APPENDIX D

Weights and Measures

The standard density/specific gravity reference temperature was changed in the United Kingdom from 60 degrees F (15.56 degrees C) to 68 degrees F (20 degrees C) in 1990. The same standard temperature is now used in the British, U.S., and metric systems.

In the same year the Congress of the International System of Units (SI) made corrections to the Celsius temperature scale; what was 20.005 degrees C is now 20 degrees C (68 degrees F), and what was 15.564 degrees C is now 15.56 degrees C (60 degrees F).

The SI size of the liter was changed slightly in 1964. One liter now equals one cubic decimeter exactly, or 99.9972 percent of the pre-1964 liter (the “old” liter was defined as the volume occupied by one kilogram of water at 4 degrees C). Since 1990, the SI standard weight for one liter of pure water in vacuo at 20 degrees C is .998202 kilogram, and in dry air .997151 kilogram. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the U.S. gives the weight of one liter of water at 20 degrees C at one atmosphere, measured in vacuo, as .998232 kilogram, and in dry air as .998229 kilogram. The SI standards are used here.

Abbreviations

U.S. Liquid Measure

Liquid Measure

dram

dr.

liter

L

fluid ounce

fl. oz.

milliliter

mL

pint

pt.

deciliter

dL

quart

qt.

dekaliter

dkL

gallon

gal.

barrel

bbl.

Metric System

Metric System Units

micro

μ

.0001

gram

g

milli

m

.001

meter

m

centi

c

.01

square meter

m2

deci

d

.1

cubic meter

m3

deka

dk

10

hecto

h

100

kilo

k

1000

Capacity

To express any volume in another unit of measure, convert the measure in the left-hand column to any unit in the right-hand column by multiplying by the factor shown.

microliter

= .000 000 1 L

milliliter

= 1 cm3 = .2705 fl. dr. = .033814 fl. oz. = .001 L = 0.06102 cu. in.= .997151 g of water at 20°C

fluid dram

= 3.697 mL = .125 fl. oz.

centiliter

= 10 mL = .3381 fl. oz. =.01 L

tablespoon

= 14.7868 mL = .5 fl. oz.

Imperial fluid ounce

= 28.4131 mL = .9608 fl. oz. (U.S.)

deciliter

= 100 mL = 3.3814 fl. oz. = .1 L

fluid ounce

= 29.5735 mL = 2 tblsp. = 1.8046 cu. in.

cup

= 236.6 mL = 8 fl. oz. = .2366 L

pint

= 473.176 mL = 16 fl. oz. = 2 cups = .8327 Imp. pt. = .47321= 28.875 cu. in.

Imperial pint

= 568.29 mL = 20 Imp. fl. oz. = 19.2152 fl. oz. (U.S.) = 1.2009 pt. (U.S.) = .56825 L

quart

= 946.3530 mL - 32 fl. oz. = 4 cups = .8327 Imp. qt. = .94633 L = 57.75 cu. in.

liter

= 1000 mL = 33.8140 fl. oz. = 2.1134 pt. = 1.0567 qt. = .2642 gal.= 997.151g of water at 20°C = 61.0234 cu. in.

Imperial quart

= 1136.6 mL = 40 Imp. fl. oz. = 38.4304 fl. oz. (U.S.) = 1.2009 qt. (U.S.) = 1.1366 L

gallon

= 3785.4118 mL = 128 fl. oz. = 16 cups = 8 pt. = 4 qt. = 3.7854 L = .8327 Imp. gal. = 231 cu. in. = 8.3216 lb. of water at 20°C

Imperial gallon

= 4546 mL = 160 Imp. fl. oz. = 153.7234 fl. oz. (U.S.) = 4.5459 L = 1.20095 gal.

dekaliter

= 10 L = 2.6417 gal.

⅛ barrel

= 3.875 gal.

¼ barrel

= 7.75 gal.

½ barrel

= 15.5 gal.

hectoliter

= 100 L = 26.4172 gal. = 21.9969 Imp. gal. = .8522 bbl. = .6110 Imp. bbl.

barrel

= 31 gal. = 1.1 735 hL = .717 Imp. bbl. = 7056 cu. in.

