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The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
A
active control group
addition, general rule of
adjusted standardized residual
allocation ratio
alpha (α)
alternative hypothesis (Ha)
analysis of variance (ANOVA)
assumptions
equal variance assumption
F-statistic
mean square between
mean square within
multiple regression
null/alternative hypotheses
P-value
post hoc comparisons
regression
ANOVA table
area under the curve
arithmetic average
assumed value of p is wrong explanation
asymmetrical distributions
attribute variables
average
average risk
axis multiplier
B
back-to-back stemplots
bar charts
baseline relative risk
Bayes’ theorem
Bernoulli trials
beta (β)
bias
confounding
nonresponse
selection
survey
volunteer
biased selection explanation
bimodal distributions
BINOMDIST
binomial coefficient
binomial probabilities
binomial probability distributions
binomial random variables
expected value and variance of
calculating binomial probabilities
cumulative probabilities
judgment, and
probability calculators
binomial probability mass functions (pmfs)
binomial random variables
expected value and variance of
probability mass function for
biostatistics
bivariate Normality
blinding
Bonferroni’s method
Bound for Glory (Guthrie)
box-and-whiskers plots (boxplots)
boxplots. See box-and-whiskers plots
Cargo Cult science
case–control sample
data
hypothesis test
matched-pair table for
multiple levels of exposure
odds ratio
case–referent samples. See case–control sample
categorical explanatory variables in regression models
categorical measurements
cdf. See cumulative distribution function
census
central limit theorem
central location
comparison
mean
median
mode
ceteris paribus
chance explanation
Chebychev’s rule
chi-square distributions
chi-square statistics
chi-square table
chi-square test
of association
hypotheses
P-value
test statistic
equivalence
for statistical interaction
choose function
class-interval frequency table
class intervals
cluster
cluster samples
coefficient of determination (r2)
coefficient of variation (CV)
cohort sample
coin flips
column percents
common logarithm
comparative studies
blinding
confounding
ethics
experimental studies
explanatory variable and response variable
factors and treatments
nonexperimental studies
observational studies
random assignment of treatments
comparing independent means
equal variance t procedure
exploratory and descriptive statistics
inference about the mean difference
minimal detectable difference
paired vs. independent samples
power
sample size
comparing several means
ANOVA. See analysis of variance
Bonferroni’s method
descriptive statistics
equal variance assumption
Kruskal–Wallis test
least squares difference method
Levene’s test
non-Normality/unequal variance
nonparametric tests
post hoc comparisons
problem of multiple comparisons
comparing two proportions. See also inference about a proportion
data
hypothesis test
notation
power
proportion difference
proportion ratio
sample size
systematic sources of error
complement
concordant pairs
conditional percents
conditional probability
confidence
confidence intervals
general formula
hypothesis testing, and
inference about a mean
inference about a proportion
length
Mantel–Haenszel methods
margin of error
95% confidence interval
for odds ratio
other levels of confidence
population correlation coefficient
population slope
random sampling error
reasoning behind
relative risk
for risk difference
sample size
schematic
and test
what confidence means
width of interval
confidence level of confidence interval
confidence limit for odds ratio
confounded correlation
confounders
confounding
contagious events
contingency table
continuity-corrected (Yates’) chi-square statistic
continuity correction
continuous probability distributions
continuous random variables
continuous variable
controlled trials
correlation
bivariate Normality
causation
conditions for inference
confounded
data
direction
examples
influential observations
linear relations
outliers
population correlation coefficient
reversible relationship
scatterplot
strength
correlation coefficient (r)
slope coefficient and
correlation matrix
counts
critical value
cross-product ratio
cross-sectional sample
cross-tabulated counts
case–control samples
chi-square test of association
cohort samples
conditional percents
continuity-corrected (Yates’) chi-square statistic
marginal percents
matched pairs. See matched pairs
naturalistic sample
odds ratio
ordinal explanatory variable
ordinal response variable
Pearson’s chi-square statistic
purposive cohort sample
R-by-C contingency table
residuals
test for trend
crude relative risk
cumulative distribution function (cdf)
cumulative frequency
cumulative incidence
cumulative probabilities
for standard normal random variable
CV. See coefficient of variation
data collection form
data quality
meaningful measurements
measurement inaccuracies types
data table
de Moivre, Abraham
degrees of freedom (df)
degrees of freedom between
degrees of freedom within
DELTA
dependent variable
depth
descriptive statistics
deviation
difference worth detecting
differential misclassification
direction of association
discordant pairs
discrete random variables
disjoint events
distributional shape
Doll, Richard
dotplot
double-blinded study
drop-out rate
dummy variable
E
endpoint conventions
equal variance (homoscedasticity)
equal variance assumption
equal variance t-procedure
equipoise
estimated standard error of the risk difference
estimation
ethics
event
exact binomial method
exact confidence interval
exact tests
comparing two proportions
inference about a proportion
matched pairs
expected frequencies
expected value
expected z-scores
experimental studies
explanatory variable
exploratory plots
exploratory statistics
exposure score
F
F-distributions
F-statistic
factorial function
factors
false-positive rate
family-wise error rate
Farr, William
fences
Feynman, Richard
Fisher, R. A.
