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Ablyazov, Mukhtar, 4
ABN Amro, 250, 298
Abramovich, Roman: and Berezovsky, 4, 129, 175–6, 194, 202–3, 208; close ties with Yeltsin Family, 175–6, 202–3, 208, 217, 252, 343, 353; and Sibneft, 175, 194, 212, 281, 321, 345–6, 354, 355–6; and Rosneft, 216, 217; and Sibneft-Yukos merger, 228–9, 236; Putin calls to Novo-Ogarevo, 233; Petromed ‘donations,’ 315; act of fealty to Putin, 344–5, 346; as governor of Chukotka, 344–5, 346, 347; Pole of Hope charity, 345; buys Chelsea Football Club, 352–3, 364, 365; as part of Putin machine, 353–4, 355–6, 358; lives in London, 364, 380–1
Achinsk oil refinery, 220
Ackerman, Josef, 479
Aeroflot, 142, 207, 311
Afghanistan, 188–9, 253, 278, 367, 370, 462, 463, 464
Africa, 28, 62, 185, 212, 395
Agalarov, Aras, 451, 456–7, 458, 460, 472–3, 475–6, 485
Agalarov, Emin, 475–6
Agnelli, Margherita, 328
Akhmadov, Ilyas, 267
Akimov, Andrei, 64, 102, 109, 220–3, 291, 311, 340–2, 391, 432
Aksyonenko, Nikolai, 137, 138, 142
Aksyonov, Sergei, 426
Aktyubinsk Chromium Chemicals Plant, 466–7
Albats, Yevgenia, 76, 372
Alekperov, Vagit, 200, 218–19
Alexandrov, Alexander, 257
Alexandrovich, Grand Duke Sergei, 173
Alexei II, Patriarch, 123
Alexeyev, Rudolf, 450
Alfa Group, 70, 79, 190, 229, 298
All Soviet Institute for Systems Research, 65
Alternative für Deutschland (Germany), 436
Altshoul, Alexander, 469
Amsterdam, Robert, 357
Andreotti, Giulio, 92
Andreyevsky Hall (Grand Kremlin Palace), 179–83
Andropov, Yury, 36, 37, 62, 65–6, 190, 449
Angola, 185
anti-Semitism, 21, 67, 70
Apatit (fertiliser plant), 298, 300, 301
Arab Spring, 373–4
Arafat, Yassar, 37, 342
Aramco, 285
Arif, Tevfiq, 455–6, 457, 460, 464–5, 467, 468, 470
Arthur Andersen collapse, 416
Aslakhanov, Aslambek, 262, 263
al-Assad, Bashar, 342, 431
Ataka party (Bulgaria), 435
Aushev, Ruslan, 262
Austria, 27–8, 66, 189, 220–1, 339–42, 435, 436–7
Avangard (oil company), 436
Aven, Pyotr, 60, 65, 75, 89, 189–90, 236, 255, 380
Averin, Viktor (‘Avera’), 337–8
AvtoVAZ, 141, 143, 200
Baader, Andreas, 38
Baikal Finance Group, 291–2
Baisarov, Ruslan, 379–80, 381–2
Bakatin, Vadim, 75–6
Baker, James, 295
Baker Botts (Texas law firm), 294, 295–6
Baltisky Zavod (shipyard), 378–9, 381
Bank of New York scandal (1999), 149, 154, 412–13, 414–16, 458, 459, 461, 464, 466
Bank Rossiya, 105, 107–8, 109, 181, 191, 309–10, 311–13, 314, 345, 399; Gazprom assets siphoned to, 309–10, 313, 314, 315–18, 340; cash store in Panama, 315; acquires federal media empire, 316–17; Gazprombank takeover, 316, 340; secrecy of dealings, 320; Roldugin as shareholder, 396, 397
banking and finance: exchange of hard currency, 63, 69, 78; and law on cooperatives, 71; Eurobank (Soviet state bank in Paris), 76; Vneshekonombank, 93, 293, 362, 391; KGB-linked foreign bankers, 101–2; financial industrial conglomerates, 190; and Vienna, 221, 339, 340, 341; margin lending, 362; Medvedev’s policies, 369–70, 374–5; US sanctions over Ukraine crisis, 391; mirror trades, 405–8, 410, 411, 414, 415, 416, 459, 464, 479
Banks, Arron, 439–40
Barayev, Movsar, 242–3, 246–7
Barrow, Graham, 417
Bashneft oil major, 392–3
Batozsky, Konstantin, 423, 424, 425, 426, 428
Baturina, Yelena, 162, 455
Bayrock Group, 465–7, 468, 470–1, 472, 477, 478
BDO (auditors), 379
Belarus, 253, 254, 259, 270, 331, 335
Belik, Gennady, 110
Belka Trading, 129
Belkovsky, Stanislav, 233, 323
Belyayev, Alexander, 90
Berezovsky, Boris: and Abramovich, 4, 129, 175–6, 194, 202–3, 208, 356; exile in London, 4, 323; death of, 7; and Putin, 9, 142–3, 147, 196, 198; oil companies sold to, 81, 212–13; and Sibneft, 81, 129, 193–4, 212, 216, 356; as secretary of the Security Council, 82; and Yeltsin, 118, 129, 141–2, 153; LogoVAZ club, 141–2; as archetypal oligarch, 141, 204; and AvtoVAZ, 141, 143, 200; background of, 141; ties with Chechen separatists, 141, 143, 204–5; Yeltsin Family abandons, 142; and defeat of Primakov, 143; warns over Putin’s duplicity, 149, 196, 499; ORT television channel, 161, 162–3, 198, 203–4, 205, 207, 208, 278; and December 1999 elections, 162–4, 196; and September 1999 bombings, 162; transfer of money to West, 192, 194; Kommersant newspaper, 196; as lone voice of protest, 196, 198, 201, 207; forms opposition bloc, 204–5; and Kursk disaster, 206–7; flees the country, 207–8, 343; loses media empire, 208, 241, 278, 343
Berlin, Peter, 415
Berlin Wall, collapse of, 23, 43–4, 45–6, 450
Berlusconi, Silvio, 342–3, 434–5
Beslan terrorist outrage, 255, 260–7
Biden, Hunter, 487
Biden, Joe, 445, 447, 487
Bionda, Alain, 431, 437–9
Birshtein, Boris, 59, 66–7, 468, 485
black cash, Russian: London flooded by, 4, 5–7, 352–4, 363–5, 380–1, 394, 439–40; and donations to British Conservative Party, 5–6, 7, 343, 438, 439; deep well of in Putin era, 15–16, 327, 394, 399–400, 429, 488; aim to erode/corrupt West, 16, 394–5, 402, 404, 428–36, 447, 488; KGB’s siphoning abroad in final decade, 16, 51–61, 66–7, 71–2, 74–5, 168, 221, 392, 414, 449, 451, 452, 456, 458–9; network of ‘friendly firms’ in West, 51, 54–6, 59–60, 66–7, 75, 87, 92–3, 95, 119, 255, 392, 433, 436, 468; Soviet joint ventures, 51, 52, 56, 58–9, 64–5, 70, 75, 89, 90, 107–8, 450, 451, 456, 472; ‘trusted custodians,’ or doverenniye litsa, 56–7, 58, 59–60, 61, 71, 75, 326, 390, 393, 394–5, 396–400, 437; KGB’s siphoning of raw materials abroad in final decade, 56, 60, 69, 70–1, 89, 449; and Trump businesses, 67, 454, 455–6, 457, 459–60, 465–71, 472–5, 478–9, 485; agents guarding and generating in West, 74–5, 448–53, 454–65, 466–76, 477–9; foreign shell companies, 75, 396, 403, 413, 416–17, 466; slush fund in St Petersburg, 87, 93–5, 105, 107–8, 119, 255; and oil-for-food deals, 88–92, 93–5, 105, 113, 119, 151, 171, 190, 255; paying of debts to ‘friendly’ firms, 92–3, 119; and MES slush funds, 121–3; Bank of New York scandal (1999), 149, 154, 412–13, 414–16, 458, 459, 461, 464, 466; networks revived/restored by Putin regime, 167, 340, 392; and system of spetsexportery, 212; huge increases after Khodorkovsky trial, 275; Gazprom assets siphoned to Bank Rossiya, 309–10, 313, 314, 315–18, 340; web of offshore companies, 314–15, 319, 341–2, 363, 396–9, 400, 402–10, 413, 414, 416–18; funding of extreme political groups, 395, 404, 427, 428–9, 430, 433–4, 435–7, 447; and Ukraine, 395, 419, 425–8; Panama Papers revelations, 396–400, 444; from bloated state-contracts, 401–3; Moldovan Laundromat, 402–5, 407, 408, 410, 411, 414, 415, 416, 418, 459, 464; funnelled abroad by money laundering schemes, 402–18; mirror trades, 405–8, 410, 411, 414, 415, 416, 459, 464, 479; fake tax rebates, 410–11; and West’s ‘light touch regulation,’ 416–17; influence of Kremlin cash, 417; siphoning from telecoms giants, 420–1, 427; new web of front men and proxies, 427–8, 433–4, 448–53, 454–65, 466–76, 477–9; in 1990s USA, 457–9; as still in place, 485, 487; and FSB’s Department K, 490–1
black-market operations, 54, 449; in WW2 aftermath, 27–8; black marketeers (tsekhoviki), 63, 66, 70, 78
Blair, Tony, 233, 234, 351
Blankfein, Lloyd, 360
Blum, Jack, 466, 471
Bobkov, Filip, 57
Bogdanchikov, Sergei, 192, 228
Bogdanov, Vladimir, 217–18
Böhm, Horst, 34, 35, 44–5
Bolshakov, Alexei, 111
Bordyuzha, Nikolai, 127–8, 129–30
Borisovich, Roman, 407
Borodin, Pavel, 117, 122–3, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 143, 149, 186
Brazil, 367
Brexit, 439–40, 447, 480, 482
Brezhnev, Leonid, 92
BRIC countries, 367
British Petroleum (BP), 229, 234, 236, 281, 296, 358, 455
British Ukrainian Society, 7
British Virgin Islands (BVI), 315, 320, 363, 396, 405
Browder, William, 286, 332, 333, 475
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 193, 386, 444
BTA Bank, Kazakh, 4
Buffet, Warren, 235
Bukayev, Gennady, 202
Bulgaria, 431, 435
Burisma (Ukrainian gas company), 487
Bush, George H.W., 194, 444, 459
Bush, George W., 188–9, 235–6, 253, 258, 278
Buynaksk car bomb (September 1999), 155–6
Calvey, Michael, 492
Calvi, Roberto, 119
capitalism: and technological development in West, 27, 28, 64, 69, 106–7, 456; embraced by new KGB generation, 95, 168; Yakunin embraces, 106; robber-style under Yeltsin, 153, 194, 200, 225; money as outweighing all else, 357–8, 497 see also market economy; state capitalism
Carpenter, Michael, 428–9
Casa Grande del Favore (firm), 93
Castro, Fidel, 65, 76
Central Asian republics, 331
Centrex, 340, 341, 342
Chaika, Yury, 132–3, 134, 147–8, 150
Chapman, Anna, 446
Charlemagne Capital, 440
Chebrikov, Viktor, 72
Chechnya: and Dubrovka theatre siege (2002), 11, 242–8, 262, 265, 268; Putin’s military action in, 11, 157–8, 160–1, 162, 163–4, 197, 205, 242–3, 244–5, 247, 261, 265; and string of apartment bombings (1999), 11, 155–62, 191, 197, 243, 247; Yeltsin’s war in, 121, 156, 160, 204; Berezovsky’s ties with separatists, 141, 143, 204–5; separatist incursions into Dagestan, 145, 147, 154, 156; use of by Putin’s spin doctors, 147, 154, 156–8, 170; Patrushev’s vendetta against rebels, 182, 204; Russia links to global terrorism, 247–8, 278; and Beslan terrorist outrage, 255, 260–7; alleged Western support for rebels, 267, 272; and NTV smears on Khodorkovsky, 276; and Russian anti-Ukrainian propaganda, 389; homophobia in, 441
Chelsea Football Club, 352–3, 364, 365
Chemezov, Sergei, 248–9, 311, 432
Cheney, Dick, 253
Cherkesov, Viktor, 87, 186–7
Cherkizovsky Rynok (outdoor market in Moscow), 456–7
Cherney, Mikhail, 66, 455, 465
Chernyshev, Boris, 476
Chevron (US energy major), 229, 233, 236, 289, 292
China, 350, 367, 437, 438, 443, 456, 457
China National Petroleum Corporation, 358
Chirac, Jacques, 329
Chodiev, Patokh, 468
Chubais, Anatoly, 80, 82, 112, 137, 145–6, 152, 175, 194–5, 220, 239, 251
Chukotka, 344–5, 346, 347, 356
Churchill, Winston, 270
CIFC, 486
Citibank, 251, 458
Citigroup, 250
Clinton, Bill, 118, 124, 415
Clinton, Hillary, 456, 475, 476, 481
Cohen, Michael, 474, 475, 478
Cold War: KGB’s ‘active measures’ playbook, 15–16, 36–43, 55, 161, 212, 427–8, 433, 480–1; smuggling by Eastern bloc, 27–9, 30, 54, 63, 106–7, 341, 375; West’s technological advantage, 27, 28, 64, 69, 106–7, 456; and Africa, 28, 62, 185, 212, 395; and Middle East, 28, 62, 65, 212, 395; KGB’s zero-sum thinking, 117–18, 194; and older KGB generation, 168, 183; Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 189; KGB’s desire to rerun, 190–1, 193, 366–8, 443–5, 479–80; Putin draws parallels with over Beslan, 266; role of Geneva during, 321; Vienna as dividing line during, 339–40; old networks reconnected, 340–2; Bush declares victory in, 444, 459
Comey, James, 481
Commercial Bank of San Francisco, 458
Communist Party (Russian, post-Soviet): dominance in Duma under Yeltsin, 121, 135; and Stepashin, 137, 144; and doubts over Moscow blasts, 158; and December 1999 elections, 163, 164; and presidential election (2000), 169; Khodorkovsky’s funding of, 230, 233; December 2003 elections, 252; and presidential election (2004), 255; and Beslan siege, 265