Imperial barrel

= 43.2342 gal. (U.S.) = 36 Imp. gal. = 1.63659 hL = 1.3946 bbl. (U.S.)
Submultiples of Capacity (U.S. Liquid Measure)

Gallons

Fl. Oz.

Fl. Pt.

Fl. Qt.

.0078

1

.0156

2

.0313

4

¼

.0469

6

.0625

8

½

¼

.0938

12

¾

.125

16

1

½

.1563

20

1¼

.1875

24

1½

¾

.2188

28

1¾

.25

32

2

1

.375

48

3

1½

.50

64

4

2

.75

96

6

3

1.00

128

8

4

U.S. and Metric Systems Cubic Measure (Volume)

cubic centimeter

= 1 mL at 20°C = .06102374 cu. in.

cubic inch

= 16.387064 cm3

cubic decimeter

= 61.0237cu. in. = 1 L at 20°C

cubic foot

= 1,728 cu. in. = 28.317 dm3 = 28.316846592 cm3 L = .0283 m3

cubic meter

= 35.31467 cu. ft.

Dry Measure (Volume)

dry pint

= 33.6003 cu. in. = .5506 L

dry quart

= 67.2006 cu. in. = 2 pt. = 1.1012 L

liter

= 61.0255 cu. in. = .9081 qt.

peck

= 537.605 cu. in. = 8 qt. = 8.8096 L

bushel

= 2,150.42 cu. in. = 32 qt. = 4 pecks = 35.2383 L = .3524 hL

barrel

= 7,056 cu. in. = 105 qt.

hectoliter

= 6,102.5461 cu. in. = 90.81 qt. = 100 L = 2.8375 bu.

Weight

microgram

= .000 000 1 g

milligram

= .015432 grains = .001 g

centigram

= .1543 grains = .01 g

grain

= 64.7989 mg = .0648 g

gram

= 1,000 mg = 15.432358 grains = .035274 oz. (avoir.) = .00220462 lb.

ounce

= 437.5 grains = 28.349523125 g (avoirdupois)

pound

= 7,000 grains = 453.59237 g = 16 oz. = .4536 kg

kilogram

= 1,000 g = 35.27396 oz. (avoir.) = 2.2046226 lb.

short ton

= 2,000 lb. = 20 hundred weight = 907.18474 kg = .9072 metric ton

metric ton

= 1,000 kg = 2204.6226 lb. = 1.1023 short tons

Linear Measure

millimeter

= .03937 in. = .001 m

centimeter

= .3937 in. = .01 m

inch

= 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm

decimeter

= 3.937 in. = .1 m

foot

= 30.48 cm = 12 in. = .3048 m

yard

= 91.44 cm = 36 in. = 3 ft. = .9144 m

meter

= 39.370079 in. = 3.28084 ft. = 1.09361 yd.

Square Measure

square centimeter

= .1550 sq. in.

square inch

= 6.4516 cm2 = .006944 sq. ft.

square decimeter

= .1076 sq. ft.

square foot

= 929.0304 cm2 = 144 sq. in. = .0929 m2
Temperature

°Fahrenheit

°Centigrade

°Réaumur

30

-1.11

32

0

0

35

1.67

39.2

4.0

40

4.44

41

5

4

45

7.22

50

10

8

55

12.78

59

15

12

60

15.56

65

18.33

68

20

16

70

21.11

77

25

20

80

26.67

86

30

24

90

32.22

95

35

28

100

37.78

104

40

32

110

43.33

113

45

36

122

50

40

131

55

44

140

60

48

145

62.78

149

65

52

155

68.33

158

70

56

160

71.11

167

75

60

170

76.67

176

80

64

180

82.22

185

85

68

194

90

72

200

93.33

203

95

76

212

100

80

221

105

84

230

110

88

Conversion

Density

°Plato (°P; Balling, °B; or Brix) expresses a solution’s density as grams of sucrose per 100 grams of solution, measured at 68 degrees F (20 degrees C). 10 °Plato, then, is a 10 percent weight/weight solution. Plato, Balling, Brix and specific gravity are all now commonly calibrated at the international standard of 20 degrees C (68 degrees F). Although 60 degrees F (15.56 degrees C) is being abandoned as a brewing reference temperature, some hydrometers are still calibrated at a reference temperature of 60 degrees F.

