribbean (typically in October/November), for example, the cruise fares are usually discounted. The ships rarely sail full, and offer excellent value for money. Some cruise lines use this time to do essential maintenance work, so always check before you book to make sure that all facilities will be available.
The Haven Courtyard aboard Norwegian Jade.
NCL
How inclusive is all-inclusive?
It usually means that transportation, accommodation, food, and entertainment are wrapped up in one neat package. If drinks are included, it’s mostly a limited range of low-quality brands chosen by the cruise line, and bartenders tend to be overgenerous with ice for cocktails. ‘Mostly inclusive’ might be a better term to use.
Tell me more about extra costs
While cruise lines offer appealingly low fares, most try hard to maintain revenues by increasing the cost of onboard choices (particularly for specialty restaurants), including beverages. Expect to spend at least $25 a day per person on extras, plus $10–15 a day per person in gratuities (unless they are included). Here are the approximate prices per person for a typical seven-day cruise aboard a well-rated mid-size or large resort ship, based on an outside-view two-bed cabin:
Cruise fare: $1,000
Port charges: $100 (if not included)
Gratuities: $50
Total cost per person: $1,150
This is less than $165 per person per day, which seems reasonable when you consider all it covers.
However, your seven-day cruise can easily become more expensive when you start adding on any extras, such as excursions, cappuccinos, drinks (unless they are included), mineral water, internet access, gratuities, and other items. Allowing about $1,000 extra per person may be a good idea.
More examples of extra-cost items (these are provided only as guidelines, and may have changed since this book was completed, so always check with the cruise line, onboard concession, or your travel provider for the latest prices) may include:
Aqua Spa use: $30–35 per day
Babysitting (per hour): $10
Bottled water: $2.50–7 (per bottle)
Cappuccino/espresso: $2.50–4.50
Cartoon character bedtime ‘tuck-in’ service: $20–25
Dry-clean dress: $8–10
Dry-clean jacket: $8–10
Golf simulator: $25 (30 minutes)
Group cycling class: $11
Hair wash/set: $40–75
Haircut (men): $30
Ice cream: $2.50–4
In-cabin (on-demand) movies: $6.95–12.95
Internet connection: $0.50–0.95 per minute
Laundry: wash one shirt: $3–4
Laundry soap: $1–1.50
Massage: $3-plus a minute (plus tip)
Satellite phone/fax: $4.95–9.95 per minute
Shuttle bus in ports of call: $3–6
Sodas (soft fizzy drinks): $2–3
Souvenir photograph (8x6in/20x15cm): $10–12
Souvenir photograph (10x8in/25x20cm): $20–30
Specialty dining (cover charge): $15–100 each
Wine/cheese tasting: $10–25
Wine with dinner: $7–500
Yoga or Pilates class: $12
15 things not included in ‘all-inclusive’
1. Dining in extra-cost restaurants
2. Premium (vintage) wines
3. Specialty ice creams
4. Specialty teas and coffees
5. Wine tastings/seminars
6. Internet and Wi-Fi access
7. Spa treatments
8. Some fitness classes
9. Personal training instruction
10. Use of steam room/saunas
11. Laundry, pressing (ironing), and dry-cleaning
12. Personal shopping
13. Professional souvenir photographs
14. Casino gaming
15. Medical services
What are port charges?
These are levied by various ports visited, rather like city taxes imposed on hotel guests. They help pay for the infrastructure required to provide facilities including docks, linesmen, security and operations personnel, and porters at embarkation and disembarkation ports.
Do cruise lines have their own credit cards?
Most don’t, but those that do include Carnival Cruise Lines, Celebrity Cruises, Disney Cruise Line, Holland America Line, Norwegian Cruise Line, Princess Cruises, Royal Caribbean International, Saga Cruises, and Seabourn. Credits are earned for any spending charged to the card.
Should I take a back-to-back cruise?
If you’re considering two seven-day back-to-back cruises, for example eastern Caribbean and western Caribbean, bear in mind that many aspects of the cruise – the seven-day menu cycle, one or more ports, all shows and cabaret entertainment, even the cruise director’s jokes and spiel – may be duplicated.
Do ships have different classes?
Gone are the official class distinctions. Differences are now found mainly in the type of accommodation chosen, in the price you pay for a larger cabin (or suite), the location of your cabin (or suite), and whether or not you have butler service.
