Notes

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PROLOGUE: TAKING A LOOK AT ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

    1  Widespread use of alternative therapies: M. Conley, “Vitamins and Vitamin Supplements: Use Increases in America,” ABC News, April 13, 2011; A. Abdel-Rahman, N. Anyangwe, L. Carlacci, et al., “The Safety and Regulation of Natural Products Used as Foods and Food Ingredients,” Toxicological Sciences 123 (2011): 333–48.

    1  Hospital survey of alternative therapies: S. Ananth, “2010 Complementary and Alternative Medicine Survey of Hospitals,” Samueli Institute, Alexandria, Va.

    2  Pfizer acquires Alacer: “Pfizer Acquires Alacer Corp., a Leading Vitamin Supplement Company,” press release, Business Wire, February 27, 2012.

INTRODUCTION: SAVING JOEY HOFBAUER

    7  Joey Hofbauer: L. J. Lefkowitz, Attorney General, State of New York, by D. K. McGivney, Esq., Appendix on Appeal, In the Matter of Joseph Hofbauer, State of New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Judicial Department, index no. N-46-1164-77, May 17, 1978.

    8  Treatment of Hodgkin’s disease: E. C. Easson and M. H. Russell, “Cure of Hodgkin’s Disease,” British Medical Journal 1 (1963): 1704–7; V. T. Devita, A. R. Secpick, and P. P. Carbone, “Combination Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Advanced Hodgkin’s Disease,” Annals of Internal Medicine 73 (1970): 881–95; P. P. Carbone, H. S. Kaplan, K. Musshoff, et al., “Report of the Committee on Hodgkin’s Disease Staging Classification,” Cancer Research 31 (1971): 1860–61; S. A. Rosenberg, “Development of the Concept of Hodgkin’s Disease as a Curable Illness: The American Experience,” in P. M. Mauch, J. O. Armitage, V. Diehl, R. T. Hoppe, and L. M. Weiss, eds., Hodgkin’s Disease (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999): 47–57; J. O. Armitage, “Current Concepts: Early Stage Hodgkin’s Lymphoma,” New England Journal of Medicine 363 (2010): 653–62.

    8  Hofbauers reject Cohn’s advice: Lefkowitz, “Hofbauer,” A49–A74; 411 N.Y.S.2d 416; 47 N.Y.2d 648.

    9  Chagnon’s letter to the Hofbauers: Lefkowitz, “Hofbauer,” A1546–A1547.

    9  States’ rights in protection of a minor: 411 N.Y.S.2d 416.

  10  Sheridan regarding visit to the Hofbauers: Lefkowitz, “Hofbauer,” A1180–A1181.

  10  Joey Hofbauer at St. Peter’s: Ibid., A1031.

  10  John Hofbauer regarding laetrile at St. Peter’s: Ibid., A1043.

  11  John Hofbauer searches for doctor: Ibid., A1028.

  11  Schachter consent form: Ibid., A1271–A1273.

  11  Judge Brown offers six-month extension: 411  N.Y.S.2d 416; 393 N.E.2d 1009.

  12  Schachter’s therapies: V. Herbert, “Laetrile: The Cult of Cyanide: Promoting Poison for Profit,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 (1979): 1149–51; Lefkowitz, Hofbauer, A164.

  12  Deaths from coffee enemas: J. W. Eisele and D. T. Reay, “Deaths Related to Coffee Enemas,” Journal of the American Medical Association 244 (1980): 1608–9.

  12  New York State laws on human experimentation: Public Health Law, State of New York, Article 24-A, effective September 1, 1975: Protection of Human Subjects, Sections 2440–46.

  12  “Witch doctor’s diet”: Ibid., A149.

  12  Horton testimony: Ibid., A811–A872.

  13  Tartaglia testimony: Ibid., A782–A900.

  13  Schachter’s indiscretions: Herbert, “Laetrile,” 1149–51.

  13  Schachter regarding Joey’s progress: Lefkowitz, “Hofbauer,” A925–A972.

  13  Laetrile promoters testifying at Hofbauer trial: Herbert, “Laetrile,” 1149–51; L. J. Lefkowitz, Attorney General, State of New York, by D. K. McGivney, Esq., Appendix on Appeal, In the Matter of Joseph Hofbauer, State of New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Judicial Department, index no. N-46-1164-77, May 17, 1978.

  13  Judge Brown’s verdict: 411 N.Y.S.2d 416; 393 N.E.2d 1009.

  14  Influence of John Birch Society: J. H. Young, American Health Quackery (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 218–28; Robert Johnston, The Politics of Healing: Histories of Alternative Medicine in Twentieth-Century North America (New York: Routledge, 2004), 237.

  14  States legalize laetrile: I. J. Lerner, “Laetrile: A Lesson in Cancer Quackery,” CA: Cancer Journal for Clinicians 31 (1981): 91–95.

  14  Laetrile a billion-dollar business: V. Herbert, “Laetrile,” New England Journal of Medicine 307 (1982): 119.

  14  McQueen’s illness: B. Lerner, When Illness Goes Public: Celebrity Patients and How We Look at Medicine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 141.

  15  McQueen given no hope: Ibid., 143.

  15  Kelley early career: S. Watson and K. MacKay, “McQueen’s Holistic Medicine Man: Claims He Cured His Own Cancer with His Holistic Treatments,” People, October 20, 1980.

  15  McQueen’s treatment: Lerner, When Illness Goes Public, 147; “McQueen Treatment: Laetrile, Megavitamins, Animal Cells,” Associated Press, October 10, 1980; C. Sandford, McQueen: The Biography (New York: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2001), 427.

  15  Kelley on Tomorrow: Sandford, McQueen.

  16  McQueen on Mexican television: Ibid., 435.

  16  First Hofbauer appeal: 411 N.Y.S.2d 416.

  16  Ingelfinger regarding laetrile: F. J. Ingelfinger, “Laetrilomania,” New England Journal of Medicine 296 (1977): 1167–68.

  17  FDA approves laetrile study: “FDA OK’s Testing Laetrile on Humans,” Boston Globe, January 4, 1980; “U. S. Test of Laetrile on Humans Backed,” New York Times, January 4, 1980.

  17  Edward Kennedy hearing: Young, American Health Quackery, 220; J. H. Young, The Medical Messiahs: A Social History of Health Quackery in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967), 454–57; Herbert, “Laetrile,” 1137; Anonymous: “Lopsided 161–58 Vote Defeats Legalizing Laetrile,” Boston Herald American, May 19, 1978.

  17  Jasen decision: 393 N.E.2d 1009.

  18  Schachter regarding Hofbauer’s death: W. Waggoner, “Boy, 10, in Laetrile Case Dies,” New York Times, July 18, 1980.

  18  Coleman visits McQueen: Sandford, McQueen, 438.

  18  McQueen dies following surgery: Ibid., 442–43.

  18  Moertel study: C. G. Moertel, T. R. Fleming, J. Rubin, et al., “A Clinical Trial of Amygdalin (Laetrile) in the Treatment of Human Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine 306 (1982): 201–06.

  19  FDA ban on laetrile: Young, American Health Quackery, 226.

  20  Judge Brown’s Finding of Facts: Lefkowitz, “Hofbauer,” A0.17.

  21  Kirkpatrick Dilling and the NHF: Ibid., A184.

  21  Schachter brochure: Schachter Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Two Executive Boulevard, Suite 202, Suffern, NY, obtained October 2009.

CHAPTER 1: REDISCOVERING THE PAST

  25  Oprah Winfrey impact: W. Kosova, “Live Your Best Life Ever!” Newsweek, May 30, 2009; D. Gorski, “The Oprah-fication of Medicine,” Science-Based Medicine blog, www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=497.

  26  Whitworth and Oz: H. Dreher, “Medicine Goes Mental,” New York, May 11, 1998, http://nymag.com/nymetro/health/features/2664/#ixzz0fds1lbrm.

  29  Bloodletting: R. Shapiro, Suckers: How Alternative Medicine Makes Fools of Us All (London: Harvill Secker, 2008), 10–11; C. Wanjek, Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 7–10; Bob McCoy, Quack! Tales of Medical Fraud from the Museum of Questionable Medical Devices (Santa Monica, Calif.: Santa Monica Press, 2000), 25–27; S. Singh and E. Ernst, Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts About Alternative Medicine (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 7–14; D. Morens, “Death of a President,” New England Journal of Medicine 341 (1999): 1845–49.

  30  Osler regarding bloodletting: J. H. Young, The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America Before Federal Regulation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972), 4.

  31  James Lind and scurvy: Singh and Ernst, Trick or Treatment, 14–24.

  32  Longevity data: R. Tallis, Hippocratic Oaths: Medicine and Its Discontents (London: Atlantic Books, 2005), 22; National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2010: With Special Feature on Death and Dying (Hyattsville, Md.: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2011); available at www.cdc.gov/nchs.

  32  Dr. Nemeh on Oz show: “Is This Man a Faith Healer?” The Dr. Oz Show, www.doctoroz.com/videos/man-faith-healer-pt-1.

  33  Pamela Miles: P. Miles, Reiki: A Comprehensive Guide (New York: Penguin, 2006), 32.

  34  Emily Rosa and therapeutic touch: L. Rosa, E. Rosa, L. Sarner, and S. Barrett, “A Closer Look at Therapeutic Touch,” Journal of the American Medical Association 279 (1998): 1005–10; G. Kolata, “A Child’s Paper Poses a Medical Challenge,” New York Times, April 1, 1998; M. D. Lemonick, “Emily’s Little Experiment,” Time, April 13, 1998; D. Krieger, Accepting Your Power to Heal (Rochester, Vt.: Bear & Company Publishing, 1993); Emily Rosa, Linda Rosa, and Larry Sarner, interviewed by the author, September 23, 2011.

  35  John Edward on Oz show: “Are Psychics the New Therapists?” The Dr. Oz Show, www.doctoroz.com/videos/are-psychics-new-therapists-pt-1.

  36  Edward’s psychic strategies: Orac, “When Faith Healing Isn’t Woo Enough for Dr. Oz,” ScienceBlogs, http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/03/when_faith_healing_isnt_enough_woo_for_d.php.

  36  Oz regarding Edward’s powers: “Are Psychics the New Therapists?” The Dr. Oz Show.

  37  Andrew Weil background: D. Hurley, Natural Causes: Death, Lies, and Politics in America’s Vitamin and Herbal Supplement Industry (New York: Broadway Books, 2006), 236–40; M. Specter, Denialism: How Irrational Thinking Hinders Scientific Progress, Harms the Planet, and Threatens Our Lives (New York: Penguin Press, 2009), 149–51.

  38  Deepak Chopra: S. Barrett and W. T. Jarvis, eds., The Health Robbers: A Close Look at Quackery in America (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1993), 243–45; Singh and Ernst, Trick or Treatment, 256.

