42. Ferrauto, Esercizi imitativi, 11.
43. Ferrauto, Esercizi imitativi, 21.
44. Ferrauto, Esercizi imitativi, 21.
45. Ferrauto, Esercizi imitativi, 73.
46. Ferrauto, Esercizi imitativi, 10.
47. Partito nazionale fascista, “La gioventù italiana del littorio nell’anno XVII,” 5.
48. Marzolo, “La gioventù italiana del littorio,” 214.
49. Comando generale della GIL, L’accademia femminile di Orvieto, 7.
50. Comando generale della GIL, L’accademia femminile di Orvieto, 13–15.
51. Partito nazionale fascista, “Foglio di disposizioni, n. 1149,” Rome, 1938 (ACS, MPI, DG del personale e degli affari generali ed amministrativi [1910–1964], box 195, folder “1938–1939”).
52. Benadusi, The Enemy of the New Man, 87–110.
53. Orano, “Bonifica della razza,” 334.
54. Curico, “Caratteri della politica fascista per l’infanzia,” 6.
55. Dino Alfieri to Carlo Cosimo Borromeo, November 16, 1938 (ACS, MCP, Gabinetto, box 151, folder “Fascicoli Vari-Carlo Cosimo Borromeo”).
56. Bergamaschi, “La difesa della razza e l’O.N.M.I.,” 245.
57. Pende, “Maternità fisiologica e maternità spirituale,” 63–64.
58. Sborgi, “La donna nello stato fascista,” 284. Victoria De Grazia has termed this contradiction of ideals and necessity as “oppositional familism.” De Grazia, How Fascism Ruled Women, 112–15. See also Ipsen, Dictating Demography, 145–46. For a comparative look at similar policies regarding female labor in Nazi Germany, see Burleigh and Wippermann, The Racial State, 258–66.
59. Orano, “Bonifica della razza,” 338.
1. Mussolini, “Popolo italiano! Corri alle armi . . . ,” 404.
2. Ciano, Diary, 318.
3. Ciano, Diary, 316.
4. For more on the events leading up to and the historiography on Mussolini’s decision to enter the war, see Kallis, Fascist Ideology, 168–74.
5. Numerous scholars have written on Italy’s military weakness on the eve of its involvement with World War II. See Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, 292–93; Bosworth, Mussolini’s Italy, 443–48; Mack Smith, Mussolini’s Roman Empire, 169–89.
6. Ben-Ghiat, Fascist Modernities, 174–80.
7. On the youth experience of the war between 1940 and 1943, see Gibelli, Il popolo bambino, 341–65.
8. On the situation for Jews in Italy during the forty-five days between July 25 and September 8, 1943, see Zuccotti, Under His Very Windows, 137–149; De Felice, The Jews in Fascist Italy, 427–32.
9. See, for example, Dante Coscia, Storia del bene e del male. For analysis of this practice, see Gibelli, Il popolo bambino, 366–93.
10. Numbers are necessarily imprecise. The former number is from Fargion, Il libro della memoria, 26. The latter is from De Felice, Storia degli ebrei italiani, 465.
11. Mayda, Storia della deportazione dall’Italia, 1943–1945, 134. On anti-Semitism between 1943 and 1945, see Michele Sarfatti, The Jews in Mussolini’s Italy, 178–211.
12. Picciotto, “The Shoah in Italy.”
13. Duggan, Fascist Voices, 418–25.
14. Duggan, Fascist Voices, 422.
15. On the transition from Fascist to post-Fascist education, see White, Progressive Renaissance.
16. Dell’Era, “Scienza, razza e politica tra fascismo e repubblica.”
17. Mosse, Toward the Final Solution, 232.
18. Academics and activists are increasingly bringing to popular attention the problems of postcolonialism, immigration, homophobia, and sexism in contemporary Italy. In addition to scholars mentioned elsewhere in this book, see the variety of work in Parati, New Perspectives in Italian Cultural Studies, vol. 1, Definitions, Theory, and Accented Practices; Parati, New Perspectives in Italian Cultural Studies, vol. 2, The Arts and History; Deplano, Costruire una nazione.