Communist Party, Soviet: hard-line coup attempt (August 1991), 23, 24, 48–9, 50, 51, 52, 58, 73, 75, 105; loses monopoly on power, 45–6, 71; property department, 51–60, 117, 122–3, 131; Central Committee headquarters (Old Square), 51–61; prosecutors’ search for missing wealth, 52–61, 74, 190; Central Committee’s International Department, 52, 92; ‘trusted custodians,’ or doverenniye litsa, 56–7, 58, 59–60, 61, 71, 75, 326, 390, 393, 394–5, 396–400, 437; Ivashko’s plans for ‘invisible economy,’ 56–61, 94, 105, 167; Menatep and transfer of wealth abroad, 71–2; rift between progressives and old-guard, 72, 73–4, 449; new generation of KGB blames for collapse, 95
Concord Management company, 483
Conservative Party (UK): Russian donations to, 5–6, 7, 343, 438, 439; and British Ukrainian Society, 7
Cossack groups, 423
court/legal system/judiciary: pursuit of Pugachev, 3, 8, 379, 381; as cover for the siloviki’s expropriation, 8, 219, 275, 280, 281, 357, 379, 382; Kremlin takeover of, 12, 15, 275, 277, 280, 310, 368; Shutov case, 113; laws as full of loopholes, 201, 213, 280, 298; pretence of due process, 209–10, 281; prosecutor’s office as ‘independent,’ 209–10; Soviet ‘telephone law,’ 210; trial of Khodorkovsky (2004-5), 274–5, 279, 280, 281, 298–304, 354, 497; and oligarchs in 1990s, 280; as arm of the Kremlin, 299–305, 329, 348, 357, 374, 379, 382, 492, 497
Credit Suisse, 361
Crimean peninsula: Russian naval base in, 269, 383; Russian annexation of (2014), 288, 383, 386, 388–9, 392, 482, 487, 492–3; votes to join Russia, 388, 390; Putin enters on Harley Davidson (2010), 423; Malofeyev and Strelkov in, 426
Crocus City (Moscow), 472, 473
Crocus International, 456, 458
Cuba, 65; Lourdes listening station, 76, 188
Cyprus, 363, 398
Czech Republic, 189, 367, 399, 429–30
Danske Bank, 410, 416
the Decembrists, 303
Del Ponte, Carla, 125, 126, 131
Delco, Fabio, 399
Demin, Yury, 132–3
Democratic National Committee (USA), 476, 481
Deripaska, Oleg, 362, 381, 401
Deutsche Bank: murder of Herrhausen by RAF, 40–1; as close to Putin, 289, 295, 405, 406–7; mirror trades, 405–8, 410, 411, 414, 415, 416, 459, 464, 479; Moscow arm, 405, 406–7, 411, 479; and Trump, 460, 478–9
Dezer, Michael and Gil, 467
Didenko, Alexander, 381
Diskont Bank, 410, 471, 472
Donau Bank, 221
Donetsk (Ukraine), 268, 391, 392, 423
Dorenko, Sergei, 162, 164
Dresden (East Germany): Putin’s KGB service in, 22–30, 32–6, 39–45, 90, 91, 141, 210, 313–14, 427; on front line of smuggling empire, 27, 313–14, 341; Bellevue Hotel, 30; downplaying of Putin’s activities in, 30, 35–6; Stasi archives in, 34–5; and Red Army Faction, 36, 38, 39–40, 41–3, 161; KGB destruction of papers, 43, 44; KGB abandons, 44–5; Putin runs illegals in, 45, 91, 141, 427
Dresdner Bank, 38, 41, 102, 284, 287, 288, 289, 316, 406
Drozdov, Yury, 44
drug smuggling, 99, 103, 183, 337, 338, 414, 446, 454, 461
Dubin, Louis, 454
Dubinin, Yury, 477
Dubov, Vladimir, 68, 230
Dubrovka theatre siege (October 2002), 11, 242–8, 262, 265, 268
Dugin, Alexander, 421–2, 423, 424, 435
Dvoskin, Yevgeny, 409, 411, 416, 464, 474, 479, 485, 489, 490
Dyachenko, Leonid, 125, 129, 131, 142, 149
Dyachenko, Tatyana (Yeltsin’s daughter), 118, 123, 125, 142, 143, 149, 155, 176; and credit cards, 120, 121, 124–5, 148–9, 154; and Mabetex affair, 120, 122, 125, 143–4, 148; celebrates Putin’s 2000 victory, 174–5
Dzhikop (firm), 90
East Berlin, 26, 27–8, 32
East Petroleum Ltd, 221, 222
economy, Russian: BTA Bank, 4; Russian share offerings in West, 6, 296, 350–2, 356–60; oil price increase in Putin years, 14, 188, 213, 230–1, 242, 279, 347–8, 354, 360, 382, 400; Bereyozki shops, 63; young tycoons of Yeltsin era, 77–8, 79–82, 110–11, 116, 153, 167, 191–2, 199–202; hyperinflation, 78–9; privatisation of state enterprises, 78–82, 194–5, 199–200, 219–20, 221–5, 277, 280, 298, 329; exchange of hard currency, 78; loans-for-shares auctions, 80–2, 192, 199–200, 212–13, 293; financial crash (1998), 114, 116–17, 121, 131, 139, 150, 153; financial collapse under Yeltsin, 167, 188, 192; income-tax rates under Putin, 188, 200, 252; Putin’s initial pro-market moves, 188; vast debts of Yeltsin era, 188, 192; capital flight to Western bank accounts, 192, 193–4, 400, 414, 444; dependence on oil price, 230–1; siloviki takes control of ‘commanding heights,’ 274–7, 310–12, 343; boom under Putin, 347–8, 359, 382; growth of middle class, 347–8, 349, 350; growth of European-style shopping malls, 347; stabilisation fund from windfall tax, 347, 394; oil price increases under Medvedev, 375; investment curtailed by fear of authorities, 382; Putin’s circle as stifling initiative, 382, 492; Putin’s near total control of, 393–4; Western view of, 443–4; growth as stagnating, 492, 493 see also market economy; state capitalism
economy, Soviet: commodity exports, 16, 56, 70–1; as drained by military expenditure, 20, 62, 211; perestroika reforms, 24, 31, 32, 52, 65–6, 68–9, 71–4, 77, 78, 90, 96, 168, 187; acute shortages of basic goods, 25, 62–3; stagnation and inefficiency, 28, 62–3; Western embargo on high-tech goods, 28, 33–4, 54, 55, 69, 106–7, 341; barter schemes, 55; exchange of hard currency, 63, 69, 71; Simonyan attempts to bring in foreign capital, 64–5; new generation of businessmen in last years, 67–73, 75; first privately-owned businesses (cooperatives), 68–73; annual plans for production, 68; beznalichiye, 68, 69; trade of raw materials, 69, 70–1, 89; west Siberian oil basin, 211–12, 217–18, 219, 225; system of spetsexportery, 212
Edwards, Lucy, 415
Ekaterinsky Hall (Kremlin), 124, 201, 226–7
Ekho Moskvy (radio station), 317
Electoral Commission, UK, 440
Elegestskoye coking-coal field, 380
Elf Aquitaine (French energy major), 450
Eni (Italian energy giant), 297, 342, 436
Enron scandal, 416
EPK (coking-coal company), 379–80, 381–2
Eringer, Robert, 114
Estonia, 410
Eural Trans Gas, 332–3, 336–7, 338
Eurasian common economic zone, 259, 269–70, 383
Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation (ENRC), 467
Eurasianism, philosophy of, 259–60, 272, 329, 383, 421–2, 423, 424
Eurobank (Soviet state bank in Paris), 76
European Court of Human Rights, 301
European Union, 269, 272–3; Russia’s undermining of, 343, 395, 428–31; expansion into former eastern bloc, 349; and Ukraine, 383, 384–5, 431; sanctions Russia over Ukraine crisis, 390, 391, 394, 432, 435, 437, 444–5; Brexit, 439–40, 447, 480, 482
Evening Standard (London newspaper), 6
ExxonMobil, 229, 233, 236–7, 240, 252–3, 285, 289, 292, 296
Falin, Valentin, 50, 52, 53, 64
Fallico, Antonio, 54, 434
far-right political groups: rise of in Germany, 42; Russia blames neo-Nazis for Ukraine crisis, 386–7, 389; Russian support of in EU, 395, 430, 433–4, 435–7, 441; in Russia, 422, 427, 441; Soviet penetration of, 427; National Front in France, 428, 434, 435, 436, 442; and defence of ‘family’ values rhetoric, 441–3; in USA, 441, 442; Biden on rise of, 447
Fatherland-All Russia, 162, 163–4, 167–8, 197
FBI, 171, 375, 408, 413, 414, 445, 446, 462, 464, 468, 481
Federation Council, 121, 128, 130, 131–2, 133, 134, 135, 136, 172, 197, 256
Fiat, 54, 328
FIFA, 353
Fifty Years of Victory (nuclear icebreaker), 378
Fimaco (firm in Jersey), 94, 117
financial crash, global (2008), 2, 8, 362–3, 370, 374, 377–8, 402, 443, 447, 470–1, 483
Financial Services Authority, 357
Financial Times, 351
Fininvest publishing house, 434
Finland, 55, 108–10
Finsbury Park mosque (London), 268
Firebird Fund, 286
Firtash, Dmitry, 6–7, 335, 336, 338–40, 343, 384, 487
Five Star movement (Italy), 428
FL Group, 470, 471
foreign-intelligence service, Russian (SVR): continuity with KGB, 23, 76; Primakov leads, 74, 76, 116, 163, 168, 183; funding of, 76; Lourdes listening station in Cuba, 76, 188; elderly generals at top of, 168; and organised-crime networks, 414, 415, 449, 459, 462–3; and black-cash schemes, 422, 493; West sees as weak, 429; and Institute for Democracy and Cooperation, 432–3; Russian Institute for Strategic Studies, 435; operatives in USA, 446–7; FBI arrests agents (2010), 446; and Trump, 451, 477–8; and Felix Sater, 461, 462–3, 474–5; Yakunin on role in West, 480; and Tchigirinsky, 482–3
foreign-intelligence service, Soviet: progressives prepare for market transition, 16, 24–5, 31–4, 44, 61–6, 69, 73–7, 106, 167, 444, 449, 451, 456; Putin in Dresden, 22–30, 32–6, 39–45, 90, 91, 141, 210, 313–14, 427; Red Banner academy, 25–6, 91, 92, 114; Institute for World Economy, 31, 64–5, 73, 74, 102, 221, 433, 449; Kryuchkov as chief of, 33; support for terrorist organisations, 36–7, 39–43, 161, 427; the Centre (headquarters in Moscow), 46; siphoning abroad of Party property/funds, 57–61, 66–7, 71–2, 74–5, 119, 168, 221, 449, 452; and collapse of Soviet Union, 61; Primakov’s career in, 65, 116; black operations and illegals, 92, 119, 151, 417, 457, 492; Shebarshin as chief, 100; and Yeltsin, 110–11, 119–20; and Academy of Foreign Trade, 187; Centre for Competitive Research, 187; and leaders of Arab world, 342; and Tchigirinsky, 448–55; and Agalarov, 456–7
Fortis, 361
Foundation of Andrei the First-Called (Orthodox charity), 422, 433, 441–2
Foundation of Saint Vasily the Great (Orthodox charity), 420, 421, 426, 429
Fradkov, Mikhail, 255
France, 428, 429; Pugachev in, 2, 3, 8, 10, 498–9; National Front in, 428, 434, 435, 436, 442; Kremlin links with French elite, 431–2; Russian funding of extreme parties, 433–4, 435; homophobia in, 441
Freedom House (US NGO), 421
Freedom Party (Austria), 435, 436–7, 442
Freidzon, Maxim, 102
Fridman, Mikhail, 70, 79, 190, 229, 236, 362
Fruman, Igor, 487
FSB (Federal Security Service): and Putin in St Petersburg, 24; Cherkesov as head of in St Petersburg, 87, 187; Putin appointed head of, 112–13, 138, 139, 184; Patrushev as chief, 181–2, 187; enormous power of, 489, 492, 497–8, 499–500; Department K, 490–2; system of informants, 490, 498 see also KGB
Fursenko, Andrei, 107, 109
Fyodorovna, Elizaveta, 173
G8 group, 277, 334, 390, 482
Gaddafi, Muammar, 342
Gaidar, Yegor, 60, 65, 75, 76, 77–80
Galeotti, Mark, 415, 416, 484
Galizia, Daphne Caruana, 417
Gandorin, Mikhail, 101
Garten, Alan, 459–60, 469
gas industry, 214–15; Putin regime takes over, 109, 215, 253, 310, 311; supplies to Belarus and Ukraine, 253, 254, 330–5; importance of Ukraine’s pipeline network, 269, 331, 334; slush funds, 333–4, 487; gas-trading schemes, 333–9, 340, 342, 413, 416, 419; Nord Stream gas pipeline consortium, 434
Gates, Bill, 235, 486
Gates, Robert, 368