Specific gravity (sp gr) measures the density of a solution as compared to the density of pure water (sp gr 1.000). Brewers rarely use specific gravity notation in its usual form. For instance, 1.040 is more often given as “1040” and called “gravity” (SG). British brewers further abbreviate SG 1040 to “40,” call it “excess gravity,” and write it as “G.” Both are useful in simplifying formulas.

Specific gravity is a weight/volume measurement. A 10 percent weight/weight solution gives SG 1040.03 (sp gr 1.04003) at 68 degrees F, rather than 1040 as might be expected, because specific gravity-to-°Plato conversions are not linear.

To convert from specific gravity to °Plato with absolute accuracy requires the use of a regression equation. At 68 degrees F (20 degrees C):

°P = 135.997 x sp gr3 -630.272 x sp gr2 + 1111.14 x sp gr - 616.868

A simpler formula gives reasonably accurate results:

°P = 260-(260/sp gr) and inversely, sp gr = 260/(260-°P).

Multiplying °Plato by four roughly gives excess gravity (G):

10 °P x 4 = 40 G

Conversely, dividing G by four gives the approximate °Plato:

40/4 = 10 °P

Also:

Extract = G/46.21. 40/46.21 = .866 lb. of extract/gallon required.

Extract is the amount of any substance in solution. In brewing, extract is based on sucrose, dry basis, giving 100 percent yield. What density 100 percent yield gives depends on the ratio of the extract to the volume (or weight) of the solution.

The ASBC laboratory mash assesses extract on a weight/weight basis. In an ASBC mash at 68 degrees F, 100 percent extract gives 11.11 °P, SG 1044.65, and 372.94 L°/kg.

In practice, brewers need to use a weight/volume basis. In the U.S., this is usually pounds per gallon, or pounds per barrel. As one pound in one gallon, 100 percent extract at 68 degrees F is 11.486065 °P, SG 1046.21415, and 385.6458 L°/kg. At 60 degrees F, 100 percent extract/one pound in one gallon gives 11.47 °P, SG 1046.15, and 385.11 L°/kg.

Liter degrees per kilogram (L°/kg) is the IOB (British) standard for extract. It is a metric weight/volume measurement. The most accurate method of converting L°/kg to percent extract is by the formula:

% extract = 10.13 x (.2601 x L° per kg / 10.13 - .03025)

A less accurate but simpler formula is:

.2601 x L°/kg -.3064

Example:

.2601 x 308 L°/kg - .3064 = 79.8% extract

The reciprocal formula is:

L°/kg = 3.845 x % extract + 1.178

For all intents and purposes, °Plato, Balling, and Brix are interchangeable, although the Balling scale was calibrated at 17.5 degrees C. Where a hydrometer calibrated at 60 degrees F (15.56 degrees C) is being used, the reference temperature can be corrected to 68 degrees F (20 degrees C) by the formula:

SG at 60°F x .99548 + 4.53 = SG at 68°F

The reciprocal formula is:

SG at 68°F x 1.00454 - 4.55 = SG at 60°F

For all practical purposes, a hydrometer calibrated at 60 degrees F gives acceptably accurate results, as is seen in the tables below.

The density tables are based upon these values:

1. °Plato = 135.997 x SG3 - 630.272 x SG2 + 1111.14 x SG - 616.868

2. Extract required for one gallon of solution at a given specific gravity or density: % extract required, at 68°F (20°C) = sp gr x °P x 8.321628; given that one gallon equals 3785.411784 milliliters, and that one milliliter of pure water at 68°F (20°C) in dry air weighs .997151 grams.