Some cruise lines, however, have a ‘concierge lounge’ that can be used only by occupants of accommodation designated as suites, thus reviving the two-class system.
Private areas have been created by Cunard, MSC Cruises (Yacht Club), and Norwegian Cruise Line (The Haven) for occupants of the most expensive suites, in an effort to insulate their occupants from the masses. The result is a ‘ship within a ship.’
Most companies, however, have in essence, created two classes: (1) Suite-grade accommodation; (2) Standard cabins (either exterior view or interior – no view).
Cunard has always had several classes for transatlantic travel (just like scheduled airlines), but the company’s three ships (Queen Elizabeth, Queen Mary 2, Queen Victoria) are classed according to the restaurant and accommodation grade chosen.
Do ships have deck names or numbers?
Ships can have both names and numbers. Historically, ships used to have only deck names (example: Promenade Deck, ‘A’ Deck, ‘B’ Deck, ‘C’ Deck, Restaurant Deck, and so on). As ships became larger, numbers started appearing, as aboard ferries. Note that some ships don’t have a Deck 13 (examples include the ships of AIDA Cruises, Carnival Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises, P&O Cruises Australia – Pacific Explorer – and Princess Cruises) or any cabin with the number ending in 13 in it. Dream Cruises ships don’t have a Deck 4 or 14 (the number four is considered unlucky for Chinese passengers – Dream’s main clientele), while Italian ships do not have a Deck 17, for the same reason (instead, the numbering moves straight on to Deck 18).
Can I eat when I want to?
Most major cruise lines now offer ‘flexible dining’, which allows you to choose (with some limitations) when you want to eat, and with whom you dine, during your cruise – or a choice of several restaurants. As with places to eat ashore, reservations may be required, you may also have to wait in line at busy periods, and occupants of the top suites get priority.
Aboard large resort ships (2,501-plus passengers) the big entertainment shows are typically staged twice each evening, so you end up with the equivalent of two-seating dining anyway.
What is specialty dining?
Mass-market dining isn’t to everyone’s taste, so some ships now have alternative dining spots other than the main restaurant. These à la carte restaurants usually cost extra – typically between $15 and $75 a person – but the food quality, preparation, and presentation are decidedly better, as is service and ambience. You may need to make a reservation.
What’s the minimum age for drinking alcohol?
Aboard most ships based in the US and Canada, the minimum drinking age is 21. However, for ships based throughout the rest of the world, it is generally 18. But you should always check with your chosen cruise line.
Are drinks packages good value?
Yes, if you like to drink. Note that they can vary hugely between cruise ships in terms of cost, and some also add a mandatory gratuity. Also, the choice may not include your favorite brands.
Can I bring my own booze on board?
No, at least not aboard the major cruise lines, as it will be confiscated. Some smaller lines might, however, turn a blind eye if you bring your favorite wine or spirit on board for in-cabin consumption.
How about service standards?
You can estimate the standard of service by looking at the crew-to-passenger ratio – provided in the ship profiles in this book. The best service levels are aboard ships that have a ratio of one crew member to every two passengers, or higher. The best ships in the world, from the point of view of crew living and working conditions, also tend to be the most expensive ones – the adage ‘you get what you pay for’ tends to be all too true.
Do ships have room service?
While most cruise ships provide free 24-hour room service, some ships charge a delivery fee for items such as food and beverages, including tea and coffee (particularly late at night). A room service menu will be in your cabin. Aboard sail-cruise ships such as those of Sea Cloud Cruises or Star Clippers, there’s no room service.
If you occupy suite-grade accommodation, you may get additional services such as afternoon tea-trolley service and evening canapés, at no extra cost. Some ships may offer room service specialties, for example a Champagne breakfast, at extra cost (Princess Cruises, for example).
Should I tip for room service?
No. It’s part of the normal onboard duties that the hotel staff are paid to carry out. Watch out for staff aboard the large resort ships saying that they don’t always get the tips that are ‘automatically added’ to onboard accounts – it’s a ploy to get you to tip them more in cash.
What does a butler do?
The best ships’ butlers will have been in private service on land, or will have been trained at one of the accredited specialist schools in London. A good butler should be educated, able to communicate well, provide unobtrusive service, and anticipate what might be required.
They should learn your likes and dislikes, such as how you want your tea, how you like your fresh juice in the morning, or how you want your ties laid out – whether rolled and placed in a drawer, or hung over a tie rack. And a good butler ought to remember your preferences should you return to the same ship.
