1. Mnajdra, Malta (akg-images/Rainer Hackenberg)
2. The ‘Sleeping Lady’ (National Archaeological Museum, Valletta, Malta. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)
3. Cycladic figure, c. 2700 BC, Greek private collection (Heini Schneebeli/The Bridgeman Art Library)
4. Female head, Early Cycladic II Period, c. 2700–2400 BC (Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photograph: Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library)
5. Octopus vase from Knossos, c. 1500 BC (Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Photograph: Bernard Cox/The Bridgeman Art Library)
6. Fresco c. 1420 BC from the tomb of Pharaoh’s vizier Rekhmire, Upper Egypt (Mary Evans/Interfoto)
7. Akrotiri fresco, Thera, sixteenth century BC (akg-images/Erich Lessing)
8. Gold death mask from Mycenae, c. 1500 BC (National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)
9. Early Philistine clay face from a sarcophagus, Beth She’an, northern Israel (Israel Museum (IDAM), Jerusalem. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)
10. Twelfth-century BC Warrior Vase, Mycenae (National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Photograph: akg-images)
11. Frieze from the temple of Madinat Habu in Upper Egypt (akg-images/Erich Lessing)
12. Phoenician inscription, Nora, Southern Sardinia (Roger-Viollet/Topfoto)
13. Stele, Carthage, c. 400 BC (Roger Wood/Corbis)
14. Model of a Phoenician ship (National Archaeological Museum, Beirut. Photograph: Philippe Maillard/akg-images)
15. Phoenician silver coin (National Archaeological Museum, Beirut. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)
16. Chigi Vase, found near Veii, c. 600 BC (Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome. Photograph: akg-images/Nimatallah)
17. Panel from the bronze gates of the Assyrian royal palace, Balawat, c. ninth century BC (Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)
18. Dionysos krater, late sixth century BC (Staatliche Antikensammlung & Glypothek, Munich. Photograph: akg-images)
19. Fresco from Tarquinia, late sixth century BC (akg-images/Nimatallah)
20. Marsiliana abecedarium, Etruria, seventh century BC (Florence Archaeological Museum. Photograph: akg-images/Album/Oronoz)
21. Gold tablet, Pyrgoi, late sixth century BC (Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome. Photograph: akg-images/Nimatallah)
22. Etruscan pot helmet (The Trustees of the British Museum)
23. Tower of Orolo, Sardinia (akg-images/Rainer Hackenberg)
24. Sard bronze boat, c. 600 BC (Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Cagliari. Photo: akg-images/Electra)
25. Bust of Periandros (Vatican Museum)
26. Bust of Alexander the Great (Print Collector/Heritage-Images/Imagestate)
27. The ‘Dama de Elche’ (ullstein bild – United Archives)
28. Bust of Sarapis (akg-images/ullstein bild)
29. Carthaginian Melqart coin (The Trustees of the British Museum)
30. Bronze Nero coin (The Trustees of the British Museum)
31. Cleopatra coin (The Trustees of the British Museum. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)
32. Nero coin marking the completion of the harbour at Ostia (The Trustees of the British Museum)
33. Relief of Roman quinquireme, Praeneste, now Palestrina (akg-images/Peter Connolly)
34. Fresco of a harbour near Naples, possibly Puteoli (Museo Nazionale Archeologico, Naples. Photograph: akg images/Erich Lessing)
35. Sixth-century mosaic of the Byzantine fleet at Classis, from the basilica of Sant’Apollinare, Ravenna (akg-images/Cameraphoto)
36. Cornice from the synagogue at Ostia, second century (Photograph: Setreset/Wikimedia Commons)
37. Inscription from the synagogue at Ostia (akg-images)
38. Panel from the Pala d’Oro, St Mark’s Basilica, Venice (akg-images/Cameraphoto)