A. Gravity and °Plato at 68°F (20°C):

°P

SG

0.000

1000

.255

1001

.513

1002

.771

1003

1.028

1004

1.284

1005

1.541

1006

1.796

1007

2.052

1008

2.306

1009

2.561

1010

2.815

1011

3.068

1012

3.321

1013

3.574

1014

3.826

1015

4.078

1016

4.329

1017

4.580

1018

4.831

1019

5.081

1020

5.331

1021

5.580

1022

5.829

1023

6.077

1024

6.325

1025

6.572

1026

6.819

1027

7.066

1028

7.312

1029

7.558

1030
B. Gravity, corresponding °Plato, and pounds of extract required for one gallon of solution at the given gravity, at 68°F (20°C°:

For Density of:

Lb. Extract for 1 Gal.:

SG

°P

1031

7.804

.6695

1032

8.049

.6912

1033

8.293

.7129

1034

8.537

.7346

1035

8.781

.7563

1036

9.024

.7780

1037

9.267

.7997

1038

9.510

.8214

1039

9.752

.8432

1040

9.994

.8649

1041

10.234

.8866

1042

10.475

.9084

1043

10.716

.9301

1044

10.956

.9518

1045

11.196

.9736

1046

11.435

.9953

1046.214

11.486

1.0000

1047

11.674

1.0171

1048

11.912

1.0389

1049

12.150

1.0606

1050

12.388

1.0824

1051

12.625

1.1042

1052

12.862

1.1260

1053

13.098

1.1477

1054

13.334

1.1695

1055

13.570

1.1913

1056

13.805

1.2131

1057

14.039

1.2349

1058

14.274

1.2567

1059

14.508

1.2785

1060

14.741

1.3003

1061

14.975

1.3221

1062

15.207

1.3440

1063

15.440

1.3658

1064

15.672

1.3876

1065

15.903

1.4094

1066

16.135

1.4313

1067

16.365

1.4531

1068

16.596

1.4750

1069

16.826

1.4968

1070

17.056

1.5187

1075

18.198

1.6280

1080

19.331

1.7374

1085

20.454

1.8468

1090

21.568

1.9564

1095

22.673

2.0660

1100

23.769

2.1758

1105

24.855

2.2856

1110

25.933

2.3954

1115

27.002

2.5054

1120

28.062

2.6154

1125

29.113

2.7255
C. °Plato, corresponding gravity, and pounds of extract required for one gallon of solution at the given °Plato, at 68°F (20°C)

For Density of:

Lb. Extract for 1 Gal.:

°P

SG

8.0

1031.8

.6869

8.5

1033.9

.7324

9.0

1035.9

.7758

9.5

1037.96

.8206

10.0

1040.03

.8655

10.5

1042.11

.9108

11.0

1044.19

.9560

11.486

1046.214

1.0000

11.5

1046.28

1.0014

12.0

1048.37

1.0469

12.5

1050.48

1.0929

13.0

1052.59

1.1388

13.5

1054.71

1.1850

14.0

1056.83

1.2312

14.5

1058.97

1.2779

15.0

1061.11

1.3245

15.5

1063.26

1.3715

16.0

1065.42

1.4186

16.5

1067.58

1.4658

17.0

1069.76

1.5134

17.5

1071.94

1.5611

18.0

1074.14

1.6091

18.5

1076.33

1.6570

19.0

1078.54

1.7054

19.5

1080.75

1.7538

20.0

1082.97

1.8024

21.0

1087.44

1.9004

22.0

1091.95

1.9991

23.0

1096.49

2.0987

24.0

1101.06

2.1991

25.0

1105.67

2.3003
D. Gravity and pounds of extract required for one gallon of solution at the given SG, at 60°F (15.56°C)

Density SG

Lb. Extract for 1 Gal.:

1031

.6706

1032

.6923

1033

.7141

1034

.7358

1035

.7575

1036

.7793

1037

.8010

1038

.8228

1039

.8445

1040

.8663

1041

.8881

1042

.9098

1043

.9316

1044

.9534

1045

.9752

1046

.9970

1046.15

1.0000

1047

.0188

1048

.0406

1049

.0624

1050

.0842

1051

.1060

1052

.1278

1053

.1496

1054

.1714

1055

.1933

1056

1.2151

1057

1.2369

1058

1.2588

1059

1.2806

1060

1.3024

1061

1.3243

1062

1.3462

1063

1.3680

1064

1.3899

1065

1.4117

1066

1.4336

1067

1.4555

1068

1.4774

1069

1.4992

1070

1.5211

1075

1.6306

1080

1.7402

1085

1.8498

1090

1.9596

1095

2.0694

1100

2.1793

1105

2.2893

1110

2.3993

1115

2.5095

1120

2.6197

1125

2.7299
Temperature Corrections for Hydrometers Calibrated at 68°F (20°C).

If Temperature Is:

SG: 1010-

1030-

1040-

1050-

1060-

1070-

1080-

1090-

°F

°C

Adjust Hydrometer Reading By:

35

2

-2

-2

-3

-3

-3

-3

-4

-4

40

4

-2

-2

-3

-3

-3

-3

-3

-3

50

10

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

60

15.5

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

80

27

+2

+2

+2

+2

+2

+2

+2

+2

90

32

+3

+3

+3

+3

+4

+4

+4

+4

95

35

+4

+4

+4

+4

+4

+5

+5

+5

105

40

+5

+5

+5

+6

+6

+6

+6

+6

115

45

+6

+7

+7

+7

+7

+8

+8

+8

125

50

+7

+8

+8

+8

+9

+9

+9

+10

Adjust reading; for example, reading at 80°F is 1055: add 2 = 1057.
Temperature Corrections for Hydrometers Calibrated at 60°F (15.56°C).

If Temperature Is:

SG: 1010-

1030-

1040-

1050-

1060-

1070-

1080-

1090-

°F

°C

Adjust Hydrometer Reading By:

35

2

-1

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

-3

40

4

-1

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

-2

50

10

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

70

20

+1

+1

+1

+1

+1

+1

+1

+2

80

27

+2

+3

+3

+3

+3

+3

+3

+3

90

32

+4

+4

+4

+4

+5

+5

+5

+5

95

35

+4

+5

+5

+5

+5

+5

+6

+6

105

40

+6

+6

+6

+6

+7

+7

+7

+7

115

45

+7

+7

+8

+8

+8

+8

+9

+9

125

50

+8

+9

+9

+9

+10

+10

+10

+11

Adjust reading; for example, reading at 80°F is 1055: add 3 = 1058.
Temperature Corrections for Saccharometers Calibrated at 68°F (20°C).

If Temperature Is:

°P: 2.5-

7.5-

10.0-

12.5-

15.0-

17.0-

19.0-

21.5-

°F

°C

Adjust Saccharometer Reading By:

35

2

-.5

-.5

-.8

-.8

-.8

-.8

-1.0

-1.0

40

4

-.5

-.5

-.8

-.8

-.8

-.8

-.8

-.8

50

10

-.5

-.5

-.5

-.5

-.5

-.5

-.5

-.5

60

15.5

-.3

-.3

-.3

-.3

-.3

-.3

-.3

-.3

80

27

+.5

+.5

+.5

+.5

+.5

+.5

+.5

+.5

90

32

+.8

+.8

+.8

+.8

+1.0

+1.0

+1.0

+1.0

95

35

+1.0

+1.0

+1.0

+1.0

+1.0

+1.3

+1.3

+1.3

105

40

+1.3

+1.3

+1.3

+1.5

+1.5

+1.5

+1.5

+1.5

115

45

+1.5

+1.8

+1.8

+1.8

+1.8

+2.1

+2.1

+2.1

125

50

+1.8

+2.1

+2.1

+2.1

+2.3

+2.3

+2.3

+2.6

Adjust reading; for example, °Plato at 85°F is 13.5: add .5 = 14.0.