Fisher’s exact test
Fisher’s tea challenge
five-point summary
form
frequency
frequency charts
frequency distribution
bar charts
class-interval frequency table
frequency polygons
frequency table
histograms
pie charts
stem-and-leaf plot. See stemplot
frequency polygons
frequency table
G
garbage in, garbage out (GIGO)
Gauss, Johann Carl Friedrich
Gaussian distribution. See also normal probability distributions
general rule of addition
general rule of multiplication
GIGO. See garbage in, garbage out
Gosset, William Sealy
grand mean
gravitational center
group variance, assessing
grouped data, class-interval frequency table
H
health insurance coverage
hepatitis C virus (HCV) trial
heterogeneity test
heteroscedasticity
hinge method
hinge spread
hinges
histograms
homoscedasticity
hypertension trial
hypothesis testing
alpha (α)
alternative hypothesis (Ha)
beta (β)
case–control samples
confidence
and confidence interval
exact test
mid-P method
normal approximation method
Normality assumption
null hypothesis
one-sample z-test
P-value
paired samples
power (1–β)
sample size
significance level and conclusion
steps in process
test statistic
type I error
type II error
z-statistic
z-test
hypothetical population
I
imprecision
inaccuracies measurement
incidence
incidence density sampling
incidence (risk) differences
incidence proportions
independence, sampling
independent events
independent samples
independent t-procedures
independent t-test
independent variable
indicator variable
“INE”
infer population
inference. See statistical inference
inference about a mean
conditions for
confidence interval
degree of freedom
one-sample t-test
paired samples. See paired samples
power
sample size
for confidence interval
for hypothesis test
standard error of mean
Student’s t-distributions
inference about a proportion. See also comparing two proportions
confidence interval
exact binomial method
Fisher’s exact test
hypothesis test
incidence proportions
mid-P test
normal approximation method
plus-four method
power
prevalence proportions
sample size requirements
sampling distribution of proportion
inference about the mean difference
influential observations
inside values
institutional review boards (IRBs)
interaction
intercept
interquartile range (IQR)
intersect
interval estimation
IQR. See interquartile range
IRBs. See institutional review boards
Irish healthcare websites
J
judgment about observed number of cases
K
Kruskal–Wallis test
kurtosis
L
Laplace, Pierre-Simon
law of large numbers
LCL. See lower confidence limit
least squares difference (LSD) method
least squares method
least squares regression line
leptokurtic
levels of confidence. See confidence intervals
Levene’s test
“line”
linear
linearity
location
logarithmic transformations
logarithms
lower confidence limit (LCL)
lower inside value
lower outside values
LSD method. See least squares difference method
lurking factors
lurking variables
M
Mantel–Haenszel methods
effect, summary measure of
test statistic
Mantel–Haenszel procedure
Mantel–Haenszel summary odds ratio
Mantel–Haenszel summary relative risk
Mantel–Haenszel test statistic
margin of error
marginal distributions
marginal percents
matched pairs
concordant/discordant pairs
confidence interval
data
hypothesis test
exact test
normal approximation method
odds ratio
matching
mathematical transforms
McNemar test
mean
of binomial random variable
from frequency table
functions
mean square between (MSB)
mean square regression
mean square residual
mean square within (MSW)
meaningful measurements
measurement
of central location. See central location
data organization
data quality
defined
scales types
median
mesokurtic
mid-P test
minimal detectable difference
modality
mode
moderate negative correlation
moderate positive correlation
MRFIT. See Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trail
MSB. See mean square between
multiple coefficient of determination (R2)
multiple correlation coefficient (R)
multiple linear regression
ANOVA
basic concepts
conditions
dependent/independent variables
indicator/dummy variables
mean square regression
mean square residual
multiple coefficient of determination
multiple correlation coefficient
regression coefficients
response plane
response surface
SPSS
standard error of multiple regression
multiple regression
Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trail (MRFIT)
multiplication, general rule of