Gazprom: Putin’s takeover of, 109, 215, 253, 310, 311; seizes Gusinsky’s media empire, 203, 208, 209, 210; market capitalisation of (2002), 213; Kasyanov pursues reform of, 253, 254, 286, 309, 316; cuts off supply to Belarus, 254; Rosneft merger proposal, 285–6, 289, 292, 354–5; and Yugansk sale, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 355; Gazpromneft (oil arm), 291, 321; Western lawyers of, 294, 295–6; and Yukos bankruptcy auctions (2007), 297; assets of siphoned to Bank Rossiya, 309–10, 313, 314, 315–18, 340; Gazfond (pension fund), 315–16; Sibneft acquisition (2005), 321, 354, 355–6; Medvedev as chairman, 331–2, 334; pipeline network, 331–2; as key lever over Russia’s neighbours, 331–6; kickback schemes, 331–9; turns off gas supplies to Ukraine (2006), 334–5; foreign operations, 340–3; Gazexport, 340; Kerimov’s stake in, 361; awards pipeline contract to Rotenberg, 377
Gazprombank, 310, 311, 316, 317, 318, 340, 358, 391, 399, 420
Genbank, 474
Geneva: as outpost of Putin’s oil wealth, 320–2, 324, 327, 329–30, 437–9; White Russian émigrés in, 324, 327, 419, 422, 427, 431–2
Genii Energy, 438–9
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 496
geopolitical power: and black-cash slush funds, 16, 327, 340, 342–3; Patrushev as ideologist of, 182; NATO’s move eastwards, 189, 366, 367, 443; West’s assurances to Gorbachev, 189, 367; KGB’s desire to rerun Cold War, 190–1, 193, 366–9, 388, 443–5, 479–80; Russian economy as weapon, 190; West’s post-Cold War domination, 193, 194, 340, 349, 367–8, 388, 459, 479, 482; oil industry as currency in, 214, 318; Russia’s desire to be global force, 219, 238, 285–6, 296–7, 329–30, 343, 366, 368, 373–4, 383–95, 443–4, 496; White Russian influence on Putin, 259, 260, 272, 324, 327–30, 346, 419–20, 422, 427; Russia’s desire to assert regional hegemony, 366–9, 443–4; US missile-defence shield plan, 367; US blamed for Ukraine crisis, 386–8, 389; Russian support for extremism in West, 395, 404, 427, 428–9, 430, 433–4, 435–7, 447; Russian military spending, 493 see also Cold War; imperial ambitions, Russian; influence operations
Georgia, republic of, 271, 272, 331, 366; Russia’s military conflict with (2008), 368–9, 389
Gerashchenko, Viktor, 51, 78
German Democratic Republic (GDR), 22–3, 24, 25; collapse of Berlin Wall, 23, 43–4; KGB ‘Operation Luch’ (’Sunbeam’), 24, 32–4, 44; smuggling empire, 27–8, 30, 33–4, 54, 341; Kommerzielle Koordinierung, 27, 28; financial transfers out of, 45, 192, 341; funded by sale of Soviet oil/gas, 211–12 see also Dresden (East Germany); Stasi (East German secret police)
German reunification, 39
Germany, 428, 434, 482; and United States, 330; supports Ukraine over gas supply, 334; Gazprom Germania, 340
Giuliani, Rudy, 456, 486–7, 488
Glas Naroda (political talk show), 209
Glazyev, Sergei, 251, 384, 386
globalisation, 349, 441, 443
Gloster, Dame Elizabeth, 4
Golden Gates group, 100–1
Golden Nugget casino (Atlantic City), 452, 455
Goldfarb, Alex, 143
Goldman Sachs, 360
Goldstone, Rob, 475–6
Gololobov, Dmitry, 239, 351
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 46, 51, 56, 72, 330; and rise of nationalist movements, 23, 45; perestroika reforms, 24, 31, 32, 52, 65–6, 68–9, 71–4, 77, 78, 90, 96, 168, 187; glasnost reforms, 31, 32; taken hostage at Foros, 48, 73; new Union agreement, 174; West’s geopolitical assurances to, 189, 367
Gorbuntsov, German, 402–3
Gordon, Zeev, 337
Gorelov, Dmitry, 313–15, 397
Gorki-9 presidential complex, 173
Gould-Davies, Nigel, 350
Goutchkov, Jean, 324–5, 327, 328, 329, 343, 346, 419, 429, 431–2, 433, 438
Graham, Thomas, 69, 74, 153, 278, 285, 485
Greece, 428, 435, 441
Greenberg, Martin, 452, 453
Gref, German, 231, 232
Grigoryev, Alexander, 405, 407
GroupDF, 339
GRU (military-intelligence agency), 389, 390, 462, 463; and Malofeyev’s operations, 427; hacks Democratic National Committee’s servers, 476, 481
Guernsey, 363, 364
Gumilev, Lev, 259
Gunvor (oil venture), 311, 321–4, 326–7, 438
Gusinsky, Vladimir, 161, 197, 199, 200, 201, 209, 210, 241; flees the country, 203, 208, 343; forced to sell Media Most, 203, 208, 278, 279
Haddad, Wadi, 36
Hague, Ian, 286
Hainsworth, Richard, 2–3
Hasan, Ded, 464
Helsby, Tommy, 60–1
Hermitage Capital Management, 286, 332
Herrhausen, Alfred, murder of, 40–1
High Court, London, 3, 4–5, 8
Hogan Lovells, 4–5, 9
Hollande, François, 432
homosexuality, 441, 442
Honecker, Erich, 33
Hong Kong, 438
HSBC, 324–5
Hungary, 189, 430, 431
Icahn, Carl, 453
Ignatyev, Sergei, 409–10
Igora ski resort, 398–9
IK Financial Bridge, 406, 411
Illarionov, Andrei, 73, 95, 153, 154, 188, 293–4, 359, 394
Ilyin, Ivan, 259, 272
Ilyukhin, Viktor, 131, 158
IMAG (Akimov’s venture), 102, 220–1, 340
IMO (International Media Overseas S.A.), 398
imperial ambitions, Russian: undermining/corrupting of Western democracy, 15–16, 352, 356–60, 364–5, 404, 408, 416–18, 421–37, 438–43, 445, 447, 480, 483–6; Patrushev as ideologist for, 182; siloviki as self-appointed guardians of, 193, 444; oil and gas reserves as key, 211–14, 331–7; and siloviki clash with Khodorkovsky, 219; creation of ‘super-regions,’ 241–2, 272; forging of new Russian identity, 257–60, 329; restoration of Soviet anthem, 257; and Eurasianism philosophy, 259–60, 272, 329, 421–2, 423, 424; and Orthodox past, 259–60, 272, 419–20, 422, 426, 427, 429, 433, 435, 442; Common Economic Space plans, 259, 269–70, 383; and White Russian émigrés, 259, 272, 324, 327–30, 346, 419–20, 422, 427, 429, 435, 442; importance of Ukraine, 269, 419; and pro-Western revolutions in Georgia and Ukraine, 271–2, 421, 422; Putin marks out Russian sphere of influence, 272–3; undermining of EU, 343, 393, 428–31; siloviki as new imperialist rulers, 346; paranoias born of collapse of empire, 366–7, 388; Putin’s Munich speech (February 2007), 366–8, 443–4; post-2012 phase in Russia’s imperial revival, 383; annexation of Crimea as beginning for, 388–9, 392; deep-seated longing for Soviet glory days, 388–9; Malofeyev’s operations, 419–22, 423, 425–8, 429–30, 434–6, 441–2; ‘Holy Rus’ in Kiev, 419; NGOs and state proxy groups promoting, 421–5, 426, 432–7, 441–2; Ukraine operation, 423–8; Slavic Europe concept, 431; defence of ‘family’ values leitmotif, 441–3; Obama administration’ response, 445, 446–7
Independent Greeks, 435
India, 350, 367, 443
influence operations: undermining/corrupting of Western democracy, 15–16, 352, 356–60, 364–5, 404, 408, 416–18, 421–37, 438–43, 445, 447, 480, 483–6; KGB blueprints for, 34, 61–2, 94; and black cash slush funds, 94, 342–3, 394–5, 399, 402, 404–8, 416, 422–3, 428–36; Malofeyev’s operations, 328, 419–22, 423, 425–8, 429–30, 434–6; kickback schemes, 331–9, 342; and organised crime, 336, 339; and Gazprom’s foreign operations, 340–3; and Vienna, 340, 341, 342; and European policy, 342–3, 395; London as particular target, 343; undermining of EU, 343, 395, 428–31; support for extreme political movements, 395, 404, 427, 428–9, 433–4, 435–7, 447; in Ukraine, 419, 421, 423–8; and Orthodox oligarchs, 421–2, 425–8; web of front men and proxies, 421–5, 426, 432–7, 441–2; web of state agencies, 422, 423, 432–3, 435; Russia Today (English-language TV network), 432; and UK referendum on EU (June 2016), 439–40, 447; and US conservative right, 442–3; Abramovich in New York, 485
Ingushetia, 262
Institute for Democracy and Cooperation, 432–3
Institute for Geopolitical Studies (Athens), 435
Institute for Strategic Studies, 435
Institute for USA and Canada, 449
Institute for World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), 31, 64–5, 73, 74, 102, 221, 433, 449
Institute of High Temperatures (Moscow), 68, 69, 71
intelligence agencies, US, 25
intelligence services, US, 462
Interkommerts (firm), 90
Intermaritime Bank of New York, 324, 325
International Business Creations, 458
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), 396, 398
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 76, 131, 188, 192, 230–1
Intesa Bank, 434
Ioffe Institute for Technology and Physics (St Petersburg), 106–7
Iran, 367, 370
Iraq, 367
Islamic terrorist threat, 9, 247–8
Isle of Man, 363, 364
Israel, 282, 336–7, 342
Italy, 342–3, 428, 434–6
Ivankov, Vyacheslav (‘Yaponchik’), 408–9, 416, 454
Ivanov, Sergei, 182–3, 188–9, 276–7, 315, 390
Ivanov, Viktor, 103–4, 183–4, 256, 301–2, 311, 390
Ivashko, Vladimir, 56, 57, 59, 71, 94
Izvestia, 317
Japan, 477
Jehmlich, Horst, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 41, 45
Jennings, Stephen, 350
Jersey, 363, 364
Jobbik Party (Hungary), 428, 430
Johnson, Boris, 482; Russian friends, 7, 439
judiciary see court/legal system/judiciary
Julius Baer (Swiss bank), 324
Kadyrov, Ramzan, 2
Kalanda, Vladimir, 300
Kalmanovich, Shabtai, 171, 463
Kalugin, Oleg, 37
Kamchatka, 346
Kammenos, Panos, 435
Kasyanov, Mikhail, 181, 188, 252–5, 286, 309, 310, 316, 498
Katkov, Andrei, 90–1
Kavalenka, Stanislau, 469
Kaveladze, Irakli, 457–9, 473
Kazakhstan, 259, 268, 269, 466–7
Keel, Alton G., 194
Kerimov, Suleiman, 360–1
Kesayev, Stanislav, 263–4
KGB: alliance with organised crime at end of Soviet era, 16, 66–7, 87, 337–8, 449, 455, 485; during collapse of Soviet Union, 16, 23–4, 74, 388; siphoning of funds abroad in final decade, 16, 51–61, 66–7, 71–2, 74–5, 168, 221, 392, 414, 449, 451, 452, 456, 458–9; Putin admits membership (1992), 21–3; ‘Operation Luch’ (’Sunbeam’), 24, 32–4, 44; ‘Directorate T’ (industrial espionage), 28–9; blueprints for Putin’s influence operations, 34, 61–2, 94; illegal ‘sleeper agents,’ 35, 44, 45, 53, 457; and Putin’s role with Sobchak, 47–9, 76; refuses to fire on Russian White House (August 1991), 49, 73; network of ‘friendly firms’ in West, 51, 54–6, 59–60, 66–7, 87, 92–3, 95, 119, 255, 392, 433, 436; siphoning of raw materials abroad in final decade, 56, 60, 69, 70–1, 89, 449; economic-crime directorate, 65–6, 69; Yeltsin abolishes, 75–6; as behind-the-scenes force until mid-1990s, 76–7, 82; eclipsed by young tycoons, 77, 81, 82, 118, 153, 192, 212–13, 240; control in St Petersburg, 82–3, 85–7, 95–105, 106–10, 114, 168, 170–2, 182, 183, 187, 338; and loans-for-shares auctions, 82, 199–200, 212–13; alliance with organised crime in St Petersburg, 85, 87, 97–9, 101, 102–5, 113, 140–1, 168, 171–2, 187, 215, 338, 445–6; slush fund in St Petersburg, 87, 93–5, 105, 107–8, 119, 255; rare-earth metal trade, 89, 90, 105, 107, 110; contempt for Yeltsin, 110–11, 117–18, 167; Putin as Plan B for, 136–46, 151; view of oligarchs, 167, 193–5, 232–3, 240; tactic of bait and switch, 200–1; hatred of Berezovsky, 204; ‘Operation Energy,’ 215–16, 224; forms parallel system of government, 217, 250; organised crime and money-laundering, 412–18, 459; funds peace movement in West, 443, 480–1; enduring power of, 499–500; Yeltsin raises idea of lustration, 499 see also foreign-intelligence service, Soviet; FSB (Federal Security Service)
Khafif, Roger, 469
Khakamada, Irina, 246
Khapsirokov, Nazir, 127
Kharchenko, Viktor, 96–7, 100, 104, 182
Kharitonov, Nikolai, 255, 256
