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1. Denise Holfers, et al., “Adolescent Depression and Suicide Risk: Association with Sex and Drug Behavior,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2004: 27(3). Robert E. Rector, Kirk A. Johnson, Ph.D., Lauren R. Noyes and Shannan Martin, The Harmful Effects of Early Sexual Activity and Multiple Sexual Partners Among Women: A Book of Charts (Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation, 2004).
2. Rector, Johnson, Noyes and Martin, The Harmful Effects of Early Sexual Activity and Multiple Sexual Partners Among Women: A Book of Charts.
3. Holfers, et al., “Adolescent Depression and Suicide Risk: Association with Sex and Drug Behavior.” Rector, Johnson, Noyes and Martin, The Harmful Effects of Early Sexual Activity and Multiple Sexual Partners Among Women: A Book of Charts.
4. T.R. Eng and W.T. Butler, eds. The Hidden Epidemic—Confronting Sexually Transmitted Disease (Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1997).
7. “Genital Herpes—CDC Fact Sheet,” Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, May 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/std/Herpes/STDFact-Herpes.htm#common (accessed December 2006).
8. Meg Meeker, Epidemic: How Teen Sex Is Killing Our Kids (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing Company, 2002), p. 12.
9. Joyce A. Martin, MPH, Brady E. Hamilton, Ph.D., Paul D. Sutton, Ph.D., et al, “National Vital Statistics Reports; Births: Final Data for 2002,” National Center for Health Statistics, December 17, 2003:52(10). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr52/nvsr52_10.pdf (accessed April 2004).
10. D.J. Landry and J.D. Forrest, “How Old Are U.S. Fathers?” Family Planning Perspectives, 1995 (27), 159-161. “California Vital Statistics Section 1992; California Residents’ Live Births, 1990, by Age of Mother, Age of Father, Race, Marital Status,” California Department of Health Services (Sacramento, CA: California Department of Health Services, 1992).
11. Ed Oliver, “Parents Are Well Equipped to Protect Kids from STD Epidemic,” MassNews.com, April 16, 2003.
12. “In Da Club,” © 2003 by 50 Cent Music (Universal Music Corporation), Los Angeles, CA. All rights reserved.
1. “Condoms,” AIDS Policy and Law, Vol. 18, No. 13 (July 22, 2003).
2. “Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention,” National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, July 20, 2001. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/DOCKETS/dockets/04n0556/04n-0556-EC28-Attach-1.pdf.
3. On December 12, 1994, U.S. Surgeon General Joycelyn Elders was fired from her position because of the controversy that erupted around her support for the public discussion of masturbation as an appropriate topic in school sexual education programs. See “Masturbation: From Stigma to Sexual Health,” Planned Parenthood® Federation of America, Inc., November 2002. http://www4.plannedparenthood.org/pp2/portal/files/portal/medicalinfo/sexualhealth/white-020904-masturbation.pdf (accessed December 2006).
4. H. Fu, J. E. Darroch, T. Haas and N. Ranjit, “Contraceptive Failure Rates: New Estimates from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth,” Family Planning Perspective, 1999:31, pp. 56-63.
5. “Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention,” National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, July 20, 2001. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/DOCKETS/dockets/04n0556/04n-0556-EC28-Attach-1.pdf (accessed December 2006).
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8. What Is HPV?” Cervical Cancer Campaign. http://www.cervicalcancercampaign.org/faqs.aspx (accessed December 2006).
9. Centers for Disease Control Responses to Questions on HPV and Cervical Cancer from the Subcommittee on Health and Environment, April 2, 1999.
10. K. K. Holmes, R. Levine and M. Weaver, “Effectiveness of Condoms in Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections,” Bull World Health Organization, June 2004, 82(6): pp. 454-461. J. Shepherd, G. Peersman, R. Weston and I. Napuli, “Cervical Cancer and Sexual Lifestyle: Systematic Review of Health Education Interventions Targeted at Women,” Health Education Resources, December 15, 2000, 15(6): pp. 681-694. L. E. Manhart and L. A. Koustsky, “Do Condoms Prevent Genital HPV Infection, External Genital Warts, or Cervical Neoplasia? A Meta-analysis,” Sexually Transmitted Diseases, November 2002, 29(11), pp. 725-735. R. L. Winer, S. K. Lee, J. P. Hughes, et al, “Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection: Incidence and Risk Factors in a Cohort of Female University Students,” American Journal of Epidemiology, May 1, 2003, 157(9), p. 858.