Do any special food events take place?
In addition to birthdays, anniversaries and other celebrations, special events, or special celebration dinners, or ‘foodertainment’ event may be featured once each cruise. Examples of this include a Champagne Waterfall (Princess Cruises) and Rijsttafel (pronounced ‘rice-taffle’), rice-based Indonesian food to which small items of meat, seafood, and vegetables are added (Holland America Line).
Some cruise lines feature a British Pub Lunch (featuring fish and chips, or sausages and mash) or late-morning ‘Frühschoppen’ (German sausages, pretzels, and beer). Others still offer an old standby, the Baked Alaska Parade, also known as ‘Flaming Bombé Alaska.’ This usually happens on the night before the last night of a typical cruise (also known as ‘Comment Form Night’), although some companies have replaced this with a Chef’s Parade. Traditionally, February 1 is the official Baked Alaska Day.
Do ships still serve bouillon on sea days?
Some ships carry on the tradition of serving or making bouillon available at 11am each sea day. Examples include the ships of Cunard, Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines, Hapag-Lloyd Cruises, Hebridean Island Cruises, P&O Cruises, Phoenix Reisen, Saga Cruises, and Voyages to Antiquity.
A spot of social dancing aboard Queen Elizabeth.
Douglas Ward
Do all ships have self-service launderettes?
Some cruise lines do (AIDA Cruises, Carnival Cruise Line, Cunard, Holland America Line, Princess Cruises), and some don’t (Celebrity Cruises, Costa Cruises, MSC Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, Royal Caribbean International). Companies that don’t have them may offer ‘family bundles’ at a special price. Many ships do have a retractable clothesline in the bathroom, however, which is good for those small items.
Do all ships have proper dance floors?
No. For social dancing, a properly ‘sprung’ wood floor is the best for social (ballroom) dancing. Ships with good, large wooden dance floors include Asuka II, Aurora, Britannia, Oriana, Queen Elizabeth, Queen Mary 2, and Queen Victoria.
Rules of the road
Ships, the largest moving objects made by man, are subject to stringent international regulations. They must keep to the right in shipping lanes, and pass on the right (with certain exceptions). When circumstances raise some doubt, or shipping lanes are crowded, ships use their whistles in the same way that an automobile driver uses directional signals to show which way he will turn. When one ship passes another and gives a single blast on its whistle, this means it is turning to starboard (right). Two blasts mean a turn to port (left).
The other ship acknowledges by repeating the same signal. Ships switch on navigational running lights at night – green for starboard, red for port, plus two white lights on the masts, with the forward one lower than the aft one.
A ship’s funnel (smokestack) is one other means of identification, each line having its own design and color scheme. The size, height, and number of funnels were all points worth advertising at the start of the 20th century. Most ocean liners of the time had four funnels and were called ‘four-stackers.’
Do all ships have swimming pools?
The largest is the half Olympic size (82ft/25m in length) pool aboard Mein Schiff 3, Mein Schiff 4, Mein Schiff 5, and Mein Schiff 6. Most, however, are a maximum of just over 56ft (17m) long and 19.6ft (6m) wide. They are usually located on one of the uppermost decks of a ship for stability.
Some ships have multi-pool complexes that include water slides (examples: Allure of the Seas, Carnival Sunshine, Harmony of the Seas, Norwegian Bliss, Norwegian Breakaway, Norwegian Epic, Norwegian Escape, Norwegian Getaway, Norwegian Joy, and Oasis of the Seas). Some ships have ‘infinity’ pools on an aft deck, so, when you swim or take a dip, it looks like you’re at one with the sea (MSC Divina, MSC Preziosa, Viking Sea, Viking Sky, Viking Star, and Viking Sun).
Some ships have completely separate adult-only, family pools, and toddler pools, such as Disney Dream, Disney Fantasy, Disney Magic, and Disney Wonder. The family-friendly large resort ships usually have separate pools and tubs for children in different age groups located within a children-only zone, or a water park with fabulous water slides.
Some ships have pools that can be covered by retractable glass domes – useful in case of inclement weather; other ships only have open-air pools, yet trade in cold weather areas in winter. A few ships have heated pools – examples include Freedom of the Seas, Independence of the Seas, Liberty of the Seas, and Saga Sapphire.
While most pools are outside, some ships also have indoor pools set low down in the ship, so that the water doesn’t move about when sea conditions are unkind. Examples include Astor, Deutschland, and Saga Sapphire.
