Index

Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)

abbesses

abbots

British
Carolingian
Irish
social status

Abd al-Malik, calif

Abd al-Walid, calif

Abgar VIII of Osrhoene

Abraham

A.D. dating system

Admonitio Generalis (Charlemagne)

Adomnán, abbot of Iona

Adrianople

áes dana

Africa

churches
see also North Africa; the names of individual countries

afterlife see death and the afterlife

Agapetus, Pope

Agde, council of (506)

Agilulf, king of the Lombards

Agobard, archbishop of Lyons

agrarian rites

agrarian society

Aï Qanum

Aistulf, king of the Lombards

Aix-la-Chapelle see Aachen

al-Akhtal (Arab poet)

al-Mundhîr

Alans

Alaric I, king of the Visigoths

Alaric II, king of the Visigoths

Breviarium Alaricianum

Alban, Saint

Alcuin of York

Aldebert (heretic)

Alemanni

Alexander, Saint

Alexandria

patriarchs
population
Serapeum

almsgiving

alphabet

Christianity
division between Rome and Persia
literature
national identity
warrior aristocracy

alphabet, Armenian

Ambrose, bishop of Milan

Amida

Ammianus Marcellinus, Histories

amsâr

amulets

Ananias of Shirak

K’nnikon

Anastasius, emperor

Anastasius of Sinai

Stories to Strengthen the Faith

Anatolia

Christianization

Aneirin

Y Gododdin

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Anglo-Saxon language

Anglo-Saxon verse

Anglo-Saxons

‘Anjar

anmcharae (“soul friend”)

Annianus, bishop of Orléans

Anskar (Frankish missionary)

Anthony of Tagrit

Anthony the hermit

Antichrist

Antioch

patriarchs
population

Antirrheticus (Evagrius)

Antirrhetikos (Nicephorus)

Antrim, County

Apamea

Apennines

Apollos, Apa

“applied culture”

Aquileia

Arab culture

Arabian peninsula

Arabic language

spread

Arcadius, emperor

Arculf, bishop

“arguments in stone”

Ari Thorgilsson the Wise

Book of the Icelanders

Arianism

aristocracy

aristocratic swagger
aristocratization of the Church
bishops
early medieval Europe
Frankish
land ownership and wealth
literate
urban

Aristotle

Arius

Ark of the Covenant

Arles

Armagh monastery

Armenia

Armenian Church

Katholikos
Monophysitism

armies

Arab
barbarian militias
barbarian recruits
ethnic specificity
German
Roman
Themes

art

early medieval
frescoes
Islamic
mosaics
Muslim
see also crafts; icons

asceticism

ascetic missionaries
ascetic sensibility
desert saints
monastic discipline
penitential asceticism

Asia

Christianity in
Islam in

Athanasius, patriarch of Alexandria

Athens

atonement

see also penance

Attila the Hun

Aud the Deep-Minded

Augustine of Canterbury

at Canterbury
conversion of Britain

Augustine of Hippo, Saint

on baptism
City of God
Confessions
death
doctrine of election
and the Pelagian controversy
theology of grace

Aurelius Isidore

Ausonius of Bordeaux

Austrasia

Autun

Auvergne

Avarayr, battle of (451)

Avars

Axum

Aya Sofya see Hagia Sophia basilica

Baghdad

Balkans

conversion of
crisis

Balthild, queen

Bamburgh

Bangor

Banu Ghassân

baptism

adult
baptismal vows
enforced
fulwiht
godparents
infant
mass baptisms
potency
preparation for
transformative rite

barbarians

absorption of Roman frontier zone
“barbarian invasions”
Christianity
definitions
farmers
image of
nomads
oral culture
para-Roman world
Pirenne thesis
pre-Christian past
in Roman armies
Roman attitudes to
Roman collaboration with
settlements
warrior society

Bardaisan

The Book of the Laws of Countries

Barhebraeus (Gregory Abu al-Farâj)

Barontus (monk)

Barsanuphius of Gaza

Questions and Answers

Barsauma, bishop of Nisibis

basilicas

Gallic
“sacred theater”

Basra

Bath

Bauto (Frankish chieftain)

Bavaria

Bede the Venerable

death
Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation
Life of Cuthbert

Belisarius

Bell-Beaker culture

Benedict Biscop

Benedict, Saint

Rule

Benevento

Beowulf

Berbers

Berry

Bertha (wife of Ethelbert)

Bertram, bishop of Le Mans

Bewcastle

Bible

allegorical interpretation
copying and meditation on
explanation
Ten Commandments
Vulgate
see also Old Testament; Scriptures

Birka (Björkö)

bishops

arbiters of sin and repentance
aristocrats
Chalcedonian
church-building
city “fathers”
civic and episcopal power and activities
convergence of holiness and ecclesiastical office
entry into their cities
founders of monasteries
Frankish
Gallic
Gregory’s guidance for
Irish
judges in civil litigation
monk-bishops
Monophysites
and the pagan past
retinues
of Rome
and rural Christianity
social status
tools of imperial government
wealth

blood-money

boars

Bobbio

Boethius

Consolation of Philosophy

Bogu Qaghan

Boisil, prior

Boniface, Pope

Boniface, Saint

Book of Daniel

Book of History (Gregory of Tours)

