NOTES

PREFACE

  1. Formally, this is called the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, not to be confused with the International Criminal Court in the Hague, Netherlands. In informal conversation, we tended to refer to Cambodia’s tribunal as, simply, the war crimes tribunal.

  2. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2018/November/home-the-most-dangerous-place-for-women-with-majority-of-female-homicide-victims-worldwide-killed-by-partners-or-family-unodc-study-says.html.

  3. https://www.un.org/press/en/1999/19990308.sgsm6919.html.

  4. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46292919. See also: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2018/November/home-the-most-dangerous-place-for-women-with-majority-of-female-homicide-victims-worldwide-killed-by-partners-or-family-unodc-study-says.html

  5. Ibid. UNODC.

  6. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ipv01.pdf.

  7. E-mail correspondence with Jacquelyn Campbell.

  8. “… eight million workdays …” https://ncadv.org/statistics.

  9. Sun, Jing et al., “Mothers’ Adverse Childhood Experiences and Their Young Children’s Development,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 53, no. 6 (December 2017): 882–91.

10. https://everytown.org/press/women-and-children-in-the-crosshairs-new-analysis-of-mass-shootings-in-america-reveals-54-percent-involved-domestic-violence-and-25-percent-of-fatalities-were-children.

11. https://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2017/dec/02/eddie-rodriguez/domestic-violence-not-confirmed-precursor-mass-sho.

12. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sutherland-springs-texas-church-gunman-devin-kelley-wife-speaks-out.

13. https://www.thestate.com/news/local/article25681333.html. See also: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3131858/Charleston-killer-Dylann-Roof-grew-fractured-home-violent-father-beat-stepmother-hired-private-detective-follow-split-claims-court-papers.html.

14. This does not include the budget for victim compensation. https://www.justice.gov/jmd/page/file/968291/download.

15. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/budget-fy2019.pdf.

16. https://money.cnn.com/2018/07/16/technology/amazon-stock-prime-day-jeff-bezos-net-worth/index.html. My mad math skillz required that I call my daughter’s fifth grade math teacher to verify this percentage. Thank you, Ms. Allinson!

17. https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/wifebeating-in-jewish-tradition.

18. Ibid.

19. Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2004).

20. History of Domestic Violence: A Timeline of the Battered Women’s Movement. Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse; Safety Network: California’s Domestic Violence Resource. Sept. 1998 (copyright 1999). See also: Mantel, Barbara, “Domestic Violence: Are Federal Programs Helping to Curb Abuse?” CQ Researcher 23, no. 41 (November 15, 2013): 981–1004. http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2013111503. And: Pleck, Domestic Tyranny, 17, 21–22.

21. Davis, Jackie. “Domestic Abuse.” Criminal Justice Institute. White paper. https://www.cji.edu/site/assets/files/1921/domestic_abuse_report.pdf.

22. https://www.theclever.com/15-countries-where-domestic-violence-is-legal.

23. https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/nine-months-on-russian-women-grapple-with-new-domestic-violence-laws-59686.

24. https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1070866/download.

25. https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/get-help/laws-violence-against-women.

26. http://victimsofcrime.org/our-programs/stalking-resource-center/stalking-information.

27. http://victimsofcrime.org/docs/src/analyzing-stalking-statute.pdf?sfvrsn=2. In the UK, stalking was traditionally seen as simple “harassment” despite 120,000 women reporting stalking annually, a figure that experts claim is about only a quarter of the real number. But unlike the States, in 2012 the British government passed a law that allowed stalking to be charged as a criminal act, and by 2015, prosecutions rose by 50%.

28. https://www.thehotline.org/about-the-hotline/history-domestic-violence-advocates.

29. https://lethalityassessmentprogramdotorg.files.wordpress.com/2016/09/development-of-the-lap1.pdf.

30. http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2013111503#NOTE[21]. Because the OJ trial predates the National Domestic Violence hotline (not to mention the Internet), the numbers weren’t tracked nationally, but regionally across the country, shelters and hotlines reported record calls.

31. http://articles.latimes.com/1992-10-03/news/mn-266_1_domestic-violence.

32. https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/09/politics/rob-porter-trump-response/index.html and https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/08/opinion/trump-porter-abuse-women.html.

BARNACLE SIBLINGS

  1. Historians dispute this story, claiming that if there was a suicide by Crow warriors, it happened on the other side of the river. http://billingsgazette.com/news/local/sacrifice-cliff-the-legend-and-the-rock/article_fc527e19-8e68-52fe-8ffc-d0ff1ecb3fea.html.