Some of the smaller ships have only a ‘dip’ pool – just big enough to cool off in on hot days – while others may have hot tubs and no pool.
Note that when there is inclement weather, swimming pools are emptied to avoid the water sloshing around.
Do all ships have freshwater pools?
All the ships of Disney Cruise Line and most of the large resort ships (such as Allure of the Seas and Oasis of the Seas) have freshwater pools. Some ships, however, do have saltwater pools, with the water for the pools being drawn from the sea, and filtered.
How are swimming pools kept clean?
All shipboard swimming pools have chlorine – a member of the residual halogen group – added (a minimum of 1.0–3.0 ppm in recirculated swimming pools), while some have chemically treated saltwater pools. Pools are regularly checked for water-flow rates, pH balance, alkalinity, and clarity – all of which are entered into a daily log.
Do any ships have walk-in pools (instead of steps)?
Not many, because of space considerations, although they can often be useful for older passengers. Some ships do, however (Aurora, Crystal Serenity, Crystal Symphony, and Oriana, for example).
What’s the difference between an outside and an interior cabin?
An ‘outside’ (or ‘exterior’) cabin has a window (or porthole) with a view of the outside, or there is a private balcony for you to step on to to be outside. An ‘interior’ (or ‘inside’) cabin means that it doesn’t have a view of the outside, although it may have a ‘virtual’ window or balcony.
Some balcony cabins appear rather cheap. Is there a catch?
It may be cheaper because it has an obstructed view – often because it’s in front of a lifeboat. Always check the deck plan, because it may be that it’s only partially obstructed.
Can I visit the bridge?
Usually not – for insurance and security reasons – and never when the ship is maneuvering into and out of port. However, some companies, such as Celebrity Cruises, Cunard, NCL, Princess Cruises, and Royal Caribbean International, run extra-cost ‘Behind the Scenes’ tours. The cost varies, but it can be as much as $150 per person.
Can I bring golf clubs?
Yes, you can. Although cruise lines do not charge for carrying them, some airlines (especially budget ones) do. Some ships cater for golfers with mini-golf courses on deck and electronically monitored practice areas.
Golf-themed cruises are popular, with ‘all-in’ packages allowing participants to play on some of the world’s most desirable courses. Hapag-Lloyd Cruises and Silversea Cruises, for example, operate a number of golf-themed sailings.
Do mobile phones work on board?
Most cruise lines have contracts with maritime phone service companies. Mobile phone signals piggyback off systems that transmit Internet data via satellite. When your ship is in port, the ship’s network may be switched off, and you will pay the going local (country-specific) rate for mobile calls if you can manage to access a local network.
Poolside movie screens adorn large resort ships, including Carnival Sunshine.
Carnival/Andy Newman
Are there any ships without in-cabin WLAN wiring? I am allergic to it.
The 94-passenger Sea Cloud II comes to mind, as well as some of the older ships that have not been retro-fitted with WLAN cabling.
Where can I watch movies?
Some ships have real movie theaters, but most don’t. Many large resort ships have large showlounges that are also equipped for screening movies (mainly in the afternoons), or open-air movie sceens on the pool deck.
Some ships have small-capacity screening rooms, typically for 100–200 passengers, where movies may be shown several times daily, and special rooms for showing 3D, and 4D movies (these often include fast-paced adventure movies, surround sound, and moving seats). Carnival’s 4,000-passenger Carnival Vista was fitted with the first IMAX theater at sea; Carnival Horizon now has one, too.
Movies are provided by a licensed film distribution or leasing service. Many newer ships have replaced or supplemented movie theaters with in-cabin infotainment systems (with pay-on-demand movies).
Do all cabins have flat-screen TV sets?
No. Some older cruise ships still have bulky CRT sets, but these are replaced when a ship goes for refurbishment. All new ships have flat-screen TVs.
Are there any ships without televisions?
Yes – the 64-passenger sailing ship Sea Cloud.
Can I take an iron to use in my cabin?
No. However, some ships have self-service launderettes, which include an ironing area. Check with your cruise line.
Europa provides free bicycles for passengers.
Hapag-Lloyd Cruises
What is expedition cruising?
Expedition cruises are operated by specialists such as Quark Expeditions, using small ships that have ice-strengthened hulls or specially constructed ice-breakers that enable them to reach areas totally inaccessible to standard cruise ships. These vessels have a relaxed, informal atmosphere, with expert lecturers and expedition leaders accompanying every voyage.