  39  Homeopathy: L. Silver, Challenging Nature: The Clash Between Biotechnology and Spirituality (New York: Ecco, 2006), 250–53.

  39  Chiropractic: Singh and Ernst, Trick or Treatment, 156–66.

  40  Efficacy of chiropractic manipulations: Ibid., 166–67.

  41  Weil regarding time with patients: “Dr. Andrew Weil: The Future of Medicine,” The Dr. Oz Show, www.doctoroz.com/videos/dr-andrew-weil-future-medicine-pt-1.

  41  Oz regarding customized therapy: “Controversial Medicine: Alternative Health,” The Dr. Oz Show, www.doctoroz.com/videos/alternative-medicine-controversy-pt-1.

  41  Oz regarding Chinese medicine: Ibid.

  41  Scientist from 2012: 2012, directed by Roland Emmerich (2009; Culver City, Calif.: Sony Pictures Digital, 2010).

  42  Tallis regarding ancient wisdom: Tallis, Hippocratic Oaths, 29.

  42  Health care choices in China, Hong Kong, and Japan: J. Diamond, Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations (London: Vintage, 2001), 27.

  42  Acupuncture in China: R. Slack, “Acupuncture: A Science-Based Assessment,” position paper, Center for Inquiry, 2010.

  42  Diamond regarding medicine in Africa: Diamond, Snake Oil, 26–27.

  43  Weinberg regarding the universe: R. Park, Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), 5.

  43  Oz regarding empowerment of alternative medicine: “Controversial Medicine: Alternative Health,” The Dr. Oz Show, www.doctoroz.com/videos/alternative-medicine-controversy-pt-1.

CHAPTER 2: THE VITAMIN CRAZE

  48  Gann quote: C. Gann, “Should You Take a Multivitamin?” ABC News, October 12, 2011.

  49  Pauling’s early life: T. Goertzel and B. Goertzel, Linus Pauling: A Life in Science and Politics (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 1, 35; D. Newton, Linus Pauling: Scientist and Advocate (New York: Facts on File, 1994), 20, 35; T. Hager, Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 50; C. Mead and T. Hager, Linus Pauling: Scientist and Peacemaker (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), 79.

  49  Pauling’s work on chemical bonding: Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, 77; Newton, Linus Pauling, 30–38; Hager, Force of Nature, 52–60, 157–62; B. Marinacci, ed., Linus Pauling in His Own Words: Selections from His Writings, Speeches, and Interviews (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 79–88.

  49  Pauling’s work on sickle-cell anemia: Hager, Force of Nature, 332–34; Hager, Linus Pauling, 87–89; Newton, Linus Pauling, 69; Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, 90.

  50  Pauling and the alpha helix: Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, 91–94; Mead and Hager, Linus Pauling, 14.

  50  Pauling and evolutionary biology: Hager, Force of Nature, 540–46; Mead and Hager, Linus Pauling, 169–76; Hager, Linus Pauling, 119–20; M. F. Perutz, “Linus Pauling: 1901–1994,” Structural Biology 1 (1994): 667–71.

  50  Pauling’s activism for world peace: Mead and Hager, Linus Pauling, 13–17; Serafini, Linus Pauling, 186–90; Newton, Linus Pauling, 59–83; Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, 143–47; Marinacci, Linus Pauling, 184.

  51  Pauling’s awards and honors: Serafini, Linus Pauling, xxii; Mead and Hager, Linus Pauling, 16, 18; Newton, Linus Pauling, 69, 109; Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, 111.

  51  Pauling as “classic tragedy”: Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, xvi.

  51  Pauling meets Stone: Marinacci, Linus Pauling, 246.

  52  Stone’s credentials: Barrett and Jarvis, Health Robbers, 386.

  52  Linus Pauling takes vitamin C: Marinacci, Linus Pauling, 246.

  52  Pauling predicts end of the common cold: L. Pauling, Vitamin C and the Common Cold (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1970), 6.

  52  Impact of Vitamin C and the Common Cold: Hager, Linus Pauling, 126; Hager, Force of Nature, 583.

  53  Minnesota study: Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, 203.

  53  Maryland study: Hager, Force of Nature, 582.

  53  Toronto study: S. Barrett, Health Schemes, Scams, and Frauds (Mount Vernon, N.Y.: Consumer Reports Books, 1990), 57.

  53  Netherlands study: Hurley, Natural Causes, 172.

  53  Fifteen studies of vitamin C don’t support Pauling’s claims: S. Barrett, W. London, R. Bartz, and M. Kroger, eds., Consumer Health: A Guide to Intelligent Decisions (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007), 246.

  53  Public health associations don’t support Pauling’s claims: Hager, Linus Pauling, 126; Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, 203; Hurley, Natural Causes, 165–66; Hager, Force of Nature, 578.

  54  Pauling and allergies: Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, 201.

  54  Ewan Cameron and Glasgow study: Hager, Force of Nature, 583–86; Newton, Linus Pauling, 105–6.

  54  Cameron and Pauling study rejected by academy journal: Hager, Force of Nature, 585–86.

  54  Criticism of Cameron and Pauling study: Barrett and Jarvis, Health Robbers, 386.

  55  Pauling claims 75 percent success rate: Newton, Linus Pauling, 106.

  55  Pauling claims Americans will live longer: Pauling, Live Longer, 243.

  55  Maris and Nobel Prize: John Maris, interviewed by the author, September 28, 2011.

  55  Moertel’s first study: E. T. Creagan, C. G. Moertel, J. R. O’Fallon, et al., “Failure of High-Dose Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Therapy to Benefit Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Controlled Trial,” New England Journal of Medicine 301 (1979): 687–90.

  55  Moertel bullied to perform second study: Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, 215.

  56  Moertel’s second study: C. G. Moertel, T. R. Fleming, E. T. Creagon, et al., “High-Dose Vitamin C Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Patients with Advanced Cancer Who Have Had No Prior Chemotherapy: A Randomized Double-Blind Comparison,” New England Journal of Medicine 312 (1985): 137–41.

  56  Cameron regarding Pauling’s anger: Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, 216–17.

  56  Pauling attacks Moertel’s second study: Ibid.

  56  Pauling considers suing Moertel: Ibid.

  56  Continued lack of evidence supporting vitamin C as a cure for cancer: G. van Poppel and H. van den Berg, “Vitamins and Cancer,” Cancer Letters 114 (1997): 195–202; S. J. Padayatty, A. Katz, Y. Wang, et al., “Vitamin C as an Antioxidant: Evaluation of Its Role in Disease Prevention,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 22 (2003): 18–35.

  56  Pauling recommends high doses of several vitamins: Barrett et al., Consumer Health, 246.

  56  Pauling claims vitamins as cure-all: Goertzel and Goertzel, Linus Pauling, 204; I. Stone, The Healing Factor: Vitamin C Against Disease (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1972), ix-x.

  57  Pauling claims vitamin C treats AIDS: Young, American Health Quackery, 260.

  57  Time article: A. Toufexis, J. M. Horowitz, E. Lafferty, and D. Thompson, “The New Scoop on Vitamins,” Time, April 6, 1992.

  57  NNFA regarding impact of Time article: Barrett, Vitamin Pushers, 369–70.

  57  Toufexis regarding impact of Time article: Ibid., 370.

  58  Finnish antioxidant study: Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group, “The Effect of Vitamin E and Beta-Carotene on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Other Cancers in Male Smokers,” New England Journal of Medicine 330 (1994): 1029–35.

  59  Asbestos exposure antioxidant study: G. E. Goodman, M. D. Thornquist, J. Balmes, et al., “The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96 (2004): 1743–50.

  59  2004 antioxidant study: G. Bjelakovic, D. Nikolova, R. G. Simonetti, et al., “Antioxidant Supplements for Prevention of Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Lancet 364 (2005): 37–46 (italics mine).

  59  Review of nineteen antioxidant studies: E. R. Miller III, R. Pastor-Barriuso, D. Dalal, et al., “Meta-Analysis: High-Dosage Vitamin E Supplementation May Increase All-Cause Mortality,” Annals of Internal Medicine 142 (2005): 37–46.

  59  Caballero on antioxidant studies: G. Kolata, “Large Doses of Vitamin E May Be Harmful,” New York Times, November 11, 2004.

  60  JAMA antioxidant study: E. Lonn, J. Bosch, S. Yusuf, et al., “Effects of Long-Term Vitamin E Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events and Cancer,” Journal of the American Medical Association 293 (2005): 1338–47.

  60  Antioxidant study of prostate cancer: K. A. Lawson, M. E. Wright, A. Subar, et al., “Multivitamin Use and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the National Institutes of Health—AARP Diet and Health Study,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99 (2007) 754–64.

  60  Cochrane review of antioxidant studies: G. Bjelakovic, D. Nikolova, L. L. Gluud, et al., “Antioxidant Supplements for Prevention of Mortality in Healthy Participants and Patients with Various Diseases,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3 (2012): 2. Art. no. CD007176, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2.

  60  Minnesota supplement study: J. Mursu, K. Robien, L. J. Harnack, et al., “Dietary Supplements and Mortality Rate in Older Women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study,” Archives of Internal Medicine 171 (2011): 1625–33; E. Brown, “Dietary Supplements Risk for Older Women, Study Finds,” Los Angeles Times, October 10, 2011; J. C. Dooren, “Supplements Offer Risks, Little Benefit, Study Says,” Wall Street Journal, October 11, 2011.

  60  Cleveland Clinic Study and Wall Street Journal headline: E. A. Klein, I. M. Thompson Jr., C. M. Tangen, et al., “Vitamin E and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT),” Journal of the American Medical Association 306 (2011): 1549–56; S. S. Wang, “Is This the End of Popping Vitamins?” Wall Street Journal, October 25, 2011.

  61  Fortunato quote: S. S. Wang, “Is This the End of Popping Vitamins?” Wall Street Journal, October 25, 2011.

  61  “The antioxidant paradox”: B. Halliwell, “The Antioxidant Paradox,” Lancet 355 (2000): 1179–80.

  61  Pauling’s interview at Oregon State University: Serafini, Linus Pauling, 263.

CHAPTER 3: THE SUPPLEMENT INDUSTRY GETS A FREE PASS

  65  Medical huckster: A. Anderson, Snake Oil, Hustlers and Hambones: The American Medicine Show (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 2000), 1.

  66  List of patent medicines: Hurley, Natural Causes, 30–31.

  66  $75 million business: Ibid.

  66  Harvey Wiley: Young, Toadstool Millionaires, 226–44.

  67  Samuel Adams and “The Great American Fraud”: Young, Toadstool, 205–25.

  67  Coca-Cola: J. Schwarcz, Science, Sense and Nonsense: 61 Nourishing, Healthy, Bunk-Free Commentaries on the Chemistry That Affects Us All (Scarborough, Ontario: Doubleday Canada, 2009), 193.