DADDY ALWAYS LIVES

  1. In Maryland, stalking is always a misdemeanor. In Montana, a first offense is generally a misdemeanor, though a stalking law passed there in 2003 allows it to be charged as a felony. https://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/45/5/45-5-220.htm. See also: https://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/45/2/45-2-101.htm. Though stalking is a crime in all fifty states, there are only about a dozen states that allow it to be charged as a felony if it’s a first offense. https://www.speakcdn.com/assets/2497/domestic_violence_and_stalking_ncadv.pdf. See also: https://ncadv.org/statistics. Just over forty states allow for stalking to be charged as a felony, though only thirteen states allow stalking victims to sue their stalkers. http://victimsofcrime.org/our-programs/stalking-resource-center/stalking-laws/federal-stalking-laws#61a.

  2. https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/with-coercive-control-the-abuse-is-psychological.

  3. Stark, Evan, PhD, MSW, “Re-presenting Battered Women: Coercive Control and the Defense of Liberty.” Prepared for Violence Against Women: Complex Realities and New Issues in a Changing World (Les Presses de l’Université du Québec: 2012), http://www.stopvaw.org/uploads/evan_stark_article_final_100812.pdf.

  4. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/coercive-or-controlling-behaviour-now-a-crime.

A BEAR IS COMING AT YOU

  1. Some of the information about what Michelle wrote that night comes from a local newspaper article titled “That Black Night” written by Ed Kemmick of the Billings Gazette and published on November 23, 2002. Sally also shared with me Michelle’s original note.

  2. http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/45/5/45-5-206.htm.

  3. Kelly Dunne, in-person interview. July 2011 in Newburyport, MA.

THIS PERSON YOU LOVE WILL TAKE YOUR LIFE

  1. Campbell is counting women killed by more than just guns; a September 2018 report from the Violence Policy Center cites a statistic of fifty American women killed each month, but this number counts only those killed by guns.

  2. Klein, Andrew. “Practical Implications of Current Domestic Violence Research. Part 1: Law Enforcement.” NCJRS. Unpublished. April 2008, 9. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222319.pdf.

  3. http://www.opdv.ny.gov/public_awareness/bulletins/winter2014/victimsprison.html. State of New York, Department of Correctional Services, “Female homicide commitments: 1986 vs. 2005” (July 2007).

  4. Latina Ray pled to a sentence of eleven years before her case went to trial. Her story is recounted in the documentary Private Violence.

  5. At the time of this writing, in 2013, homicide is number two, eclipsed only slightly by HIV/AIDS.

  6. “… 60% …” Interview with Dr. Sylvia Vella. See also: Glass, Nancy et al., “Non-Fatal Strangulation Is an Important Risk Factor for Homicide of Women,” Journal of Emergency Medicine 35, no. 3 (October 2007): 330.

  7. Strack, Gael B. and Casey Gwinn. “On the Edge of Homicide,” 2 (“gendered crime”).

  8. Strack, Gael B. and George E. McClane. “Violence: Recognition, Management, and Prevention.” Interviews with Gael Strack, Geri Greenspan, Jackie Campbell, Silvia Vella, Casey Gwinn.

  9. Also see: Strack and Gwinn, “On The Edge of Homicide.”

10. Strack, Gael B., George McClane, and Dean Hawley. “A Review of 300 Attempted Strangulation Cases Part 1: Criminal Legal Issues.”

11. “penultimate abuse by a perpetrator …” Strack coined this the “continuum of violence.”

12. Interview with Sylvia Vella.

13. E-mail correspondence with Neil Websdale, director of the Family Violence Institute at Northern Arizona University.

14. Interview with Gael Strack. The autonomic nervous system info was explained to me by Dean Hawley, who spoke on background only (“Cases … prosecuted as a misdemeanor”). See: Strack et al. “A Review of 300 Attempted Strangulation Cases.”

15. http://www.strangulationtraininginstitute.com/about-us.

16. Background on Supreme Court sentencing provided by Matt Osterrieder. 202.502.4653. See also:

17. http://myemail.constantcontact.com/E-news-from-the-Training-Institute-on-Strangulation-Prevention.html?soid=1100449105154&aid=2vdIhXbn5lM.