Khodorkovsky, Mikhail: background of, 67–8; forms ‘cooperative,’ 68–70, 71; Menatep Bank, 71–2, 77–8, 79, 193–4, 213–14, 223, 224–5, 230; supports Yeltsin, 72; and Gaidar’s reforms, 77–8; issues manifesto on getting rich, 77; control of oil companies, 81, 109, 193–4, 212–13, 219–20, 221–8, 234; takes control of Yukos, 81; KGB in St Petersburg’s view of, 82–3, 110, 194, 214; transfer of money to West, 192, 213; on weak legal system, 201; publicly discloses business holdings, 213–14, 224–5; battle over oil with siloviki, 219–20, 221–8, 234–40, 242, 249–51, 253–4, 274–85, 287–305, 326–7; takeover of VNK, 219–20, 221–3, 224, 234, 291, 292; and Western corporate governance, 219; ten-year jail sentence, 220, 224, 303, 305, 310, 311, 313, 357, 495–6; lectures Putin on corruption, 226–8; political activities, 229–32, 233; Open Russia foundation, 229; blocks tax increase in Duma, 231–2, 234; and Putin regime’s onslaught against Yukos, 234–40, 250, 251, 276, 277, 278–85, 287–9, 299, 496–7; looks to USA for protection, 235–6, 238, 277–8, 295; arrest of (October 2003), 238–40, 241, 242, 249–50, 253–4, 277–8, 279, 483; stake in YukosSibneft seized, 240, 242, 250, 275, 279; trial of (2004-5), 274–5, 279, 280, 281, 298–304, 313, 346, 354, 355, 497; offers Yukos deal from jail cell, 283; appeal trial, 301–3; release from prison (2013), 495–6
Khrushchev, Nikita, 389
Kirillovich, Grand Duke Vladimir, 420
Kirishi oil refinery (near Leningrad), 90, 102
Kirishineftekhimexport oil trader, 90–1, 100, 102
Kislin, Sam, 66–7, 451, 455, 456, 485, 486–7
Kislyak, Sergei, 482
Kissinger, Henry, 64, 225
Kobzon, Iosif, 243
Kohl, Helmut, 40, 124
Kohler, Herbert, 27, 33–4, 341
Kolesnikov, Boris, 491
Kolesnikov, Sergei, 312–15, 318–20, 370–1, 399
Komsomol (Communist youth league), 67–8, 70, 75, 77, 78, 79, 190, 225; ‘scientific youth centres’ (NTTMs), 68, 71
Komsomolskaya Pravda, 317
Kondaurov, Alexei, 226
Korchagin, Andrei, 113
Korzhakov, Alexander, 141, 148, 458
Kosovo, 157–8
Kostin, Andrei, 311, 360, 391, 479
Kovács, Béla, 430
Kovalchuk, Yury, 181, 320, 322, 394–5, 397, 479; as scientist at Ioffe Institute, 106–7; and Bank Rossiya, 107, 109, 181, 191, 310, 325; and rare-earth metal trade, 107; rise of in Putin’s second term, 310, 377; national media empire transferred to, 312, 316–17; blacklisted by USA, 390, 393
Kovalyov, Sergei, 210
Kozak, Dmitry, 241–2
Kozlov, Andrei, 410, 472
Krapivin, Andrei, 403, 418
Kremlin reconstruction contract, 117, 121, 122, 123–4, 125, 148
Kriss, Jody, 466–7, 470
Kroesen, Frederick, 38, 39
Kroll (investigations firm), 60, 190
Kruchina, Nikolai, 50, 51–2, 56, 58–9, 60, 61
Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 24, 33, 57, 59, 73, 110, 114
Kuchma, Leonid, 268, 269, 270, 271
Kudrin, Alexei, 231, 232, 250, 281, 289, 292, 347, 378, 380
Kujilaars, Frank, 298
Kukly, or ‘Puppets’ (satirical TV show), 197
Kukura, Sergei, 218
Kulikov, Alexei, 405, 406, 407
Kumarin, Vladimir, 98–9, 102
Kupchinsky, Roman, 341
Kursk disaster, 205–7, 241
Kushner, Jared, 485
Lalakin, Sergei (Luchok), 491
land reforms, 188, 253
Laptev, Boris, 32
Laros Finance, 406
Lavrov, Sergei, 482
Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 434
Le Pen, Marine, 434, 435, 436
Leader Asset Management, 315–16
Lebedev, Alexander, 6
Lebedev, Platon, 234, 235, 237, 252, 303
legal system see court/legal system/judiciary
Lehman Brothers, 361, 362
Leipzig, 29
Lenin, Vladimir, 85
Leningrad: Putin attaches himself to democratic movement, 46–9; Nazi blockade, 85, 88; KGB’s counter-intelligence division, 182; Bolshoi Dom KGB headquarters, 183; Pugachev as black-market currency trader, 256 see also St Petersburg
Leningrad Baltic Sea Fleet (BMP), 95–9, 114, 170–2, 182, 187
Leningrad State University, 22, 26, 47, 185
Leonov, Nikolai, 51
Lesin, Mikhail, 203
Liberal Democrat Party (Russia), 169, 255
Libyan terrorism, 37
Liechtenstein, 312, 315, 320
Liga Nord (Italy), 428, 435–6
Ligachev, Egor, 223
limited liability companies (LLCs), 467
Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), 416–17
die Linke (Germany), 428
Linkov, Ruslan, 114
Lipman, Masha, 348
Lirus (investment group), 315
Lissovolik, Dmitry, 52
Lithuania, 254, 269
Litvinenko, Alexander, 142, 445
Lojevsky, Igor, 406
Lombardy Russia Cultural Association, 435–6
London, 12–13; influence of Kremlin cash, 4, 5–7, 352–4, 363–5, 380–1, 394, 417, 439–40; as particular target of influence operations, 343; Russian companies listed on stock exchange, 349–52; ‘light-touch regulation’ in, 350, 351–2, 416–17; initial public offering of VTB, 359–60; unknown origin of cash inflows, 363–4; as the world’s laundromat, 416–17
Lopez, Gerard, 439
Lotus Capital, 406
Lotus Formula One racing team, 438, 439
Luchansky, Grigory, 66
Luciani, Alfred, 452
Lugansk (Ukraine), 391, 392
Lukoil (oil firm), 81, 200, 212, 218–19, 223, 224, 430
Luzhkov, Yury, 126–7, 128, 130, 131–2, 135, 144, 158, 455; Primakov’s alliance with, 146–7, 154, 157, 162–3, 167–8, 197; and September 1999 bombings, 158, 161; and December 1999 elections, 162; backs Putin, 170
MAB International, 468
Mabetex probe, 117, 125–7, 131, 135, 138, 143–6, 153; credit cards for Yeltsin and family, 120, 124–5, 148–9, 154; and Kremlin renovation contracts, 120, 122, 123–4, 125, 179; and Pugachev, 126–8, 130–5, 144, 148–9, 499; Skuratov sex tape, 127–8, 129, 130–1, 134, 144, 163; first press reports on Yeltsin link, 148, 154; Putin’s links to, 151; headlines disappear due to Putin, 155, 157
Magnitsky, Sergei, 411, 475
Magomedov brothers, 498
Major, John, 20
Malashenko, Igor, 200, 210
Malofeyev, Konstantin, 328, 419–22, 423, 425–8, 429–30, 441–2; and funding of French National Front, 434; promotes right-wing populist agenda, 435–6; and US conservative right, 442
Malov, Yevgeny, 90–1
Manafort, Paul, 339, 384, 475
Manevich, Mikhail, 103, 104
Mansky, Vitaly, 174–5
Manx Financial Group, 440
Markelov, Valery, 403
market economy, 20, 52, 64–6; Yeltsin’s reforms, 12, 75, 77–80, 117–18, 121, 153; KGB prepares for transition to, 16, 24–5, 31–4, 44, 61–6, 69, 73–7, 106, 167, 444, 449, 451, 456; young tycoons of Yeltsin era, 77–8, 79–82, 110–11, 116, 153, 167, 191–2, 199–202; Putin plays lip service to principles of, 150–1, 188, 190, 237; zenith in belief in power of, 349
Markov, Sergei, 265, 476
Marshall Capital, 420–1, 434
Marshall Islands, 417
Mashkevich, Alexander, 468, 470
Maskhadov, Aslan, 204, 247, 262, 265
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 375
Matveyev, Lazar, 46
Maxwell, Robert, 54
May, Theresa, 482
McCain, John, 277–8, 373–4
media: and December 1999 elections, 162–4; blanket coverage of Chechnya, 163; relative freedom under Yeltsin, 167, 195; and presidential election (2000), 170; Putin’s suppression of, 196–7, 198–9, 200, 203–4, 206–10, 241, 242; Putin’s control of, 251, 256, 278, 312, 348; Gazprom’s federal empire, 312, 316–17; Channel One, 317; Ren TV and STS, 317; Russia Today (English-language TV network), 432
Media Most empire, 197, 199, 200, 203, 208, 278, 279
Medvedev, Alexander, 221, 340
Medvedev, Dmitry: as Kremlin chief of staff, 249–50, 302, 316–17, 331–2; as Gazprom chairman, 331–2, 334; as president, 368–72, 373, 374–5, 378, 380; background of, 368; financial policies, 369–70, 374–5; US’s attempts at cultivating, 369, 370, 371, 375, 443, 446–7; Putin as prime minister of, 370–1; corruption claims against, 375
Meinhof, Ulrike, 38
Melenchon, Jean-Luc, 434
Mellon, Jim, 440
Melnikov, Ivan, 265
Menatep Bank, 71–2, 77–8, 223, 230, 282, 283, 284, 302; management of government treasury account, 79; and Valmet, 193–4; takes stake in Riggs, 194; publicly discloses business holdings, 213–14, 224–5; acquires Yukos, 213; minimising of tax payments, 213; headquarters in Moscow, 226; Kremlin legal assault on, 234–5, 237, 279, 280, 296, 297, 298
Merkel, Angela, 389, 394, 482
Merloni, 54
MES (International Economic Cooperation), 121–2, 123, 124, 138
Metternich, Tatiana von, 30
Mezhprombank, 2–3, 8–9, 122, 123, 137, 148, 202, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381
Michel, Christian, 66, 69, 77, 82, 193, 194, 223–4, 275–6
Middle East, 286, 295, 429, 431, 493; arms sales to, 28; Soviet ties with terror groups, 36, 37, 161; Soviet influence operations in, 62, 65, 212, 342, 395; Arab Spring, 373–4
Midland Resources, 468
Mielke, Erich, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39
Mikhailov, Sergei (‘Mikhas’), 337–9, 468
Mikhelson, Leonid, 317
military shipyards, 378–9, 381
military-intelligence, Soviet, 64
Miller, Alexei, 215, 253, 254, 295–6, 318, 320, 400
Millian, Sergei, 478
Milov, Vladimir, 220, 291, 309, 310, 316, 317, 359, 493
Milshtein, Mikhail, 64, 74, 449, 452, 455
Miroshnik, Gennady, 90
Misamore, Bruce, 282–3, 287–8, 290
Miss Universe beauty pageant (Moscow, 2013), 451, 456, 473
Modrow, Hans, 25, 32–3, 45
Mogilevich, Semyon (’Seva’), 6, 336–9, 413–16, 451–2, 459, 461, 462, 463, 464, 468, 485, 487
Moldovan Laundromat, 402–5, 407, 408, 410, 411, 414, 415, 416, 418, 459, 464
Monaco, 320
Monaco, Prince Albert of, 376
money-laundering: Bank of New York scandal (1999), 149, 412–13, 414–16, 458, 459, 461, 464, 466; and Russian organised crime, 149, 402–5, 409, 412–18, 445, 458–9, 464; Moldovan Laundromat, 402–5, 407, 408, 410, 411, 414, 415, 416, 418, 459, 464; and FSB, 407, 408, 409–10, 411, 412–18, 459, 464, 490–1; at Trump’s Taj Mahal casino, 454; and Kaveladze, 457, 458–9; and luxury developments built for Trump, 465–71, 478; and real estate, 466–71; and FSB’s Department K, 490–1
Montoya Jnr, Frank, 447
Morgan Stanley, 250, 361
Moscow oil refinery, 455
Mosenergo (electricity utility), 316
Mossack Fonseca, 396–400
Mossad, 457
Mozambique, 185
Mueller, Robert, 486
multiculturalism, 443
Musin, Valery, 250
Myazin, Ivan, 408–9, 410, 411–12, 490
nanotechnology development, 374–5
Narochnitskaya, Natalia, 432–3, 435
Narusova, Lyudmilla, 98, 111, 171, 172–3, 442
Nasdor Incorporated, 104
National Crime Agency, UK, 440
National Endowment for Democracy (US NGO), 421
NATO, 30, 38, 157–8, 269, 343, 369, 482; expansion into former eastern bloc, 189, 366, 367, 443
Navalny, Alexei, 372, 374
Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 4
Nefteyugansk (west Siberian town), 234–5
Nejedly, Martin, 430
Nemtsov, Boris, 311, 317, 401
Nevzlin, Leonid, 68, 176, 208, 228, 279, 282, 439
The New Times, 372, 410
New York: Brighton Beach, 409, 454, 460, 461, 462, 464, 474, 485; Trump Tower in Manhattan, 455–6, 457, 465; KGB backed operations, 455; Italian crime families, 461; Trump SoHo, 465, 469, 470, 471, 478; Abramovich moves to, 485
Nicholas I, Tsar, 260
Night Wolves (biker gang), 423
N.M. Rothschilds, 453
Nogueira, Alexandre Ventura, 469
Nomura investment bank, 379
Nord Stream gas pipeline consortium, 434
Nordex in Vienna, 66
Norilsk Nickel, 81, 199–200
North Korea, 367
North Ossetia, 261–5
Northern Shipyard, 378–9, 381
Novatek, 391, 431–2
Novodvorskaya, Valeria, 114
Novolipetsk steel, 351
Novo-Ogarevo estate, 173–4, 233, 322–3