  68  Wiley’s proposed legislation: Ibid., 226.

  68  Proprietary Association of America: Ibid.

  68  Upton Sinclair and The Jungle: U. Sinclair, The Jungle (New York: Bantam Books, 1906).

  69  The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906: Young, Toadstool, 226–44.

  70  Elixir Sulfanilamide: E. M. K. Geiling, and P. R. Cannon, “Pathologic Effects of Elixir of Sulfanilamide (Diethylene Glycol) Poisoning,” Journal of the American Medical Association 111 (1938): 919–26; P. N. Leech, “Elixir of Sulfanilamide-Massengill,” Journal of the American Medical Association 109 (1937): 1531–39; R. Steinbrook, “Testing Medications in Children,” New England Journal of Medicine 347 (2002): 1462–70; P. M. Wax, “Elixirs, Diluents, and the Passage of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,” Annals of Internal Medicine 122 (1995): 456–61; “Fatal Elixir Seized as Adulterated,” New York Times, October 30, 1937; “ ‘Death Drug’ Hunt Covered 15 States,” New York Times, November 26, 1937.

  71  The Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act of 1938: Barrett et al., Consumer Health, 535–37; Anderson, Snake Oil, 158–59; Hurley, Natural Causes, 35; Barrett and Herbert, Vitamin Pushers, 74; Young, Health Quackery, 269; V. Herbert, and S. Barrett, Vitamins and “Health” Foods: The Great American Hustle (Philadelphia: George F. Stickley Company, 1981), 149.

  71  Thalidomide disaster: Barrett et al., Consumer Health, 535–37; Singh and Ernst, Trick or Treatment, 273.

  72  Kefauver-Harris Amendment: Barrett et al., Consumer Health, 535–37; Hurley, Natural Causes, 36.

  73  FDA’s attempt to regulate vitamins: Ibid., 47–53.

  73  NHF founders and agenda: Barrett and Jarvis, Health Robbers, 398–408; E. Juhne, Quacks and Crusaders: The Fabulous Careers of John Brinkley, Norman Baker, & Harry Hoxsey (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 150.

  75  Proxmire Amendment: Hurley, Natural Causes, 47–53.

  77  Hutt regarding FDA’s mistake: P. B. Hutt, “U. S. Government Regulation of Food with Claims for Special Physiological Value,” in M. K. Schmidt and T. P. Lapuza, Essentials of Functional Foods (New York: Springer, 2000).

  77  Hurley regarding Proxmire Amendment: Hurley, Natural Causes, 53.

  78  Kessler regarding unsubstantiated claims: Ibid., 92.

  78  Food, Drug, Cosmetic, and Device Enforcement Amendments: Ibid., 78.

  79  Hutt regarding Kessler: Peter Barton Hutt, interviewed by the author, October 10, 2011.

  80  Gerry Kessler vs. the Food, Drug, Cosmetic, and Device Enforcement Amendments: Hurley, Natural Causes, 72–103.

  80  Orrin Hatch and ties to the supplement industry: Ibid., 75–77.

  83  Gerry Kessler and the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act: Ibid., 72–103.

  87  The Snake Oil Protection Act: “The 1993 Snake Oil Protection Act,” New York Times, October 5, 1993.

  87  Vioxx study in 2000: C. Bombardier, L. Laine, A. Reicin, et al., “Comparison of Upper Gastrointestinal Toxicity of Rofecoxib and Naproxen in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis,” New England Journal of Medicine 343 (2000): 1520–28.

  88  Vioxx study in 2005: R. S. Bresalier, R. S. Sandler, H. Quan, et al., “Cardiovascular Events Associated with Rofecoxib in a Colorectal Adenoma Chemoprevention Trial,” New England Journal of Medicine 352 (2005): 1092–1102.

  88  Gilmartin regarding Vioxx withdrawal: J. Kelly, “Vioxx Hearing Raises Questions About What Merck Knew and When,” Medscape, www.medscape.com/viewarticle/538025.

  90  Toxic products contained in foods: Food Protection Committee, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods. Washington, D. C.: National Academy of Sciences Press, 1966.

  90  Singh and Ernst regarding natural vs. unnatural products: Singh and Ernst, Trick or Treatment, 222.

  90  Harm from herbal products: A. J. Tomassoni and K. Simone, “Herbal Medicines for Children: An Illusion of Safety?” Current Opinion in Pediatrics 13 (2001): 162–69; A. D. Wolff, “Herbal Remedies and Children: Do They Work? Are They Harmful?” Pediatrics 112 (2003): 240–46; I. Choonara, “Safety of Herbal Medicines in Children,” Archives of Diseases of Children 88 (2003): 1032–33; Hurley, Natural Causes, 142–43; A. Abdel-Rahman, N. Anyangwe, L. Carlacci, et al., “The Safety and Regulation of Natural Products Used as Foods and Food Ingredients,” Toxicological Sciences 123 (2011): 333–48.

  91  Selenium disaster: T. Tsouderos, “Dietary Supplements: Manufacturing Troubles Widespread, FDA Inspections Show,” Chicago Tribune, June 30, 2012.

  91  Deaths from herbal products: A. J. Tomassoni and K. Simone, “Herbal Medicines for Children: An Illusion of Safety?” Current Opinion in Pediatrics 13 (2001): 162–69.

  91  Lack of safety testing for dietary supplements: G. Lundberg, “The Wild World of American ‘Supplements,’ ” MedPage Today, March 5, 2012.

  91  Harvard study of ayurvedic remedies: R. B. Saper, S. N. Kales, J. Paquin, et al., “Heavy Metal Content of Ayurvedic Herbal Medicine Products,” Journal of the American Medical Association 292 (2005): 2868–73.

  91  Deaths from ayurvedic remedies: Ibid.; J. Kew, C. Morris, A. Aihie, et al., “Arsenic and Mercury Intoxication Due to Indian Ethnic Remedies,” British Medical Journal 306 (1993): 506–507; C. Moore and R. Adler, “Herbal Vitamins: Lead Toxicity and Developmental Delay,” Pediatrics 106 (2000): 600–602; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Lead Poisoning Associated with Ayurvedic Medications—Five States, 2000–2003,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53 (2004): 582–84.

  91  Antimony contamination: T. Tsouderos, “Dietary Supplements.”

  91  Harm caused by vitamins and dietary supplements: Hurley, Natural Causes, 164; D. M. Marcus and A. P. Grollman, “The Consequences of Ineffective Regulation of Dietary Supplements,” Archives of Internal Medicine 172 (2012): 1035–36.

  92  Harris poll: Ibid., 19.

  92  FDA inspects supplement makers: T. Tsouderos, “Dietary Supplements.”

  93  Sales of dietary supplements: D. Marcus, “Consumer Reports and Alternative Therapies,” Science-Based Medicine blog, http://sciencebasedmedicine.org/index.php/consumer-reports-and-alternative-therapies.

CHAPTER 4: FIFTY-ONE THOUSAND NEW SUPPLEMENTS

  95  Herbal remedies: “The Alternative Health Controversy,” The Dr. Oz Show, www.doctoroz.com/videos/alternative-health-controversy-pt-1.

  95  Rotavirus vaccines: T. Vesikari, D. O. Matson, P. Dennehy, et al., “Safety and Efficacy of a Pentavalent Human-Bovine (WC3) Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccine,” New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006): 23–33; G. M. Ruiz-Palacios, I. Perez-Schael, F. R. Veláquez, et al., “Safety and Efficacy of an Attenuated Vaccine Against Severe Rotavirus Gastroenteritis,” New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006): 11–21.

  96  NCCAM studies: T. Tsouderos, “Bad Science, Suspect Medicine,” Chicago Tribune, December 11, 2011; E. V. Mielczarek and B. D. Engler, “Measuring Mythology: Startling Concepts in NCCAM Grants,” Skeptical Inquirer 36 (2012): 35–43.

  97  Medawar quote: Singh and Ernst, Trick or Treatment, 87 (italics mine).

  98  Novella regarding herbal remedies: Steven Novella, “A Skeptic in Oz,” Neurologica blog, http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/a-skeptics-in-oz.

  99  Ginkgo and dementia: S. T. DeKosky, J. D. Williamson, A. L. Fitzpatrick, et al., “Ginkgo Biloba for Prevention of Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 300 (2008): 2253–62; B. Vellas, N. Coley, P.-J. Ousset, et al., “Long-Term Use of Standardised Ginkgo Biloba for the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease (GuidAge): A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Lancet Neurology 11 (2012): 851–59.

  99  St. John’s wort and depression: Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group, “Effect of Hypericum Perforatum (St. John’s Wort) in Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 287 (2002): 1807–14.

100  Garlic and cholesterol: C. D. Gardner, L. D. Lawson, E. Block, et al., “Effect of Raw Garlic Vs. Commercial Garlic Supplements on Plasma Lipid Concentrations in Adults with Moderate Hypercholesterolemia,” Archives of Internal Medicine 167 (2007): 346–53.

101  Saw palmetto and prostate enlargement: S. Bent, C. Kane, K. Shinohara, et al., “Saw Palmetto for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia,” New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006): 557–66.

101  Second study of saw palmetto: K. J. Kreder, A. L. Avins, D. Nickel, et al., “Effect of Increasing Doses of Saw Palmetto Extract on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms,” Journal of the American Medical Association 306 (2011): 1344–51; D. W. Freeman, “Saw Palmetto No Help for Enlarged Prostate, Study Says,” CBS News, September 28, 2011.

102  Milk thistle for hepatitis: M. Freed, “A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Silymarin (Milk Thistle) for Chronic Hepatitis C: Final Results of the SYNCH Multicenter Study,” presented November 8, 2011, at the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases annual meeting in San Francisco.

102  Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine for arthritis: D. O. Clegg, D. J. Reda, C. I. Harris, et al., “Glucosamine, Chondroitin Sulfate, and the Two in Combination for Painful Knee Osteoarthritis,” New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006): 795–808.

103  Echinacea for colds: J. A. Taylor, W. Weber, L. Standish, et al., “Efficacy and Safety of Echinacea in Treating Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children,” Journal of the American Medical Association 290 (2003): 2824–30.

103  Number of dietary supplements on the market: A. Abdel-Rahman, N. Anyangwe, L. Carlacci, et al., “The Safety and Regulation of Natural Products Used as Foods and Food Ingredients,” Toxicological Sciences 123 (2011): 333–48; P. A. Cohen, “Assessing Supplement Safety—The FDA’s Controversial Proposal,” New England Journal of Medicine 366 (2012): 389–91.