18. See: http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/03/02/county-attorney-strangulation-protocol/24001897.

19. Note: the data for this says it went from 14% to 60%, but Sgt. Dan Rincon says the number is now 75%. So there’s a descrepancy between this newer number and published work saying 60% (like here on page 2: http://www.ndvfri.org/newsletters/FALL-2012-NDVFRI-Newsletter.pdf), but in Rincon’s trainings he now uses 75%—a number he got from the Maricopa County Attorney’s Office.

20. Institute for Strangulation Prevention, Sept. 2017 newsletter: http://myemail.constantcontact.com/E-news-from-the-Training-Institute-on-Strangulation-Prevention.html?soid=1100449105154&aid=2vdIhXbn5lM.

21. Also see: David, Alice, “Violence-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Women: Identifying a Triad of Postinjury Disorders,” Journal of Trauma Nurses 21, no. 6 (November 2014): 306–7.

22. E-mail correspondence with author.

23. Barriers to diagnosis and treatment came on background mostly from Dean Hawley. Gael Strack also verified, and Attorney Geri Greenspan discussed legal barriers.

SYSTEMS, ACCIDENTS, INCIDENTS

  1. https://www.ndvfri.org/review-teams.

  2. http://www.leg.mt.gov/content/Committees/Interim/2015-2016/Law-and-Justice/Meetings/Sept-2015/Exhibits/dale-presentation-domestic-violence-review-september-2015.pdf.

  3. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/study_suggests_medical_errors_now_third_leading_cause_of_death_in_the_us.

PENANCE

  1. This quote comes from an edited phone conversation between Hamish Sinclair and Ed Gondolf from April 2014 that Sinclair sent to me through private correspondence to explain his philosphy and curriculum. Gondolf is the author of The Future of Batterer Programs (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 2012).

  2. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/02/porter/552806.

  3. For the record, I raised my hand, but being an adult in an audience of hundreds of jiggly, giggly kids didn’t warrant my inclusion. My daughter, meanwhile, was cringing in her seat, hoping I didn’t embarrass her—which, of course, I would have.

  4. This should not be confused with the NLP alternative medical practice that has been largely discredited—it was once erroneously hailed as a possible treatment for a range of diseases, from cancer to Parkinson’s to the common cold.

WATCHING VIOLENCE IN A FISHBOWL

  1. Her name has been changed. I do not know the identity of Victoria’s father, and did not confirm her accounts presented at the jail that day. (The point for me was observing restorative justice in action.)

  2. I am not allowed to record audio in the jail.

  3. Schwartz’s own memoir, Dreams from the Monster Factory, details much of the creation of the RSVP program.

  4. Lee, Bandy and James Gilligan, “The Resolve to Stop the Violence Project: Transforming an In-House Culture of Violence Through a Jail-Based Programme.” Journal of Public Health 27, no. 2, (June 2005): 149–55.

  5. Ibid., 143–48. Gains came from, among other things, not having to re-arrest and prosecute those who may have otherwise re-offended, as well as general costs for housing inmates, among others.

  6. Alissa Riker is the current director of programs at San Bruno. We spoke on background by phone in the spring of 2018.

  7. Lee and Gilligan, “The Resolve to Stop the Violence Project,” 143–48.

  8. Peterson, Cora et al., “Lifetime Economic Burden of Intimate Partner Violence Among U.S. Adults,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 55, no. 4 (October 2018): 433–44.

  9. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Costs of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA: 2003).

10. Report by Amy S. Ackerman, Deputy City Attorney. Domestic Violence Investigation—December 2001. Available here: https://sfgov.org/dosw/domestic-violence-investigation-december-2001.

11. Harlow, Caroline Wolf. “Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers.” Bureau of Justice Statistics (April 1999). https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/parip.pdf.

THE FATAL PERIL CLUB

  1. Her name has been changed.

  2. In October of 2018, Hamish Sinclair had to stop giving his ManAlive classes at the Glide Community Center because the probation department determined that it could not have probationers—that is, peers who may still be on probation themselves, despite having successfully gone through ManAlive and facilitator training—with access to other probationers’ files. Sinclair will be offering the classes at alternative facilities, though not with an affiliation to the San Francisco probation office. This does not affect the classes Espinoza and his Community Works colleagues teach—at San Bruno or at the satellite office.