MS Astor passing through the Pedro Miguel Locks on the Panama Canal.
Getty Images
What is a Panamax ship?
This is one that conforms to the maximum dimensions possible for passage through the Panama Canal – useful particularly for around-the-world voyages. The 50-mile (80-km) canal transit takes from eight to nine hours.
Is there a cruise that skips ports?
Yes, but it isn’t really a cruise. It’s a transatlantic crossing, from New York to Southampton, England (or vice versa), aboard Queen Mary 2.
Can I shop in ports of call?
Many passengers embrace retail therapy when visiting ports of call such as Dubai, Hong Kong, St. Maarten, St. Thomas, and Singapore, among many others. However, it’s prudent to exercise self-control. Remember that you’ll have to carry those purchases home at the end of your cruise.
Ships with a shallow draft, such as Hanseatic, can get surprisingly close to shore.
Hapag-Lloyd Cruises
Do I have to go ashore in each port?
Absolutely not! In fact, many passengers enjoy being aboard ‘their’ ships when there are virtually no other passengers aboard. Also, if you have a spa treatment, it could be less expensive during this period than when the ship is at sea. Many ships have price differentials for sea days and port days.
Can I bring my pet?
No, with one exception: the regular transatlantic crossings aboard Cunard’s ocean liner Queen Mary 2, which has carried more than 500 pet animals since its debut in 2004 (the one-way cost is $800–1,000 for a single kennel; cats are required to have two kennels – one as a litter tray – at a cost of $1,600). It has 22 air-conditioned kennels for dogs and cats (no birds) and dedicated kennel attendants. Pets must have the required certification and vaccination against rabies.
Can I fly in the day before or stay an extra day after the cruise?
Cruise lines often offer pre- and post-cruise stay packages – either included or at additional cost. The advantage is that you don’t have to do anything else – all will be taken care of. If you book a hotel on your own, however, you may have to pay an ‘air deviation’ fee if you don’t take the cruise line’s air arrangements, or you want to change them.
What are the downsides to cruising?
Much-anticipated ports of call can be aborted or changed due to poor weather or other conditions. Some popular ports (particularly in the Caribbean) can become extremely crowded – there can be up to 12 ships at the same time in Barcelona or St. Thomas, disgorging 20,000-plus people.
Many frequent irritations could be fixed if the cruise lines really tried. Entertainment, for instance, whether production shows or cabaret acts, is always linked to dinner times, which can be inconvenient.
Staring at the horizon helps with seasickness.
Shutterstock
What legal rights do I have?
It would seem almost none! After reading the Passenger Ticket Contract, you’ll see why. A 189-word sentence in one contract begins ‘The Carrier shall not be liable for …’ and goes on to cover the legal waterfront. Check all your documentation very carefully before you travel.
Where did all the money go?
Apart from the cruise fare itself, incidentals could include government taxes, port charges, air ticket tax, and fuel surcharges. On board, extra costs may include drinks, mini-bar items, cappuccino and espresso coffees, shore excursions (especially those involving flightseeing tours), internet access, beauty treatments, casino gaming, photographs, laundry and dry-cleaning, babysitting services, wine tasting, bottled water placed in your cabin, and medical services.
A cruise aboard a ship belonging to a major cruise line could be compared to buying a car, whereby motor manufacturers offer a basic model and price, and then tempt you with optional extras to inflate the cost. Cruise lines say income generated on board helps to keep the basic cost of a cruise reasonable. In the end, it’s up to you to exercise self-restraint to keep those little extras from mounting up to a very large sum.
Does a ship’s registry (flag state) matter?
Not really. Some years ago, cruise ships used to be registered in their country of operation, so Italian Line ships (with all-Italian crews) would be registered only in Italy, and Greek ships (with all-Greek crews) would be registered only in Greece, etc. To avoid prohibition, some American-owned ships were re-registered to Panama. Thus was born the flag of convenience, now called the ‘Flag State.’
Today’s ships no longer have single-nationality crews, however, so where a ship is registered is not of such great importance. Cunard and P&O Cruises ships, for example, are now registered in Bermuda, so that weddings can be performed on board.
Today, the most popular flag registries are (in alphabetical order): the Bahamas, Bermuda, Italy, Japan, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Panama, and The Netherlands. This fragmented authority means that all cruise ships come under the IMO (International Maritime Organization, within the United Nations) when operating in international waters – 12 nautical miles from shore. A country only has authority over the ship when it is either in one of its own ports or within 12 nautical miles offshore.