39. View of Amalfi, 1885 (Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin. Photograph: akg images)
40. Majorcan bacino (Museo Nazionale di San Matteo, Pisa)
41. Khan al-‘Umdan, Acre, Israel (Photograph: Ariel Palmon/Wikimedia Commons)
42. The Venice quadriga (Mimmo Jodice/CORBIS)
43. Late-medieval map, after Idrisi (Wikimedia Commons)
44. Majorcan portolan chart, early fourteenth century (British Library)
45. Wall-painting showing the capture of the City of Majorca in 1229 (Museo de Catalunya, Barcelona. Photograph: akg images/Bildarchiv Steffens)
46. Aigues-Mortes, Carmargue, France (Photo: Bertrand Rieger/Hemis/Corbis)
47. Genoa, as depicted in Hartmann-Schedel’s 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle (by permission of the Master and Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge)
48. Dubrovnik (Photograph: Jonathan Blair/Corbis)
49. Manises bowl (Victoria and Albert Museum, London)
50. Votive model of a cargo ship, c. 1420 (Maritime Museum, Rotterdam)
51. The Exchange in Valencia (Photograph: Felivet/Wikimedia Commons)
52. Early manuscript copy of the Consulate of the Sea (Album/Oronoz/akg-images)
53. Portrait of Mehmet II by Giovanni Bellini (akg-images/Erich Lessing)
54. French miniature of the siege of Rhodes (detail) (The Granger Collection, New York)
55. Portrait of Admiral Khair-ed-din, 1540, by Nakkep Reis Haydar (Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey/The Bridgeman Art Library)
56. Portrait of Andrea Doria (Palazzo Bianco, Genoa. Photograph: akg-images/Electra)
57. Cartoon showing the Spanish capture of Goleta (akg-images/Erich Lessing)
58. The expulsion of Moriscos, 1613, by Pere Oromig and Francisco Peralta (ullstein bild – Aisa)
59. Venetian naval victory over Turkey in 1661 by an anonymous artist of the Venetian School (Museo Correr, Venice. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)
60. The assault on Mahón, 1756, by an anonymous French artist (Musée de la Marine, Paris. Photograph: akg-images/Erich Lessing)
61. The execution of Admiral Byng, c. 1760, British school (National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London)
62. Portrait of Admiral Fyodor Ushakov by an anonymous nineteenthcentury artist (Central Naval Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph: akg-images/RIA Novosti)
63. Portrait of Admiral Samuel Hood, 1784, by James Northcote (National Maritime Museum, London/The Bridgeman Art Library)
64. Portrait of Ferdinand von Hompesch by Antonio Xuereb (attrib.), Presidential Palace, Valletta (Malta) (Photograph by and courtesy of Heritage Malta)
65. Portrait of Stephen Decatur, c. 1814, by Thomas Sully (Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia/courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library)
66. Port Said, 1880 (Wikimedia Commons)
67. Lloyd’s quay, Trieste, c. 1890 (adoc-photos)
68. The Grand Square, or Place Mehmet Ali, Alexandria, c. 1915 (Werner Forman Archive/Musees Royaux, Brussels/Heritage-Images/Imagestate)
69. The Italian occupation of Libya, 1911 (akg-images)
70. The attack on the French warships moored at Mers el-Kebir, October 1940 (Photograph: Bettmann/Corbis)
71. British troops land in Sicily, 1943 (Imperial War Museum, London, A17918)
72. Ship carrying Jewish refugees, Haifa, 1947 (akg-images/Israelimages)
73. Charles de Gaulle in Algeria, 1958 (akg-images/Erich Lessing)
74. Beach scene, Lloret de Mar (Frank Lukasseck/Corbis)
75. Illegal migrants from Africa trying to land on Spanish soil (EFE/J. Ragel)
p. 597 Cartoon of 1936 from Falastin (Mark Levine, Overthrowing Geography (California, 2005))
ENDPAPERS The Brig by Gustave Le Gray (V&A Images/Victoria and Albert Museum, London)