1 DIVERSE ITALIES
1 Ottone, 124.
2 Canzoniere, cxlvi.
3 Mack Smith [1968], 361; Dolci [1981], 144.
4 Duggan [2007], 102.
5 Origo [1957], 317–22.
6 Horden and Purcell, 190; Braudel, vol. 1, 138–9.
7 Cunliffe, 66–71; Braudel, vol. 1, 139.
8 La Repubblica, 5 October 2008; L’Espresso, 19 March 2010.
9 Bartlett [1965], 98.
10 La Repubblica, 25 September 2009.
11 Cunliffe, 475.
12 Glasser, 46–7.
13 Frei, 158.
14 Banti [2000], 160.
15 Graham Robb, 25; Cobb, 94.
16 Origo [1957], passim.
17 Hale [1993], 60–62.
18 Scott, 255.
19 Bobbio, xx–xxi, 81–2.
20 Cenami, 23.
21 Jens Petersen quoted in Barański and West (eds.), 23.
22 Martines, 446–9; Hale [1993], 161–3.
23 Sforza [1942], 37.
24 De Mauro, 43; Marazzini, 185–6.
25 Origo [1972], 287.
26 Mack Smith, Cavour, 216; Duggan [2002], 13, 18.
27 Umberto Eco in L’Espresso, 28 August 2008.
28 La Repubblica, 30 July 2009.
29 Il Venerdi di Repubblica, 25 September 2009; La Repubblica, 30 July 2009.
30 Roderick Conway-Morris in The Times Literary Supplement, 12 September 2008.
2 IMPERIAL ITALIES
1 Lane Fox, 282.
2 Dench, 130.
3 Mark Pobjoy in Herring and Lomas (eds.), 187–205.
4 Jenkyns (ed.) [1992], 16.
5 Georgic I, translated by David R. Slavitt, in Poole and Maule (eds.), 276.
6 Jenkyns [1998], 77, 97.
7 Finley [1979], 123.
8 Gibbon, vol. 1, 48.
9 Goodman, 490.
10 Momigliano, 181.
11 Ward-Perkins, 87, 100, 117–18.
12 G. W. Bowersock in the New York Review of Books, 25 September 2008.
13 Herrin, 321–3.
14 Libretto by Salvatore Cammarano translated by Julian Budden, Philips Classics Productions, 1978.
15 Procacci, 33.
3 CITIES AND POWERS
1 Although I have seen these frescoes many times myself, I am grateful to Timothy Hyman for his analysis of them in his book Sienese Painting.
2 Purgatorio, xiii 151–4.
3 Bowsky, 14–15.
4 Bowsky, 295–6; Waley [1991], 11; Hyman, 15.
5 Purgatorio, v 134, vi 72–5.
6 De vulgari eloquentia, I xii 4 and 1 xvi 3; Keen, 12, 15, 107–8; Dante, 103–4.
7 Lane Fox, 28.
8 Origo [1957], 44, 333.
9 Guicciardini, 86.
10 Mackenney, 140–43.
11 Hale [1983], 15–19; Najemy (ed.), 186.
12 King [2001], 126–8, and King [2007], 67–72.
13 Purgatorio, vi 148–51.
14 Acton [1979], 114, 123; Hale [1983], 61–75.
15 Ascheri, 170.
16 Quoted in Hyman, 13.
17 Henk Van Os quoted in Hyman, 209.
18 Mack Smith, Modern Sicily, 284.
19 Guerri, 84.
20 Hale [1983], 186–7.
21 Hale [1983], 192.
4 ADRIATIC VENICE
1 Morris [1974], 318; James, 7.
2 Mackenney, 124.
3 Foster, 156.
4 Rousseau, 213–15.
5 Runciman [1955], vol. 3, 130.
6 Lauritzen and Zielcke, 16–23.
7 Ruskin, vol. 3, 297.
8 Lauritzen and Zielcke, 25.
9 Crovato and Crovato, passim.
10 Ascheri, 110.
11 Ascheri, 128–9; Wills, 98.
12 Julius Kirshner in Najemy (ed.), 100–101.
13 Robilant, 15.
14 James Morris [1974], 94.
15 John Jeffries Martin, 51, 69, 73–5, 181–2, 219–23.
16 Act 3, scene iii, 26–31.
17 Lauritzen, 13; Blake, 4–5.
18 Theodore K. Rabb in The Times Literary Supplement, 11 July 2008.
19 Robilant, 285.
20 ‘A Toccata of Galuppi’s’ (1855).