NTV channel, 163, 197, 198–9, 200, 208, 209, 210, 241, 242, 279
Nuland, Victoria, 389
Obama, Barack, 368, 369, 370, 375, 443, 445, 446–7
obschak model, 107–8, 220, 310–18; vast size of slush funds, 15–16, 327, 394, 399–400, 429, 488; as basis for kleptocracy and influence operations, 94; used for Putin’s personal needs, 108, 310, 312, 318–20, 398–9; Gazprom assets siphoned to Bank Rossiya, 309–10, 313, 314, 315–18, 340; Petromed ‘donations,’ 314–15, 318–19, 320, 345; elaborate system of fronts, 314–16, 320–6, 341–2, 351, 359, 396–400; rapid rise of Gunvor, 321–4, 326–7; Timchenko’s role, 321–4, 325–7; gas industry slush fund, 333–4; and Vienna, 340, 341; sharing of revenue streams, 393 see also black cash, Russian
Octobrist movement, 324
oil industry: oil price increase in Putin years, 14, 188, 213, 230–1, 242, 279, 347–8, 354, 360, 382, 400; Khodorkovsky’s control of, 81, 109, 193–4, 212–13, 219–20, 221–8, 234; St Petersburg oil terminal, 84, 87, 95, 97–9, 100–3, 104, 114, 168; Putin’s oil-for-food deals, 88–92, 93–5, 105, 113, 119, 151, 171, 190, 255; oil exports, 100–3, 121, 211–12; Putin takes from oligarchs, 109, 213–20, 221–8, 234–40, 242, 249–51, 253–4, 274–85, 287–305, 326–7; MES (International Economic Cooperation), 121–2, 123, 124, 138; west Siberian oil basin, 211–12, 217–18, 219, 225; and loans-for-shares auctions, 212–13; oligarch control of, 212–13, 214, 215–16, 219–20, 221–8, 234; and KGB, 212, 214, 215–16, 217–20, 221–8, 234–40, 242, 249–51, 253–4, 274–85, 287–305, 326–7; and Soviet collapse, 212; Sergei Kukura kidnapping, 218; privatisation programme, 219–20, 221–5; oil-pipeline system, 225–6; Putin raises taxes on, 231–2, 234, 347; Sergei Ivanov on, 276–7; rapid rise of Gunvor, 321–4, 326–7; stabilisation fund from windfall tax, 347, 394; soaring prices under Medvedev, 375; KGB backed operations in New York, 455 see also Rosneft; Sibneft (oil firm); Yukos (oil producer)
oligarchs: Putin regime’s campaign against, 11–12, 199–203, 206–10, 275–6; young tycoons eclipse KGB, 77, 81, 82, 118, 153, 192, 212–13, 240; management of government treasury accounts, 79, 212–13, 360; loans-for-shares auctions, 80–2, 192, 199–200, 212–13, 293; and KGB in St Petersburg, 82–3; Putin takes oil industry from, 109, 219–20, 221–8, 234–40, 242, 249–51, 253–4, 274–85, 287–305, 326–7; carving up of country’s industrial wealth, 110, 192, 212–13; profit from government debt, 116, 212–13; semi bankirschina (seven bankers), 118, 192; Primakov’s hostility to, 129, 195; and LogoVAZ club, 141–2; KGB’s view of, 167, 193–5, 232–3, 240; at time of Putin’s takeover (2000), 191–2; ‘donations’ to Kremlin officials, 191, 213; transfer of money to West, 192, 193–4, 213; underestimates Putin, 195–6; Putin’s hostility to, 195, 199–203, 276; Putin warns on national television, 201; at Stalin’s dacha, 202; control of oil companies, 212–13, 214, 215–16, 219–20, 221–8, 234; funding of political parties, 230, 231–2, 233; and nature of privatisation, 239–40; and Khodorkovsky’s arrest, 239, 249–50; siloviki takes resources back from, 275–7; and judiciary in 1990s, 280; transfer-pricing trading schemes of 1990s, 322; remaining tycoons vow fealty to Putin, 343, 374; threat of tax fraud charges, 345–6; and standards of Western stock exchanges, 349–50, 351–2 see also Abramovich, Roman; Berezovsky, Boris; Khodorkovsky, Mikhail
Olivetti, 54
Open Society (Soros NGO), 421
Orbán, Viktor, 430
Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, 404
organised crime, Russian: threats to Pugachev in France, 3; links to Russian cash in UK, 6; KGB alliance with at end of Soviet era, 16, 66–7, 87, 337–8, 449, 455, 485; in post-war Soviet zone, 27–8; and privatisation of state enterprises, 78; and St Petersburg sea port, 84, 85, 87, 96, 98–9, 100, 101, 102–5, 168, 171–2, 187, 215, 446; KGB alliance with in St Petersburg, 85, 87, 97–9, 101, 102–5, 113, 140–1, 168, 171–2, 187, 215, 338, 445–6; in St Petersburg at end of Soviet era, 85, 86, 87; in St Petersburg, 102–5, 187; money-laundering, 149, 402–5, 409, 412–18, 445, 458–9, 464; and death of Sobchak, 171–2; and gas kickback schemes, 333, 336–9, 341; siloviki’s continued dealings with, 336–9; KGB and money-laundering, 412–18, 459; fusion with highest levels of government, 445–6; and Trump, 451, 460; in Brighton Beach, 461, 462, 464, 485; and Felix Sater, 461, 462–3 see also Solntsevskaya (organised-crime group); Tambov group (crime group)
Osborne, Tim, 297
Osintsev, Vladimir, 52, 92
Otstavnykh, Valery, 426
Ozero dacha cooperative, 108–10, 193, 310, 311, 314, 398
Ozon (Russian company), 399
Pacepa, Ion Mihai, 37
Pacolli, Behdjet, 120, 123, 124–5, 126, 148
Padva, Genrikh, 302, 303
Pahlen, Serge de, 327–9, 346, 419–20, 422, 427, 429, 433, 435; and US conservative right, 442
Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), 36, 37
Palmer, Richard, 74
Panama, 315, 320, 363, 396, 469
Panama Papers, 396–400, 444
Pannikov, Andrei, 100, 213, 218, 326–7
paramilitary groups, 423
Parnas, Lev, 487
Pascual, Carlos, 333
Patrushev, Nikolai, 132–3, 147, 158–9, 160, 204, 282, 439; as FSB chief, 181–2, 187; political views, 182, 190–1; and Dubrovka musical theatre siege (2002), 244–5; and Beslan siege, 267
Paul, Rand, 442
Pavlov, Georgy, 52
Pavlovsky, Gleb, 79, 150, 153, 161, 175
pension funds, 315–16
pensions, 493
Perepelichny, Alexander, 411
perestroika reforms, 24, 31, 32, 52, 65–6, 68–9, 71–4, 77, 78, 90, 96, 168, 187
Pergamon Press, 54
Peskov, Dmitry, 160, 245, 319, 476, 486
Peter the Great, 84
Petromed, 314–15, 318–19, 320, 345
Petronas, 358
Petrotrade oil trader, 325
Petrov, Gennady, 445–6
Petrov, Nikolai, 267
Petrov, Yury, 291
Pichugin, Alexei, 234
Piketty, Thomas, 400
Piskorski, Mateusz, 404
Podesta, John, 476
Poland, 25, 189, 269, 404, 431; ‘shock therapy’ reforms in, 77, 78; gas supply cut, 254; US missile-defence shield plans, 367, 443
Politkovskaya, Anna, 243
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 36, 37
Poroshenko, Pyotr, 487
Potanin, Vladimir, 81, 199–200, 401; as Yeltsin’s deputy prime minister, 82
Prelin, Igor, 114
Prigozhin, Yevgeny, 483
Primakov, Yevgeny: background of, 65; at Institute for World Economy, 74, 102, 221, 433, 449; leads SVR, 74, 76, 116, 163, 168, 183; as prime minister, 116, 120–1, 125–7, 128–30, 140; and challenge to Yeltsin, 118, 128–30, 132, 135–7; as KGB’s Plan A, 118, 120–1, 126–7, 128–30, 132, 135–6, 154; attachment to Communist era, 120–1, 125–6, 168, 169, 499; hostility to oligarchs, 129, 195; Yeltsin sacks, 135–7; and Berezovsky, 143, 198; alliance with Yury Luzhkov, 146–7, 154, 157, 162–3, 167–8, 197; meets frequently with Putin, 150; and December 1999 elections, 162–4, 167–8; and Yeltsin Family’s backing of Putin, 167–9; and Joy Lud (New York), 455
Promsberbank, 405–6, 407, 411
Pugachev, Sergei: exile in London, 1–2, 3, 4–5, 7, 380–1; sons of, 1; Kremlin machine turns against, 2–3, 4–5, 7–9, 377–80, 381; Mezhprombank, 2–3, 8–9, 122, 123, 137, 148, 202, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381; in France, 2, 3, 8, 10, 498–9; as Kremlin insider, 2, 9–10, 115–16, 117, 122–8, 130–5, 191, 201–3, 209, 256–7; Swiss bank accounts of, 2, 8, 380; assets frozen in UK court, 3, 4–5, 8, 381; leaves UK (June 2015), 7–8, 9, 10; efforts to gain French citizenship, 8, 10, 380; two year jail sentence in UK, 9; feelings about Putin (November 2007), 10–11, 12–15, 16; desire to leave Russia, 10; and corruption allegations, 122–5, 126–8, 130; and Kremlin reconstruction contract, 122, 123–4; and Mabetex affair, 126–8, 130–5, 144, 148–9, 499; campaign to remove Skuratov, 126–9, 130–5; and Skuratov sex tape, 127–8; first notices Putin, 130–1; opposes Primakov, 132; believes Putin to be under his control, 137–8, 144–6, 147–8, 150–1, 155, 173–4; sees Stepashin as weak, 137; warned of Putin’s duplicity, 147–8, 149–50, 170, 499; as ignorant of Putin’s duplicity, 150–1; and Yeltsin’s decision to step down early, 164; on Putin’s victory (2000), 170, 176; and Putin-Yeltsin Family deal, 176; on Putin’s policy towards West, 189; on power of Putin’s inner circle, 190; Yeltsin Family and security men influences, 191, 216–17; on Putin’s communication style, 210; and Rosneft, 216–17; tells Khodorkovsky to leave Russia, 237–8; on Khodorkovsky’s arrest, 238; on influence of siloviki, 241, 376; on Putin’s vanity, 248–9; as senator in Federation Council, 256–7; in 1980s Leningrad, 256; and Lyudmilla Putina, 256; religious belief of, 258–9; on Chelsea Football Club acquisition, 352; sidelined after Khodorkovsky case, 375–6; during Medvedev’s presidency, 376–7; and Rotenberg, 376–7; impact of financial crash (2008), 377–8; expropriation of assets of, 377–80, 381–2; loses military shipyards, 378–9, 381; project at 5 Red Square, 379; on military footing of Russia, 393; on ‘black cash,’ 395; regrets helping Putin gain power, 498–9; on enduring power of KGB, 499, 500
Purgin, Andrei, 423
Putin, Igor, 404, 405, 411
Putin, Katerina, 1
Putin, Vladimir: end of second term as president (2008), 10–11, 366–7, 368; Pugachev’s feelings about (November 2007), 10–11, 12–15, 16; military action in Chechnya, 11, 157–8, 160–1, 162, 163–4, 205, 242–3, 244–5, 247, 261, 265; ‘reluctant leader’ facade, 11, 151, 164–5, 174, 241; and September 1999 bombings, 11, 155–62, 243, 247; state as tool for self-enrichment, 12–13, 15, 87, 227–8, 401; as deputy mayor of St Petersburg, 19–22, 24, 47–9, 85–7, 107–9, 140–1, 168, 170–2, 182, 184, 187, 338; on Communism, 20–1, 165, 258; admits KGB membership (1992), 21–3; lies over KGB career, 22–4; KGB service in Dresden, 22–30, 32–6, 39–45, 90, 91, 141, 210, 313–14, 427; ‘Operation Luch’ (’Sunbeam’), 24, 32–4, 44; joins KGB, 25–6; father’s WW2 heroics, 25; early life of, 26, 162, 173–4, 186; and Schlaff’s activities in Dresden, 33–4, 341; runs illegal ‘sleeper agents,’ 35, 45, 105; and Red Army Faction, 39–43; and collapse of Berlin Wall, 43–4; returns to Russia from Dresden (1990), 45, 46; and democratic movement in Leningrad, 46–9; runs foreign-relations committee, 86, 88–92, 99, 100, 107–8; slush fund in St Petersburg, 87, 93–5, 105, 107–8, 119, 255; oil-for-food deals, 88–92, 93–5, 105, 113, 119, 151, 171, 190, 255; and Timchenko, 100–1, 102, 109; dacha complex in Finland, 108–10, 193, 310, 311, 314, 398; obschak used for personal needs, 108, 310, 312, 318–20, 398–9; moves to Moscow (1996), 110, 111, 152; heads Kremlin’s foreign property department, 111–12, 137–8; rapid rise in Moscow (1996-8), 111–14, 138–9; becomes head of FSB, 112–13, 138, 139, 184; Pugachev first notices, 130–1; as KGB’s Plan B, 136–46, 151; Yumashev’s positive perception of, 138–41, 144; protects Sobchak from arrest, 139–40, 150; and Berezovsky, 142–3, 147; and Litvinenko, 142; becomes prime minister, 143–7; Chechnya used by spin doctors of, 147, 154, 156–8, 170; image of, 147, 162, 376; lip service to