103  Benefits of supplements: Hurley, Natural Causes, 260–61.

103  Omega-3 fatty acids: P. M. Kris-Etherton, W. S. Harris, L. J. Appel for the Nutrition Committee, “Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease,” Circulation 106 (2002): 2747–57; E. C. Rizos, E. E. Nitzani, E. Bika, et al., “Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Risk of Major Cardiovascular Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Journal of the American Medical Association 308 (2012): 1024–33.

104  Calcium: “Calcium Supplements: Risks and Benefits,” Medscape, www.medscape.com/viewarticle/497826_print; “Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Calcium,” National Institutes of Health, http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/calcium-healthprofessional; Mayo Clinic Staff, “Calcium and Calcium Supplements: Achieving the Right Balance,” Mayo Clinic, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/calcium-supplements/MY01540; G. Kolata, “Healthy Women Advised Not to Take Calcium and Vitamin D to Prevent Fractures,” New York Times, June 12, 2012.

105  Vitamin D: “Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D,” National Institutes of Health, http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-QuickFacts; “Vitamin D,” Mayo Clinic, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-d/NS_patient-vitamind; “Find a Vitamin or Supplement: Vitamin D,” WebMD; “What Is Vitamin D? What Are the Benefits of Vitamin D?” Medical News Today; Kolata, “Healthy Women Advised”; H. A. Bischoff-Ferrari, W. C. Willett, E. J. Oray, et al., “A Pooled Analysis of Vitamin D Dose Requirements for Fracture Prevention,” New England Journal of Medicine 367 (2012): 40–49; R. P. Heaney, “Vitamin D—Baseline Status and Effective Dose,” New England Journal of Medicine 367 (2012): 77–78.

105  Folic acid: “Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Folate,” http://ods.od.nig.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional; “Find a Vitamin or Supplement: Folic Acid,” WebMD; “Folic Acid,” www.womenshealth.gov; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Folic Acid Recommendations,” www.cdc.gov/ ncbddd/folicacid/recommendations/html.

CHAPTER 5: MENOPAUSE AND AGING

111  Celebrities offer medical advice: John Stossel, Fox Business Network, February 24, 2011; Singh and Ernst, Trick or Treatment, 251.

113  Somers on Larry King Live: Larry King Live, October 14, 2006.

113  Somers and Mack truck: The Oprah Winfrey Show, January 29, 2009.

113  Christiane Northrup on menopause: The Oprah Winfrey Show, January 15, 2009.

113  The Seven Dwarfs of Menopause: S. Somers, The Sexy Years: Discover the Hormone Connection: The Secret to Fabulous Sex, Great Health, and Vitality, for Women and Men (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004), 2.

114  Somers finds the answer to menopause: S. Somers, Ageless: The Naked Truth About Bioidentical Hormones (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006), 5.

114  O’Donnell on CNN: The Joy Behar Show, February 17, 2011.

115  Oprah and bioidentical hormones: W. Kosova, “Live Your Best Life Ever!” Newsweek, May 30, 2009.

115  2002 Women’s Health Initiative study: J. E. Rossouw, G. L. Anderson, R. L. Prentice, et al., “Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results from the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 288 (2002): 321–33.

115  Somers sends the dwarfs packing: Somers, Sexy Years, 4.

116  Streicher regarding chemical structures: The Oprah Winfrey Show, January 29, 2009.

116  Schwarcz regarding natural substances: J. Schwarcz, The Fly in the Ointment: 70 Fascinating Commentaries on the Science of Everyday Food & Life (Toronto: ECW Press, 2004), 129.

116  Streicher regarding hormone manufacture: The Oprah Winfrey Show, January 29, 2009.

117  Utian and the Tooth Fairy: The Oprah Winfrey Show, January 15, 2009.

117  Streicher and dangerous perceptions: The Oprah Winfrey Show, January 29, 2009.

117  Unreliability of compounding pharmacies: American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “No Scientific Evidence Supporting Effectiveness or Safety of Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Therapy,” press release, October 31, 2005.

118  Somers regarding hormones and aging: Somers, Ageless, xxiii.

118  Somers on hormones as anti-aging medicine: Ibid., 12–14.

118  Somers’s anti-aging regimen: Somers, Sexy Years, 297; Somers, Ageless, 317; Somers, Sexy Forever, 130, 139; Somers, Breakthrough: Eight Steps to Wellness: Life-Altering Secrets from Today’s Cutting-Edge Doctors (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2008), 66–70; The Oprah Winfrey Show, January 29, 2009.

119  Oprah and “quackadoo”: W. Kosova, “Live Your Best Life Ever!”

119  Somers on reinvigorated sex life: Somers, Ageless, 35.

119  Simon Cowell and anti-aging vitamins: A. Jha, “Scientists Buzz Simon Cowell for Promoting Pseudoscience,” The Guardian, December 27, 2011.

120  Statement by experts on aging: S. J. Oshansky, L. Hayflick, and B. A. Carnes, “No Truth to the Fountain of Youth,” Scientific American, www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=no-truth-to-the-fountain-of-youth&print=true.

120  Somers regarding conspiracy: Somers, Ageless, 27.

121  Northrup on pharmaceutical companies: C. Northrup, Women’s Bodies, Women’s Wisdom: Creating Physical and Emotional Health and Healing (New York: Bantam Books, 2010), 546–47.

121  Anti-aging industry: S. Jacoby, Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age (New York: Pantheon Books, 2011), 91.

122  Experts on aging regarding oxidation: Oshansky, Hayflick, and Carnes, “No Truth to the Fountain of Youth.”

123  Experts on likely effect of antioxidants: Ibid.

123  Experts on harm of anti-aging drugs: Ibid.

124  Somers on Larry King Live: Larry King Live, October 14, 2006.

125  Somers on Botox: Somers, Ageless, 381.

125  Somers and the FaceMaster: Larry King Live, October 14, 2006.

125  Somers’s stem-cell face-lift: M. Strobel, “Suzanne Somers: A Supermarket Scare,” Toronto Sun, February 3, 2011; “Suzanne Somers Plastic Surgery Disaster Shocker,” National Enquirer, February 2, 2011, www.nationalenquirer.com/print/33469.

126  Somers’s stem-cell breast reconstruction: L. Hamm, “Suzanne Somers Gets Experimental Breast Reconstruction,” People, February 4, 2012, www.people.com/people/article/0,,20567432,00.html.

126  Jacoby on aging: Jacoby, Never Say Die, xi, 5.

126  Somers in 2041: Somers, Breakthrough, 1.

127  Jacoby on gullible public: Jacoby, Never Say Die, 90–91.

CHAPTER 6: AUTISM’S PIED PIPER

129  Oprah praises McCarthy: The Oprah Winfrey Show, September 24, 2008.

129  Rimland paper: B. Rimland, “High Dosage Levels of Certain Vitamins in the Treatment of Children with Severe Mental Disorders,” in Orthomolecular Psychiatry: Treatment of Schizophrenia, ed. D. Hawkins and L. Pauling (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1973).

130  Child with autism dies from EDTA: K. Kane, “Death of 5-Year-Old Boy Linked to Controversial Chelation Therapy,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 6, 2006.

131  Child with cerebral palsy dies from hyperbaric oxygen therapy: “Child Hurt in Chamber Explosion Dies in Hospital,” CBS News, June 11, 2009.

131  Autism causes and treatments: J. McCarthy and J. Kartzinel, Healing and Preventing Autism: A Complete Guide. New York (Plume, 2010); K. Siri and T. Lyons, Cutting-Edge Therapies for Autism: 2010-2011 (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2010); B. Jepson, Changing the Course of Autism: A Scientific Approach for Parents and Physicians (Boulder, Colo.: Sentient Publishing, 2007).

132  Bleach enemas: Orac, “The Lowest of the Low: Trying to Bleach Autism Away,” ScienceBlogs, http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2012/5/25/selling-bleach-as-a-cure-for-autism.

132  McCarthy blames MMR vaccine: McCarthy and Kartzinel, Healing.

132  McCarthy on vaccinating next child: Ibid., 278.

133  Oprah impressed with McCarthy: The Oprah Winfrey Show, September 18, 2007.

133  Autism research: Offit, Autism’s False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).

134  Biomedical treatments don’t work: J. H. Elder, M. Shanker, J. Shuster, et al., “The Gluten-Free, Casein-Free Diet in Autism: Results of a Preliminary Double Blind Clinical Trial,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 36 (2006): 413–20; B. Jepson, D. Granpeesheh, J. Tarbox, et al. “Controlled Evaluation of the Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on the Behavior of 16 Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 41 (2011): 575–88; S. E. Soden, “24-Hour Provoked Urine Excretion Test for Heavy Metals in Children with Autism and Typically Developing Children: A Pilot Study,” Clinical Toxicology 45 (2007): 476–81.

134  Secretin: A. D. Sandler, K. A. Sutton, J. DeWeese, et al., “Lack of Benefit of a Single Dose of Synthetic Human Secretin in the Treatment of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder,” New England Journal of Medicine 341 (1999): 1801–1806; F. R. Volkmar, “Lessons from Secretin,” New England Journal of Medicine 341 (1999): 1842–45; P. Sturmey, “Secretin Is an Ineffective Treatment for Pervasive Developmental Disabilities: A Review of 15 Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials,” Research in Developmental Disabilities 26 (2005): 87–97.

135  Alison Singer: Alison Singer, interviewed by the author, September 26, 2011.

137  American President quote: The American President, directed by Rob Reiner (1995; Beverly Hills, Calif.: Castle Rock Entertainment, 1999).

138  Harm from biomedical treatments for autism: C. Plafki, P. Peters, M. Almeling, et al., “Complications and Side Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy,” Aviation and Space Environmental Medicine 71 (2000): 119–24; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Deaths Associated with Hypocalcemia from Chelation Therapy—Texas, Pennsylvania, and Oregon, 2003–2005,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55 (2006): 204–207; National Institutes of Health, “Thin Bones Seen in Boys with Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder,” press release, January 29, 2008, www.nih.gov/news/health/jan2008/nichd-29.htm.

138  Harm caused by vaccine-preventable diseases: P. Offit, Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All (New York: Basic Books, 2011).

139  Alternative healers disdain vaccines: L. Downey, P. T. Tyree, C. E. Huebner, et al., “Pediatric Vaccination and Vaccine-Preventable Disease Acquisition: Associations with Care by Complementary and Alternative Medicine Providers,” Maternal and Child Health Journal 14 (2010): 922–30.

139  Outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases: Offit, Deadly Choices.

CHAPTER 7: CHRONIC LYME DISEASE

140  Gostin paper: J. D. Kraemer and L. O. Gostin, “Science, Politics, and Values: The Politicization of Professional Practice Guidelines,” Journal of the American Medical Association 301 (2009): 665–67.

