Index

A

Abram, Cyril 12, 34, 40

Abwehr 129

Akershus Prison, Trondheim 53, 149–50

Allen, Lieutenant Alexander 201, 211

Alsos Mission, American 391, 392

aluminum production 26

Amery, Leo 76

amphetamines (Benzedrine) 19, 181

Auer Gesellschaft refinery, Oranienburg 62, 76, 392

Auschwitz concentration camp 150

B

Bårdsen, Gjest 192

Bailey, Ernest 179

Bang-Andersen, Arne 395

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 120, 340–1, 395

Behren, General Karl Maria 396

Belgian Congo 75, 92, 129

Belgium 75–6

Benzedrine 19, 181

Berg, John 380–1

Biscuit, Agent see Fasting, Andreas ‘Agent Biscuit’

Bismarck 88

Bjærangsfjord 1–2, 5 see also Operation Musketoon

Black, Captain Graeme ‘Gay’ 8–11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 26–7, 30, 31–2, 33–5, 38, 39, 40, 42–3, 48, 50, 51–2, 149–52, 399

Bohr, Niels 60, 74–5, 129, 248–50, 365–9, 391, 392, 393

Boy Scouts Association 55, 401

Bray, Bill 179, 180, 199, 201, 223

Britain

Allied nuclear programme 83, 92, 128, 131, 132, 133–4, 159, 249

Civil Defence organization 128

response to Hitler’s peace offer 78–9

Russian nuclear programme 391–2, 397

threat of radiological warheads 361–2

threat of V weapons 158–9

War Cabinet 129–30, 134, 160, 219, 395

see also Churchill, Winston; Wilson, Major John Skinner

British Target Force 391

Brun, Jomar 90–1, 92, 102, 116, 127, 135–6, 191, 233, 248, 250–1, 286, 317, 326

C

Canada 134, 159

Chamberlain, Neville 61, 76

Cheese, Agent see Starheim, Odd ‘Agent Cheese’

chemical weapons 67–8

Cherwell, Lord 183

Christian of Denmark, King 365

Chudley, Bill 13, 22–4, 32, 33, 41, 42

Churchill, Winston 3, 58–9, 61, 65–6, 76–7

Allied nuclear programme 92, 131, 132, 133–4, 249, 388

evidence of Holocaust 159, 363

formation of the SOE 14–15, 79, 81–2

German nuclear capabilities 63–4, 69–70, 78, 91–4, 129–31, 132, 159, 249, 360, 361, 373, 388–9, 391