Book of Job

Book of Kells

Book of Leviticus

The Book of Monsters

Book of the Icelanders (Air Thorgilsson the Wise)

The Book of the Laws of Countries (Bardaisan)

Book of Tobit

books

centers of book production
codices
copying
encyclopedic works
illuminated
Manichaean texts
material production
of penance see Penitentials
of rituals
treated as gifts
“wisdom literature”
see also libraries; translations

Boseth

Bostra

Bourges

Braga

Braudel, Fernand

Breviarium Alaricianum

Brigit, Saint

Brioude

Britain

Angli
Anglo-Saxons
Augustinian mission
burial hoards
Celtic hill-shrines
Christian language
Christianity
churches
civil wars
economic collapse
“folk Christianity”
gens Anglorum
gift-giving relationship
hill-forts
kings/kingdoms
Latin Christian culture
metropolitan bishops
“micro-Christendoms”
monasteries/monasticism
overlordship
post-imperial
Roman economy
Roman garrisons
Romano-Britons
Saxons
single “English nation”
warrior elite
written histories
see also Northumbria

British language

bubonic plague

Buddha

Buddhism

Bulayiq

Bulgars

Burdona see Jacob Baradaeus

Burgundians

Burgundofara

burial hoards

burial practices

burial beside saints and shrines
Byzantine Church
Christian
Frankish
Gallic
grave inscriptions
ship burials
theology of images
see also Orthodox Church

Byzantine empire

centralized
Iconoclast Controversy
“orthodox” belief systems
pressure of Muslim invasions
simplified society
see also east Roman empire

Caecilius (Berber ruler)

Caedmon

Caesarius, bishop of Arles

and paganism
problem of the mundus
sermons
weekday naming

calendar

A.D. dating system
regnal years
Roman “provincial era”

canon law

Canterbury

Capitulary on the Region of Saxony (Charlemagne)

Caratene, queen of the Burgundians

Caroline minuscule

Carolingian empire

Carolingian myth
court
instruction and control system
intense religious curiosity
program of correctio
technocrats

“Carolingian Renaissance”

Carthage

fall

Cassian see John Cassian

Cassiodorus

Institutes of Christian Culture
Variae

Catholic Church

Celestial Hierarchies (Pseudo-Dionysius)

Celestine, Pope

celibacy

clerical
see also virgins

Celsus

Celtic language

British
Old Irish

“Celtic Mediterranean”

cemeteries

Ceolfrith, abbot of Wearmouth

ceramics

Chad, bishop

Chalcedon

Chalcedonians

bishops
charismatic preachers

Charlemagne, emperor

Admonitio Generalis
on baptism
Capitulary on the Region of Saxony
concept of loyalty
conquest of the Lombards
coronation
death
invasion of Saxony
Life (Einhard)
new imperial order
program of correctio

Charles Martel (the Hammer)

Childeric, king of the Franks

Chinese empire

Chlothar III, king of the Franks

Chlothar, king of Neustria

Chlothild, queen

“Christian Law”

Christian Topography (Cosmas)

Christian visual imagination

Christianity

applied
aristocratic preoccupation
in Asia
in Britain
Christendom
Dark Age
democracy
early Church
early medieval
East Roman empire
Egypt
emphasis on Christ-like nature of common man
“folk Christianity”
“frontier Christianity”
in Gaul
Germany
Golden Age
grassroots movement
Great Persecution
Greek
interconnectivity
in Ireland
late antique
Latin
localization and diversity
as a minority religion
oral
Primitive Church
public welfare system
Roman empire
rural
salvation
in Scandinavia
spread
Syria
“top-down” view of establishment of Christian Church
universal religion
“vernacular”
Western

Christogram

Christological controversy

Chronicle of Zuqnîn

chronicle tradition

Church councils

Agde (506)
Chalcedon (451) (Great Prevarication)
Ephesus (431)
Frankfurt (794)
Hiereia (754)
Nicaea (325)
Nicaea (787)
Toledo (589–694)
Tours (813)
Whitby (664)

“Church of Satan”

Church of the Ascension, Jerusalem

Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem

churches

building complexes
church building
destruction
disendowment of rival churches
iconography of Latin churches
on pagan sites
visual magnificence
see also basilicas

Church–State conflict

cingulum militiae

Cirta

cities

councils
decay of post-Roman cities
East Roman empire
fortified
and imperial centralization
inner cities
Islamic garrison cities
local gods
local militia power bases
pagan monuments
populations
repeated sackings
Roman cities
trade associations and cultic brotherhoods
urban aristocracies

City of God (Saint Augustine)

civil wars

Britain
Germany
Islamic empire
Spain

Clement (heretic)

Clermont

climate

clothing

“barbarian”
Irish clergy
monks
and status

Clovis, king of the Franks

baptism
Gregory’s account
Lex Salica

Cluain Melsige (Clonmelsh)

Codex Amiatinus

Codex Grandior

Codex Justinianus

codices

see also books

Cogitosus, Life (of Saint Brigit)

Coifi (pagan high priest)

coinage

Arabic
Axum
Merovingian
Roman
solidi

colloquia

Cologne

Colum see Columbanus

Columba (of Iona), Saint

at Iona
Life of Columba

Columbanus, Saint

asceticism
in the Frankish world
and Gregory the Great
Letters
Life of Columbanus (Jonas)
Monastic Instructions

column saints

Comgall, abbot

commerce

and Christianity
decline of western Mediterranean commerce trading networks
Frisian