141  Dan Burton: B. Wilson, “The Rise and Fall of Laetrile,” www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/laetrile.html; S. Brownlee, “Swallowing Ephedra,” archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/06/07/ephedra; E. Walsh, “Burton: A ‘Pit Bull’ in the Chair,” Washington Post, March 19, 1997; F. Pellegrini, “Fool on the Hill,” Time.com, www.time.com/time/daily/special/look/burton.

141  Wakefield and MMR: Offit, Autism’s False Prophets.

142  U. S. parents scared of MMR: M. J. Smith, S. S. Ellenberg, L. M. Bell, et al., “Media Coverage of the Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism Controversy and Its Relationship to MMR Immunization Rates in the United States,” Pediatrics 121 (2008): e836–e843.

142  Measles outbreaks in 2008: Offit, Deadly Choices, xv–xvi.

142  Measles outbreak in Europe: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Measles Outbreaks,” www.cdc.gov/measles/outbreaks.html.

142  Changing the value of pi: C. Seife, Proofiness: The Dark Arts of Mathematical Deception (New York: The Penguin Group, 2010).

143  Polly Murray and Old Lyme outbreak: P. Weintraub, Cause Unknown: Inside the Lyme Epidemic (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2008), 43–45.

143  Allen Steere and Lyme arthritis: A. C. Steere, S. E. Malawista, D. R. Snydman, et al., “Lyme Arthritis: An Epidemic of Oligoarticular Arthritis in Children and Adults in Three Connecticut Communities,” Arthritis and Rheumatism 20 (1977): 7–17.

144  Willy Burgdorfer and Borrelia burgdorferi: W. Burgdorfer, A. G. Barbour, S. F. Hayes, et al., “Lyme Disease—A Tick-Borne Spirochetosis?” Science 216 (1982): 1317–19.

144  Lyme disease symptoms and treatment: G. P. Wormser, R. J. Dattwyler, E. D. Shapiro, et al., “The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 43 (2006): 1089–1134.

145  Lyme bacteria cause other diseases: P. G. Auwaerter, J. S. Bakken, R. J. Dattwyler, et al., “Antiscience and Ethical Concerns Associated with Advocacy of Lyme Disease,” Lancet Infectious Diseases 11 (2011): 713–19.

146  Chronic Lyme symptoms: C. Bean and L. Fein, Beating Lyme: Understanding and Treating This Complex and Often Misdiagnosed Disease (New York: AMACOM, 2008), 263–66.

146  Director’s quote regarding Under Our Skin: Under Our Skin, Discussion Guide, Open Eye Productions, 2008.

147  Under Our Skin: Ibid.

147  Alternative medicine treatments for Chronic Lyme disease: Bean, Beating Lyme; S. Buhner, Healing Lyme: Natural Healing and Prevention of Lyme Borreliosis and Its Coinfections (Silver City, N.M.: Raven Press, 2005); N. McFadzean, The Lyme Diet: Nutritional Strategies for Healing Lyme Disease (San Diego: Legacy Line Publishing, 2010); G. Piazza and L. Piazza, Recipes for Repair: A Lyme Disease Cookbook (Sunapee, N.H.: Peconic Publishing, 2010); B. Rosner, Lyme Disease and Rife Machines (South Lake Tahoe, Calif.: BioMed Publishing Group, 2005); B. Rosner, The Top 10 Lyme Disease Treatments: Defeat Lyme Disease with the Best of Conventional and Alternative Medicine (South Lake Tahoe, Calif.: BioMed Publishing Group, 2007); K. Singleton, The Lyme Disease Solution (Charleston, S.C.: BookSurge Publishing, 2008); W. Storl, Healing Lyme Disease Naturally: History, Analysis, and Treatments (Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books, 2010); C. Strasheim, Insights into Lyme Disease Treatment: 13 Lyme Literate Health Care Practitioners Share Their Healing Strategies (South Lake Tahoe, Calif.: BioMed Publishing Group, 2009).

148  Wolf Storl and teasel: Storl, Healing Lyme.

149  Rife machine for Chronic Lyme: Rosner, Top 10 Lyme Treatments.

149  Rife machine testimonials: Rosner, Lyme Disease and Rife Machines: 165–85.

150  Killing Lyme bacteria: G. P. Wormser, R. J. Dattwyler, E. D. Shapiro, et al., “The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 43 (2006): 1089–1134; Auwaerter, Bakken, Dattwyler, et al., “Antiscience and Ethical Concerns.”

150  Chronic symptoms in Americans: Auwaerter, Bakken, Dattwyler, et al., “Antiscience and Ethical Concerns.”

151  Lyme Literate doctors ignore treatable disorders: M. C. Reid, R. T. Schoen, J. Evans, et al., “The Consequences of Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of Lyme Disease: An Observational Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine 128 (1998): 354–62.

151  Evidence against the existence of Chronic Lyme disease: J. Radolf, “Posttreatment Chronic Lyme Disease—What It Is Not,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 192 (2005): 948–49; G. P. Wormser, R. J. Dattwyler, E. D. Shapiro, et al., “The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 43 (2006): 1089–1134; P. Auwaerter, “Point: Antibiotic Therapy Is Not the Answer for Patients with Persisting Symptoms Attributable to Lyme Disease,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 45 (2007): 143–48; H. M. Feder, B. J. B. Johnson, S. O’Connell, et al., “A Critical Appraisal of ‘Chronic Lyme Disease,’ ” New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 1422–30; A. Marques, “Chronic Lyme Disease: A Review,” Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 22 (2008): 341–60; Auwaerter, Bakken, Dattwyler, et al., “Antiscience and Ethical Concerns.”

151  New England Journal of Medicine paper: H. M. Feder, B. J. B. Johnson, S. O’Connell, et al., “A Critical Appraisal of ‘Chronic Lyme Disease,’ ” New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 1422–30.

151  Woman dies from blood clot in heart: R. Patel, K. L. Grogg, W. D. Edwards, et al., “Death from Inappropriate Therapy for Lyme Disease,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 31 (2000): 1107–1109.

152  Outbreak of gallstones in New Jersey: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Ceftriaxone-Associated Biliary Complications of Treatment of Suspected Disseminated Lyme Disease—New Jersey, 1990–1992,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42 (1993): 39–42; P. J. Ettestad, G. L. Campbell, S. F. Welbel, et al., “Biliary Complications in the Treatment of Unsubstantiated Lyme Disease,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 171 (1995): 356–61.

152  Other complications from prolonged antibiotic therapy: M. C. Reid, R. T. Schoen, J. Evans, et al., “The Consequences of Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of Lyme Disease: An Observational Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine 128 (1998): 354–62.

152  Malariatherapy for Chronic Lyme disease: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Epidemiologic Notes and Reports: Imported Malaria Associated with Malariotherapy of Lyme Disease—New Jersey,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 39 (1990): 873–75.

152  Complications from bismuth therapy: U. S. Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Warns Consumers and Health Care Providers Not to Use Bismacine, Also Known as Chromacine,” press release, July 21, 2006.

152  Misbehavior of Lyme Literate doctors: Auwaerter, Bakken, Dattwyler, et al., “Antiscience and Ethical Concerns.”

153  Statement by IDSA against alternative Lyme therapies: G. P. Wormser, R. J. Dattwyler, E. D. Shapiro, et al., “The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 43 (2006): 1089–1134.

153  ILADS guidelines: D. Cameron, A. Gaito, N. Harris, et al., “ILADS Working Group: Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Management of Lyme Disease,” Expert Reviews of Anti-Infective Therapy 2 (2004): S1–S13.

153  Lyme activist groups recruit politicians: B. Patoine, “Guideline-Making Gets Tougher: Action by State Attorney General Over Lyme Disease Guidelines Stirs Debate,” Annals of Neurology 65 (2009): A10–A15.

154  Blumenthal’s support of Lyme activists: P. G. Auwaerter, J. S. Bakken and R. J. Dattwyler, “Scientific Evidence and Best Patient Care Practices Should Guide the Ethics of Lyme Disease Activism,” Journal of Medical Ethics 37 (2011): 1–6.

154  Jones and stretch limo: D. Whelan, “Lyme Inc.,” Forbes, March 12, 2007, www.forbes.com/forbes/2007/0312/096_print.html.

154  Blumenthal sues IDSA: Office of the Attorney General, “Attorney General’s Investigation Reveals Flawed Lyme Disease Guideline Process, IDSA Agrees to Reassess Guidelines, Install Independent Arbiter,” press release, May 1, 2008, www.policymed.com/2010/05/richard-blumenthals-lyme-deception.html.

155  AAN attorneys argue case: B. Patoine, “Guideline-Making Gets Tougher.”

155  Rulings by FTC and DOJ: Schachar v. American Academy of Ophthalmology Inc. 870 F2d 397 (7th Circuit, 1989).

155  Blumenthal claims conflict of interest: Office of the Attorney General, “Attorney General’s Investigation Reveals Flawed Lyme Disease Guideline Process.”

155  IDSA panel doesn’t benefit from guidelines: “Richard Blumenthal’s Lyme Deception,” Policy and Medicine, May 18, 2010, www.mdjunction.com/forums/lyme-disease-support-forums/lyme-disease-activism/1691814-richard-blumenthals-lyme-deception-51810.

155  ILADS and Lyme diagnostic test maker: J. D. Kraemer and L. O. Gostin, “Science, Politics, and Values: The Politicization of Professional Practice Guidelines,” Journal of the American Medical Association 301 (2009): 665–67.

155  Conflict with intravenous infusion companies: Auwaerter, Bakken, and Dattwyler, “Scientific Evidence and Best Patient Care Practices.”

156  Chronic Lyme doctor and insurance company: Whelan, “Lyme Inc.”

156  Chronic Lyme doctor and waterfall: Ibid.

156  Chronic Lyme doctor in California: P. Auwaerter, Bakken, and Dattwyler, “Scientific Evidence and Best Patient Care Practices”; Whelan, “Lyme Inc.”

156  IDSA litigation costs: J. D. Kraemer and L. O. Gostin, “Science, Politics, and Values: The Politicization of Professional Practice Guidelines,” Journal of the American Medical Association 301 (2009): 665–67.

156  Anne Gershon quote: Anne Gershon, interviewed by the author, October 7, 2011.

156  Howard Brody: ”Richard Blumenthal’s Lyme Deception.”

157  IDSA final report: P. M. Lantos, W. A. Charini, G. Medoff, et al., “Final Report of the Lyme Disease Review Panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 51 (2010): 1–5.

157  Blumenthal and 75 percent requirement: “Richard Blumenthal’s Lyme Deception.”

157  Anger at $10,000 cutoff: Ibid.; B. Patoine, “Guideline-Making Gets Tougher.”

157  Carol Baker quotes: Carol Baker, interviewed by the author, September 26, 2011.

158  Blumenthal response to IDSA’s final report: Attorney General Statement on IDSA Guidelines Review Panel Report, www.ct.gov/ag/cwp/view.asp?A=2341&Q=459296.