5 DISPUTED ITALIES
1 Guicciardini, 86.
2 Barzini [1964], 287.
3 Guerri, 119–20.
4 Mackenney, 34.
5 Stendhal [1959], 350.
6 Mack Smith, Medieval Sicily, vol. 2, 115.
7 Venturi, 289.
8 Wangerman, 89–95.
9 Woolf [1979], 41, 150–51.
10 Acton [1974], 167–8.
11 Goethe, 199, 207, 317–21.
12 Goethe, 246.
13 Romeo, 12–13, 29, 40–52.
14 Mack Smith, Modern Sicily, vol. 2, 263–4, 287–303.
15 Goethe, 117.
16 Gervaso, 190–92.
17 Chandler, 206.
18 Woolf [1979], 163.
19 Chandler, 71–3.
20 Cronin, 138
21 Chandler, 209.
22 Bourrienne, epigraph.
23 Madelin, vol. 1, 311. Lefebvre, vol. I, 250–51.
24 Mansel, 29, 160.
25 Franco Della Peruta in Davis and Ginsborg (eds.), 39–47.
26 Davis, Naples and Napoleon, 261.
27 Mack Smith [1968], 18.
28 Collection in the Casa Mazzini in Genoa.
29 Hazareesingh, 260.
30 Woolf [1969], 39.
31 Duggan [2007], 103.
32 Mack Smith [1968], 110 and [1985], 26.
33 Clay (ed.), 8, 127.
34 Martha Petrusewicz in Lumley and Morris (eds.), 20–23.
35 Banti [2000], 21.
36 Stendhal [1959], 358.
37 Stendhal [2002], 480.
38 Stendhal [1959], 413, 468.
39 Mack Smith, Cavour, 32, and [1971], 11.
6 REVOLUTIONARY ITALIES
1 Marshall, 13–14, 38.
2 Azeglio, 110–11, 129.
3 Barzini [1964], 180.
4 Duggan [2007], 100.
5 Ascheri, 13.
6 Woolf [1969], 45.
7 Denis Mack Smith in The Times Literary Supplement, 21 January 1955; Mack Smith [1994], 41.
8 Keates [2005], 9.
9 Riall [2007], 30.
10 Ridley, 238.
11 Tomasi di Lampedusa [1990–91], vol. 1, 89–91.
12 Sorba, 26–8.
13 Sorba, 178-9.
14 Phillips-Matz, 230–31.
15 Phillips-Matz, 236–7.
16 Parker [1997], 35–9; Mary Ann Smart in Ascoli and Henneberg (eds.), 107–8.
17 Weaver and Chusid (eds.), 5.
18 Parker [1997], 25.
19 Parker [1997], 33–4.
7 THE MAKING OF ITALY
1 Marshall, 141, 160.
2 Mack Smith, Cavour, 112.
3 Ridley, 385; Marshall, 236; Beales [1961], 148.
4 Gazzetta Piemontese, 12 January 1856.
5 Mack Smith [Garibaldi], 30.
6 Quoted in Mack Smith [1968], 215.
7 Beales [1961], 21, 51.
8 Martucci [1999], 84–8.
9 Martucci [1999], 91; Mack Smith, Cavour, 172–3.
10 O’Clery, 53.
11 Beales [1961], 156.
12 Mack Smith [1968], 302, 355.
13 Taylor, 75–8.
14 Ridley, 435.
15 Ridley, 480–82.
16 Quirico, 32.
17 Di Fiore, 46.
18 Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi, 398.
19 Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi, 387.