market/democratic principles, 150–1, 180, 188, 190, 237; seen as manageable puppet, 150–1, 152–3, 155, 173–4, 191; meets frequently with Primakov, 150; described as colourless, 154; surge in popularity due to Chechnya, 155, 156–8, 162, 163–4; and December 1999 elections, 163–4; ‘Russia at the Turn of the Millennium’ (article), 165–6; becomes acting president (2000), 166–7, 169, 173; contempt for election process, 169–70; and Novo-Ogarevo estate, 173–4, 233, 322–3; bargain with Yeltsin family, 175–6, 181; presidential inauguration, 179–83; and Sechin, 184–6, 281–2, 283, 284; inferiority complex of, 186–7; insistence on rank and position, 186; underestimated by oligarchs, 195–6; hostility to oligarchs, 195, 199–203, 276; warns oligarchs on national television, 201; final showdown with media tycoons, 203–4, 206–8, 241; and Kursk disaster, 205–7, 241; paranoia and lack of empathy, 206, 388; taking on persona of others, 209–10; state visit to UK, 233, 234; visit to USA (2003), 235–6; vanity of, 248–9, 376; and religious belief, 257–9, 260, 427; and Eurasianism, 259–60, 329, 383; anger at over Beslan siege, 265–6; blames Beslan siege on West, 265–8; palace on Black Sea, 312, 319, 399; leaves no paper trail, 320; on Timchenko, 322–3; and Chelsea Football Club acquisition, 352–3, 364; speech attacking USA (Munich, 2007), 366–8, 443–4; as Medvedev’s prime minister, 370–1; protests against (2011-12), 371–3; announces return to the presidency (2011), 371, 372–3; wins presidential election (2012), 373–4; macho topless poses, 376; Khodorkovsky confronts over corruption, 396–400; first child, Maria, 397; second daughter, Katerina, 399; delight at Trump’s victory (2016), 479–80; declares liberal idea defeated, 480; Trump’s deference to, 481–2, 483; people’s support as not unconditional, 493; re-election (March 2018), 493; announces constitutional changes (15 January 2020), 494–5; constitutional limit on power (2024), 494
Putin regime: pursuit of Pugachev, 2–3, 4–5, 7–9, 379, 381; use of UK court system, 3–5, 8, 9; use of UK tabloids, 3, 6; campaign against oligarchs, 11–12, 199–203, 206–10, 275–6; use of patriotism, 12–13, 388–9, 492–3; consolidation of all levers of power, 12–14, 199–201, 203–4; takes oil industry from oligarchs, 109, 213–20, 221–8, 234–40, 242, 249–51, 253–4, 274–85, 287–305, 326–7; takes over gas industry, 109, 215, 253, 310, 311; programme for a stronger state, 165, 167, 180, 182, 189–90, 257; holdovers from Yeltsin regime, 180–1, 187–8, 190, 198–9, 207, 208, 249–50, 252–5, 310; initial rapprochement with West, 188–9, 253; suppression of media, 196–7, 198–9, 203–4; repressive measures in early rule, 196–203, 206–10; and privatisations of 1990s, 199–200, 201, 214, 226, 277, 329; Kremlin ‘Information Security Doctrine,’ 207; Khodorkovsky’s arrest as turning point, 238–40, 241, 249–50; messaging to global finance community, 250–1, 279–80; national identity and Orthodox Church, 258–9; and Nicholas I’s doctrine, 260; marks out Russian sphere of influence, 273; takes control of legal system, 274–5, 280, 299–305; John McCain’s warnings over, 277–8; continued need for Western investment, 279–80, 285–7; and ring-fence restrictions on foreign ownership, 286, 355; ruchnoye upravleniye (manual regime), 304; feudal system resurrected, 313, 343, 346, 363, 375, 484–5; Russian people’s ‘unwritten pact’ with, 330, 348, 493; West’s misunderstanding of transformation, 346–7, 350–4, 356; saves country’s billionaires, 362–3, 374, 483; political clampdown begins (2012), 374; showcase infrastructure projects, 401; military campaign in Syria, 431, 434, 493; protests and unrest (2019), 493–4 see also imperial ambitions, Russian; siloviki (Putin’s inner circle)
Putina, Lyudmilla, 1, 26, 90, 174, 256, 397
Raiffeisen Bank, 333, 471
Rappaport, Bruce, 325
rare-earth metals, 89, 90, 105, 107, 110
Raymond, Lee, 236, 237, 252–3
Reagan, Ronald, 31
Red Army Faction, 36, 37–8, 39, 161, 427
refugee crisis in Europe, 429, 431
regions: regional governors, 126–7, 130, 135, 154, 163, 192, 197; Putin brings governors to heel, 197, 198, 241–2; elections for governors abolished, 266–8, 272, 285; power of FSB in, 489–90, 491
Renaissance Capital, 350
Rich, Marc, 60
Riggs National Bank of Washington, 194
Rise Capital, 439
Robotron, 27, 29
Rock Holdings Ltd, 440
Rodina (nationalist group), 251
Rogozin, Dmitry, 251
Rohrabacher, Dana, 442
Roldugin, Sergei, 396–400, 430
Rollins International, 315, 320
Romania, 37, 443
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 270
Rose, Justice Vivienne, 9
Rosinsky, Vyacheslav, 134
Rosnano (nanotechnology corporation), 374–5
Rosneft, 6, 192, 212, 216, 227–8, 284, 311, 436, 492; Sechin as chairman, 284, 286–7, 289, 290, 292, 293, 321, 355, 356–7, 380, 382, 393; Gazprom merger proposal, 285–6, 289, 292, 354–5; and Yugansk sale, 290, 292, 293, 298, 301, 321, 355, 356, 357, 382; and Western oil majors, 295, 296, 358; initial public offering on Western markets, 296, 356–9; Western banks act for, 297; and Yukos bankruptcy auctions (2007), 297; and Sogaz, 315; and Gunvor, 321, 322; sanctioned by USA, 391
Rosneftegaz, 359
Rosoboronexport, 311
Ross, Wilbur, 453
Rossotrudnichestvo, 422, 423, 432
Rostelecom (state telecom giant), 420–1, 425, 429
Rosukrenergo, 332, 333, 334–6, 338–9, 340, 341, 342
Rotenberg, Arkady, 6, 376–7, 390, 395, 401–2, 479
Royal Dutch Shell, 289, 292
RTR (state-owned TV channel), 161
Runicom, 129, 193–4
Rusal (aluminium giant), 4, 175–6, 345, 362
Rushailo, Vladimir, 158–9, 160
Russia: market freedoms of Yeltsin era, 12, 75, 77–80, 117–18, 121, 153; Yeltsin elected president (June 1991), 72; Soviet debts, 92–3; December 1999 elections, 162–4, 167–8, 196; Liberal Democrat Party, 169–70; presidential election (2000), 169–70, 174–5; Khodorkovsky’s parliamentary republic proposals, 229–30, 233; Khodorkovsky’s arrest as turning point, 238–40, 241, 249–50; parliamentary elections (2003), 251–2; presidential election (2004), 254–6; forging of new national identity, 257–60, 329; White Russian émigrés, 258, 259, 260, 272, 324, 327–30, 346, 419–20, 422, 427, 429, 435, 442; and rulings of international courts, 279, 301, 495; annexation of Crimea (2014), 288, 383, 386, 388–9, 392, 482, 487, 492–3; manner of governing since time of tsars, 330, 348–9; impact of financial crash (2008), 362–3, 370, 374; military conflict with Georgia (2008), 368–9, 389; suspended from G8 group, 390, 482; far-right nationalist and imperialist groups, 422, 427, 441; homophobia in, 441; attempts to influence US election, 476, 481, 483; delight at Trump’s victory (2016), 476, 479–80; Trump’s sanctions on, 481
Russia Today (English-language TV network), 432
Russian National Sports Fund, 458
Russian Orthodox Church, 121, 173, 257–9, 260, 325, 327, 419, 426; Orthodox oligarchs, 419–22, 425–8, 441–2; as counterpoint to Western liberal values, 419, 421–2, 431, 441–2
Russian Railways, 311, 315, 393, 401, 402–3, 404, 418, 492
Russian State Deposit Agency, 4, 9
Russky Mir (Russian World), 422, 432
Ryan, Charlie, 221, 222, 250–1, 285, 295, 406, 479
Ryazan apartment-bombing plot, 158–9, 160, 181, 197
Rybachuk, Oleh, 330–2, 333–4, 335, 336, 343
Rybin, Yevgeny, 221, 222, 223
Rybolovlev, Dmitry, 470–1, 485
RZB (Russian Land Bank), 405, 407
Saakashvili, Mikheil, 271, 369
Sachs, Jeffrey, 77
Saddam Hussein, 65
Sakharov, Andrei, 46
Sakharovsky, Alexander, 37
Salvini, Matteo, 435–6
Salye, Marina, 87–9, 90, 91, 92, 94–5
Sampo Bank, 410
Sanchez, Carlos Ramirez (Carlos the Jackal), 37, 38
Sandalwood Continental, 398, 399
Sands Point (Long Island), 465
Santal Trading, 315
Sapir, Tamir, 451, 455–6, 460, 470, 478, 485
Sater, Felix, 460–7, 470, 471, 472, 474–5, 478, 485
Savelyev, Yury, 264
Savoini, Gianluca, 435–6
Sawikin, Harvey, 358
Sberbank, 6, 359, 361, 362, 473
Schalck-Golodkowski, Alexander, 28, 54
Scharl, Sven, 34
Schlaff, Martin, 33–4, 45, 341–2
Schröder, Gerhard, 434
scientific research institutes in Moscow, 68
Seabeco, 59–60, 66, 468
Sechin, Igor, 2, 99, 184–6, 217, 223, 245, 249, 250, 256, 377, 498; and Yukos case, 281–2, 283, 284, 288; as Rosneft chairman, 284, 286–7, 289, 290, 292, 293, 321, 355, 356–7, 380, 382, 393; and Yugansk sale, 290, 292, 293, 321, 355, 382; control of Khodorkovsky’s trial, 299–300, 301–4; and appropriation of Pugachev’s assets, 378–9, 380, 381; chairs state shipping corporation, 378–9, 381; speech in London (2012), 380
Sechin, Marina, 6
Second World War, 25, 85
Sedelmayer, Franz, 27, 38, 47, 49
Seleznyov, Gennady, 158
September 11 2001 attacks, 188, 253, 278, 367–8, 416, 466
Sergun, Igor, 390
Serpukhov district, 489–90
Severnaya Neft (oil company), 227–8
Seychelles, 396, 417
Sfinks (Soviet-Finnish joint venture), 90
Shadkhan, Igor, 21–3, 24, 174
Shamalov, Kirill, 399
Shamalov, Nikolai, 314–15, 319, 320, 397, 399
Shamalov, Yuri, 316
Sharikov, Boris, 103
Sharon, Ariel, 342
Shaw, Judith, 457
Shchegolev, Igor, 328, 429
Shcherbakov, Vyacheslav, 47–9
Shebarshin, Leonid, 100
Sheferovsky, Mikhail, 461
Sheindlin, Alexander, 68
Shenderovich, Viktor, 209–10
Shestun, Alexander, 489–91
Shetler-Jones, Robert, 6–7
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 163, 455
Shevchenko, Vyacheslav, 104
Shevkunov, Tikhon, 258, 427
Shevtsova, Lilia, 375
Shirokov, Vladimir, 35, 44
Shlykov, Vitaly, 56
Shnaider, Alex, 460, 468, 471, 478
Shoigu, Sergei, 490
Shtirlitz, Max Otto von, 147
Shusterman, Yefim, 474
Shutov, Sergei, 101
Shutov, Yury, 113
Shuvalov, Igor, 6
Shvets, Yury: on fall of Communism, 58; on Seabeco, 59; on Soviet economy, 63; on the oligarchs, 77, 82; testifies to London court, 103; on Ivanov, 184; on Bank of New York scandal, 412, 415, 459; on Trump, 451, 459, 477, 478, 479, 481; on Agalarov, 456; on Kaveladze, 457; on Mogilevich, 459, 462, 463
Sibneft (oil firm), 4, 81, 129, 142, 175–6, 193–4, 212, 216, 281; and Abramovich, 175, 194, 212, 281, 321, 345–6, 354, 355–6; merges with Yukos, 228–9, 236; Gazprom’s acquisition of (2005), 321, 354, 355–6; and tax schemes, 345–6, 355
Sibur (petrochemicals company), 317, 399
Siemens, 27, 29, 54, 55, 314
Sierra Leone diamond industry, 461
Silicon Valley, 370, 375
siloviki (Putin’s inner circle), 181–7, 190–1; and Pugachev, 7, 10; and succession issue (2007-8), 11; state as tool for self-enrichment, 12–13, 15, 87, 227–8, 401; and Putin’s ‘obschak’ model, 94, 107–8, 220, 310–20, 321–7; collection of kompromat, 119, 127–9, 361–2, 484, 490, 498; creeping coup by, 152, 210, 277–8; and control of oil industry, 212–20, 221–8, 234–40, 242, 249–51, 253–4, 274–85, 287–305, 326–7; battle over oil with Khodorkovsky, 219–20, 221–8, 234–40, 242, 249–51, 253–4, 274–85, 287–305, 326–7; Pugachev on influence of, 241, 376; Putin lauded as ‘saviour of Russia,’ 248–9; power cemented in 2003 elections, 251–2; tightens grip further after Beslan, 266–8; ‘nation under siege’ narrative, 271–2; takes control of ‘commanding heights’ of economy, 274–7, 310–12, 343; and Yugansk sale, 284–5, 287, 288, 289–96, 357; revenge on Khodorkovsky over VNK, 291–2; new caste of oligarchs, 310–20, 321–7, 350–65; Geneva as outpost for oil wealth, 320–2, 324, 327, 329–30, 437–9; ‘perennial Russian order’ as excuse for, 330, 348–9; gas kickback schemes, 331–9; paranoias born of collapse of empire, 366–7, 388; strengthened grip on power under Medvedev, 374, 375; as stifling economic initiative, 382; lifestyles of inner circle, 400, 401–2; delight at Trump’s victory (2016), 479; infighting as escalating, 491, 494