158  401(k) account story: P. Callahan and T. Tsouderos, “Chronic Lyme Disease: A Dubious Diagnosis,” Chicago Tribune, December 8, 2010.

158  Gostin and Kraemer regarding scientific process: J. D. Kraemer and L. O. Gostin, “Science, Politics, and Values: The Politicization of Professional Practice Guidelines,” Journal of the American Medical Association 301 (2009): 665–67.

CHAPTER 8: CURING CANCER

163  Steve Jobs: P. Elkind, “The Trouble with Steve Jobs,” Fortune, March 5, 2008, http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2008030510; S. Begley, “Jobs’s Unorthodox Treatment,” The Daily Beast, October 5, 2011, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/05/steve-jobs-dies-his-unorthodox-treatment-for-neuroendocrine-cancer.html; S. Lohr, “Jobs Tried Exotic Treatments to Combat Cancer, Book Says,” New York Times, October 20, 2011; W. Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011): 454.

164  Early American cancer cures: Anonymous, Nostrums and Quackery: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery Reprinted, with Additions and Modifications, from the Journal of the American Medical Association (Chicago: American Medical Association Press, 1912), 25–75; Young, American Health Quackery, 234; Barrett, Consumer Health, 370, 375.

164  Abrams and charlatan: Young, American Health Quackery, 189.

164  Albert Abrams story: Young, American Health Quackery, 189; C. Jameson, The Natural History of Quackery (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1961), 210–12; P. Modde, Chiropractic Malpractice (Columbia, Md.: Henrow Press, 1985), 103; R. A. Lee, The Bizarre Careers of John R. Brinkley (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2002), xii–xiii; McCoy, Quack!, 72–83; Young, Medical Messiahs, 137–42; M. Fishbein, Fads and Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults, with Essays on Various Other Peculiar Notions in the Health Field (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1932), 140–55; M. Fishbein, The Medical Follies (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925), 99–118.

165  Robert Millikan quote: Ibid.

166  Scientific American editor’s quote: Young, Medical Messiahs, 140.

166  Glyoxylide: Young, American Health Quackery, 235; Barrett, Health Schemes, 5; Barrett and Jarvis, Health Robbers, 27, 93.

166  Harry Hoxsey: Young, American Health Quackery, 235; Johnston, Politics of Healing, 235–36; Barrett, Consumer Health, 370; Young, Medical Messiahs, 360–89; Juhne, Quacks and Crusaders, 64–91.

167  “ ’Dem that gets took” quote: Young, Medical Messiahs, 363.

168  Career of Andrew Ivy: M. I. Grossman, “Andrew Conway Ivy (1893–1978),” Physiologist 21 (1978): 11–12; D. B. Dill, “A. C. Ivy—Reminiscences,” Physiologist 22 (1979): 21–22; E. Shuster, “Fifty Years Later: The Significance of the Nuremberg Code,” New England Journal of Medicine 337 (1997): 1436–40.

169  Moreno regarding Ivy: J. D. Moreno, Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans (New York: Routledge, 2001), 66.

169  Krebiozen: Barrett, Consumer Health, 370; J. F. Holland, “The Krebiozen Story,” Quackwatch, www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/krebiozen.html; S. Chertow, “Krebiozen,” The Chicago Literary Club, www.chilit.org/Papers_by_author/Chertow_--_Krebiozen.HTM; W. F. Janssen, “Cancer Quackery: Past and Present,” Cancer Treatment Watch, www.cancertreatmentwatch.org/q/janssen.shtml; P. S. Ward, “Who Will Bell the Cat? Andrew C. Ivy and Krebiozen,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 58 (1984): 28–52; A. C. Ivy, Krebiozen: An Agent for the Treatment of Malignant Tumors (Chicago: Champlin-Shealy Company, 1951).

170  Gerson diet: Barrett and Jarvis, Health Robbers, 87–88; Barrett, Consumer Health, 372; K. Butler, A Consumer’s Guide to “Alternative Medicine”: A Close Look at Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Faith-Healing, and Other Unconventional Treatments (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1992), 43; S. Barrett, “Questionable Cancer Therapies,” Quackwatch, www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/cancer.html.

171  Shark cartilage: Barrett, Consumer Health, 371–72; Barrett, Vitamin Pushers, 374–76; Hurley, Natural Causes, 201–204, 223; Shapiro, Suckers, 176–78; Wanjek, Bad Medicine, 103–107; Singh and Ernst, Trick or Treatment, 263–64; M. J. Coppes, R. A. Anderson, R. M. Egeler, and J. E. A. Wolff, “Alternative Therapies for the Treatment of Childhood Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine 339 (1998): 846–47.

CHAPTER 9: SICK CHILDREN, DESPERATE PARENTS

174  Billie Bainbridge: R. Smith, “Mum and Four-Year-Old Daughter Both Battling Cancer,” Daily Mirror, August 8, 2011; “ ‘A Lot of People Ask Me How I Cope, But You Just Kind of Deal With It—That’s All You Can Do,’ ” Exeter Express and Echo, August 13, 2011; C. Axford and L. French, “Exeter Family Hit Twice by Cancer ‘Fights On’ for Child,” BBC News, August 19, 2011; A. Radnedge, “Mother and Daughter, 4, in Fight to Battle Cancer,” Metro, August 21, 2011; “Billie Bainbridge Set to Fly to Take Part in Medical Trial,” Exeter Express and Echo, September 15, 2011; “Positive Start for Billie Bainbridge’s America Treatment,” Exeter Express and Echo, September 29, 2011; “Brave Billie Starting Treatment in States,” Exeter Express and Echo, October 6, 2011; “Billie Fund Rises Toward Target,” Exeter Express and Echo, October 13, 2011; “Chiefs Added to Growing Support for Billie’s Fund,” Exeter Express and Echo, October 20, 2011; “Raffle Prize Goes to Butterfly Fund,” Exeter Express and Echo, November 3, 2011; L. Bainbridge, “The Worst Year of My Life: Cancer Has My Family in Its Grip,” The Observer, November 19, 2011.

175  Burzynski’s early research career: M. E. G. Smith, “The Burzynski Controversy in the United States and Canada: A Comparative Case Study in the Sociology of Alternative Medicine,” The Canadian Journal of Sociology 17 (1992): 133–60.

176  Burzynski defines antineoplastons: S. R. Burzynski, “Antineoplastons: Biochemical Defense Against Cancer,” Physiological Chemistry and Physics 8 (1976): 275–79.

177  Burzynski Research Institute: M. E. G. Smith, “The Burzynski Controversy in the United States and Canada: A Comparative Case Study in the Sociology of Alternative Medicine,” The Canadian Journal of Sociology 17 (1992): 133–60.

177  Burzynski collects urine: G. Null, “The Suppression of Cancer Cures,” Penthouse, October 1979; “War on Cancer: Politics or Profit,” 20/20, October 21, 1981.

177  Null article: Null, “The Suppression of Cancer Cures.”

178  Geraldo Rivera report: “War on Cancer: Politics or Profit,” 20/20, October 21, 1981.

178  Patients cured by antineoplastons: T. Elias, The Burzynski Breakthrough (Nevada City, Calif.: Lexikos, 2001); G. Phillips, “Interview with Dr. Burzynski,” December 5, 2003, www.cancerinform.org/aburzinterview.html.

179  Harry Smith interviews Burzynski’s patients: D. Fehling, “Controversial Cancer Doc: Urine Treatment Works,” KENS 5-TV, www.kens5.com/archive/66499497.html.

180  Burzynski movie: Burzynski: The Movie, directed by Eric Merola (Merola Films, 2010).

180  Burzynski Research Institute: Ibid.

181  Blackstein and Bergasel and “hoodwinked”: Barrett, Consumer Health, 373; M. E. Blackstein and D. E. Bergsagel. Report to the Ontario Ministry of Health on the Treatment of Cancer Patients with Antineoplastons and the Burzynski Clinic in Houston, Texas. Undated, circa 1983.

181  Blackstein, Bergasel, and additional patients: “Pharmacologic and Biological Treatments,” in Unconventional Cancer Treatments, Quackwatch, www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/OTA/ota05.html.

182  1985 review: Ibid.

182  Sally Jessy Raphael and Inside Edition: Barrett, Consumer Health, 373.

182  Office of Technology Assessment: American Cancer Society, “Anti-Neoplaston Therapy,” www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/PharmacologicalandBiologicalTreatment/antineoplaston-therapy.

183  Jacobs regarding clowns: P. Goldberg, “The Antineoplaston Anomaly: How a Drug was Used for Decades in Thousands of Patients with No Safety, Efficacy Data,” The Cancer Letter, September 25, 1998.

183  National Cancer Institute trial of antineoplastons: J. Buckner, M. Malkin, E. Reed, et al., “Phase II Study of Antineoplastons A10 (NSC 648539) and AS2-1 (NSC 620261) in Patients with Recurrent Glioma,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 74 (1999): 137–45.

183  Burzynski angry at NCI study: G. Phillips, “Interview with Dr. Burzynski,” December 5, 2003, www.cancerinform.org/aburzinterview.html.

184  Saul Green reviews antineoplastons: S. Green, “Antineoplastons: An Unproved Cancer Therapy,” Journal of the American Medical Association 267 (1992): 2924–28.

184  Review of Burzynski by cancer specialists: Goldberg, “The Antineoplaston Anomaly.”

185  Congressional hearing: Burzynski: The Movie.

185  Cancer activists angry at Burzynski: Goldberg, “The Antineoplaston Anomaly.”

186  Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals drops antineoplaston research: Green, “Antineoplastons: An Unproved Cancer Therapy.”

186  Burzynski claims conspiracy among oncologists: Phillips, “Interview with Dr. Burzynski.”

186  Goldberg and Friedman regarding cancer drug testing: Goldberg, “The Antineoplaston Anomaly.”

187  PLX4032: A. Harmon, “A Roller Coaster Chase for Cure,” New York Times, February 21, 2010; A. Harmon, “New Drugs Stir Debate on Rules of Clinical Trials,” New York Times, September 18, 2010; A. Harmon, “Drug to Fight Melanoma Prolonged Life in Trial,” New York Times, January 19, 2011; R. Schwartz, “The Emperor of All Maladies—The Beginning of the Beginning,” New England Journal of Medicine 365 (2011): 2353–55.

188  Adamson regarding Burzynski: Peter Adamson, interviewed by the author, September 19, 2011.

188  Burzynski as caring man: C. Malisow, “Cancer Doctor Stanislaw Burzynski Sees Himself as a Crusading Researcher, Not a Quack,” Houston Post, January 1, 2009.