20 Moe, 175–6; Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi, 407, 430, and [1968], 328–30.
21 Di Fiore, 199, 202, 262, 340; Proust, 229, 254–5, 300–301; Painter, 567.
22 G. M. Trevelyan, 44.
23 Conversation with Giuseppe Galasso, March 2009.
24 Duggan [2002], 281.
25 Varè, 210.
26 La Mia Guida Pratica di Treviso (2006).
27 Pick 155; Riall [2007], 369.
28 Marshall, 291; Azeglio, 180.
8 LEGENDARY ITALY
1 Lowell, 148–9.
2 G. M. Trevelyan, 26–7; Woolf [1969], 72.
3 Woolf [1969], 83.
4 Woolf [1969], 69, 79–80.
5 Mack Smith, Cavour, 109, 150–51.
6 Mack Smith, Cavour, 197.
7 Mack Smith, Cavour, 160–61, 242.
8 Scirocco, 10.
9 Riall [2007], 69.
10 Mack Smith [1994], 212, and [1969], 174.
11 Quoted by David Lowenthal in The Times Literary Supplement, 24 June 2005.
12 Ridley, 635–6.
13 Rossotti, 6.
14 Mack Smith [1989], 43, and [1994], 100.
15 Mack Smith, Cavour, 82–3, and [1989], 60.
16 Mack Smith [1989], 15, 20, 34, 44, 50–51, 63.
17 Mack Smith [1989], 42.
18 Domenico Zanichelli, quoted by Denis Mack Smith in Blanning and Cannadine (eds.), 185.
19 Marshall, 172.
20 Marshall, 204.
21 Quirico, 88–109; O’Clery, 397–401.
22 Banti [2000], 45–6.
23 Scirocco, 165.
24 Gramsci, 53–9; Maturi, 644–7; Adolfo Omodeo in Woolf [1969], 74, 95–6.
25 Mack Smith [1968], 10–11.
26 Beales and Biagini [2002], 6.
9 MAKING ITALIANS
1 Lane Fox, 36.
2 Moe, 37–8.
3 Moe, 63.
4 See Guercio, 160, on eastern Sicilians.
5 Mack Smith [1968], 330–31; Moe, 176.
6 Woolf [1969], 75.
7 Marshall, 275–89.
8 Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi, 429–30.