Simonyan, Rair, 64–5, 73, 82
Skigin, Dmitry, 102, 103
SK-Most, 401
Skolkovo high-tech hub, 375, 485–6
Skuratov, Yury, 117, 122, 125–8, 129, 130, 131, 132; campaign to remove, 126–9, 130–5, 136, 197; sex tape of, 127–8, 129, 130–1, 134, 144, 163; suspension of, 134, 143
Sloviansk (Ukraine), 391
Smeshko, Ihor, 270
Smirnov, Anatoly, 53
SMP (St Petersburg bank), 377
Sobchak, Anatoly, 20, 21, 22, 24, 47–9, 76, 86–7, 94, 98, 328; death of, 104, 170, 171–3; defeat in 1996 mayoral election, 111, 113, 139–40; Putin protects from arrest, 139–40, 150; warns over Putin’s duplicity, 149, 499; criticises St Petersburg FSB, 170–1
Sochi Winter Olympics (2014), 390, 401, 496
social media, 389, 481
Société Générale, 297, 438
Sogaz (insurance company), 309–10, 312, 314, 315, 318
Solidarność movement in Poland, 25
Solntsevskaya (organised-crime group), 171, 337–9, 414, 459, 463, 468, 478, 485; New York operations, 408–9, 454, 455, 460; and Tchigirinsky, 451–2, 477; and Moscow city government, 451
Sonntag, Rainer, 42
Sorokina, Svetlana, 209
Soros, George, 272, 277, 357, 420, 421, 483
South Ossetia, 368, 369
Soviet Union: Putin on collapse of, 12, 20–1, 43–4, 165, 272; ‘active measures’ to sow division in West, 15–16, 36–43, 55, 161, 212, 427–8, 433, 480–1; KGB during collapse of, 16, 23–4, 74; ceases to exist, 19; defence enterprises, 20, 49; anti-Semitism in, 21, 67, 70; and collapse of Berlin Wall, 23, 43–4, 45–6; collapse of Warsaw Pact bloc, 23, 43–4; hard-line coup attempt (August 1991), 23, 24, 48–9, 50, 51, 52, 58, 73, 75, 105; rise of nationalist movements, 23, 45–6; Yeltsin suspends Communist Party (August 1991), 23, 50–2, 61; illicit procurement of technology, 27, 28–9, 30, 31, 54, 106–7, 313–14, 326, 328; glasnost reforms, 31, 32; Communist Party loses monopoly on power, 45–6, 71; offices of the Central Committee (Moscow), 51–60; destruction of documents (August 1991), 52, 53; payments to Communist-linked parties abroad, 53, 54; influence operations in Africa and Middle East, 62, 65, 212, 342, 395; Institute for the USA and Canada, 64; International Department, 64; ethnic minorities, 66, 67; collapse of as inside job, 74; second and third echelon take over, 74; debts at collapse, 92–3; Yakunin on collapse of, 105–6; Jewish émigrés, 337, 338, 413, 461
Soyuznefteexport, 55, 212
Spain, 445–6
St Petersburg: Putin as deputy mayor, 19–22, 24, 47–9, 85–7, 140–1, 168, 170–2, 182, 184, 187, 338; Kirovsky Zavod plant, 20, 49; Smolny Institute, 20, 86, 107, 184; and hard-line coup attempt (August 1991), 48–9; Marinsky Palace, 48, 86; KGB control in, 82–3, 85–7, 95–105, 106–10, 114, 168, 170–2, 182, 183, 187, 338; history of, 84–5; sea port, 84–5, 87, 95–9, 100–5, 109, 114, 168, 170–2, 182, 183, 187, 215, 378, 446; oil terminal, 84, 87, 95, 97–9, 100–3, 104, 114, 168; KGB and organised crime alliance, 85, 87, 97–9, 101, 102–5, 113, 140–1, 168, 171–2, 187, 215, 338, 445–6; food crisis, 87–90; hard-currency slush fund, 87, 93–5, 105, 107–8, 119, 255; oil-for-food deals, 88–92, 93–5, 105, 113, 119, 151, 171, 190, 255; Baltic Sea Fleet (BMP), 96–9, 104, 114, 170–2, 182, 187; KGB takeover/raid of BMP, 96–9, 104, 182; privatisation of sea port, 97–8, 104, 182; Ioffe Institute for Technology and Physics, 106–7; Kamenny Ostrov (Stone Island), 312, 313; Military Medical Academy, 314; St Peter and Paul Cathedral, 419–20 see also Leningrad
St Petersburg Fuel Company (PTK), 99, 102
St Petersburg Immobilien Aktiengesellschaft (SPAG), 99, 172
Stalin, Joseph, 270
Stalin’s dacha, 202
Starovoitova, Galina, 46, 113–14
Stasi (East German secret police), 22, 25, 29–30, 31–2, 35, 340, 341; relations with KGB, 26–7, 28, 39, 41, 44; smuggling operations, 28, 33, 341; Hauptverwaltaufklarung (HVA), 31–2, 33–4, 45; preparations for fall of GDR, 33–4, 44, 45, 341; support for terrorism, 36–7, 38–9, 40–1, 161; and fall of GDR, 44–5
state capitalism: hybrid KGB form of, 12–13, 15, 16, 214–15, 219, 275–7, 349, 428; infiltration of Western finance, 15–16, 346–7, 349–54, 357–60, 363–5, 393–5; Putin sets out vision for (end of 1999), 165; evolution of KGB version of, 168, 354, 356–63; imperialists’ view of, 182, 346, 366; Khodorkovsky trial lays foundations for, 274–6, 346; continued need for Western investment, 279–80, 289; Illarionov’s criticisms of, 294; ‘Kremlin Inc.’ of second term, 310–18; KGB victory over oligarchs, 311; KGB blueprint for, 326–7; as feudal system, 346, 375; and new wave of Russian offerings in London, 350–2; all ‘private’ businessmen as agents of state, 356, 360–1, 483–6, 492; impact of financial crash (2008), 362–3, 374, 377–8; Medvedev’s policies, 374–5; economic problems during third term, 381–3, 489; networks as still in place, 488; as penetrating every crevice of society, 489; KGB simulation of normal market economy, 497–8
Stepankov, Valentin, 56
Stepashin, Sergei, 131, 135, 137, 143, 144–5, 146, 147, 169
Strache, Heinz-Christian, 436–7
strategic-metals sector, 343
Strelkov, Igor (‘Strelok,’ or Igor Girkin), 425–6
Stroigazmontazh, 377
Sugrobov, Denis, 491
Sun Tzu, The Art of War, 151
Sunshine, Louise, 454–5
Surgutneftegaz (oil firm), 81, 212, 217–18, 223, 291
Surikov, Anton, 66, 446
Surkov, Vladislav, 198–9, 230, 233
Svyazinvest (state telecom giant), 420, 421, 429
Switzerland: Stasi front companies in, 28, 54; Schlaff’s front companies, 34, 45; Banco del Gottardo, 55, 119, 120, 121, 149; Soviet–Swiss joint ventures, 58, 70; Seabeco in, 59–60, 66; Lugano base of Mabetex, 93, 117, 120, 125–6; Mabetex probe, 117, 125–6, 131, 143–4, 145, 147–9; Gunvor in, 311, 321–4, 326–7, 438; mild tax regime of, 326; intelligence report on Birshtein (2007), 468 see also Geneva
Syria, 342, 431, 446, 482, 493
Syriza (Greece), 428, 435
Taj Mahal casino (Atlantic City), 448, 450–1, 452–4, 460, 477
Talbott, Strobe, 370
Tambov group (crime group), 85, 87, 97–9, 102–4, 113, 338, 445–6; and St Petersburg sea port, 98–9, 101, 103–4, 114, 168, 171, 183, 187, 215; and murder of Galina Starovoitova, 114; and death of Sobchak, 171–2
Tamigo (Soviet-German entity), 90
Tarasov, Artyom, 72
Taruta, Sergei, 423
Taubman, Alfred, 454–5
Taylor, William, 488
Tchigirinsky, Alexander, 485
Tchigirinsky, Shalva, 448–55, 456, 470, 472, 473–4, 477, 482–3, 485
Tea Party (USA), 442
telecoms sector, 420–1, 427, 429, 462
Temerko, Alexander, 282–3, 284, 287, 288, 294, 296, 297, 353, 439, 447
Theede, Steven, 282–3, 287, 290
Thomson (technology firm), 328
ThyssenKrupp, 29, 54, 55
Timchenko, Gennady: background of, 90–1, 99–100; Kirishineftekhimexport oil trader, 90, 91, 100; and St Petersburg oil terminal, 99, 100–2, 109, 140, 217; and IMAG (Akimov’s venture), 102, 221, 340; as close to Putin, 109, 140, 181, 217, 320, 322–3, 326, 377, 390, 397, 399, 479; extremely low profile of, 109, 217, 311, 322–3; and Surgutneftegaz, 217–18, 291; and Yugansk sale, 291–2; and Bank Rossiya network, 311, 317, 320–1; Gunvor (oil venture), 311, 321–4, 438; role in Obschak, 321–4, 325–7, 394–5; and Goutchkov, 324, 325; blacklisted by USA, 390, 393, 437–8; profits from Sochi Olympics, 401; and Geneva-based White Russians, 419, 427, 431–2; and Total (French energy major), 431–2; awarded Légion d’honneur, 432; and funding of French National Front, 434; in China, 437; and Serpukhov district, 490
Tkachev, Ivan, 409, 490–2
TNK (Tyumen Oil Company), 229, 234, 236, 281
Tolstoy, Alexandra, 7–8
Tomskneft oilfields, 220
Tornqvist, Torbjorn, 322, 325, 438
Torshin, Alexander, 263–4
Total (French energy major), 431–2
Traber, Ilya, 97–9, 101, 102–3, 104, 109, 114, 171, 172, 183
Transparency International, 440
TransWorld Group, 465
Trenin, Dmitry, 369
Trepashkin, Mikhail, 159
Tretyakov, Sergei, 75
Trubetskoi, Nikolai, 259
Trubetskoy, Alexander, 327–8, 429
Trump, Donald: and Russian money, 67, 454, 455–6, 457, 459–60, 465–71, 472–5, 478–9, 485; runs for US presidency, 447, 473–6; and Taj Mahal casino (Atlantic City), 448, 450–1, 452–4, 460, 477; and Tchigirinsky, 448, 450–1, 452–5, 470, 472, 473–4, 477; and Agalarov, 451, 456, 472–3, 475–6; financial difficulties, 451, 453, 454, 459–60, 465–6, 479; Russian influence on, 451, 477–8; Trump Tower in Manhattan, SoHo, 455–6, 457, 465; and Felix Sater, 460, 464, 465–7; luxury developments built with Russian money, 465–71, 478; Moscow Trump tower schemes, 474–5, 477–8; wins presidential election (2016), 476–7; question of Russia’s hold on, 477–9, 481, 482, 483; interest in Russian/Slavic women, 477; deference to Putin, 481–2, 483; foreign policy, 481–3; chaotic decision-making style, 481, 482; investigations of over Russia, 481, 486; sanctions on Russia, 481; impeachment probe, 488
Trump, Ivanka, 472, 485
Trump Jnr, Donald, 472, 475, 478
Turkmenistan, 332, 336
Turover, Felipe, 91–3, 118–19, 120, 121, 125, 126, 135–6, 151
Tuva, Siberian wilderness of, 376
Twentieth Trust, 108
Tymoshenko, Yulia, 270, 335–6
Ukraine: supply of gas from Russia, 253, 254, 330–5; Orange Revolution (2004-5), 260, 271, 302, 330, 335, 336, 366, 384, 385, 388, 421, 422; economic importance of to Russia, 268–9; presidential elections, 268–71, 272; as crossroads between East and West, 269, 383; gas pipeline network, 269, 331, 334; Western influence in west of, 269; Maidan Square protests, 271, 385, 424; Gazprom turns off gas supplies to (2006), 334–5; agrees corrupt gas deal with Russia, 334–6, 339, 384; Firtash becomes powerbroker in, 339; as training ground for Russia’s undermining of EU, 343, 395, 428; Yanukovych’s talks with EU, 384; Russian troops on border, 386, 391; Berkut (unit of security forces), 387; pro-Russian separatists in, 391, 392, 423–5, 426; and Russian black cash, 395, 419, 425–8; Russian influence operations in, 419, 421, 423–8; Russian Orthodox Church in, 419, 426; ‘Donetsk Republic’ political movement, 423–5; Trump seeks dirt on Biden, 487–8
Ukraine crisis (2014): lead up to, 383–4; and European Union, 383, 384–5, 386–7, 431; corruption of Yanukovych regime, 384–5, 387; pro-EU protests in Kiev, 384–5, 386–7; Yanukovych steps back from EU deal, 384; Yanukovych flees Ukraine, 385–6, 387, 424; deaths of protesters, 385, 387, 424; radical right-wing Ukrainian groups, 385; Russian anti-US propaganda, 386–7, 389; Putin’s ratcheting up of tension, 387–8; Berkut infiltrated by Russian agents, 387; conflict spreads into east Ukraine, 389, 391; hybrid/proxy war, 389, 391, 392, 424–7; Russian fake stories on social media, 389; US and EU economic sanctions, 390, 391, 393–4, 432, 435, 437–8, 444–5; Malaysia Airlines plane shot down (July 2014), 391; and Russian black cash, 425–8; and Trump, 487