meets with Roosevelt (June 1942) 131–2, 133–4

Niels Bohr 249–50, 368–9

Operation Freshman 182–3, 217

Operation Grouse 146, 157

Operation Gunnerside 237, 247, 347, 359–60

Operation Strike Ox 69–70

War Room and Cabinet 81, 129–30, 134, 160, 219, 347

Civil Defence organization, British 128

coded messages, fake 238–40

Colditz Castle (Oflag IV-C) 150–2

Colonial Police Service 56, 146

Combined Operations 58, 128, 134, 135, 136, 157, 173–4, 175, 176, 214, 216

Commando Order—Kommandobefehl 152–4, 396

concentration camps 68, 78, 143, 153, 235, 356, 365

Cooper, Group Captain Tom 195, 196, 197, 200, 202, 204, 205–7, 208, 211

Cousin’s Cabin 242, 243, 246, 273, 282, 348

‘cow boats’ 7

Crispie, Scotland 264, 265–6

Cromwell, Oliver 76

Curtis, Eric 13, 32, 33, 41

cyanide suicide pills 189, 224, 298, 318

Czechoslovakia 61–2, 394, 397

D

D-Day landings 390

Dagens Nyheter 343

Daily Express 363–4, 388

Daily Mail 341–2, 343

Dalton, Dr Hugh 79

Das Schwarze Korps newspaper 63

Dehne, Leutnant Wilhelm 28, 45–7, 49, 51–2

Denmark/Danish resistance 73, 74, 365, 392–3

Diebner, Kurt 63, 90, 93, 130, 191, 393, 394

Directive No. 17 78–9

Diseth, Ditlev 377–8

Djupdraet, Erling 15–16, 20, 47–8, 49, 53

Donau, SS 150

Dornberger, Walter 158

‘duff’ messages 120

E

Einstein, Albert 64

Eisenhower, General Dwight D. 265

Ellman, Captain 113

Erling, Captain 383–4

F

Fairclough, Jack 12–13, 48–9, 50, 54–5, 154

Falkenhorst, General Nikolaus von 53, 74, 149–50, 155, 156, 173, 219, 233, 234, 236, 238, 336–7, 339, 345–6, 373, 396

Fasting, Andreas ‘Agent Biscuit’ 94–5, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 113

‘Fjellsangen’ poem code 192

Fladmoe, Arvid 375, 383, 385

Fort William hydro station 137

France/Free French forces 2, 392, 397

Free Norwegian Forces 15

Frisch, Otto 77–8

Frisch-Peierls Memorandum 77

G

Galtesund hijack 100–1, 103–15

Germany/German Forces

Allied intelligence 84–91

army in Glomfjord 28, 34–5, 37–9, 41–2, 44–9, 50–5

capture and interrogation of Musketoon raiders 49, 50–3, 149–54

capture survivors of Freshman 216, 217, 223, 224, 233–4, 247–8, 395–6

Colditz Castle (Oflag IV-C) 150–2

control of Czechoslovakia 61–2

invasion of Belgium 75

invasion of Denmark 73

invasion of Norway 15, 53, 73, 74, 102, 116, 141, 144, 227–8, 324

Operation Eagle/hunt for

Gunnerside saboteurs 346, 348–54, 355

plans for racial purity 82, 237

Rjukan town raid 234–5, 236, 237–8

search for Freshman and Grouse suspects 218–19, 234–5, 236, 237–8, 240, 243, 245–6

secret weapon propaganda 64–5, 363

security across Norway tightened 155–6, 157

strength and extent (June 1942) 132

V1 and V2 rockets 158, 361, 368

see also Falkenhorst, General Nikolaus von; Gestapo; Hitler, Adolf; Luftwaffe; nuclear capabilities/bomb development; Operation Eagle; Rediess, General Wilhelm; SS; Terboven, Josef; Vemork heavy water facilities

Gestapo 53, 86–9, 95–6, 116, 219, 228, 234, 235, 238–9, 243, 245, 345, 356, 365, 377

Gibson, Squadron Leader 268, 269, 270

gliders 174–6, 177, 179, 197, 199–200, 202, 205–6, 207, 208–11, 223–4

Glomfjord hydro station and

aluminum factory 25–7, 30–47, 57, 148

Goebbels, Joseph 98, 235, 236, 289, 363

Goudsmit, Samuel 263–4

Granlund, Sverre 15–16, 17, 20–1, 36–8, 47, 48, 49–50, 54–5, 154

Grini concentration camp 143, 356

Groves, General Leslie 265, 362, 369, 393

Gubbins, Brigadier Colin McVean 56, 214–16, 229, 289, 387

H

Hahn, Otto 60, 393

Haigerloch-Hechigen district, Germany 371, 392, 393

Halifax bombers and crews 162, 163, 165–7, 173, 174, 177, 195–6, 202, 203–7, 208, 210, 211, 268, 269, 270, 274–5

Halvorsen, Frithjof 105

Hampton, Colonel Charles 214, 221

Hardangervidda see Vidda (Hardangervidda)