11. Dr. Nancy C. Lee, Director, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Health Environment Hearing on Women’s Health: Raising Awareness of Cervical Cancer, March 16, 1999, Hearing Serial No. 106-4. http://www.siecus.org/policy/PUpdates/arch00/arch000031.html (accessed November 2006).
12. “Prevalence” is a measure of the proportion of people in a population affected with a disease at a given time. “Incidence” is the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a given population over a certain period.
13. Tom Carter, “Uganda Leads by Example on AIDS,” The Washington Times, March 13, 2003.
14. Edward C. Green, Ph.D., Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on African Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, May 19, 2003.
15. Emily Wax, “Ugandans Say Facts, Not Abstinence, Will Win AIDS War,” The Washington Post, July 9, 2003.
1. H. W. Chesson, J. M. Blandford, T. L. Gift, G. Tao and K. L. Irwin, “The Estimated Direct Medical Cost of STDs Among American Youth, 2000,” Abstract P075, 2004 National STD Prevention Conference, Philadelphia, PA, March 8-11, 2004.
2. R. L. Coley and P. L. Chase-Lansdale, “Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood: Recent Evidence and Future Directions,” American Psychology, 1998, 53(2), pp. 152-166.
3. U.S. General Accounting Office, “Teen Mothers: Selected Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors,” Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, June 1998, GAO/HEHS-98-141. http://www.hi-ho.ne.jp/taku77/refer/teenmo.pdf (accessed August 2005).
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6. MacKeen, “Cassanovas Who Kill,” from Mothers Who Think (accessed November 28, 2006).
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1. Chris Rock, Never Scared. © 2005 Dreamworks, Los Angeles, CA. All rights reserved.
1. Lindsey Tanner, “Sexual Lyrics Prompt Teens to Have Sex, SFGate.com, August 6, 2006. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-in/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/08/06/national/a215010D94.DTL (accessed December 2006).
3. S. Liliana Escobar-Chaves, “The Impact of the Media on Adolescent Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors,” Pediatrics, July 2005, 116(1), p. 2. “Does Watching Sex on Television Influence Teens’ Sexual Activity?” Rand Corporation, 2004. http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9068/index1.html (accessed December 2006).
4. Martin Peers, “Buddy, Can You Spare Some Time?” EWSJ, January 26, 2004, p. B1.
5. Richard Pellegrino MD, quoted in Billboard magazine, January 23, 1999.
6. David Tame, The Secret Power of Music (Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Books, 1984), p. 15.
7. “Rand Study Finds Adolescents Who Listen to a Great Deal of Music with Degrading Sexual Lyrics Have Sex Sooner,” Rand Corporation, August 7, 2006. http://www.rand.org/news/press.06/08.07.html.
8. Carl Jeffrey Wright, God’s Vision or Television (Calumet City, IL: Urban Ministries, Inc., 2004), p. 14.
9. Jerry Armor, “Snoop Dogg Explains Slang in New Song,” Yahoo Launch, November 26, 2002.
10. Snoop Dogg, “Bo$$ Playa,” © 2002 Priority Records. http://www.metrolyrics.com/lyrics/217418/Snoop_Dogg/Bo$$_Playa (accessed December 2006).
11. Interview with Marilyn Manson, Kerrang magazine, November 27, 1999.
12. Oprah Winfrey, quoted in an interview with Mary J. Blige, February 1, 2006.
13. Chris Rock, Never Scared, HBO Comedy Event, April 17, 2004.
14. Daniel Low-Beer and Rand L. Stoneburner, “Behavior and Communication Change in Reducing HIV: Is Uganda Unique?” African Journal of AIDS Research, vol. 3, 2003. Low-Beer, who formerly worked for the World Health Organization in its HIV surveillance unit, studies behavior and communication change in relation to HIV in East and Southern Africa. Stoneburner is an epidemiologist who has worked with the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization. See also David Wilson, “The ‘ABCs’ of HIV Prevention: Report of a U.S.AID Technical Meeting on Behavior Change Approaches to Primary Prevention of HIV/AIDS,” U.S. Agency for International Development, September 17, 2002.
1. “Americans Sound Off About Teen Pregnancy,” National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, December 2003, p. 17.
1 Sam Roberts, “To Be Married Means to Be Outnumbered,” New York Times, October 15, 2006.
2. J. G. Bachman, L. D. Johnston and P. M. O’Malley, Monitoring the Future: Questionnaire Responses from the Nation’s High School Seniors, 2000.
