Also by Robert Service

The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organisational Change

Lenin: A Political Life

Volume One: The Strengths of Contradiction

Volume Two: Worlds in Collision

Volume Three: The Iron Ring

The Russian Revolution, 1900–1927

A History of Twentieth-Century Russia

Lenin: A Biography

Stalin: A Biography

Comrades: A History of World Communism

Trotsky: A Biography

Spies and Commissars: Bolshevik Russia and the West

The End of the Cold War: 1985–1991

Russia and its Islamic World: From the Mongol Conquest to the Syrian Military Intervention

The Last of the Tsars: Nicholas II and the Russian Revolution