Companions of Muhammad

Compludo

concubinage

confession

auricular

Confession (Saint Patrick)

Confessions (Saint Augustine)

Consolation of Philosophy (Boethius)

Constantine, emperor

benefactions to the Church
conversion
death
rise to power
sense of imperial mission
suppression of paganism

Constantine IV, emperor

Constantine V, emperor

Constantine VI, emperor

Constantinople

Blue and Green factions
church of Saint Irene
fall (1453)
Haghia Sophia
Hippodrome
library
“New Rome”
Nika riot (532)
plague (543)
population
rise

Constantius II, emperor

convents

of Caesaria (Arles)
child novices
family foundations
Faremoutiers
Frankish
Gallic
powerhouses of atonement
powerhouses of prayer
of Radegund of Poitiers
“rules”
Spain
Tauberbischofsheim
wealth

conversion

forced
narratives
personal transformation through

Coptic language

Corbie monastery

Cornwall

Coroticus (British warlord)

correctio

Cosmas Indicopleustes (the India-Sailor)

Christian Topography

cosmological works

Council of (451)

countryside, Christianization of

crafts

ceramics
frescoes
jewelry
metalworking
silverware

“the Creeper” (Christian wrestler)

Cross

relics of
sign of
victorious power
victory-bringing sign

Ctesiphon

Cúl Drebene, battle of (561)

culture

Arab
creativity and retrenchment
ecclesiastical
Latin Christian
Latin secular
narrowing down
secular culture in “barbarian” West

“culture of wisdom”

Cummian (Cumméne the Tall)

Cunorix MacCullen

curse-tablets

Cuthbert, Saint

Cyprian, bishop of Carthage

Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria

daemones

see also demonic world

Dalriada Irish

Damascus

Great Mosque

dancers

Daniel

Daniel, bishop of Winchester

Danube valley

Dark Ages

Christianity
visual and artistic achievements

Dastkart

dating systems

A.D.
Muslim system
Roman “provincial era”

Dawson, Christopher

days of the week

deacons

death and the afterlife

Christianization of death
preoccupation with
triumph over death
Voyage of the Soul
see also Heaven; Hell

Defense of Holy Images(John of Damascus)

Demetrius, Saint

demonic world

Christian attitudes to
exorcism

Denmark

“depaganization” of Christians

Dermot mac Cerball

desert

Desert Christians/Fathers

see also hermits

Dhû Nuwâs

Dhuoda

Dialogues (Gregory the Great)

Digest (Tribonian)

Diocletian, emperor

Dionysius the Areopagite see Pseudo-Dionysius

Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria

divide and rule policy

divination

doctrinal unity

failure to impose

Dokkum

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

Dorestad (Duurstede)

Drachensberg

Dream of the Rood

druids

Drythelm

Dublin Bay

Dubtach maccu Lugair

Dura Europos

Eanbald

Eanfled, queen

East Roman empire

annual budget
Christianity
cities
collapse
crisis of identity
desert/world divide
destabilization of barbarian
kingdoms
diminished state
government
Islamic attacks
Monophysites
remnants of paganism
territorial area
war with Persian empire

Easter

date calculations
etymology
“Roman” Easter

Ecclesiastical Hierarchies (Pseudo-Dionysius)

Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (Bede)

Echternach

eclipses of the moon

Edda

Edessa

education

classical education
private education
uniformity

Edwin, king of Northumbria

Egfrith, king of Northumbria

Egypt

Christianity
government
monasteries/monasticism
Monophysite province
monotheism
remnants of paganism

Einhard

Life of Charlemagne

the elect

Eligius, Saint

Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo

Elishe Vardapet

Ella Atsbeha

Eloi see Eligius, Saint

Elvira

Emmanuel

“End of Ancient Christianity”

end of the world

see also Last Days/Last Judgment

Ephesus

council of (431)

Epic Histories (P’awst’os Buzand)

epic poetry

Frankish epics

Epifanij the Wise

Epiphanius, Apa

Epiphanius, bishop

Ercantrudis (nun)

Escomb

Ethelbert, king of Kent

Laws

Ethelburga (daughter of Ethelbert)

Ethiopia

Etymologies (Isidore of Seville)

Eucharist

Eugippius

The Life of Severinus

Euphemia (Monophysite)

Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea

Eutychius, patriarch of Constantinople

Evagrius of Pontos

Antirrheticus

execution, public

exiles

“exiles of God”
religious exiles

exorcism

fairy kingdom

Faremoutiers monastery

farming

fasting

Fathers of the Church

feasting

Feddersen Wierde

feis Temro

Felix III, Pope

Fénelon, François, bishop of Cambrai

Feofan (Theophanes) the Greek

Ferghil, abbot of Aghaboe see Vergil, bishop of Salzburg

Fergus mac Roich

Fertile Crescent

Finns

Firmus (of Carthage)

flint-stones

Florentius, abbot

“folk Christianity”

Fossa Carolina

Francia/Franks

aristocracy
bishops
chieftainship
clergy
formation of the Frankish kingdom
gift-giving relationship
international elite
landowning system
military ethos
mixed aristocracy
monasticism
warfare

Frankfurt, council of (794)

free will

Freising

French language

frescoes

Friderichus (of the Rugians)