Alcohol

Expected Alcohol by Volume and by Weight

Apparent Attenuation:

Alcohol by Volume/Weight

°P

G

ABV

ABW

3

12

1.55

1.22

4

16

2.06

1.62

5

20

2.58

2.03

6

24

3.10

2.43

7

28

3.61

2.84

7.5

30

3.87

3.04

8

32

4.13

3.24

8.5

34

4.39

3.44

9

36

4.64

3.65

9.5

38

4.90

3.85

10

40

5.16

4.05

10.5

42

5.42

4.25

11

44

5.68

4.46

11.5

46

5.93

4.66

12

48

6.19

4.86

12.5

50

6.45

5.06

13

53

6.71

5.27

14

57

7.22

5.67

15

61

7.74

6.08

16

65

8.26

6.48

17

70

8.77

6.89

18

74

9.29

7.29

Formulas for deriving approximate alcohol by weight (ABW) or alcohol by volume (ABV) from apparent attenuation (OG-TG):

ABW, °P

= [.8192 (OG-TG)]/[2.0665 - (.010665 x OG)]

or:

ABV (v/v), °P

= OE-TE x .516

ABW (w/w), °P

= OG-FG x .405

ABV (v/v), G

= OG-FG x .129

ABW (w/w), G

= OE-TE x .102

ABV

= 1.26 x ABW

ABW

= .785 x ABV

True attenuation/fermentability = apparent attenuation x .814

Pressure

Absolute pressure, lb./sq. in. = psi on a gauge + 14.7 psi

Hydrostatic pressure, psi = head, in feet x .434

Head, in feet = psi/.434

Pressure at 50°F at sea level:

1 atmosphere

= water at 212°F, sea level = 14.6959 psi = 1.013250 bar = 101.325 kilopascals = 760.002 mmHg = 1.03323 kg/cm2 = 406.8 inches of H2O

1 psi (1 lb./sq. in.)

= .068046 atmospheres = 6.89476 kPa = 70.308 mm/Hg = .0703086 kg/cm2 = 27.68"/H2O

1 bar

= .9869 atmospheres = 14.5 psi = 100 kPa = 750.062 mm/Hg = 1.01972 kg/cm2 = 401.47"/H2O
Pressure at Various Altitudes

Altitude

psi

0'

14.70

500'

14.43

1,000'

14.18

1,500'

13.90

2,000'

13.67

2,500'

13.41

3,000'

13.19

3,500'

12.92

4,000'

12.70

4,500'

12.45

5,000'

12.23

10,000'

10.10

15,000'

8.28
Volumes of CO2: Pressure at Various Temperatures

°F

°C

psi

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Volumes of CO2 at given temperature and pressure:

30

-1

2.36

2.60

2.82

3.02

32

0

2.27

2.48

2.70

2.90

35

1.7

2.14

2.34

2.52

2.73

2.93

40

4

2.10

2.30

2.47

2.65

2.84

3.01

45

7.2

2.08

2.26

2.42

2.60

2.77

2.94

50

10

2.21

2.38

2.54

2.70

2.86

3.02

55

12.7

2.04

2.19

2.33

2.47

2.63

2.78

2.93

3.01

60

15.6

2.01

2.14

2.28

2.42

2.56

2.70

2.84

At 50°F (10°C):

To carbonate 1 gallon of beer to 1 volume requires 7.5 grams of CO2.

To carbonate 1 hL of beer to 1 volume requires .2 kg of CO2.

1 gram CO2 per 100 mL = 5.06 volumes per volume of beer

1 volume of CO2 per volume of beer = .198 grams of CO2 per 100 mL

1 Atmosphere = 14.7 psi = .968 kg/cm2.

Although the amount of CO2 in a packaged beer doesn’t change as temperature increases, the pressure does. If bottled beer is let warm up, it may gush upon opening, or even explode if it is overcarbonated:

Pressure Increase at Rising Temperatures

Volumes of CO2:

Temperature:

40°F

50°F

60°F

70°F

80°F

2.0

7 psi

11 psi

16 psi

20 psi

25 psi

2.5

12 psi

18 psi

23 psi

28 psi

34 psi

3.0

18 psi

24 psi

30 psi

36 psi

42 psi

Water

At sea level, pure water (H2O; 11.188% hydrogen, 88.812% oxygen by weight) freezes at 32 degrees F (O degrees C), boils at 212 degrees F (100 degrees C). It is most dense at 39.2 degrees F (3.98 degrees C). One gallon at 60 degrees F (15.56 degrees C) weighs 58,310 grains. At 68 degrees F (20 degrees C), one cubic foot weighs 64.3 lb., one ounce (avoir.) equals .96 fluid ounces, one pound equals .12 gallons, and one cubic inch equals 16.36 grams. At 32 degrees F (O degrees C), water weighs 1.000429 grams/milliliter, but as ice weighs .919 grams/milliliter.