189  Adamson regarding false hope: Peter Adamson, interviewed by the author, September 19, 2011.

189  Maris regarding false hope: John Maris, interviewed by the author, September 28, 2011.

190  Jeanine Graf regarding Burzynski’s therapies: Jeanine Graf, interviewed by the author, March 1, 2012.

191  Science blogger regarding false hope: Andy Lewis, “The False Hope of the Burzynski Clinic,” November 21, 2011, www.quackometer.net/blog/2011/11/the-false-hope-of-the-burzynski-clinic.html.

191  Billie Bainbridge dies: “Billie Bainbridge Dies After Battle with Brain Stem Cancer,” BBC News, June 5, 2012, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-18331017.

192  Burzynski’s anti-aging medicines: www.aminocare.com.

192  Somers’s book: S. Somers, Knockout: Interviews with Doctors Who Are Curing Cancer and How to Prevent Getting It in the First Place (New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2009).

192  Mukherjee’s book: S. Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (New York: Scribner, 2010).

CHAPTER 10: MAGIC POTIONS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

198  “One for the Angels”: The Twilight Zone, episode 2, “One for the Angels” (Los Angeles: Cayuga Productions, October 9, 1959).

200  Origins of quack: Barrett and London, Consumer Health, 36.

201  Patent medicines: Anonymous, Nostrums and Quackery; Cramp, Nostrums and Quackery.

201  Kickapoo Joy Juice: McNamara, Step Right Up, xiv.

201  Celebrity supporters: McCoy, Quack, 95, 201.

202  Buttar’s background: Buttar, 9 Steps, 329–31.

203  Buttar regarding man-made harms: Ibid., 81.

203  Risks of environmental toxins are overstated: G. Kabat, Hyping Health Risks: Environmental Hazards in Daily Life and the Science of Epidemiology (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011).

203  Chelation studies fail to show effect: E. Ernst, “Chelation Therapy for Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: A Systematic Review,” Circulation 96 (1997): 1031–33.

204  Garcia testimony: In the Matter of Rashid Ali Buttar, D. O., Before the North Carolina Medical Board, April 24, 2008 (testimony by Jane Garcia).

204  Buttar on son’s birth: Rashid A. Buttar, D. O., Know Your Options: Autism: The Misdiagnosis of Our Future Generations, DVD (Coral Gables, Fla.: Dolphin Entertainment, 2006).

204  Buttar regarding mission from God: Buttar, 9 Steps, 264.

205  Buttar on struggle with God: Ibid., 264–65.

205  Buttar on son’s recovery: Ibid.

205  Jennings’s symptoms: J. Avila and D. Cohen, “Medical Mystery or Hoax: Did Cheerleader Fake a Muscle Disorder?” ABC News, July 23, 2010; “Desiree Jennings,” RationalWiki, http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Desiree_Jennings.

206  Jennings and Coldplay: Ibid.

206  Jennings and British accent: “Flu Shot Woman,” Inside Edition, http://www.insideedition.com/headlines/159-flu-shot-woman.

206  Jennings’s diagnostic tests: “The Flu, a Shot to the System,” www.louduntimes.com/index.php/archive/article/Column_The_flu_a_shot_to_the_system.

206  Jennings and dystonia: Ibid.

206  Inside Edition story: “Woman Says Flu Shot Triggered Rare Neurological Disorder,” www.wusa9.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=92345&catid=158.

206  Jenny McCarthy directs Jennings to Buttar: “Desiree Jennings Update: Road to Recovery,” Planet Thrive, http://planetthrive.com/2009/11/desiree-jennings-update-road-to-recovery.

207  Buttar diagnoses Jennings with mercury toxicity: C. Coffey, “Woman Disabled by Flu Shot Reaction,” www.myfoxdc.com/dpp/health/101309_woman_disabled_by_flu_shot_reaction_dystonia.

207  Jennings on 20/20: Avila and Cohen, “Medical Mystery or Hoax.”

207  Hopkins neurologist diagnoses psychogenic disorder: S. Novella, “Desiree Jennings: The Plot Thickens,” Neurologica blog, http://theness.com/neurologicablog/?p=1558; Orac, “Has Desiree Jennings VAERS Report Been Found?” ScienceBlogs, http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2009/11/05/has-desiree-jennings-vaers-report-been-f.

207  Novella regarding Jennings: S. Novella, “Desiree Jennings on 20/20,” Neurologica blog, http://theness.com/neurologicablog/?p=2150.

207  University of Maryland uses Jennings’s tape to train residents: “Desiree Jennings,” RationalWiki; http://www.foxnews.com/search-results/m/26952743/flu-shot-fears.htm.

207  Inside Edition follow-up story: “Flu Shot Woman,” Inside Edition.

208  Novella regarding Jennings: www.theness.com/neurologicablog/?p=1195.

208  Jennings and China: Avila and Cohen, “Medical Mystery or Hoax.”

208  Problems with provoked metals excretion testing: S. Barrett, “How the ‘Urine Toxic Metals’ Test Is Used to Defraud Patients,” QuackWatch, www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Tests/urine_toxic.html (italics mine).

208  Buttar testifies at congressional hearing: Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Update of Federal Government Initiatives and Revolutionary New Treatments of Neurodevelopmental Diseases, Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights & Wellness Government Reform Committee, May 6, 2004 (testimony by Rashid A. Buttar).

209  Heavy-metals test on autistic and normal children: S. E. Soden et al., “24-Hour Provoked Urine Excretion Test for Heavy Metals in Children with Autism and Typically Developing Children: A Pilot Study,” Clinical Toxicology 45 (2007): 476–81.

209  Novella regarding Jennings: S. Novella, “Well That Didn’t Take Long—Another Dystonia Case Follow Up,” Neurologica blog, www.theness.com/neurologicablog/?p=1195.

209  Buttar regarding testing of TD-DMPS: Estherar, “The Allure of Biomedical Treaments [sic] for Autism,” Mainstream Parenting Resources, http://mainstreamparenting.wordpress.com/2009/05/21/the-allure-of-biomedical-treaments-for-autism.

211  Buttar regarding the value of TD-DMPS: Ibid.

211  Buttar warns against using other transdermal chelation therapies: Rashid A. Buttar, “Buttar Autism Treatment Protocol: Advanced Concepts in Medicine/Center for Advanced Medicine,” Center for Advanced Medicine (August 2004).

211  Buttar regarding Trans-D: Buttar, 9 Steps, 254.

211  Older cure-alls: Anonymous, Nostrums, 436–53.

212  Sales of Trans-D: Buttar, 9 Steps, 238.

212  Buttar regarding pharmaceutical companies: Rashid A. Buttar, D.O., Know Your Options: Sudden Cardiac Death, #1 Symptom of Heart Disease, DVD (Coral Gables, Fla.: Dolphin Entertainment, 2007).

212  Specter on Big Placebo: “Michael Specter: The Danger of Science Denial,” YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=7OMLSs8t1ng.

212  Buttar’s oath: Buttar, 9 Steps, xvii.

212  Buttar warns against medical doctors: Ibid., 10.

213  Buttar insists on unquestioning compliance: Rashid A. Buttar, D.O., Know Your Options: Cancer, The Untold Truth, DVD (Coral Gables, Fla.: Dolphin Entertainment, 2007).

213  Buttar claims that doctors don’t follow their own advice: Ibid.

213  Buttar and CDC conspiracy: Rashid A. Buttar, D. O., Know Your Options: Heavy Metal Toxicity: The Hidden Killer, DVD (Coral Gables, Fla.: Dolphin Entertainment, 2007).

214  CDC warning about chelation therapy: “Deaths Associated with Hypocalcemia from Chelation Therapy—Texas, Pennsylvania, and Oregon, 2003–2005,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55 (2006): 204–7 (italics mine).

215  Buttar on how his son became autistic: Buttar, 9 Steps, 263.

215  Buttar regarding thimerosal: Rashid A. Buttar, D. O., Know Your Options: Heavy Metal Toxicity.

215  Buttar on not vaccinating his child: Ibid.

215  Studies showing that thimerosal in vaccines didn’t cause autism or mercury toxicity: Institute of Medicine, Immunization Safety Review: Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (Washington, D. C.: National Academies Press, 2001); K. M. Madsen, M. B. Lauritsen, C. B. Pedersen, et al., “Thimerosal and the Occurrence of Autism: Negative Ecological Evidence from Danish Population-Based Data,” Pediatrics 112 (2003): 604–6; A. Hviid, M. Stellfeld, J. Wohlfahrt and M. Melbye, “Association Between Thimerosal-Containing Vaccine and Autism,” Journal of the American Medical Association 290 (2003): 1763–66; J. Heron and J. Golding, “Thimerosal Exposure in Infants and Developmental Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study in the United Kingdom Does Not Support a Causal Association,” Pediatrics 114 (2004): 577–83; N. Andrews, E. Miller, A. Grant, et al., “Thimerosal Exposure in Infants and Developmental Disorders: A Retrospective Cohort Study in the United Kingdom Does Not Support a Causal Association,” Pediatrics 114 (2004): 584–91; P. Stehr-Green, P. Tull, M. Stellfeld, et al., “Autism and Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines: Lack of Consistent Evidence for an Association,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 25 (2005): 101–6; E. Fombonne, R. Zakarian, A. Bennett, et al., “Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Prevalence and Links with Immunization,” Pediatrics 118 (2006): 139–50; W. W. Thompson, C. Price, B. Goodson, et al., “Early Thimerosal Exposure and Neuropsychological Outcomes at 7 to 10 Years,” New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 1281–92; R. Schechter and J. Grether, “Continuing Increases in Autism Reported to California’s Development Services System,” Archives of General Psychiatry 65 (2008): 19–24; E. Fombonne, “Thimerosal Disappears but Autism Remains,” Archives of General Psychiatry 65 (2008): 15–16.

215  Smallpox epidemiology: S. Plotkin, W. Orenstein, and P. Offit, eds., Vaccines, 6th ed. (Philadelphia: Saunders, 2012), 719–22.

215  Polio epidemiology: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: “Outbreaks Following Wild Poliovirus Importations—Europe, Africa, and Asia, January 2009–September 2010,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59 (2010): 1393–99.

216  Hepatitis B virus epidemiology: G. L. Armstrong, E. F. Mast, M. Wojczynski and H. S. Margolis, “Childhood Hepatitis B Virus Infections in the United States Before Hepatitis B Immunization,” Pediatrics 108 (2001): 1123–28.

216  Buttar warns against swine flu vaccine: “Dr. Rashid A. Buttar Speaks on the N1H1 [sic] Swine Flu Vaccine,” www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcclPdWmzmk, October 5, 2009.

216  Swine flu epidemiology: “2009 H1N1 Flu: Situation Update,” May 28, 2010, CDC.gov, http://cdc.gov/h1n1flu/update.htm.

216  Swine flu vaccine safety: “Safety of Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccines—United States, October 1–November 24, 2009,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58 (2009): 1–6.