Friesland

Frisia

“frontier” Christianity

Fulda

Fursa, abbot

Gafsa

Galen of Ephesus

Garonne valley

Gaul

aristocratization of the Church
barbarian raids
basilicas
bishops
burial practices
Christianity
convents
erosion of Latin culture
holy springs
Merovingian
monasteries
new aristocracy
potentes
religious experimentation
stability
veneration of the martyrs
warfare
see also Francia/Franks

Gaza

Geismar, sacred oak at

General Warningsee Admonitio Generalis (Charlemagne)

Genovefa, Saint

gentes

Gerald of Wales

German language

Germanus, bishop of Auxerre

Life of Germanus

Germany

“Apostle of Germany” (Saint Boniface)
armies
Carolingian “discovery” of
Carolingian instruction and control
Carolingian invasion of Saxony
cattle-tributes
Christianity
“Conversion of Germany”
Frankish landowning system
local chieftains, power of
monasteries
Old Saxons
paganism
peripheral Roman economy
program of correctio
recuperation of the past
tribal warfare
warrior society

Germia

Gertrude, abbess of Nivelles

Ghaerbald, bishop of Liège

Gibbon, Edward

Gibuldus, king of the Alemanni

gift-giving relationship

Britain
churches and monasteries
Franks
Ireland
popes and emperors
reciprocity

Gildas

On the Ruin of Britain

Giso, Queen of the Rugians

Glorious Raven see Bertram, bishop of Le Mans

Goar, king of the Alans

God

Allah
grace of
see also Jesus Christ

godparents

gods

classical mythology
and genealogies
local gods
lower gods
power of
sacrifice to
Scandinavian
source of energy
source of high skills
see also God

Gogo (referendarius)

Goodmanham

Gospel Harmony

Gospel of Saint Luke

Gothic age

Goths

see also Visigoths

Gottschalk (theologian)

grace of God

Grand Narrative of European history

Great Liturgy

Great Mosque, Damascus

Great Persecution

Great Prevarication (Council of Chalcedon)

Greek Christianity

Greek Fathers

“Greek fire”

Greek scholarship

Greenland

Gregorius, Georgius Florentius see Gregory, bishop of Tours

Gregory, bishop of Tours

Book of History
books of Wonders

Gregory I, pope (Gregory the Great)

and biblical allegory
“care of souls”
and Columbanus
at Constantinople
correspondence
“culture of wisdom”
death
Dialogues
on exercise of spiritual power
Homilies on the Gospels
Life
mission to Britain
monk
Moralia in Job
papal office
praedicator
Prefect of Rome
Regestum
Regula Pastoralis
on sin and penance
on “worldly wisdom”

Gregory Nazianzen

Grigor (“Gregory the Illuminator”)

Groningen

Gudme

Guntram Boso

hack silver

Hadiths

Hadrian, pope

Hadrian’s Wall

Hagia Sophia basilica

hagiography

hair shirts

hairstyles

declaration of identity
see also tonsure

Harald Bluetooth of Denmark

Harald Klak, king of Denmark

Harran

Harun al-Rashid

healing

Heaven

Heavenfield, battle of (635)

Hedeby

Helena (mother of Constantine)

Heliand, The Savior

Hell

“Hellenes”

Hellenism, eastern

Hemmaberg

Hengist and Horsa

Heraclius, emperor

heretics

hermits

Hesse

Hesychius, bishop of Salona

Hexham abbey

Hezekiah of Israel

hijra

Hilary, bishop of Arles

Hild, abbess

Hippo

Hira

Hisham Palace

Histories (Ammianus Marcellinus)

Histories (Monophysite)

History against the Pagans (Orosius)

Hlodovechsee Clovis, king of the Franks

Holland

Holy Commonwealth

Holy Island see Lindisfarne

holy men and women

ascetics
icons
Monophysites
spiritual guides
see also saints

holy pictures see icons

Holy Spirit

holy war (jihâd)

homilies

Homilies on the Gospels (Gregory)

honor

clerical
codes
compensation for damaged honor

Honoratus, Saint

horse-archers

horses

horse-sacrifice
horseflesh, eating
stirrups
in warfare

Hoxne hoard

Hsian-fu

Hunayn ibn Ishaq

Huneberc (Anglo-Saxon nun)

Huns

hunting

Hydatius, bishop of Chaves

Chronicle

hymns

Ibas of Edessa

Iceland

conversion of
literature
Sagas

Iconoclast Controversy

First Iconoclasm
Iconoclasts
Iconophiles/Iconodules
Second Iconoclasm
theology of images

icons

“clericalized” devotion
enkolpia
link to Christ and the Apostles
miraculous
protective function
sense of privacy
veneration

Iliad (Homer)

Illerup

images

cult of
talismans
theology of
see also icons

imaginative landscape

incest

Index of Superstitions and Pagan Practices

infanticide

Ingelheim

Institutes of Christian Culture (Cassiodorus)

Institutions of the Monastic Life (Cassian)