1 mL = 1 cc of water at 68°F (20°C)

1 L = 1 kg of water at 68°F (20°C)

Density of Water, in Air

°F

°C

g/cm3 (g/mL)

oz./fl. oz.

lb./gal.

lb./UK gal.

32

0

1.000429

1.043622

8.348982

10.027

39.2

4

1.000693

1.043898

8.351188

10.029

60

15.56

.998772

1.041895

8.335156

10.010

68

20

.997151

1.040204

8.321628

9.994

77

25

.994836

1.037789

8.302309

9.971

212

100

.957344

0.998678

7.989423

9.601
Pressure at Temperatures Other Than 50 Degrees F

Atmosphere

Temperature At:

50°F

40°F

59°F

68°F

77°F

lb. per sq. in.

1.0

14.7

10

20

22

24

2.0

29.4

20

34

40

43

2.5

36.8

25

43

50

53

3.0

44.1

30

52

63

65

4.0

58.8

40

70

79

88

Water Hardness

Parts per million (in metric usage, mg/L)

=1 part CaCO3 per 1,000,000 parts (water = 1 mg/L = .1 parts per 100,000 = .07 °Clark = .0583 gpg (U.S.) = .056 °German

Grain per gallon (U.S.)

=1 part CaCO3 per 58,310 parts water = 17.1497 ppm = 1.2 °Clark

Clark degree (grain per gallon, U.K.)

=1 part CaCO3 per 70,000 parts water = 14.25 ppm = .833 gpg (U.S.) = .8°German = .7 millival

German degree

= 1 mg Ca per 1000 L = 1 part CaO per 100,000 parts water = 17.9 ppm as CaCO3 =1.4285 °Clark

French degree

= 1 mg CaCO3 per 1000 L

Millival

= .001- ion concentration = 20.357 ppm
Expansion/Contraction of Water:

°F

°C

Relative Volume

32

0

.998362

39.2

4

.998230

60

15.56

.999190

68

20

1.000000

77

25

1.001162

212

100

1.041581
Boiling Point at Various Elevations

Elevation

Boiling Point

-1000

213.8°F (101°C)

sea level

212°F (100°C)

1000'

210.2°F (99°C)

2000'

208.4°F (98°C)

3000'

206.5°F (97°C)

4000'

204.7°F (96°C)

5000'

202.9°F (95°C)

6000'

201.1°F (94°C)

7000'

199.2°F (93°C)

8000'

197.4°F (92°C)

9000'

195.6°F (91°C)

10,000'

183.7°F (90°C)

Boiling point drops approximately 1°F (.56°C) for each 550 feet (170 meters) of increase in altitude.
Boiling Temperature at Various Pressures

Atmospheres of Pressure

Boiling Point

°F

°C

1

212

100

1.5

234

112.2

2

249

120.6

3

273

134

4

291

144

10

356

180

17

401

205

Useful Information

One bushel of barley weighs 48 lb.

One bushel of malt weighs 34 lb.

One cup of whole malt weighs approximately 5 oz. (142 g).

After malting, barley yields 85 to 93 percent malt by weight.

Ethyl alcohol boils at 173°F (78.5°C).

No amount of heat applied to a liquid will increase its temperature once it has reached its boiling point. Only pressure can increase a boiling liquid’s temperature, by raising its boiling point.

Specific heat at 20°C: Beer = .92, Water = 1.00, Malt = .4.

1 BTU = 1°F temperature change per gallon of water = 2.928 x 10-4 KWH

1 Calorie = 1°C rise per kilogram of water

1 BTU/hr. = 2.931 W

1 Boiler HP = 33.479 BTU/hr.

One gallon per minute equals 225 liters per hour.

For refrigeration load at 68°F: 8.3217 x SG = lb./gal.