multistage sampling techniques
N
natural logarithms
naturalistic samples
negative correlation
negative skew
Q-Q plots
95% confidence interval
nominal variables
non-Normality, comparing group means
nondifferential misclassification
nonexperimental studies
nonparametric tests
Kruskal–Wallis test
nonresponse bias
nonuniform class intervals
normal approximation method
normal approximation to the binomial
Normal probability distributions
area under the curve
characteristics
defining mathematical function
departures from Normality
finding values corresponding to
heuristic example
mean
points of inflection
probabilities for Normal random variables ranges
Q-Q plots
reexpression
68–95–99.7 rule
standard deviation
Standard Normal table
standardizing values
tails of
z-scores
Normal probability (Q-Q) plot
normal random variable, cumulative probabilities for
Normal rule
normality
Normality assumption
null hypothesis (H0)
numeric variable
O
objectivity
observation
observational studies
observed frequencies
odds
odds in group
odds ratio
(1 − α)100% confidence interval for μ1–μ2
one-sample t-test
one-sample z-test
one-sided alternative hypothesis
one-way ANOVA. See also analysis of variance (ANOVA)
ordered array
ordinal explanatory variable
ordinal measurements
ordinal response variable
outliers
outside values
P-value
paired samples
confidence interval for μd
data
exploration and description
hypothesis test
parameters
pdf. See probability density functions
Pearson’s chi-square statistic
perfect negative correlation
perfect positive correlation
pie charts
placebo
placebo effect
platykurtic distribution
plus-four method
pmf. See probability mass function
point estimation
point estimator
points of inflection
poliomyelitis trial
pooled degrees of freedom
pooled estimate of standard error (SEpooled)
pooled estimate of variance
pooled variance t-procedure
population
population correlation coefficient (r)
confidence interval for
statistical inference
population regression model
population slope
positive correlation
positive skew
Q-Q plots
post hoc comparisons
Bonferroni’s method
least squares difference method
power
comparing independent means
comparing two proportions
inference about a mean
inference about a proportion
inference about mean
Pr(A)
precise
predicted Y
predictive value of positive test
prevalence
prevalence differences
prevalence proportion
prevalence ratio
probability
area under the curve
basic principles
Bayes’ theorem
calculators
complement
conditional probability
continuous probability distributions
disjoint events
general rule of addition
general rule of multiplication
independent events
pmf
properties of
range of possible probabilities
repetitive process
terminology/notation
total probability
total probability rule
probability density functions (pdf)
probability distributions. See also binomial probability distributions; Normal probability distributions
probability mass function (pmf)
probability samples
problem of multiple comparisons
problem of multiplicity. See problem of multiple comparisons
proportion difference
confidence interval
point estimate
sampling distribution
proportion ratio
proportions. See also comparing two proportions; inference about a proportion
sampling distribution of
purposive cohort sample
Q
Q1 (quartile 1; lower hinge)
Q3 (quartile 3; upper hinge)
Q-Q plots
histogram and
of standardized residuals
qualitative variables
quantitative measurements
quartiles
five-point summary
interquartile range
range
R
R-by-C contingency table
R-by-two table
random-digits
dialing technique
tables of
random error
random sample
random variables
continuous
discrete
table entries with
randomization
randomized controlled trial
range
rank tests
ratio/interval measurement
reexpression
regression
ANOVA
conditions for inference
data
intercept
multiple. See multiple linear regression
population regression model
population slope
slope
standard error of regression
standard error of the slope
t-test of slope coefficient
regression coefficients
regression line
regression model, components
regression sum of squares
relative frequency
relative risk (RR)
confidence interval for
vs. risk difference
repetitive process
residual
residual plot
residual sum of squares
resistant, median
response line
response plane
response surface
response variable
restriction
right-tail probability, table entries with
risk
risk difference
relative risk vs.