3. Nock, 1995; Brown and Booth, 1996 and Linda J. Waite and Kara Joyner, “Emotional and Physical Satisfaction with Sex in Married, Cohabiting, and Dating Sexual Unions: Do Men and Women Differ?” cited in Edward O. Laumann and Robert T. Michaels, eds., Sex, Love, and Health in America (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001), pp. 239-269. Judith Treas and Deirdre Giesen, “Sexual Infidelity Among Married and Cohabiting Americans,” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 2000, 62, pp. 48-60. Renate Forste and Koray Tanfer, “Sexual Exclusivity Among Dating, Cohabiting, and Married Women,” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1996, 58, pp. 33-47. Paul R. Amato and Alan Booth, A Generation at Risk (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), Table 4-2, p. 258.
4. Sam Roberts, “To Be Married Means to Be Outnumbered,” New York Times, October 15, 2006.
6. Jeffry H. Larson, Should We Stay Together? A Scientifically Proven Method for Evaluating Your Relationship and Improving Its Chances for Long-term Success (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000), note 5. For additional information, visit http://marriageand families.byu.edu/issues/2001/January/cohabitation.aspx.
7. David Popenoe and Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, “Should We Live Together? What Young Adults Need to Know about Cohabitation Before Marriage: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Research.” http://marriage.rutgers.edu/Publications/Print/PrintSWLT.htm (accessed December 2006).
8. Linda J. Waite and Maggie Gallagher, The Case for Marriage: Why Married People Are Happier, Healthier and Better Off Financially (New York: Doubleday Books, 2000).
12. Linda J. Waite and K. Joyner, “Emotional and Physical Satisfaction in Married, Cohabiting and Dating Sexual Unions: Do Men and Women differ?” cited in E. O. Laumann and R. Michael, eds., Studies in Sex (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 1994).
13. David Popenoe and Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, Should We Live Together? What Young Adults Need to Know About Cohabitation Before Marriage (New Brunswick, NJ: The National Marriage Project, 1999), note 4.
14. Waite and Gallagher, The Case for Marriage: Why Married People Are Happier, Healthier and Better Off Financially, p. 41, note 6.
15. R. Whelan, Broken Homes and Battered Children: A Study of the Relationship Between Child Abuse and Family Type (London: Family Education Trust, 1993).
16. Lee A. Lillard and Linda J. Waite, “Till Death Do Us Part: Marital Disruption and Mortality,” American Journal of Sociology, 1995, 100, pp. 1131-1156. R. Jay Turner and Franco Marino, “Social Support and Social Structure: A Descriptive Epidemiology,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1994, 35, pp. 193-212. Linda J. Waite, “Does Marriage Matter?” Demography, 1995, (32)4, pp. 483-507. Sanders Korenman and David Neumark, “Does Marriage Really Make Men More Productive?” The Journal of Human Resources, 1990, (26)2, pp. 282-307. George A. Akerlof, “Men Without Children,” The Economic Journal, 1998, 108, pp. 287-309.
17. Popenoe and Whitehead, Should We Live Together? What Young Adults Need to Know About Cohabitation Before Marriage, note 4.
18. Linda J. Waite, “Does Marriage Matter?” Demography, 1995, 32, pp. 483-507.
19. C. E. Ross, J. Mirowski and K. Goldsteen, “The Impact of the Family on Health: The Decade in Review,” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1990, 52, pp. 1059-1078.
20. Waite and Gallagher, The Case for Marriage: Why Married People Are Happier, Healthier and Better Off Financially, note 6.
22. Popenoe and Whitehead, Should We Live Together? What Young Adults Need to Know About Cohabitation Before Marriage, note 4.
23. Waite and Joyner, “Emotional and Physical Satisfaction in Married, Cohabiting and Dating Sexual Unions: Do Men and Women Differ?”
24. “The State of Our Unions 2000: The Social Health of Marriage in America,” The National Marriage Project (New Brunswick, NJ: The National Marriage Project, 2000), note 1.
25. Waite and Gallagher, The Case for Marriage: Why Married People Are Happier, Healthier and Better Off Financially, note 6.
1. M. Macaluso, J. Kelaghan, L. Artz, et al., “Mechanical Failure of the Latex Condom in a Cohort of Women at High STD Risk,” Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26(8), pp. 450-458.
2. J. M. Baeten, P. M. Nyange, B. A. Richardson, et. al., “Hormonal Contraception and Risk of Transmitted Acquisition: Results from a Prospective Study,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2001, 185, pp. 380-385.