CLUSTERED AT THE TOP

  1. Though this has improved slightly in the years since Adams wrote his dissertation, women are still doing the bulk of childcare and household chores in the home, as well as what is referred to these days as the “invisible work” of managing a household. See: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/11/04/raising-kids-and-running-a-household-how-working-parents-share-the-load. See also: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/this-is-how-much-more-unpaid-work-women-do-than-men-2017-03-07.

  2. This number comes from David Adams.

  3. Gondolf, The Future of Batterer Programs, 237.

  4. https://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/bal-ray-rice-completes-pretrial-intervention-in-domestic-violence-case-in-new-jersey-charges-being-dismi-20150521-story.html

  5. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/im-done-helping-the-nfl-pay-lip-service-to-domestic-violence-prevention/2018/06/05/1b470bec-6448-11e8-99d2-0d678ec08c2f_story.html?utm_term=.5313d65ee95b.

  6. Eckhardt, C., R. Samper, and C. Murphy, “Anger Disturbances Among Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Court-Mandated Treatment.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 23, no. 11 (November 2008): 1600–17.

  7. Pence, Ellen, “Duluth Model,” Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs, Duluth, MN. http://www.theduluthmodel.org.

THE HAUNTING PRESENCE OF THE INEXPLICABLE

  1. Many familicide or domestic violence homicide offenders claim to “hear voices” and try to use the “not guilty by reason of insanity” defense. It almost never works. Juries are rightly skeptical of such defenses and the bar for proving insanity is very, very high.

  2. Even the fact of these two instances in the headlines speaks to how issues of race dominate the headlines. It is shocking that a white middle-class man would kill his white middle-class wife and children. It is less headline-worthy when black women and children are killed. Though in the case of familicide, given that Caucasian men are primarily the perpetrators, it’s difficult to draw exact comparisons.

  3. I am skeptical about some of these images—in part because body bags are generally used out in the field and O’Hanlon was not in the field for those particular operations, and in part because they are a trope of war, shorthand for an emotional experience that is rarely excavated.

A SUPERHERO’S KNEECAPS

  1. Jolin, A., W. Feyerherm, R. Fountain, and S. Friedman, “Beyond Arrest: The Portland, Oregon Domestic Violence Experiment, Final Report,” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 95-IJ-CX-0054, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 179968 (1998); Lyon, E., “Special Session Domestic Violence Courts: Enhanced Advocacy and Interventions, Final Report Summary,” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 98-WE-VX-0031, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 197860 (2002); Lyons, E., Impact Evaluation of Special Sessions Domestic Violence: Enhanced Advocacy and Interventions. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 2000-WE-VX-0014, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 210362 (2005).

  2. Richard Ivone, chief of police. https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/03/as_commander_of_swat_team_pisc.html.

  3. Ibid. http://www.womenandpolicing.com/violencefs.asp.

  4. Police Family Violence Fact Sheet. National Center for Women and Policing. http://womenandpolicing.com/violencefs.asp.

  5. www.nytimes.com/projects/2013/police-domestic-abuse/index.html. See also: www.fdle.state.fl.us/FSAC/Crime-Data/DV.aspx

  6. Townsend, M., D. Hunt, S. Kuck, and C. Baxter, “Law Enforcement Response to Domestic Violence Calls for Service.” U.S. Department of Justice, 99-C-008, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 215915 (2006).

  7. Meyer, Shannon and Randall H. Carroll, “When Officers Die: Understanding Deadly Domestic Violence Calls for Service,” Police Chief 78 (May 2011).

  8. Blair, J. Pete, M. Hunter Martindale, and Terry Nichols, “Active Shooter Events from 2000–2012.” Law Enforcement Bulletin; FBI. Jan. 7, 2014. https://www.leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/active-shooter-events-from-2000-to-2012. See also: J. P. Blair, T. Nichols, and J. R. Curnutt, Active Shooter Events and Response (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013).

  9. Unpublished research commissioned by Marie Claire and conducted by Harvard University’s Injury Control Research Center and shared with the author.

10. See Campbell, Jacquelyn et al., “Risk Factors for Femicide in Abusive Relationships: Results from a Multisite Case Control Study.” American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 7 (July 2003).

11. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/us/politics/domestic-abuse-guns-texas-air-force.html.

12. https://www.everytownresearch.org/navigator/states.html?dataset=domestic_violence#q-gunmath_mcdv_surrender. These states included: Hawaii, California, Nevada, Colorado, Louisiana, Tennessee, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and the District of Columbia.