risk multiplier
risk ratio
root mean square residual
row percents
RR. See relative risk
S
sample
size, effect of increasing
types of
sample correlation coefficient (r)
sample population
sample size requirements
comparing independent means
comparing two proportions
equal
unequal group
confidence interval for mean
inference about a mean
one-sample z-test
sample space
sampling behavior of a mean
sampling behavior of count and proportion
sampling distribution
sampling distribution of a mean
sampling distribution of a risk difference
sampling distribution of means
sampling distribution of proportion
sampling fraction
sampling frame
sampling independence
sampling variability
sampling with replacement
sampling without replacement
scale variable
scatterplot
selection bias
sensitivity
SEpooled
shape
side-by-side boxplots
significance level
significance testing. See hypothesis testing
simple random sample (SRS)
simple regression. See also regression
Simpson’s paradox
single-blinded study
single samples
68-95-99.7 rule
skew
skewed distributions
slope
coefficient vs. correlation coefficient
specificity
splitting stem values
spread
five-point summary
IQR
range
standard deviation
variance
SPSS screenshot
ANOVA output
cholesterol
Kruskal–Wallis test
Levene’s test
square root law
squared deviations
SRS. See simple random sample
SS. See sum of squares
standard deviation
standard error of mean
standard error of the mean difference
standard error of the multiple regression
standard error of the proportion difference
standard error of the regression
standard error of the risk difference
standard error of the slope
standard errors
standard Normal curves, confidence levels on
Standard Normal random variable
cumulative probabilities for
Standard Normal table
standardized coefficients
standardized residual
standardizing values
StaTable
statistical independence
statistical inference
Normal approximation to the binomial
parameters and statistics
sample size, effect of increasing
sampling behavior of a mean
sampling behavior of count and proportion
sampling distribution of a mean
sampling variability
simulation experiment
statistical interaction
chi-square test for
statistical population
Std. Error of the Estimate
stemplot
axis multiplier
back-to-back
balancing point
construction of
defined
frequency counts from
how many stem values?
illustrative examples
location
shape
splitting stem values
spread
strata
strata-specific statistics
stratification
stratified random sample
stratified two-by-two tables
confounding
interaction
Mantel–Haenszel methods
Simpson’s paradox
stratum-specific notation
strength
strong negative correlation
strong positive correlation
student weights
Student’s t-distributions
studies, types. See types of studies
subject
sum of squares (SS)
sum of squares between (SSB)
sum of squares within (SSW)
summary statistics
boxplots
comparison
mean
median
mode
selection of
spread
quartiles
variance and standard deviation
surveys
probability samples
SRS
tables of random digits
switching group designations
symmetrical distributions
symmetry
systematic error. See also bias
systematic heterogeneity
T
t-distribution
t-percentiles
t-probability density function
t-procedures
t-statistic
t-test of slope coefficient
tables of random digits
test statistic
total probability rule
treatment
random assignment of
trials
triple-blinded studies
truncating leaf values
Tukey, John Wilder
Tukey’s hinges
two-by-two cross tabulation
two forms of measurement errors
two-sample t-procedures
two-sided alternative hypothesis
two tails of z-statistics
type I error
type II error
types of studies
comparative studies
overview
surveys
U
UCL. See upper confidence limit
unbiased estimator, sample mean
undercoverage
unequal variance t-procedure
units squared
unstandardized residual
upper confidence limit (UCL)
upper inside value
upper outside value
V
valid
values
variability
variable
variance
of binomial random variable
variance between groups
variance within groups
Venn diagram
Visual Display of Quantitative Information, The (Tufte)
volunteer bias
W
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
sampling distribution of a mean
standard error of the mean and sample size
WHI. See Women’s Health Initiative
whisker spread
whiskers
Wilson score test
WinPepi
data-entry screen
screenshot
annotated output
interactive statistic
Kayexelate® and colonic necrosis
Mantel–Haenszel test statistics
power program
sample size program
stratified table analysis
WinPepi’s PAIRSetc program
Women’s Health Initiative (WHI)
postmenopausal hormone use trial
study design
X
X ∼ b(n, p)
Y
Yates’ chi-square statistic
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (YRBS)
Z
Z-distribution
z-percentile
z-procedures
z-scores
z-statistic
z table
z-tests
equivalence of
of independent proportions
of proportion
TWO TAILS OF Z. Entries in the table represented two-tailed P-values for absolute values of z statistics. This table can also be used to convert chi-square statistics with one degree of freedom to P-values: merely look up the square root of the χ21 and look up the P-value accordingly.
Probabilities computed with Microsoft Excel 9.0 “=2*(1−NORMSDIST(z))” function.