How are ships weighed?
They aren’t. They are measured. Gross tonnage is a measurement of the enclosed space within a ship’s hull and superstructure (1 gross ton = 100 cubic ft).
Is anyone building a cruise ship powered by liquefied natural gas (LNG)?
Yes. While the main challenge is space to store the fuel, several LNG-powered ships are on order. Meanwhile, AIDA Cruises has dual fuel capability, including LNG. There’s also one nuclear-powered cruise vessel: the Russian Arctic expedition ship 50 Years of Victory, which debuted in 2008.
Why is a coin laid under the mast of ships as they are built?
According to a 2,000-year old shipbuilding tradition, the coin brings good luck, and also protects the ship’s keel.
How long do cruise ships last?
In general, a very long time. For example, during the QE2’s almost-40-year service for Cunard, the ship sailed more than 5.5 million nautical miles, carried 2.5 million passengers, completed 25 full world cruises, and crossed the Atlantic more than 800 times. But the QE2 was built with a very thick hull, whereas today’s thin-hulled cruise ships probably won’t last as long. Even so, the life expectancy is typically a healthy 30 years.
Where do old cruise ships go when they’re scrapped?
They go to the beach. Actually, they are driven at speed onto a not very nice beach at Alang in India, or to Chittagong in Bangladesh, or to Pan Yo in China – the main shipbreaking places. Greenpeace has claimed that workers, including children, at some sites have to work under primitive conditions without adequate equipment to protect them against the toxic materials that can be released into the environment. In 2009, a new IMO guideline – the International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships – was adopted.
Will I get seasick?
Today’s ships have stabilizers – large underwater ‘fins’ on each side of the hull – to counteract any rolling motion, and most cruises are in warm, calm waters. As a result, fewer than 3 percent of passengers become seasick. Yet it’s possible to develop some symptoms – anything from slight nausea to vomiting.
Both old-time sailors and modern physicians have their own remedies, and you can take your choice or try them all, as follows:
When you notice the first movement of a ship, walk back and forth on the deck. You will find that your knees will start to get their feel of balance and counteraction.
Find a place where the sea breeze will blow into your face (fresh air is arguably the best antidote to seasickness), and, if you are nauseous, suck an orange or a lemon.
Eat lightly. Don’t make the mistake of thinking a heavy meal will keep your stomach anchored. It won’t.
When on deck, focus on a steady point, such as the horizon.
Dramamine (dimenhydrinate, an antihistamine and sedative introduced just after World War II) will be available aboard in tablet (chewable) form. A stronger version (Meclizine) is available on prescription (brand names for this include Antivert, Antizine, Bonine, and Meni-D). Ciba-Geigy’s Scopoderm (or Transderm Scop), known as ‘The Patch,’ contains scopolamine and has proven effective, but possible side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and problems with urinating.
If you are really distressed, the ship’s doctor can give you, at extra cost, an injection to alleviate discomfort. Note that this may make you drowsy.
A natural preventive for seasickness, said to settle any stomach for up to eight hours, is ginger in powder form. Mix half a teaspoon in a glass of warm water or milk, and drink it before sailing.
‘Sea Bands’ are a drug-free method of controlling motion sickness. Usually elasticated and available in different colors, they are slim bands that slip onto the wrist. They have a circular ‘button’ that presses against the acupressure point Pericardium 6 (nei guan) on the lower arm. Attach them a few minutes before you step aboard and wear on both wrists throughout the cruise.
Another drug-free remedy is Reletex, a watch-like device worn on the wrist. First used for patients undergoing chemotherapy, it emits a small neuromodulating current that stops peristaltic waves in the stomach causing nausea and vomiting.
Is having hay fever a problem?
People who suffer from hay fever and pollen allergies benefit greatly from a cruise. Almost all sufferers I have met say that their symptoms simply disappear on a ship – particularly when it is at sea.
Are hygiene standards high enough?
News reports often focus on hygiene and sanitation aboard cruise ships. In the 1980s, the North American cruise industry agreed with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) that hygiene and sanitation inspections should be carried out once or twice yearly aboard all cruise ships carrying American passengers, and the Vessel Sanitation Program (VSP) was born. The original intention of the VSP was to achieve and maintain a level of sanitation that would lower the risk of gastro-intestinal disease outbreaks and assist the cruise industry to provide a healthy environment for passengers and crew.