Harteck, Paul 62–3

Hassel, Ase 355, 356–7

Haugland, Knut 145, 147, 166, 185–7, 188, 191–3, 194, 197–8, 200, 204–5, 211, 216, 217, 218–19, 237–8, 239–40, 243, 244, 245–6, 259, 265, 271, 275, 284, 292

in hiding post attack 337, 344, 346, 359

post-Gunnerside career 400

recommendations and honours 360, 398, 399

see also Operation Grouse

Haukelid, Knut ‘Bonzo’ 225–30, 248, 262, 270, 271, 272, 280–1, 283, 284, 297, 310

attack on Vemork plant 313, 314, 315, 323–4, 329–30

escape and in hiding post-attack 331, 344, 346, 359, 365

post-SF Hydro sabotage career 400–1

recommendations and honours 360, 398

Vemork/SF Hydro sabotage mission 365, 371–82, 386, 387, 393, 398

see also Operation Gunnerside

Haukelid, Sigrid 225, 226

heavy water supplies 397–8

Allied 131, 134, 159, 263

German 67, 68–9, 70, 71, 75, 90–1, 93, 115, 127–8, 129, 158, 160, 182, 191, 237, 248, 347, 362, 363, 371, 388, 393 (see also SH200; Vemork heavy water facilities)

Heisenberg, Werner 63, 68, 74, 129, 157–8, 371, 393

Helberg, Claus 141, 143–4, 147, 166, 167–8, 187, 188, 193, 205, 219, 243, 244–5, 281, 287–8, 290–1, 293–6, 297, 299–300

approach to Vemork plant 301–2, 304–5, 306, 309, 310, 311

escape 330, 331–2, 335, 336, 338, 344, 348–54, 355–9

Operation Eagle pursuit across Vidda 344, 348–54

plans escape 290, 295–7, 299–300, 314

post-Gunnerside career 400

recommendations and honours 360, 398

see also Operation Grouse

Henneker, Lieutenant Colonel 178–9, 182, 196, 200, 201, 202, 208, 211, 212, 223

Henschel, Oberst Franz 52–3

Hewins, Ralph 342

Heyerdahl, Thor 400

hijack of Galtesund 100–1, 103–15

the Hird 228

Hiroshima 394–5

Hitler, Adolf 53, 59, 235

chemical weapons programme 67–8

Kommandobefehl issued 152–3, 154

prepares to conquer England 78–9

secret weapons 64–5

takes Czechoslovakia 61–2

William Stephenson on character 14–15

see also Germany/German Forces; nuclear capabilities, German

Hockey, Wing Commander 163, 166

Holocaust 159, 363

Horsa gliders 174–6, 177, 197, 199–200, 202, 205–6, 207, 208–11, 223–4

Houghton, Captain Joseph ‘Joe’ 11–12, 17, 20–1, 25, 26–7, 31, 37, 39–40, 42, 47–8, 50, 149, 399

Hydro, SF 374, 375–6, 377, 378, 379–87, 393, 398

hydrogen production, Vemork 66

I

Idland, Kasper 231, 270, 297, 298

approach to Vemork plant 307–8

attack on Vemork plant 316, 325

honours awarded 398

see also Operation Gunnerside

I.G. Farben 67–9, 362

Ingeborg of Denmark, Princess 365–6

Institute of Theoretical Physics, Copenhagen 74

Italy 132

J

Jackson, Wallis 180, 199, 201

Jacobsen, Kirkeby ‘Crow II’ 234

Japan 132, 394–5, 397

Joachimsthal uranium mines 62, 63, 394, 397

Junon submarine 1–7, 18, 20, 57

K

K-rations 283

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Berlin 93

Kayser, Fredrik 231, 270

attack on Vemork plant 315, 316, 317–22, 324, 326, 327, 328–9

honours awarded 398

see also Operation Gunnerside

Kelle, Oberleutnant Wilhelm 41–2, 44–5, 46, 51, 53

Kjelstrup, Arne 144–5, 147, 166, 185, 188, 194, 205, 218–19, 243, 256–7, 281, 283

attack on Vemork plant 313, 314, 330

in hiding post-attack 344, 346, 359

honours awarded 398

see also Operation Grouse

Knudsen, Captain 103, 108, 109, 112

Kon-Tiki expedition (1947) 400

Kreyberg, Leiv 283

Kristiansen, Kristian 279–80, 281–2, 345, 347

L

Larsen, Alf 333–4

Lebensborn ‘Fount of Life’ programme 237

Lier-Hansen, Knut 377, 378, 380–1, 382

Lindemann, Frederick 76–7, 78, 91–2, 132–3, 249–50

Linge Company 15, 73, 121–2, 141, 142, 144, 221, 235, 270, 401–2

Linge, Martin 15

Luftwaffe 26, 74, 111–12, 123

Lurgan 131

see also heavy water supplies

M

Måløy—German island fortress 15

Mackenzie, Mr 264, 265–6

Makeham, Rex 12, 34, 40

Manhattan Project (Allied nuclear programme) 132, 133–4, 159, 249, 263, 361, 362, 366, 369