Ulyukaev, Alexei, 498
Union of Right Forces, 230, 251
United Financial Group, 250–1, 285, 295, 406
United Kingdom: intelligence services, 1–2, 5, 7, 9; Russian influence on elites, 4, 5–7, 352–4, 364–5; influence of Kremlin cash, 5–7, 343, 439; legal firms, 5, 6, 9; PR firms, 5, 6; property prices, 6; Russian state capitalism infiltrates, 346–7, 349–54, 357–60, 363–5, 393–5; Brexit, 439–40, 447, 480, 482; Russian influence on EU referendum, 439–40, 447; weakness in overseas funding laws, 440
United Russia (pro-Kremlin party), 13–14, 251–2, 371–2, 494
United Shipbuilding Corporation, 378–9, 381
United States: support for Solidarność in Poland, 25; targets Soviet illicit procurement networks, 29; military personnel in West Germany, 30; Reagan’s ‘Star Wars’ system, 31; terrorism against in West Germany, 37, 38; role in Soviet collapse, 73–4, 117–18; Pugachev in, 123; spin doctors help Yeltsin (1996), 123; Putin’s initial rapprochement policy, 188–9, 253; war in Afghanistan, 188–9, 253, 278, 367, 370, 462, 463, 464; and Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 189; missile-defence plans, 189, 367, 370, 443; KGB’s hostility to, 190; and Russian money in West, 193, 194; Khodorkovsky looks to for protection, 235–6, 238, 277–8, 295; Putin’s visit to (2003), 235–6; ‘war on terror,’ 247, 248; bows to Putin’s new economic order, 294–5; and Germany, 330; supports Ukraine over gas supply, 334; Mogilevich as on FBI’s Top Ten Most Wanted List, 338; stock exchange regulations, 351; Putin’s speech attacking (Munich, 2007), 366–8, 443–4; attempts at cultivating Medvedev, 369, 370, 371, 375, 443, 446–7; Putin blames for Moscow protests (2011-12), 373–4; suspicion over Medvedev’s projects, 375; Russia blames for Ukraine crisis, 386–7, 389; economic sanctions over Ukraine, 390, 391, 393–4, 432, 435, 437–8, 444–5; and Russian black cash, 412–16; Patriot Act, 416; stricter banking regulations after 11 September attacks, 416, 466; de Pahlen on, 433; conservative right in, 442–3; homophobia in, 442; pro-life movement, 442; Bush declares victory in Cold War, 444, 459; Russian foreign intelligence operatives in, 446–7; presidential election (2016), 447; real estate and money laundering, 466–7, 469–71; hacking of Democrats’ emails, 476, 481; Russia’s attempts to influence 2016 election, 476, 477, 481, 482, 483; fragility of political system, 488
Unity Party, 163–4, 490
Urals Trading, 101
Usmanov, Alisher, 364
Usoltsev, Vladimir, 26, 35, 44
Ustinov, Vladimir, 15, 202, 281
Uzbekistan, 281
Valmet, 193–4
Vasilyev, Sergei, 103
Vatican, 25
Vavilov, Andrei, 124, 175, 228
Vekselberg, Viktor, 401, 485–6
Venezuela, 493
Verheugen, Gunter, 349
Veselnitskaya, Natalia, 475
Veselovsky, Leonid, 57–8, 59–60, 71
Vetrov, Vladimir, 28–9
Video International, 398
Vienna, 27–8, 66, 221, 339, 341–2, 487; as spy capital of the world, 339–40
Viett, Inge, 38
Vimpelcom, 362
Vladimir, Grand Duke, 328
Vneshekonombank, 93, 293, 362, 391
VNK, or Eastern Oil Company, 219–20, 221–3, 224, 234, 291, 292
Voloshin, Alexander, 189, 207, 208, 216, 217, 256, 498; as Yeltsin’s chief of staff, 132–3, 134, 144, 147, 353; as Yeltsin-era holdover, 175, 180–1, 187–8, 198, 199, 249, 257, 310; Putin reinstates as chief of staff, 181; background of, 187; and Khodorkovsky’s funding of political parties, 230, 233; replaced by Medvedev, 249–50; departure signals end of Yeltsin era, 250, 251
Voshchanov, Pavel, 61
VTB (Vneshtorgbank), 6, 311, 359–60, 362, 391, 398, 474, 479
Wallach, Abe, 460
Warnig, Matthias, 29–30, 41, 102, 284, 314, 406, 434
Weafer, Chris, 298
West Germany, 25, 27, 450; as source of high-tech goods, 28; KGB penetration of, 29, 30; HVA penetration of, 31–2; Bundesverfassungsschutz, 33, 42; Red Army Faction terrorism, 36, 37–8, 39–43, 427; La Belle discoèque bombing (1986), 37
Western democracies: Russian undermining/corrupting of, 15–16, 352, 356–60, 364–5, 404, 408, 416–18, 421–37, 438–43, 445, 447, 480, 483–6; Soviet ‘active measures’ against, 15–16, 36–43, 55, 161, 212, 427–8, 433, 480–1; technological development in, 27, 28, 64, 69, 106–7, 456; Putin’s initial rapprochement policy, 188–9, 253; Putin blames Beslan siege on, 265–8; bows to Putin’s new economic order, 294–8, 356–60, 363–5; misunderstanding of Putin’s transformation, 346–7, 350–4, 356, 497; Russian companies listed on stock exchanges, 349–52; and growth of Russian middle class, 349, 350; hopeful policies over Russia as illusions, 391–2; inequality and politics of austerity, 447; rising tide of populism in, 479–80, 497
Western finance: Russian state capitalism infiltrates, 15–16, 346–7, 349–54, 357–60, 363–5, 393–5; Putin regime’s messaging to, 250–1, 279–80; facilitation of Yukos takeover, 284–5, 292, 294, 297–8, 496–7; and Gazprom-Rosneft merger proposal, 285–6; and Yugansk sale, 289–91, 292–3, 296, 355, 356, 357; zeal for Putin’s new order, 295–7, 357–60, 363–5; Rosneft’s initial public offering, 296, 356–9; and Yukos bankruptcy auctions (2007), 297–8; flocks to Moscow in search of fees, 350; initial public offering of VTB, 359–60; impact of financial crash (2008), 363; infiltration by Russian organised crime, 412–18
WikiLeaks, 476
Winer, Jonathan, 413, 415
Wiswell, Tim, 407
Witte, Sergei, 272
Wolf, Franz, 190
Wolf, Markus, 27, 28, 31–2, 33, 35, 37
Woolsey, James, 412
World Bank, 192
World Congress of Families, 442
World Cup, football (2018), 353, 473, 483
World Economic Forum, 237
Wynn, Steve, 455, 473–4
Yabloko (political party), 230, 251
Yakovlev, Alexander, 65, 72, 74, 86
Yakubovsky, Dmitry, 59
Yakunin, Vladimir, 65, 105–7, 418, 420, 430, 444–5; and Bank Rossiya, 107, 109, 193, 311, 393, 400–1; on Yeltsin-era oligarchs, 110, 193; as Russian Railways president, 311, 393, 401, 402, 403; on Ukraine crisis, 386, 387; as Orthodox oligarch, 419, 422, 433, 441–2; Foundation of Andrei the First-Called (Orthodox charity), 422, 433, 441–2; ‘The Dialogue of Civilisations’ think tank, 433; defence of ‘family’ values leitmotif, 441, 442, 443; on intelligence services, 480–1; on rising tide of populism in West, 480; as struggling, 492
Yalta, 452; Livadia Palace in, 270
Yanukovych, Viktor, 268, 270–1, 336, 339, 383–6, 387, 389, 423
Yasin, Yevgeny, 346
Yatsenyuk, Arseny, 395
Yavlinsky, Grigory, 78, 140, 251
YBM Magnex, 338
Yegorova, Olga, 300, 301–3, 304, 305
Yeltsin, Boris: market reforms of, 12, 75, 77–80, 117–18, 121, 153; KGB as hidden in background, 15, 16, 152–3; failing health, 16, 114, 115–17, 118, 130, 135, 150, 157; signs Soviet Union out of existence, 19; defiant stance against coup (August 1991), 23, 49, 51, 73, 75; suspends Communist Party (August 1991), 23, 50–2, 61; political rise of, 46; and missing Party funds, 52, 60; challenges rule of Gorbachev, 72; elected president of Russian Federation (June 1991), 72; supported by part of KGB, 73; contempt of KGB hard-liners for, 74; and Primakov, 74, 154; abolishes KGB, 75–6; advised by Western economists, 75, 77–8, 80, 194–5; frees prices (1 January 1992), 78; tycoons’ banks hold government funds, 79, 212–13, 360; and loans-for-shares auctions, 80–2, 192, 199–200, 212–13, 293; KGB contempt for, 110–11, 117–18, 167; and Sobchak, 111; democratic reforms, 117–18, 165, 166–7, 169, 192; plot against, 118–35; and credit cards, 120, 121, 124–5, 148–9, 154; and Kremlin slush funds, 121–3; re-elected (1996), 123, 132, 192; sacks Primakov, 135–7; daughter Elena, 142; appoints Putin prime minister, 146; names Putin as preferred successor, 146, 147, 155; decision to step down early, 155, 164, 169, 175; resigns in New Year speech (2000), 166–7; and Putin’s 2000 victory, 175; at Putin’s inauguration, 179–80; blamed for loss of Crimea, 389; Bill Clinton’s view of, 415; raises idea of lustration, 499
Yeltsin Family: Mabetex affair, 117, 120, 122–8, 131, 135, 138, 143–6, 148, 151, 153, 154, 157; abandons Berezovsky, 142; and black-cash schemes, 149, 412, 414–15; financial scandals, 149, 163; decision to back Putin, 168–9, 214, 216; celebrates Putin’s 2000 victory, 174–5; and Abramovich, 175–6, 202–3, 208, 217, 252, 343, 353; bargain with Putin, 175–6, 181, 241; holdovers in Putin regime, 180–1, 187–8, 190, 198–9, 208, 249–50, 252–5, 310; seeming ignorance of Putin’s background, 191, 195; importance of in Putin’s first term, 208, 214, 216–17; sidelined after Khodorkovsky arrest, 249–50; jeopardy of transfer of power, 494 see also Dyachenko, Tatyana (Yeltsin’s daughter); Yumashev, Valentin (Yeltsin’s son-in-law)
Yevtushenkov, Vladimir, 392–3
Yuganskneftegaz (oil production unit), 284–5, 287, 288, 289–90, 321, 355, 356, 357, 382
Yukos (oil producer), 81, 212, 219–20, 222, 224, 225, 227, 230, 233, 439; Menatep Bank acquires, 213; merges with Sibneft, 228–9, 236; Putin regime’s onslaught against, 234–40, 251, 276, 277, 278–85, 287–9, 299, 304, 321, 349, 382, 496–7; and ExxonMobil, 236–7, 240, 252–3; Khodorkovsky’s stake in seized, 240, 242, 250, 275, 279; siloviki freeze shares in, 250; retroactive tax claims against, 254, 280–1, 283–4, 287–8, 293, 294, 345, 357; and trial of Khodorkovsky (2004-5), 274–5, 279, 280, 281, 299; American senior executives, 282–3, 287–8, 290, 357; pressure on raised further (July 2004), 283; and Western oil majors, 284–5, 292, 294, 297–8, 496–7; Yugansk sale, 284–5, 287, 288, 289–96, 298, 301, 355, 356, 357, 359; files for bankruptcy in Houston, 290, 292–3, 294, 295, 355, 357; bankruptcy auctions (2007), 297–8, 358, 359; and Geneva-based Petroval, 321–2
Yumashev, Valentin (Yeltsin’s son-in-law): taped conversation with Pugachev (2007), 10–11, 12, 13, 14–15, 16; and Putin’s appointment as prime minister, 16, 145, 146–7, 150, 187; positive perception of Putin, 112, 138–41, 144; as Yeltsin’s chief of staff, 112, 118; and Mabetex affair, 125, 127–8, 130, 149; on Primakov, 128, 129; on Luzhkov, 131–2; on Yeltsin’s sacking of Primakov, 135; on Stepashin, 137; abandons Berezovsky, 142; and Pugachev, 144, 148, 155, 164, 176, 380; and Yeltsin’s decision to step down early, 155, 164; on September 1999 bombings, 160; denies Putin-Yeltsin Family deal, 176; and Putin’s repressive measures, 198–9; and Abramovich, 353; Deripaska marries daughter of, 381
Yurgens, Igor, 283
Yushchenko, Viktor, 268, 269, 270–1, 330–1, 333–4; agrees corrupt gas deal with Russia, 334–6, 339, 384
Zakayev, Akhmed, 267
Zatulin, Konstantin, 479
Zelensky, Volodomyr, 487–8
Zeman, Miloš, 399, 430
Zheleznyak, Anastasia, 6
Zheleznyak, Sergei, 6
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 169, 255
Zuchold, Klaus, 42
Zuckerberg, Mark, 486
Zyuganov, Gennady, 169, 255