9 Martucci [1999], 305–6.
10 Martucci [1999], 294; O’Clery, 294.
11 Mack Smith [1968], 379; Romeo, 385.
12 Verdura, 134.
13 Quoted by Gabriella Gribaudi in Lumley and Morris (eds.), 94, 100–101.
14 Arnaldi, 192.
15 Del Boca, 48.
16 Hare, vol. 6, 412–13.
17 Allaun, 69.
18 Duggan [2002], 375–6, 454–5, 718, and [2007], 298.
19 Belardelli et al., 56.
20 Duggan [2002], 447; Denis Mack Smith in Blanning and Cannadine (eds.), 183.
21 Belardelli et al., 65–6.
22 Mack Smith [1959], 78.
23 Duggan [2002], 358, 361, 432.
24 Del Boca, 13; Duggan [2002], 500, 528–30.
25 Del Boca, 75
26 Mack Smith [1989], 93, 113.
27 Sorba, 171.
28 Weaver, 155; Rosselli [2001], 77; Parker [2007], 45; Pauls, 250–55, 323.
29 Martin, 270.
30 Martin, 305.
31 Martin, 312, 317; Phillips-Matz, 429–30.
32 Martin, 250.
33 Tomasini, 85–7; Martin, 379; Duggan [2002], 441; Pauls, 273–5.
34 Duggan [2002], 543.
35 Phillips-Matz, 762–5.
10 NATIONALIST ITALY
1 Disraeli, 77.
2 Belardelli, 52–60.
3 Valeri, 8,
4 Woolf [1969], 80.
5 Bobbio, 94–6.
6 Ottinger (ed.), passim; Dickie [2007], 273.
7 Duggan [2007], 384.
8 Del Boca, 106.
9 Isnenghi (ed.), 271.
10 Mack Smith [1989], 232.
11 Bobbio, 94.
12 Thompson, 2–3.
13 Pinney (ed.), vol. 4, 457–8, 464.
14 Mack Smith [1989], 230.
15 Duggan [2007], 392.
16 Thompson, 351.
17 Chapman, 154–5.
18 Bosworth [2005], 96–7.
19 Toscano, 8–9.
20 Thompson, 378.
21 Jan Morris, 188.
22 Jan Morris, 3.
23 Origo [1984], 149.
24 Sassoon, 101.
25 Sassoon, 25.
26 Martucci [2006], 106–7.
11 FASCIST ITALY
1 Gerald Silkin in Lazzaro and Crum (eds.), 69.
2 Mack Smith [1981], 114.
3 Bosworth [2005], 233.
4 Bosworth [2002], 259, 314.
5 Duggan [2007], 449.
6 Guerri, 298.
7 Mack Smith [1981], 145.
8 D. Medina Lasansky in Lazzaro and Crum (eds.), 113–31.
9 Ascoli and Henneberg (eds.), 215–16, 260–61.
10 Eugenia Paulicelli in Barański and West (eds.), 253–4.
11 Bonsaver, 9, 62, 156–7, 200.
12 Varè, 166.
13 Bosworth [2005], 419.
14 Grillandi, 99.
15 Quoted by Ian Thomson in The Times Literary Supplement, 2 July 2010.
16 Varè, 208.
17 Alberto Mario Banti in LiMes, 117.
18 Barzini [1971], 204.
19 Duggan [1989], 141, 177, 183, 208, 225–6, 245–9.
20 Allaun, 84–5.
21 Barzini [1971], 172–4.
22 Levi, 3.
23 La Voce dei Calanchi, December 2007.
24 Gilmour [1994], 557; Mack Smith [1981], 59–60.
25 Gilmour [1994], 560–89.
26 Del Boca, 182, 184.
27 Bosworth [2002], 308.
28 Mack Smith [1976], 74–5.
29 Bosworth [2002], 320; Del Boca, 210–14.
30 Del Boca, passim; Observer, 24 January 1988.
31 Farrell, 281–2.
32 Coverdale, 251.
33 MacGregor Knox in Lyttelton (ed.), 111.
34 See Mallett, 2–15.
35 Denis Mack Smith in Blanning and Cannadine (eds.), 178.
36 Mack Smith [1976], 96, 195.
37 Bosworth [2005], 446; Mack Smith [1976], 178.
38 Mack Smith [1976], 202.
39 Del Boca, 234; Observer, 24 January 1988.
40 Duggan [2007], 487; Guerri, 331.
41 Sforza [1942], 27.
1 Bocca, 261–5; Peli, 74, 119, 134.
2 Peli, 241–4.
3 Raleigh Trevelyan [1981], 102.
4 Luzzatto, 159.
5 Ginsborg [1990], 92.
6 Barzini [1971], 180–81.
7 Pridham, 125.
8 Sforza [1942], the dedication.
9 Ottone, 130.
10 Bobbio, 183.
11 Ginsborg [1990], 198.
12 Amyot, 214.
13 White, 210–15.
14 Tonetti, 148.
15 Nuovi Argomenti, May–August 1959; Caesar and Hainsworth, 26.
16 Bonsaver, 142–6; Vitello, 238.
17 Barzini (1971), 203.
18 Lettres françaises, 23 December 1959 and 18 February 1960.
19 Vitello, 351–2.
20 Ottone, 13–16.
21 Illy, 32–9; L’Espresso, 26 March 2009.
22 Dickie [2007], 17.
23 Saviano, 119–20.
13 MODERN ITALY
1 Rizzo and Stella, 192, 204–5; Paolo Verre in LiMes, 187–8.
2 Tabladini, passim.
3 Illy, 5, 21, 47, 59–60, 77, 79.
4 La Repubblica, 3 October 2008; Guardian, 9 March 2008.
5 Saviano, 18.
6 Duggan [2007], 568.
7 La Repubblica, 10 April 2002.
8 La Repubblica, 18 September 2008.
9 Economist, 26 April 2001.
10 Eco, 153; Jones, 235.
11 Spectator, 6 and 13 September 2003.
12 La Repubblica, 16 September 2008.
13 Veltri and Travaglio, 7.
14 Eco, 124.
15 Christopher Wagstaff in Barański and West (eds.), 249.
16 Foreign Policy, 1 May 2009.
17 Interview in Il Venerdi di Repubblica, 11 September 2009.
18 John Hooper in the Guardian Weekend, 31 October 2009.
19 Alexander Stille in the New York Review of Books, 25 May 2006.
20 Alexander Stille in the New York Review of Books, 8 April 2010.
21 Spectator, 6 and 13 September 2003.
22 Paolo Verre in LiMes, 184; Guardian, 2 October 2009.
23 Jones, 214; Dickie [2007], 439.
24 Antonio Golini in LiMes, 83; Severgnini [2008], 171.
25 Agence France-Presse, 25 June 2010.
26 Paolo Verre in LiMes, 183–4; Stella and Rizzo, 19–21.
27 Information from Legambiente Lombardia, March 2010; La Repubblica, 5 October 2008; L’Espresso, 19 March 2009; Liberazione, 16 July 2009.
28 Bull and Newell, 112.
29 Saviano, 64, 160, 185, 234, 283–97, 300.
30 Ginsborg [2001], 217; Illy, 96.
31 Mack Smith [1997], 494; Ottone, 52; Severgnini [2008], 15; Illy, 10.
32 Ottone, 39, 46, 76.
33 Severgnini [2008], 159.
34 Barzini [1971], 254–5; La Repubblica, 18 March 2008; Rizzo and Stella, 13, 27–34, 59–60.
35 Bull and Newell, 213.
36 L’Espresso, 12 February 2009.
37 Ilvo Diamanti in LiMes, 29.
38 LiMes, 9; John Dickie in Barański and West (eds.), 29.
39 Ottone, 51, 185.
40 John Dickie in Barański and West (eds.), 29.
41 Massimo Nicolazzi in LiMes, 173–6.
42 Schiavone [1998], 111.
43 La Repubblica, 26 July 2009.
44 La Repubblica, 19 September 2009.
45 Barzini [1964], 190; Ginsborg [2001], xiii.
46 See for example the Guardian and the Independent of 6 April 2002.
47 Banfield, 10, 83.
48 Frei, 111.
49 Severgnini, [2008] 65.
50 Alexander Stille in the New York Review of Books, 4 December 2008; the Economist 15 November 2008.
51 Severgnini [2008], 66–8.
52 Dickie [2007], 328, 331.
53 Guerri, 69.
54 Tomasi di Lampedusa [1991], vol. 2, 372.
55 Conversation with the author, March 2008.
56 Severgnini [2008], 219.
57 Barzini [1964], 327.