Methven, David 201

MI5 234

MI9 19, 181

microdot messages 120, 131, 249

Mosquito aircrafts 25, 343, 366–8, 392–3

Mountbatten, Lord Louis 128, 154, 182, 216, 247–8

N

Nagasaki 397

Nasjonal Samling 103–4, 279

Neville, Colonel Robert 136

No. 2 Commando 1–16, 17–18

see also Operation Musketoon

Norsk Hydro 66–7, 68, 69, 118, 191, 397

see also Vemork heavy water facilities

Norvann dam 136

Norway 3, 11–12, 156

German invasion 15, 53, 73, 74, 102, 116, 141, 144, 227–8, 324

resistance and intelligence network 73, 84–91, 94–9, 116–21, 233, 234, 238–9, 290, 377, 379, 394, 395, 396, 400–1 (see also Skinnarland, Einar; Sorlie, Ralph)

see also Linge Company; Operation Freshman; Operation Grouse; Operation Gunnerside; Operation Musketoon; Vemork heavy water facilities

Notodden heavy water facilities 93

Notraship 114

nuclear capabilities, Allied see Manhattan Project

nuclear capabilities/bomb development, German 61–5, 68–9, 74, 75–6, 77–8, 83, 91, 92–3, 98, 115, 128–30, 132, 133, 157–8, 159–60, 190–1, 220, 248–9, 263–4, 360–2, 368, 370–1, 388, 390, 391–4, 397

see also heavy water supplies; Vemork heavy water facilities

nuclear fission 60–1, 68

O

O’Brien, Richard ‘Dickie’ 13–14, 21–2, 31–3, 40, 41, 42, 48, 49–50, 54–5, 154

Olad 97–8

Olen uranium refinery 75

Operation Archery 15

Operation Carthage 392–3

Operation Chariot 10, 11, 152

Operation Cheese 95

Operation Eagle/hunt for Gunnerside saboteurs 346, 348–54, 355

Operation Freshman

equipment and clothing 177–8, 181

escape plans 164–5, 176, 177, 181–2, 201, 202

fate of crash survivors 213, 216, 217, 223, 233–4, 247–8, 395–6

Halifax flights to Norway 202–7, 208, 210

loss of gliders and Halifax B 207, 208, 209–12, 216–17, 223–4, 233

plans for attack 164–5, 169, 173–4, 177–8, 180, 182, 199, 201, 286–7

plans for insertion via Horsa gliders 174–6, 177, 179, 197, 199–200

RAF prepare for insertion 195–201

recruitment and training 178–81

see also Cooper, Group Captain Tom; Henneker, Lieutenant Colonel

Operation Grouse 115, 118–21

communications with SOE and RAF 129, 131, 157, 170–1, 183, 186–7, 188–90, 191–3, 194, 197–8, 200, 211, 216, 217–18, 219, 237–8, 239–40, 245–6, 259, 265, 271, 275, 284

equipment/clothing 124, 126, 127, 140, 169, 170, 178, 184, 188, 193–4, 216, 243–4, 246, 247, 265, 271

food supplies/reindeer hunting 240–1, 242, 244–5, 246, 247, 252–9, 265, 282–3

German’s hunt for team 218–19, 243, 245

heads for Norway 147–8, 162–8

join Operation Gunnerside 281–4

original attack plans 93–4, 118–19, 127–8, 130–1, 134–6, 139–40, 148, 157, 160

ready to guide in Operation Freshman team 204–5, 211–12

ready to meet Operation Gunnerside 271–2

recommendations and honours 359–60, 398, 399

recruits’ backgrounds 140–5

Skinnarland’s parachute jump 123–7

surviving the Vidda 167–72, 184–8, 238, 240–7, 252–9, 283

training for 122, 137–9, 146

see also Haugland, Knut; Helberg, Claus; Kjelstrup, Arne; Operation Freshman; Operation Gunnerside; Poulsson, Jens-Anton; Skinnarland, Einar