217  Buttar trial before North Carolina Board of Medical Examiners: In the Matter of Rashid Ali Buttar, D. O., Before the North Carolina Medical Board, April 24, 2008 (testimony by Rashid Buttar).

218  Buttar asked to change consent form: S. Barrett, “Rashid Buttar Reprimanded,” Casewatch, www.casewatch.org/board/med/buttar/consent_2010.shtml.

CHAPTER 11: THE REMARKABLY POWERFUL, HIGHLY UNDERRATED PLACEBO RESPONSE

224  Acupuncture studies: Singh and Ernst, Trick or Treatment, 77–88; P. White, F. L. Bishop, P. Prescott, et al., “Practice, Practitioner, or Placebo? A Multifactorial, Mixed-Methods Randomized Controlled Trial of Acupuncture,” Pain: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain, December 12, 2011, doi: 10.1016/jpain 2011.11.007.

224  Novella background: D. Gorski, “The Trouble with Dr. Oz,” Science-Based Medicine blog, www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=12208.

224  Oz regarding Novella’s opinions on acupuncture: “Controversial Medicine: Alternative Health,” The Dr. Oz Show, www.doctoroz.com/videos/alternative-medicine-controversy-pt-1.

224  Novella regarding acupuncture: Ibid.

225  Nurse and morphine: D. A. Lessing, K. Madden, S. Marlan, eds., Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion (New York: Springer Publishing Co., 2009).

225  Unicorn horns: A. Shapiro and E. Shapiro, The Powerful Placebo: From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 14.

225  Vitamin O: R. Park, Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 46–49.

227  Therapist’s attitude and placebo effect: W. G. Thompson, The Placebo Effect and Health: Combining Science and Compassionate Care (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2005), 182.

227  Kaptchuk regarding personality: M. Specter, “The Power of Nothing,” The New Yorker, December 12, 2011.

227  Blau regarding pathologist: Park, Voodoo Science, 49.

228  John Diamond regarding alternative medicine: Diamond, Snake Oil, 34.

229  Postcards from the Edge quote: Postcards from the Edge, directed by Mike Nichols (1990; Culver City, Calif.: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2001).

230  Levine study: J. D. Levine, N. C. Gordon, and H. L. Fields, “The Mechanism of Placebo Analgesia,” Lancet 312 (1978): 654–57.

230  Endorphin findings reproduced: F. Benedetti, Placebo Effects: Understanding the Mechanisms in Health and Disease (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 63–98.

231  Acupuncture and endorphins: V. Clement-Jones, L. McLoughlin, S. Tomlin, et al., “Increased Beta-Endorphin But Not Met-Enkephalin Levels in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid After Acupuncture for Recurrent Pain,” Lancet 2 (1980): 946–49.

232  Caplan regarding ethics of deception in medicine: Art Caplan, interviewed by the author, September 20, 2011.

232  Caplan regarding deceptions by mainstream clinicians: Ibid.

233  Racetrack study: R. E. Knox and J. A. Inkster, “Postdecision Dissonance at Post Time,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 8 (1968): 319–23.

233  JAMA pain study: R. L. Waber, B. Shiv, Z. Carmon, and D. Ariely, “Commercial Features of Placebo and Therapeutic Efficacy,” Journal of the American Medical Association 299 (2008): 1016–17.

233  Caplan on cost of placebo response: Art Caplan, interviewed by the author, September 20, 2011.

233  South Korean president: “Acupuncture Needle Removed from Lung of Former South Korean President,” The Telegraph, May 3, 2011.

233  Dangers of acupuncture: E. Ernst, “Deaths After Acupuncture: A Systematic Review,” International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine 22 (2010): 131–36; “Acupuncture Can Spread Serious Diseases: Experts,” Reuters, March 18, 2010, www.reuters.com/article/2010/03/19/us-acupuncture-infection-idUSTRE62I00220100319; I. Sample, “Dozens Killed by Incorrectly Placed Acupuncture Needles,” The Guardian, October 18, 2010.

234  Ader-Cohen study: R. Ader and N. Cohen, “Behaviorally Conditioned Immunosuppression,” Psychosomatic Medicine 37 (1975): 333–40.

235  MacKenzie study: J. N. MacKenzie, “The Production of the So-Called ‘Rose-Cold’ by Means of an Artificial Rose,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 91 (1886): 45–57.

235  Imboden study: J. B. Imboden, A. Canter and L. E. Cluff, “Convalescence from Influenza: A Study of the Psychological and Clinical Determinants,” Archives of Internal Medicine 108 (1961): 393–99.

236  Ader lupus study: K. Olness and R. Ader, “Conditioning as an Adjunct in the Pharmacotherapy of Lupus Erythematosis,” Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 13 (1992): 124–25.

236  Sabbioni study: M. E. E. Sabbioni, D. H. Bovbjerg, S. Mathew, et al., “Classically Conditioned Changes in Plasma Cortisol Levels Induced by Dexamethasone in Healthy Men,” FASEB Journal 11 (1997): 1291–96.

236  Enhancing immune response study: D. L. Longo, P. L. Duffy, W. C. Koop, et al., “Conditioned Immune Response to Interferon-Gamma in Humans,” Clinical Immunology 90 (1999): 173–81.

236  Benefits of placebo for variety of diseases: Benedetti, Placebo Effects; S. S. Wang, “Why Placebos Work Wonders,” Wall Street Journal, January 3, 2012.

237  Homeopathy on Oz show: “Alternative Pain Treatments, Part 1,” The Dr. Oz Show, www.doctoroz.com/videos/Alternative-Pain-Treatments-Pt-1.

238  Studies of homeopathic remedies: E. Ernst, “Homeopathy: What Does the ‘Best’ Evidence Tell Us?” Medical Journal of Australia 192 (2010): 458–60.

239  Harm caused by over-the-counter cough-and-cold preparations: D. Childs, “Docs Support FDA Cough Medicine Warning,” ABC News, August 16, 2007, http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Drugs/story?id=3488351&page=1.

239  Ebers Papyrus: Shapiro and Shapiro, Powerful Placebo, 4.

240  Norman Cousins quote: N. Cousins, Anatomy of an Illness (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1979), 76–78.

CHAPTER 12: WHEN ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE BECOMES QUACKERY

241  Childhood deaths and prayer: C. Fraser, God’s Perfect Child: Living and Dying in the Christian Science Church (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1999).

241  Weil regarding HIV treatments: A. Weil, Spontaneous Healing: How to Discover and Enhance Your Body’s Natural Ability to Maintain and Heal Itself (New York: Balantine Books, 1995), 4.

242  Benefit of anti-AIDS drugs: M. A. Fischl, D. D. Richman, M. H. Grieco, et al., “The Efficacy of Azidothymidine (AZT) in the Treatment of Patients with AIDS and AIDS-Related Complex,” New England Journal of Medicine 317 (1987): 185–91.

242  Harvard study of asthmatics: M. E. Wechsler, J. M. Kelley, I. O. E. Boyd, et al., “Active Albuterol or Placebo, Sham Acupuncture, or No Intervention in Asthma,” New England Journal of Medicine 365 (2011): 119–26.

242  Homeopathy and asthma death: Dr. Robert Baratz, personal communication.

242  Linda Epping: Barrett and Jarvis, Health Robbers, 83–84.

243  Harm from unpasteurized products: Food and Drug Administration, “The Dangers of Raw Milk: Unpasteurized Milk Can Pose Serious Health Risk,” www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm079516.htm.

243  Mercola and Jumbotron: B. Smith, “Dr. Mercola: Visionary or Quack?” Chicago, February 2012.

243  Mercola doesn’t believe HIV causes AIDS: Ibid.

243  Mercola, coffee enemas, baking soda: “The Cancer Treatment So Successful—Traditional Doctors Shut It Down,” April 23, 2001, http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/04/23/dr-nicholas-gonzalez-on-alternative-cancer-treatments.aspx; D. Gorski, “For Shame, Dr. Oz, for Promoting Joseph Mercola on Your Show,” Science-Based Medicine blog, www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/index.php/for-shame-dr-oz; Orac, “Dr. Oz: America’s Doctor and the Abdication of Professional Responsibility,” ScienceBlogs, April 13, 2010, http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2010/04/dr_oz_americas_doctor_and_the_abdication.php; T. Tsouderos, “Questioning Dr. Oz,” Chicago Tribune, April 9, 2010.

243  Mercola and FDA: T. Tsouderos, “FDA Warns Doctor: Stop Touting Camera As Disease Screening Tool,” Chicago Tribune, April 25, 2011.

243  Mercola regarding his medical model: “The Alternative Health Controversy,” The Dr. Oz Show, www.doctoroz.com/videos/alternative-health-controversy-pt.1.

244  Andrew Weil regarding kava: Weil, Spontaneous Healing, 321.

244  FDA warning against kava: Food and Drug Administration, “Consumer Advisory: Kava-Containing Dietary Supplements May Be Associated with Severe Liver Injury,” March 25, 2002.

244  Baby dies from asphyxiation: Butler, Consumer’s Guide, 82–83.

244  Neural Organization Technique: Ibid., 171–72.

244  Ernst study regarding harm from chiropractic: E. Ernst, “Deaths After Chiropractic: A Review of Published Cases,” International Journal of Clinical Practice 64 (2010): 1162–65.

245  Weil and Drugstore.com: Hurley, Natural Causes, 240.

245  Chopra’s business model: Barrett and Jarvis, Health Robbers, 243–45; Butler, Consumer’s Guide, 118; Johnston, Politics of Healing, 223; F. Wheen, How Mumbo Jumbo Conquered the World: A Short History of Modern Delusions (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), 44–48.

246  Chopra regarding unlimited wealth: Chopra, Spiritual Laws, 1.

246  Chopra regarding money as energy: Ibid., 28.

246  Mercola’s business model: D. Gumpert, “Old Time Sales Tricks on the Net,” BusinessWeek, May 23, 2006.

247  Mercola products: Smith, “Dr. Mercola: Visionary or Quack?”

248  Mercola and government conspiracy: Ibid.

248  Mercola regarding natural products: “The Alternative Health Controversy,” The Dr. Oz Show.

248  Caplan regarding medical professionalism: Art Caplan, interviewed by the author, September 20, 2011.

249  Titanium necklaces: L. Jenkins, “Is Your Bat Speed a Bit Off? Try a Titanium Necklace,” New York Times, June 22, 2005.

250  Caplan regarding magical thinking: Art Caplan, interviewed by the author, September 20, 2011.

250  Slack regarding magical thinking: R. Slack, “Acupuncture: A Science-Based Assessment,” Center for Inquiry, 2010.

EPILOGUE: ALBERT SCHWEITZER AND THE WITCH DOCTOR

254  N. Cousins and A. Schweitzer: Cousins, Anatomy of an Illness, 76–78.