Iona

Iraq

Ireland

áes dana
anmcharae (“soul friend”)
base clients
brithemain
British Christian slaves
cattle raids
Celtic
centers of learning
Christian communities
Christianity
clergy
“conversion” of
cultural riches
Dalriada Irish
druids
First Synod of Saint Patrick
gift-giving relationship
hagiography
introduction of literacy
Irish literature
kings/kingdoms
laech
Latin Christian culture
law of damages
laws
legal texts
Lughnasa festival
manaig
Mass priests
“micro-Christendoms”
monasteries/monasticism
ogham script
Old Irish
paganism
Palladius’ mission
penitential practices
poetry
pre-Christian Ireland
sapientes
Síde (“the Other Side”)
sixth-century
slaves
stratified society
taboos, codification of
túath
warrior elite

Isidore, bishop of Seville

Etymologies

Isidore of Pelusium

Islam

Christian attitudes to
Christians under
conversions
criticism of contemporary Christian practice
and the debate on images
Eastern Church under
emergence
Islamization of Near East
Jews under
Muslim art and architecture

Islamic empire

Arab conquests
attacks on East Roman empire
civil wars
creation of Arabic historical tradition
feuds
garrison cities
public face

Italy

economic depression
Frankish invasion
“geographical expression”
Lombard invasion
new “Roman” empire
reconquest by Justinian

Jacob Baradaeus, bishop of Edessa

Jacobites see Monophysites

Jafnid family

Jarrow

Jebel Sem’an

Jelling

Jerash

Jericho

Jerome, Saint

Jerusalem

Church of the Ascension
Church of the Holy Sepulcher
Dome of the Rock
fall (618)
Heavenly Jerusalem
Temple

Jesus Christ

Christological Controversy
Crucifixion
divine and human nature
icons
Incarnation
Islamic attitudes to
“Monothelite” controversy

jewelry

barbarian
Irish

Jews

enforced baptism
under Islamic empire
and the Messiah
and the worship of images

jihâd

jizya tax

Joazeira

John bar Penkâye

John, bishop of Ephesus

Lives of the Eastern Saints

John Cassian

Conferences
Institutions of the Monastic Life

John Lydus

John Moschus

John of Damascus (John Damascene)

Defense of Holy Images

John of Tella

John the Persian

Jonas (biographer of Columbanus)

Jordan

Judaism

almsgiving

Julian, archbishop of Toledo

Julian, Saint

Julian the Apostate, emperor

Julius Africanus

Justin, emperor

Justinian, emperor

Codex Justinianus
condemnation of Three Chapters
death
invasion of southern Spain
orthodoxy
Procopius’ account
quest for religious unity
reconquest of Italy and Africa
suppression of paganism

Jutland

Ka’ba, Mecca

Kalends of January (Roman festival)

Karabalghasun

Katholikoi (of Armenia)

Kebra Nagast

Kerala

Kerkuk

Khan Krum

Khirbet al-Mafjar

Khusro I Anoshirwan, king of Persia

Khusro II Aparwez, king of Persia

Kiev

conversion

Kildare monastery

kingship

genealogy
identification with civilization
sacral
see also gift-giving relationship

Kirgizstan

K’nnikon (Ananaias of Shirak)

kontakion

Kufa

laech

laity

Ireland
monastic endowments
pursuit of piety

languages

linguistic boundaries of Europe
liturgical
“profane” languages
see also the names of individual languages

laos

Lapps

Last Days/Last Judgment

Latin culture

Christian
erosion
oral transmission

Latin language

consolidation
“correct” Latin
fixed pronunciation
legal
loan words
Roman
“rustic”
sub-Latin

law

canon
“Christian Law”
Irish
“law of the face”
Mongol
natural
Roman
Scriptural
Visigothic codes

Law of Innocents

Laws (Ethelbert, king of Kent)

Lazar of Pharp (or P’arp)

Le Mans

Leander, bishop of Seville

Leeuwarden

Leo I, pope (Leo the Great)

and the Christological controversy
Tome

Leo III, emperor

Leo III, pope

Leo V, emperor

Leoba (Anglo-Saxon nun)

Leontius of Neapolis

Lérins

Letter from Heaven

Letter to Coroticus (Saint Patrick)

Leubella (prophetess)

Lex Salica

libraries

assembling
Constantinople
monastic
Rome
Vivarium
Wearmouth

Libri Carolini

Liège

Life of Anskar (Rimbert)

Life of Anthony (Athanasius)

Life of Charlemagne (Einhard)

Life of Mani

Life of Martin (Severus)

Life of Severinus (Eugippius)

limes

Lindisfarne (Holy Island)

literacy

active
grammar
historical narratives
introduction into Ireland
passive
practical

literature

Armenian
chronicle tradition
Greek Church
Irish
Latin
Latin Christian
Patristic Age
see also poetry

Lives of the Eastern Saints (John of Ephesus)

livestock

Loire valley

Lombards

invasion of Italy

London

Lorch

Louis the Pious, emperor

loyalty

and autonomy
Charlemagne and
local loyalties
oaths of
and pietas
to the Roman state
soldier’s oath of

Lughnasa festival

Luni

Lupercalia ceremony

Luxeuil monastery

Lyons

Maccabees

Madaura

Magi

magic

Mainz

Maiouma

Malaia Pereščepina

Mamertus, bishop of Vienne

manaig

Mani

Manichaean psalm book

Manichaeism

Mansûr (of Damascus)

Mansûr bar Sarjûn see John of Damascus

Marburg

Marcia (Christian concubine)

Marcian, emperor

Marcus Aurelius, Meditations

marriage

marital intercourse
polygamy
prohibited degrees of
widows

Marseilles

Martel, Charles see Charles Martel (the Hammer)