Freezing point: -(.42 x ABW + .04 x OG + .2) °C

Approximate Calories in Beer, per 12 Fluid Ounces

OG

TG

1010

1012

1014

1016

1018

1020

1040

132

132

133

134

135

136

1050

164

165

166

167

168

169

1060

196

197

198

199

200

202

To test or calibrate a thermometer, insert it in chipped ice, and into the steam just above the surface of boiling water; adjust the second reading to account for elevation above sea level.

1 Pasteur unit = 1 minute at 140°F (60°C). Pasteur units increase 10 times for every 12.6°F (7°C) increase in temperature.

Sterilizing at 170°F (77°C) is equal to 268 Pasteur units, at 160°F (72°C) is equal to 45 PU.

Homebrew Sterilant Solutions

Volume of Sterilant Solution:

Add Bleach:

1 gal./4 L

1 ½ teaspoons or 7 mL

4 gal./15 L

1 fl. oz. or 30 mL

5 gal./19 L

1 ¼ fl. oz. or 40 mL

6 ½ gal./25 L

1 ½ fl. oz. or 50 mL

Approximate Displacement Values of Sucrose, Malt, and Hops

1 lb. of sucrose displaces .074 gal. of water

1 g of sucrose displaces .6165 mL of water

1 kg of sucrose displaces .6165 L of water

1 lb. of malt displaces .13 gal. in the mash

1 kg of malt displaces 1.07 L in the mash

1 lb. of spent malt retains .108 gal. of wort

1 kg of spent malt retains .90 L of wort

1 lb. of hops displaces .12 and absorbs 1.8 gal. of wort in the copper

1 kg of hops displaces 1 L and absorbs 15 L of wort in the copper

1 lb. of hops contributes .07 lb. of extract to 1 gal.

1 kg of hops contributes .265 kg of extract to 1 L of wort

1 lb. of spent hops retains .72 gal. of wort

1 kg of spent hops retains 6 L of wort

Percentage Solutions

%

Oz. (Avoir.)

Grams

W/V

W/W Dissolved In (to make up 1 qt.):

1

.33

9.4

in enough water to make up 1 quart of solution

31.66 fl. oz.

2

.67

18.9

31.36

3

1

28.4

31.04

4

1.33

37.8

30.72

5

1.67

47.3

30.4

10

3.33

94.5

28.8

For water, weight/volume (w/v) and weight/weight (w/w) solutions are identical. Otherwise, a w/w% solution at 10% will be 1% stronger than a w/v% solution at 10%.

% solutions:

in 10 mL

100 mL

1 L water

5%

.5g

5 g

50 g

10%

1.0g

10 g

100 g

25%

2.5g

25 g

250 g
Decimal Equivalents

1/64

.015

1/32

.031

3/64

.046

1/16

.062

5/64

.078

3/32

.093

7/64

.109

⅛

.125

9/64

.140

5/32

.156

11/64

.171

3/16

.187

13/64

.203

7/32

.218

15/64

.234

¼

.250

9/32

.281

5/16

.312

11/32

.343

⅜

.375

13/32

.406

7/16

.437

15/32

.468

½

.500

9/16

.562

⅝

.625

11/16

.687

¾

.750

13/16

.812

⅞

.875

15/16

.937

1

1.000
Percentage/Decimal Equivalents

%

Decimal

.01

.0001

.5

.005

1.0

.01

5

.05

10

.1

12.5

.125

Useful Formulas

Diameter of a circle

= circumference x .31831

Circumference of a circle

= diameter x 3.1416

Area of a circle

= diameter2 x .7854

= circumference2 x .0796

= radius2 x 3.1416

Volume of a cylinder

= (πr2)h = cu. in., ft., m, etc. =

Doubling the diameter of a cylinder increases its volume 4 times.

Volume of a dome

=

Volume of a cone

= = cu. in., ft., m, etc.

Conversions

Gallons (U.S.) to pounds (avoir.) = (8.33 x sp gr) gal.

Pounds (avoir.) to gallons (U.S.) = lb./8.33 (sp gr)

Milliliter to grams = mL (sp gr)

Grams to milliliters = g/sp gr

Milliliters to ounces (avoir.) =

Ounces (avoir.) to milliliters =