It is a voluntary inspection, and cruise lines pay handsomely for each one. For a ship the size of Queen Mary 2, for example, the cost would be $17,940; for a ship the size of Azamara Journey, it would be about $8,970. However, the inspection points are well accepted by the international cruise industry. Inspections cover two main areas: 1) water sanitation, including free chlorine residuals in the potable water system, swimming pool, and hot tub filters; and 2) food sanitation: food storage, preparation, and serving areas, including bars and passenger service pantries.
The ships score extremely well – those that undergo inspections, that is. Some ships that don’t regularly call on US ports would possibly not pass the inspections every time. Older ships with outdated galley equipment and poor food-storage facilities would have a harder time complying with the United States Public Health (USPH) inspection standards. Some other countries also have strict health inspection standards. However, if the same USPH inspection standards were applied to restaurants and hotels ashore in the US, it is estimated that at least 95 percent or more would fail.
Helping to stop norovirus.
Douglas Ward
What about the norovirus?
This temporary but highly contagious condition occurs worldwide. Humans are the only known hosts, and only the common cold is reported more frequently than viral gastroenteritis as a cause of illness in the US. About 23 million Americans each year are diagnosed with the effects of the Norwalk-like virus (NLV gastroenteritis, sometimes known as winter vomiting virus or norovirus). It is more prevalent in adults and older children than in the very young.
Norovirus is part of the ‘calicivirus’ family. The condition itself is self-limiting, mild, and characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Although it can be transmitted by person-to-person contact, it is more likely to arrive via contaminated foods and water. Shellfish (most notably clams and oysters), salad ingredients (particular salad dressings), and fruits are the most often implicated in noroviral outbreaks.
A mild and brief illness typically occurs 24 to 48 hours after contaminated food or water has been consumed, and lasts for 24 to 72 hours. If you board a large resort ship after norovirus has struck, bread and bread rolls, butter, and salt and pepper shakers may not be placed on tables, but will be available on request during meals.
When an outbreak occurs, the ship will immediately be sanitized, and affected passengers may be confined to their cabins to stop the condition spreading. Hand gel dispensers are provided at the entrance to all eateries. Crew members and their livelihoods can also be affected, so they will want any outbreak contained as quickly as possible.
Are incidents on the rise? Yes, but so is the number of cruise ships. Should cruise lines pay compensation? I don’t think so. In my experience, almost all outbreaks have occurred because someone has brought the condition with them from ashore.
How can you avoid the bug? Don’t drink from aircraft water dispensers on the way to join your cruise – they are seldom cleaned thoroughly. And always wash your hands thoroughly after using the toilet, both on the plane and the ship.
Most ships provide liquid gel dispensers as a preventative – at the gangway and outside the dining venues (especially the self-serve buffets). Ships constructed after October 2011 must provide washbasins in buffets (one per 100 seats) under the United States Public Health’s Vessel Sanitation Program. Several cruise lines now show a ‘Wash Your Hands’ video at muster stations following the passenger emergency drill.
What do ships do about garbage?
The newest ships are models of recycling and efficient waste handling. Cooking oil, for example, is turned into biodiesel. Garbage is sorted into dry and wet bins, and the dry garbage is burned on board or compacted for offloading in selected ports. Aluminum cans are offloaded for recycling. As for sewage, ships must be three nautical miles from land before they can dump treated sewage and 12 miles for sewage and food waste.
Collins cigar smokers’ lounge aboard Europa 2.
Hapag-Lloyd Cruises
Where is smoking allowed?
Smoking is generally allowed only in designated areas on open decks. Almost no cruise companies allow smoking in cabins or on balconies. Some lines place a notice in each cabin advising you that a hefty cleaning fee will be added to your onboard account if evidence of smoking in your cabin is found.
Almost all cruise lines prohibit smoking in restaurants and food service areas. Most ships now allow smoking only on the open decks.
What about cigars?
Cigar-smoking lounges are found aboard many ships, but some are now being converted into private lounges for high-rollers (that’s gaming, not cigars). These are among the best: Asuka II, Crystal Serenity, Crystal Symphony, Europa, Europa 2, Seven Seas Explorer, Seven Seas Mariner, and Seven Seas Voyager. The biggest humidors and the largest selection of cigars can be found aboard Europa and Europa 2.