Martin I, pope

Martin of Tours, Saint

Life of Martin (Severus)
tomb

martyrdom

festivals of martyrs
holy war martyrs
sign of power of Christ
women

Mass

priests
see also Eucharist

Maurice, emperor

Maxentius

Maximus the Confessor

Mecca

Medina

The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (Braudel)

Mediterranean region

intensification patterns
Pirenne unity thesis

megalithic culture

Melania the Elder

Melkites see Chalcedonians

Melrose

Menas, Saint

Menelik (son of Solomon)

menhirs

Merovingians

Merv

Mesopotamia

Mesrop Mashtots

metalworking

Metz

Michael, Archangel

Michael II, emperor

Michael the Syrian

“micro-Christendoms”

Britain
Ireland
Spain

“middle ground”

Milan

milestones

Milvian Bridge, battle of (312)

Mimar Sinan

minuscule script

miracles

mission civilisatrice

missionaries

ascetic missionaries
exchange of “symbolic goods”
image of
Manichaeans
Monophysites
Nestorians

Mohammed and Charlemagne (Pirenne)

Moldavia

monachos

monasteries

amelioration of sinners
Arabian peninsula
association with shrines
competition
“desert” monasteries
double monasteries
endowments
episcopal founders
family foundations
Frankish
Gallic
Germany
gift-giving relationship
grants of immunity
Ireland
Italy
landholdings
Latin scholarship
Mesopotamia
microcosms of local society
otherworldly self-image
poverty
powerhouses of atonement
powerhouses of prayer
retired warriors in
sacred spaces
symbiosis with laity
Syriac
wealth

monasticism

changing role
Egyptian
Frankish
geographical shift
increasing prominence
low-profile early monasticism
in Mediterranean western Europe
monastic discipline
monastic “Rules”
oblation
stability and political success
see also monasteries; monks

Mongolia

monks

and alms
child novices
dress
education
exiles
last great myth-makers
self-mortification
shared values with lay protectors
tonsure

Monkwearmouth see Wearmouth

Monophysites

Armenia
East Roman empire
Histories
holy men
missionaries
opposition to Council of Chalcedon
radical Christology
region-wide networks
theology

monotheism

“Monothelite” controversy

Monte Cassino monastery

Moorish kings

Moralia in Job (Gregory)

moralitas

mosaics

Moses

mosques

Mren

Mu’awiya, calif

Much Wenlock

Muhammad

Companions of
death of
hijra to Medina

Muirchú moccu Machtheni

Life (of Patricius)

mundus (natural world)

musical notation

Muslims see Islam

myth-making

Najrân

Narsai

Nestorians

Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople

Neuillé-le-Lierre

Neustria

New Grange

New Hellenism

“New Rome” see Constantinople

Nicaea

council of (325)
council of (787) (Iconophile Council)

Nicene Creed

Nicephorus, emperor

Nicephorus, patriarch

Antirrhetikos

Nieul-les-Saintes

Nihâwand

Nika riot, Constantinople (532)

Nisibis (Nusaybin)

nodfyr (“fire of need”)

nomads

Noricum

Normandy

North Africa

ceramics
Christian states
reconquest by Justinian

Northmen

conversion
expeditions
Viking raids
see also Scandinavia

Northumbria

Christianization
diversity of local ecclesiastical cultures
“Golden Age of Northumbria”
“micro-Christendoms”
vernacular visionary culture

Norway

Novgorod

Nubia

numerals

Arabic
Roman

nuns

see also convents

Oak of Thunor

oblation

Odin

Odoacer

Offa, king of Mercia

Offa’s Dyke

ogham script

Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway

Old Irish

Old Saxons

Old Testament

appeal to Old Testament models
justification of pre-Christian practices
Latin translations
as model for Christian piety

On Germany (Tacitus)

On the Ruin of Britain (Gildas)

O’Neill dynasty (Ireland)

oracles

oral Christianity

oral culture

ordosee town councils

Origen of Alexandria

Orléans

Orosius

History against the Pagans

Orthodox Church

Osrhoene

Ostbornholm

ostraka

Ostrogoths

Oswald of Northumbria

Oswy, king of Northumbria

outlaws

Oxyrhynchus

paganism

Germany
Ireland
northern
suppression of
survivals

Palestine

monasticism

Palladius

Panjikent

Pannonia

papacy

appeals/petitions to
patronage and administration network
subject to East Roman empire
see also entries for individual popes

Paradise

artistic representation
Christian
desire for
on earth
Muslim
visions of

Paris

churches and shrines

parishes

Parthian kingdom

Pascha see Easter

Passover

past and present, tension between

pastoralists

Patricius see Patrick, Saint

Patrick, Saint

Confession
Letter to Coroticus
Life (Muirchú moccu Machtheni)

Patristic Age

Patroclus (hermit)

Paul, Saint

Paulinus, archbishop of York

Paulinus, bishop of Nola

Pavia

P’awstos Buzanderan (Faustus the Bard)

Epic Histories

peasantry

control of
Dark Ages
farming economy
runaway serfs
seigneurial system

Pehlevi language

Pelagianism

Pelagian Controversy

Pelagius

Pelusium

penance

Augustinian view
elective element
Gregorian view
group penance
Irish penitential practices
medicamenta paenitentiae
perpetual penance
public penance
restoring the honor of God
“tariffed penance”
in the Western Church