13. Some states have written their own legislation to try and address the “boyfriend loophole,” but there is currently no federal law that addresses it.

14. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/guns-crime/reports/2018/03/22/448298/disarm-domestic-abusers/. See also: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/guns-crime/reports/2014/06/18/91998/women-under-the-gun.

15. See Zeoli study from Injury Prevention.

16. See Vigdor study from Evaluation Review. Also: “When Men Murder Women: An Analysis of 2013 Homicide Data” from the Violence Policy Center (September 2015).

17. Interview with Teresa Garvey.

18. Thirty-three thousand annually, from Zeoli.

19. Interview with April Zeoli.

20. Adams, David, “Statement before the Joint Committee on Public Safety and Homeland Security.” Sept. 13, 2013. www.emergedv.com/legislative-testimony-by-david-adams.html.

21. See transcript for Gruelle.

22. Some of the jurisdictions I did drive alongs with didn’t allow for “media” to drive along, but only the general population, including my hometown of Washington, D.C. They allowed me to do ride alongs on the condition that I maintain the anonymity of the officers I interacted with on the calls I observed.

SHELTER IN PLACE

  1. The National Domestic Violence hotline has a database of five thousand, but this number includes both shelters and domestic violence agencies.

  2. The reader was Risa Mednick, executive director of Transition House in Cambridge, MA. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/08/05/mail-12.

  3. https://www.dc.curbed.com/2016/6/23/12013024/apartment-rent-washington-dc.

  4. https://www.mpdc.dc.gov/node/217782.

  5. Desmond, Matthew. Evicted (New York: Broadway Books, 2016), 191–92.

IN THE FIRE

  1. https://www.governor.pa.gov/governor-wolf-signs-tiernes-law-providing-protections-victims-domestic-violence.

  2. Fagan, Jeffrey. “The Criminalization of Domestic Violence: Promises and Limits.” Presentation at the 1995 conference on criminal justice research and evaluation. January 1996. www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/crimdom.pdf.

  3. http://www.federalevidence.com/pdf/2007/13-SCt/Crawford_v._Washington.pdf.

  4. Henderson, Brady and Tyson Stanek, Domestic Violence: from the Crime Scene to the Courtroom, Oklahoma Coalition Against Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, 2008.

5. Brooklyn formed its own High Risk Team, but did not receive OVW funding, and would not allow me access to anyone on their team.

6. http://www.dispatch.com/news/20171004/115-deaths-in-year-paint-grim-picture-of-domestic-violence-in-ohio.

7. See: Domestic Violence Report from the Ohio Attorney General http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Law-Enforcement/Services-for-Law-Enforcement/Domestic-Violence-Reports/Domestic-Violence-Reports-2016/2016-Domestic-Violence-Incidents-by-County-and-Age.

GRACE UNDER PRESSURE

1. “In their first year of operation … than eighty.” https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2017/12/cleveland_team_tackles_high_risk_domestic_violence_cases_to_improve_safety_reduce_deaths.html.

CHAMBERING A ROUND

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11604294.

2. Some of the details have been left out to protect the identities of Byron, Grace, and the children.

3. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/texas-church-shooting/shooting-survivor-could-see-texas-gunman-s-shoes-she-hid-n818231.

4. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/orlando-attack-survivor-reveals-how-he-played-dead-among-bodies-to-escape-nightclub-killer-a7080196.html.

5. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-court-slams-the-door-on-domestic-abusers-owning-guns.

6. http://www.saveservices.org/2012/02/cdc-study-more-men-than-women-victims-of-partner-abuse/; https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-gays-violence/data-shows-domestic-violence-rape-an-issue-for-gays-idUSBRE90O11W20130125.http://web.csulb.edu/~mfiebert/assault.htm.

7. For a statistical breakdown of physical assault, rape, or stalking in LGBTQ couples or transgender individuals see: https://www.ncadv.org/blog/posts/domestic-violence-and-the-lgbtq-community.

8. http://www.thehotline.org/2013/06/10/50-obstacles-to-leaving-1-10.

FREE FREE

  1. https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2017/05/bresha_meadows_cousin_says.html

  2. As of 2016, the town of Warren, Ohio, had a population of just under forty thousand (https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/warrencityohio/PST045217#PST045217). For a frame of reference, Amesbury, Massachusetts, where Robert Wile is the dedicated domestic violence detective, is less than half that, with sixteen thousand (https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=cf) according to the latest U.S. Census figures for each town, respectively.