Operation Gunnerside 219–20, 246–7, 259–60

aborted plans to travel 251, 259, 262–3, 265

approach to Vemork plant 301–12

attack on Vemork plant 313–30

attack plans 224–5, 233, 237, 247–8, 250–1, 261–2, 285–8, 291, 293–5, 297–9

equipment/weaponry/cothing 232, 259–61, 267, 268–9, 270–1, 272–3, 299

escape 330, 331–2, 334–6, 337–8, 344, 346, 348–54, 355–9

escape plans 290, 295–7, 299–300, 314

flight and parachute jump 268–71, 274–5

food supplies 269, 281, 283

guide—Kristian Kristiansen 279–80, 281–2, 345, 347

meet up with Operation Grouse 281–4

news of success reaches SOE 340–3, 346

post-attack communications with SOE 346, 347

prepare for attack at the Fjosbudalen hut 292

recommendations and honours 359–60, 398, 399

recruits’ backgrounds 221–2, 225–31

team respite at Crispie 264

training 232, 251, 260–1

traversing the Vidda 272–4, 275–8, 292

see also Haukelid, Knut ‘Bonzo’; Idland, Kasper; Kayser, Fredrik; Operation Eagle; Operation Grouse; Ronneberg, Joachim; Storhaug, Hans ‘Chicken’; Stromsheim, Birger

Operation Harborage 392, 393

Operation Musketoon

ariel reconnaissance 25

arrive at Bjaerangsfjord 3–16

the Black Glacier 16, 17, 20–3

capture, interrogation and execution 49, 50–3, 149–54, 224, 396

escape plan 17–20, 27–8, 290

Glomfjord hydro station attack 30–47, 148

Glomfjord hydro station plan 25–7

honours awarded 399

news of success 57–8

pre-attack presence detected 8, 16, 28–9

raiders escape 42–3, 47–50, 54–5, 154–5

recruits’ backgrounds 10–14, 15–17

see also Black, Captain Graeme ‘Gay’; Wilson, Major John Skinner

Operation Overlord 390

Operation Peppermint 249, 390

Operation Strike Ox 69–70

Oranienburg uranium plant, German 62, 76, 392

Oxelösund docks 70

P

P9 Project 159

Parkinson, Arthur 202

Patriotic School recruit vetting 146

Pearl Harbor attack 132

Peierls, Rudolph 77–8, 93–4

Perrin, Michael 127

Petterssen, Lieutenant Colonel Sverre 200

plutonium 130, 263, 397

Political Warfare Executive 80

Poulsson, Jens-Anton 137, 139, 140–3, 144, 145, 147, 164–6, 168–9, 170–2, 184, 185, 188, 193, 204–5, 218–19, 242–3, 244, 246–7, 252–9, 292, 294, 295, 297, 310

attack on Vemork plant 313, 314–15, 323, 329–30

escape 335, 344

post-Gunnerside career 400

recommendations and honours 360, 398

see also Operation Grouse

propaganda, British 80, 167

Q

Querville, Lieutenant Commander 1–3, 5–6, 18, 20

Quisling, Vidkun 104, 228

R

radiation poisoning 77

radiological warheads 361–2, 368

RAF Skitten and Operation Freshman 195–201

RAF Tempsford ‘Gibraltar Farm’ 161–2, 251, 267–8, 366

see also Halifax bombers and crews

Rasmussen, Korsvig 95

Rebecca/Eureka homing beacon system 177–8, 196, 197, 204, 211, 216, 271

Red Cross 151

Rediess, General Wilhelm 236–7, 238, 337, 338–9, 340, 345–6, 355

Reich Main Security Office 153, 156

Reich War Ministry 62

reindeer hunting 252–7

reindeer moss 242

resistance and intelligence network, Norwegian 73, 84–91, 94–9, 116–21, 233, 234, 238–9, 290, 377, 379, 394, 395, 396, 400–1