Penitentials

peregrinatio

perfection, attainment of

Perpetuus, bishop of Tours

Persia

Church in
Sasanian dynasty
war with East Roman empire
Zoroastrianism

Peter the Iberian, bishop of Maiouma

Peterborough

philosophy

Christian
and morality

Phrygia

pietas

piety

lay pursuit of

pilgrimage

Pippin of Herstal

pirates

Greeks
Saxons

Pirenne, Henri

Platonic mysticism

Po valley

poetry

Anglo-Saxon
Arabic
Christian
epic
Irish

Poitiers

battle of (733)
Holy Cross convent

polygamy

polytheism

coexistence with Christianity
see also paganism

Portugal

Potho, abbot of San Vincenzo

poverty, and Christian charity

power

condescensio
spiritual

praedicatio

prayer

communal
frequency
spiritual guides

predestination

Procopius of Caesarea

Secret History

prophetesses

Prosper of Aquitaine

Provence

Psalms of David

Pseudo-Dionysius

Celestial Hierarchies
Ecclesiastical Hierarchies

public building traditions

purgatory

Qâdisiyya

Qenneshre

qeryana

Questions and Answers

Qur’ân

Quryash family

Radbod (Frisian chieftain)

Radegund of Poitiers

Ragnachar of Cambrai

Ravenna

fall
Lombard occupation
San Vitale
Sant’Apollinare Nuovo

ravens

Reccared, king of the Visigoths

rectores

Redwald, king of East Anglia

Regensburg

Regestum (Gregory)

Regula Pastoralis (Gregory)

Reichenau monastery

relics

Holy Cross

religiones

reliquaries

Remigius, bishop of Rheims

repentance

and almsgiving
see also atonement; penance

Repton

res sacratae

Resafa

Resh’aina

reverentia

Rhine valley

Rhône valley

Rihab

Rimbert, Life of Anskar

Ripon

ritual

Adoration of the Cross
agrarian rites
books of
borrowing between pagans and Christians
consolidation
Great Liturgy
healing rituals
“high” liturgical language
lay rituals
see also burial practices

Rogation processions

Roma Invicta

Romagna

Roman empire

aristocratic collaboration with non-Roman warlords
barbarian invasions
centralization
Christianity
collapse of Western empire
command economy
“downsizing”
economic collapse
end of Roman peace
frontiers
“Golden Age”
government
imperial court
indirect rule
provinces
religion
religiously neutral public culture
taxation
Tetrarchy
see also East Roman empire; Rome

Romance languages

Romani

Romanos Melodes

Rome

archaic pagan ceremonies
bankruptcy
basilicas
bishops of
Christian
Christian relics
emptying and neglect of
falls to Justinian
frontier city of East Roman empire
libraries
monuments
new social order
patrimony of Saint Peter
population
re-creation
Roman clergy
sack of (410)
Saint Peter’s
San Cosmà e Damiano
San Giovanni in Laterano
San Stefano Rotondo
Santa Constanza
Sant’Agnese
senatorial aristocracy

Romulus and Remus

Romulus Augustulus, emperor

Rugi

Rule (Saint Benedict)

Rûm

see also East Roman empire

Rûmi

runes

rural Church

Rus’

Russia

Russian Orthodoxy

rustici

Ruthwell

“Sacramentary of King Pippin”

sacraments

sacred and profane

bridged by gift-giving
separation

sacred landscapes

“sacred theater”

sacrifice

animal
horse
human

Sa’d bar Abî Waqqâs

saeculum

Sagas

Saint Germigny-des-Prés

Saint Sabas monastery

Saint Thomas’ Christians

saints

column saints
continued presence of
cult of
deathbeds
desert saints
icons
intercessors
patron saints
veneration of
see also hagiography

Salic Law

Salona, bishop of

salvation

Salzburg

San Vincenzo monastery

San Vitale church, Ravenna

sancta respublica

Saône valley

sapientes

sarcophagi

Sardis

Sarjûn (of Damascus)

Sasanian dynasty

Saxons

in Britain
ideas of the sacred
pirates

Saxony

“frontier” province

Sayings of the Fathers

Scandinavia

Christ as Frankish god
Christianity
Northmen
paganism
territorial reach
see also the names of individual countries

schismatics

Scotland

scotti (sea-rovers)

script

ogham

scriptoria

scripts

Caroline minuscule
minuscule
punctuation
runic
uncial

Scriptures

copying
divine law
exegesis
manifestation of the will of God
qeryana (“reading aloud”)
textual community
see also Bible; Old Testament

seasonal festivals

Sebbi, king of Essex

Seine valley

Semirechye

Senchas Már

Seneca

Serapeum of Alexandria

Sergius (Christian martyr)

Severinus of Noricum

Life of Severinus (Eugippius)

Severus of Antioch

Severus of Sebokht

Sevso

sexual codes and practices

sexual sins

shamanism

Shapur II, king of Persia

Shenoute of Atripe

Shirin (wife of Khusro II)

shrines

Christian
Islamic
and monasteries
pagan

Shubhhal-Isho’, Mar

Sicily

Síde (“the Other Side”)