  3. Van der Kolk, Bessel. The Body Keeps the Score (New York: Penguin, 2014), 46, 61, 135, and 350.

SHADOW BODIES

  1. No Republican has ever won the electoral vote in Washington, D.C. In the 2016 election, D.C. went 91% for Hillary Clinton. San Francisco, another liberal bastion, went 84%. https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/president.

  2. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/6545/cosponsors. The 1994 passage had fifteen Republic cosponsors: https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/senate-bill/11/cosponsors.

  3. http://vpc.org/studies/wmmw2018.pdf.

  4. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/tamara-oneal-chicago-shooting-domestic-violence_us_5bf576a6e4b0771fb6b4ceef.

  5. https://www.npr.org/2016/01/05/462017461/guns-in-america-by-the-numbers.

  6. Diez, Carolina et al., “State Intimate Partner Violence-Related Firearms Laws and Intimate Partner Homicide Rates in the United States, 1991–2015,” Annals of Internal Medicine 167, no. 8 (October 2017): 536–43. http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2654047/state-intimate-partner-violence-related-firearm-laws-intimate-partner-homicide. See also: http://annals.org/data/Journals/AIM/936539/M162849ff4_Appendix_Figure_Status_of_state_IPV-related_restraining_order_firearm_relinquishment.jpeg.

  7. https://www.emergedv.com/legislative-testimony-by-david-adams.html.

  8. https://everytownresearch.org/guns-domestic-violence/#foot_note_. CA, CO, CT, HI, IA, IL, MA, MD, MN, NC, NH, NY, TN, WA, and WI.

  9. Zeoli, April M. et al., “Analysis of the Strength of Legal Firearms Restrictions for Perpetrators of Domestic Violence and their Impact on Intimate Partner Homicide,” American Journal of Epidemiology (October 2018). Note: Zeoli’s study references “broader restrictions,” meaning anyone convicted of a violent misdemeanor, not just domestic violence. As state law, this captures a larger portion of criminal behavior and thus even someone not convicted specifically of a domestic violence misdemeanor, but any kind of violent misdemeanor is required to relinquish firearms.

10. https://everytownresearch.org/guns-domestic-violence/#foot_note_12.

11. For a fairly comprehensive rundown of smartphone apps, see this compendium from the National Network to End Domestic Violence: https://www.techsafety.org/appsafetycenter.

12. Critics of FJCs say they are expensive to replicate, impractical in rural areas, and often off-putting to victims who are intimidated by bureaucracy. There is also not a national model for FJCs to replicate; founders instead feel that areas interested in creating FJCs should feel free to adapt them for use in their own regions. Many FJCs, similarly, are not run specifically by crisis centers, which some suggest doesn’t put the victim’s voice and needs front and center. This number comes from private correspondence between the writer and Casey Gwinn in October 2018.

13. https://mnadv.org/_mnadvWeb/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Train-the-Trainer-PowerPoint.ppt.pdf.

14. Lethality Assessment Program: https://lethalityassessmentprogram.org/what-we-do/training-and-technical-assistance.

15. Labriola, Melissa et al., “A National Portrait of Domestic Violence Courts.” U.S. Department of Justice. Center for Court Innovation. February 2010. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/229659.pdf.

16. Rosenthal, Lynn, “The Violence Against Women Act, 23 Years Later,” Sept. 13, 2017. https://medium.com/@bidenfoundation/https-medium-com-bidenfoundation-vawa-23-years-later-4a7c1866a834.

17. Data compiled by author and research assistant with technical support from AEquitas.com.

18. Data compiled by the Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention.

19. Smith, Sharon G. et al., “The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey.” 2010–2012 State Report. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention. Centers for Disease Control. Atlanta, GA. April 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/NISVS-StateReportBook.pdf.

20. The on-call advocates did not want their real names used for fear of reprisals from abusers.

21. Thousands of affordable housing units have been lost in D.C. in the past decade, and another 13,700 units are due to have their subsidies expire in 2020. In late 2017, the city established a $10 million fund to help offset the significant losses in affordable housing in recent years. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-establishes-10-million-fund-to-preserve-disappearing-affordable-housing/2017/11/26/242893ea-cbb7-11e7-aa96-54417592cf72_story.html?utm_term=.9e85c5cf2eda.

22. The woman has to show proof of ownership or her name on the lease.