see also Skinnarland, Einar; Sorlie, Ralph

Reuters 57

Rjukan town 101, 102, 234–5, 236, 237–8, 292–3, 339, 373

Rommel, General Erwin 132

Ronneberg, Joachim 214, 221–3, 224–5, 229, 231, 232, 246–7, 259–61, 262, 266, 267–8, 270, 272–4, 275, 276–80, 285–8, 292, 295, 297–9, 301, 389

approach to Vemork plant 303–4, 306, 309, 310–12

attack on Vemork plant 313–14, 315–22, 324–9

escape 331–2, 335, 337–8, 344, 359

post-war career 399–400

recommendations and honours 360, 398

see also Operation Gunnerside

Roosevelt, Franklin D 64, 82, 131, 132, 133–4, 158, 219–20, 248–9, 360, 361, 362, 363, 391

Rorvig, Sofie 89–90

Royal Air Force (RAF) 111, 112, 123, 135–6

see also Halifax bombers and crews; Whitley bombers

Royal Engineers ‘Sappers’ see Operation Freshman

Royal Society 76

Russia/Red Army 391–2, 393, 397

S

Sachsenhausen concentration camp 153, 235

Saheim heavy water facility 93

Saint-Nazaire raid (Operation Chariot) 10, 11, 152

Santhal tribes, India 56

Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) 58, 129

Seuss, Dr Hans 191

SH200 68–9, 75, 90, 93, 119, 128, 129, 130, 134, 160, 237, 248, 363, 370, 371, 393–4

see also heavy water supplies; Vemork heavy water facilities

Shetland Bus flotilla 4, 95, 97–8

Skinnarland, Einar 100–5, 106, 111, 113, 115, 117–20, 122, 123–7, 129, 131, 136, 147–8, 157, 189, 218, 219, 237, 243, 245, 246, 265, 292, 337, 346

in hiding post-attack 337, 346, 359, 365

honours awarded 399

post-Gunnerside career 401

post-Gunnerside communications with SOE 370, 377, 386

Skinnarland, Torstein 126, 148–9, 187, 237, 243

Skylark B 116–17

Smith, Miller ‘Dusty’ 12, 23–4, 48–9

Sorensen, Captain 384–5

Sørlie, Rolf 290, 377, 378, 380, 381–2

Special Operations Executive (SOE) 14, 58–9, 70, 85, 128–9, 130–1, 135–6, 140, 159, 162, 214–16, 234, 236, 238, 250, 284, 293, 366, 399, 401–2

formation of 15, 79–82

gadgets 17–18, 72, 80, 138

training and vetting 80, 121–2, 137–9, 145–6, 186, 192, 222, 229–30, 232, 251, 260–1, 306–7

see also Brun, Jomar; Fasting, Andreas ‘Agent Biscuit’; Gubbins, Brigadier Colin McVean; Linge Company; No. 2 Commando; Operation Grouse; Operation Gunnerside; Operation Musketoon; resistance and intelligence network, Norwegian; Skinnarland, Einar; Starheim, Odd ‘Agent Cheese’; Stephenson, William ‘Intrepid’; Tronstad, Leif ‘The Mailman’; Wilson, Major John Skinner

Special Training Schools (STSs) 80–1, 138–9, 186, 214, 221, 232

SS 52–3, 63, 150, 153, 154, 156, 237, 240

Starheim, Odd ‘Agent Cheese’ 71–3, 84–90, 94–9, 103, 104, 105–15, 121, 398

Stephenson, William ‘Intrepid’ 14–15, 65, 69, 75, 78, 82–3, 158–9, 160, 219–20, 248–9, 362, 365, 368, 387