Sidonius Apollinaris, bishop of Clermont-Ferrand

Siegfried

sign of the Cross

Silk Route

silverware

sin

atonement
calibration of
capital sins
confession
districtio
inner cross-examination
new language of
new view of
and repentance
retribution for
unatoned sin
in the Western Church

Sinkepha

Sinkiang

Sisetrudis (nun)

Sklaviniai

slave trade

British Christian slaves
Christian slave-owners
slave-raiding

Slavs

Slovenia

Snorri Sturluson

Sagas

Soghdians

Soissons

Spain

Arab conquest
civil wars
competition with East Roman empire
erosion of Latin culture
imperial garrisons
Justinian’s invasion
“micro-Christendom”
monasteries
Visigothic

spells

spiritual guidance

Spoleto

St. Gall, monastery

stelae

Stellinga

Stephen II, pope

Stephen the Younger, Saint

Stoic sages

Stonehenge

Stories to Strengthen the Faith (Anastasius)

Streanaeshalch see Whitby

Sturla (father of Snorri Sturluson)

stylite hermits

Subiaco

Sulpicius Severus

supernatural, attitudes towards

see also demonic world

superstitio

superstitious practices

Susanna (Monophysite)

Sutra of the Causes and Effects of Actions

Sutton Hoo

Sweden

swords

“symbolic goods”

“symbolic systems”

Symeon (hermit)

Symeon the Stylite, Saint

Symeon the Younger

Symmachus, prefect of Rome

synagogues

Syria

agrarian society
biculturalism
charismatic preachers
Christianity
holy men
Justinian’s theological politics
monasteries/monasticism
Monophysite clergy
weakening of imperial control

Syriac language

Syriac literature

taboos

codification of

Tacitus, On Germany

Taín (Tale of the Cattle Raid of Cooley)

talismans

Tara Brooch

Tarsus

Tauberbischofsheim

taxation

administration
clerical immunity
jizya tax
Roman empire
tithes

Tembris valley

temples, closing and destruction of

temptation

Tetrarchy

Thagaste

theaters

Themes

Theodora (consort of Justinian/empress)

Theodore, abbot of Studios

Theodore abu Qurrah

Theodore of Mopsuestia

Theodore of Tarsus

Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus

Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths

Theodosian Code

Theodosiopolis

Theodosius I, emperor

Theodosius II, emperor

Theodulph, bishop of Orléans

Theophilus, emperor

Theophilus of Edessa

Theotokos

Thessalonica

massacre at

Theuderic II, king of the Franks

Thiota (prophetess)

Thorbjorg (prophetess)

Thorgeir of Ljosvatn

Thrace

Three Chapters

“thunderstones”

Thuringia

Timothy I, Katholikos

Tintagel

tithes

Titus Praxias

Toledo

Tome (Leo I)

tonsure

Celtic
Roman

Touareg language

Toulouse

Touraine

Tournai

Tours

council of (813)
tomb of Saint Martin of Tours

trade associations and cultic brotherhoods

translations

of the Bible
Greek texts
Syriac

Travancore

Trdat III

trees

Christian symbolism
sacred

Tribonian (lawyer)

Trier

“Triumph of Orthodoxy” (843)

Trondheim

túath

Tyché

Uighur empire

Ukraine

Ultán (Irish monk)

Ummayad Empire

collapse

Undley, Suffolk

“unity” of Western Europe

commercial unity notion
and diversity
evaporation
Pirenne thesis
“Roman” unity

upper class

creation
ethnic specificity
fragile monopoly of Christianity
militarization
see also aristocracy

Urnfield Period

Utrecht

Valens, emperor

Vandals

Vardan Mamikonian

Venantius Fortunatus

Verden

Vergil, bishop of Salzburg

“vernacular” Christianity

vernacular visionary culture

Vienne

Vigilius, Pope

Viking raids

villages

villas, Roman

Vinniau (Saint Findbarr)

violence

buying off
regulation of

Virgin Mary

cult of
icons

virgins

high value placed on
sanctity
see also nuns

Visigoths

Arian Visigoths
Catholicism
legislators
sack of Rome
in Spain

visionaries

visual imagination, schooling

Vitalian, pope

Vivarium

Volturno

Volubilis

votive offerings

Vouillé, battle of (507)

Voyage of the Soul

Walbert (of Wildeshausen)

Walcaud, bishop of Liège

Wales

wandering preachers

warrior society

Armenia
barbarians
Britain
Germany
Ireland
Water Newton church

wealth

bishops
convents and monasteries
mobilization of
Roman aristocracy

Wearmouth (later Monkwearmouth)

monastery

Welsh language

Whitby

council of (664)

widows

Widukind (Saxon noble)

Wildeshausen

Wilfrid, bishop of York

deposition

Willibald, bishop of Eichstätt

Willibrord

calendar

“wisdom literature”

Wittislingen

Woden

women

abbesses
in the Christian Church
cultic sisterhoods
martyrdom
and piety
prophetesses
reclusiveness
virgins
widows
see also nuns; Virgin Mary

Wonders, books of (Gregory)

“worldly wisdom”

written vernacular

Wroxeter

Wynfrith see Boniface, Saint

Y Gododdin (Aneirin)

Yazdin of Kerkuk

Yazdkart II, king of Persia

Yazid II, calif

Yeavering

Yemen

York

Zacharias II, pope

Zoroastrianism

Zuqnîn