Note that the air purification system in a ship’s cigar lounge will often not be effective enough if someone comes in to smoke a cigarette, and you may suffer the consequences of inhaling second-hand cigarette smoke.
How about freighter travel?
Slow freighter voyages appeal to independent travelers (about 3,000 passengers annually travel aboard them) who don’t require constant entertainment but want comfortable accommodation and the joy of days at sea. For more information, contact the specialists:
www.cruisepeople.co.uk/freighters.htm
Ship Talk: A Glossary
Abeam: off the side of the ship, at a right angle to its length
Aft: near, toward, or in the rear of the ship.
Ahead: something that is ahead of the ship’s bow.
Alleyway: a passageway or corridor.
Alongside: said of a ship when it is beside a pier or another vessel.
Amidships: in or toward the middle of the ship; the longitudinal center portion of the ship.
Anchor ball: black ball hoisted above the bow to show that the vessel is anchored.
Astern: the opposite of ahead; refers to something behind the ship.
Backwash: motion in the water caused by the propeller(s) moving in a reverse (astern) direction.
Bar: sandbar, usually caused by tidal or current conditions near the shore.
Beam: width of the ship between its two sides at the widest point.
Bearing: compass direction, expressed in degrees, from the ship to a particular objective or destination.
Below: anything beneath the main deck.
Berth: dock, pier, or quay. Also means a bed on board ship.
Bilge: lowermost spaces of the infrastructure of a ship.
Boat stations: allotted space for each person during lifeboat drill or any other emergency when lifeboats are lowered.
Bow: the forward most part of the vessel.
Bridge: navigational and command control center.
Bulkhead: upright partition (wall) dividing the ship into compartments.
Bunkers: the space where fuel is stored; ‘bunkering’ means taking on fuel.
Cable length: a measured length equaling 100 fathoms or 600ft (183m).
Colors: refers to the national flag or emblem flown by the ship.
Companionway: interior stairway.
Course: direction in which the ship is headed, in degrees.
Davit: a device for raising and lowering lifeboats.
Deadlight: a ventilated porthole cover to prevent light from entering.
Disembark (also debark): to leave a ship.
Dock: berth, pier, or quay.
Draft (or draught): measurement in feet from the ship’s waterline to the lowest point of its keel.
Embark: to join a ship.
Fantail: the rear or overhang of the ship.
Fathom: distance equal to 6ft (1.8m).
Flagstaff: a pole at the stern of a ship where the flag of its country of registry is flown.
Free port: port or place free of customs duty and regulations.
Funnel: chimney from which the ship’s combustion gases are propelled into the atmosphere.
Galley: the ship’s kitchen.
Gangway: the stairway or ramp that provides the link between ship and shore.
Gross tons (gt): not the weight of a ship but the total volume measurement of all permanently enclosed spaces above and below decks, with certain exceptions, such as the bridge, radio room, galleys, washing facilities, and other specified areas. It is the basis for harbor dues. Gross-tonnage measurements may or may not include balconies.
Helm: the apparatus for steering a ship.
House flag: the standard denoting the company to which a ship belongs.
Hull: the frame and body of the ship exclusive of masts or superstructure.
Leeward: the side of a ship that is sheltered from the wind.
Luff: the side of a ship facing the wind
Manifest: a list of the ship’s passengers, crew, and cargo.
Nautical mile: one-sixtieth of a degree of the circumference of the Earth.
Pilot: a person licensed to navigate ships into or out of a harbor or through difficult waters, and to advise the captain on handling the ship during these procedures.
Pitch: the rise and fall of a ship’s bow that may occur when the ship is under way.
Port: the left side of a ship when facing forward.
Rudder: a finlike device astern and below the waterline, for steering the vessel.
Screw: a ship’s propeller.
Stabilizer: a gyroscopically operated retractable ‘fin’ extending from either or both sides of the ship below the waterline to provide a more stable ride.
Starboard: the right side of the ship when facing forward.
Stern: the aftmost part of the ship that is opposite the bow.
Tender: a smaller vessel, often a lifeboat, used to transport passengers between ship and shore when the vessel is at anchor.
Wake: the track of agitated water left behind a ship when in motion.
Waterline: the line along the side of a ship’s hull corresponding to the water surface.
Windward: the side of a ship facing the direction in which the wind blows.
Yaw: the erratic deviation from the ship’s set course, usually caused by a heavy sea.