Storhaug, Hans ‘Chicken’ 231–2, 270

attack on Vemork plant 314, 324

honours awarded 398

see also Operation Gunnerside

Strassmann, Fritz 60

Stromsheim, Birger 231, 270, 303

attack on Vemork plant 315, 316, 324–5, 327, 328–9

honours awarded 398

see also Operation Gunnerside

Sunderland flying boats 18

Swan resistance cell 233

Sweden, German plans to invade 156

T

Telaveg tragedy 235, 292–3

Tempsford Taxis 162

see also Halifax bombers and crews

Terboven, Reichskommissar Josef 104, 235–6, 238, 293, 336–7, 340, 345–6, 355, 356, 357

Tommy Guns 260

Trail plant, British Columbia 159

Trigg, Fred 12, 38, 48, 49–50, 54–5, 154

Tromosund 398

Tronstad, Leif ‘The Mailman’ 115–18, 120, 128, 131, 135, 142, 146–7, 157, 175, 213, 248, 261–2, 266, 267–8, 286, 347, 398, 399

Tube Alloys 92, 127, 128–31, 134, 135, 157–8, 190–1, 248, 362

U

Übermensch—‘master race’ 82

Union Minière du Haut Katanga 75

United States of America 82, 98, 132

German nuclear programme 158, 159–60, 361–2, 391–2, 393

Manhattan Project 132, 133–4, 249, 263, 369

plan and of attack Vemork plant 362, 369–70

Russian nuclear programme 391–2, 393

see also Roosevelt, Franklin D.

uranium 60, 62, 63, 68, 75–6, 93, 393

Uranverein—the Uranium Club 62–3, 68–9, 90, 93, 129, 191, 360, 362, 371, 394, 397

V

V1 and V2 rockets 158, 361, 368, 390–1

Vaagso—German island fortress 15

Vemork heavy water facilities 67, 68–9, 70, 71, 303, 311

Allied intelligence 74, 90–1, 102, 115, 116, 117–19, 129, 131, 159, 189–90, 191, 198, 233, 240, 250–1, 288, 290, 317, 326, 362

German guards 250–1, 294, 311, 312, 314, 316, 318–19, 324, 329–30, 332, 334, 335–6, 339–40, 379

Operation Gunnerside attack 313–30, 333–4

post-attack damage and repercussions 333–4, 338–40

post-Glomfjord raid security measures 155–6, 157, 160, 164, 189–90, 193, 194, 198

post-Operation Freshman security measures 224, 234–5, 236, 238, 287

post-war production 397

SF Hydro sabotage 370–4, 375–6, 377, 378–87

US plans and attack 362, 369–70

see also Brun, Jomar; Operation Freshman; Operation Grouse; Operation Gunnerside

Vemork hydrogen production 66

Vidda (Hardangervidda) 66, 118, 122, 123–4, 141, 163, 165, 166, 167–8, 169, 170, 171–2, 174–5, 184, 196, 197, 205–6, 210, 218–19, 240, 245, 251, 262, 267–8, 270, 272, 274, 275, 292, 338, 344, 348, 374

see also Operation Grouse

W

War Cabinet, British 129–30, 134, 160, 219, 346–7, 390

War Crimes Investigation Teams 395–6

War Room, Churchill’s 81

Whitley bombers 123–5

Williams, Gerland 179

Wilson, Major John Skinner 55–7, 58–9, 120–2, 127–9, 130, 131, 134–6, 212–13, 238–40, 363–4, 366, 401–2

Einar Skinnarland 113, 115, 117–18, 119, 122, 370

honours awarded 399

Knut Haukelid’s solo mission 365, 371, 372–3, 386–7

nuclear facilities in Germany 370–1

Odd Starheim ‘Agent Cheese’ 87, 97, 98–9, 121

Operation Freshman 164–5, 173–6, 183, 199–201, 213, 216–17, 223, 233–4

Operation Grouse 140–1, 142–3, 146, 147, 157, 164, 173, 188–90, 194, 201, 216, 217–18, 237–8, 240–1, 257, 259, 265

Operation Gunnerside 214–16, 219–20, 222–3, 224–5, 237, 247, 248, 263, 264–6, 274–5, 289, 337, 340–4, 346, 359–60

Z

Zellenbau prison 153

Zyklon B 68