1 THE BEGINNING
1 Karen S. Hamrick and Abigail M. Okrent, The Role of Time in Fast-food Behavior in the United States, U.S. Department of Agriculture, www.ers.usda.gov, November 2014.
2 Harvey Blatt, America’s Food: What You Don’t Know About What You Eat (Boston, MA, 2011), p. 113.
3 Kathryn M. Sharpe and Richard Staelin, ‘Consumption Effects of Bundling: Consumer Perceptions, Firm Actions, and Public Policy Implications’, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing (Fall 2010), www.archive.ama.org.
4 Martin B. Schmidt, ‘Supertax Me’, New York Times, www.nytimes.com, 19 October 2006.
5 ‘Technomic’s Top 150 Fast-casual Chain Restaurant Report’, www.technomic.com, 8 May 2014.
6 Maggie McGrath, ‘How Millennials Will Dictate the Future of Fast Food’, Forbes, www.forbes.com, 18 April 2014.
7 C. D. Fryar and R. B. Ervin, ‘Caloric Intake from Fast Food among Adults: United States, 2007–2010’, NCHS Data Brief, no. 114, National Center for Health Statistics, www.cdc.gov, 21 February 2013.
8 Brian Sozzi, ‘Huge Fast Food Names are Quietly Testing Upscale Versions of Themselves’, The Street, www.thestreet.com, 14 April 2015.
2 GLOBALIZATION
1 Quoted in Mary Davis Suro, ‘Romans Protest McDonald’s’, New York Times, www.nytimes.com, 5 May 1986.
2 Philip B. Dwoskin, ‘Foreign and Domestic Prospects for the U.S. Fast Food Franchise Industry’, Agricultural Economic Report No. 358 (USDA Economic Research Service, 1976), pp. 2, 7.
3 Agnes Stevenson, ‘Britain Is Fast Food Capital of Europe; Ninety per cent of Parents Take Children to Burger Bars Despite Fears over Their Nutritional Value’, The Herald, www.highbeam.com, 19 April 2002.
4 McDonald’s UK, www.mcdonalds.co.uk, accessed 30 April 2015.
5 Takeaways in the UK include purchases at Chinese, Indian and other ethnic restaurants; these are typically family-owned and are not outlets of large chains. While takeaways undoubtedly contribute many of the same problems, such as obesity and environmental degradation, as do fast-food chains, they are not the focus of this book.
6 ‘Fast Food Britain Spends £29.4 Billion on Takeaways Every Year’, VoucherCodes.co.uk, www.vouchercodes.co.uk, accessed 30 April 2015.
7 Henry Samuel, ‘Fast Food Overtakes Traditional Cuisine in France for the First Time’, Daily Telegraph, www.telegraph.co.uk, 28 February 2013.
8 Jim Hightower, Eat your Heart Out: Food Profiteering in America (New York, 1975), p. 237. No one paid much attention to the concept of McDonaldization in the 1970s, but it was adopted by the Slow Food Movement in 1986. The term ‘McDonaldization’ emerged in the academic community in the 1990s, when the sociologist George Ritzer published The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life (Thousand Oaks, CA, 1993), and also has since been applied to a variety of non-food areas.
9 Jessica Wohl, ‘Fast-food Chain Restaurants Continue to Dominate, Data Show’, Chicago Tribune, www.chicagotribune.com, 2 March 2015.
10 USDA Economic Research Service, ‘Ag and Food Statistics: Charting the Essentials’, www.ers.usda.gov, September 2014.
11 George Ritzer, The Globalization of Nothing 2 (Thousand Oaks, CA, 2007), pp. 155–6.
12 Benjamin R. Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World (New York, 1996).
13 José Bové and François Dufour, The World Is Not for Sale: Farmers Against Junk Food (New York, 2001), p. 53; Elaine Ganley, ‘Radical French Farmer Found Guilty of Vandalizing McDonald’s Restaurant’, ABC News, www.abcnews.go.com, accessed 30 April 2015.
14 Rory Carroll, ‘Protesters Try to Halt Rise of Fast-food Giant in Italy’, The Guardian, www.theguardian.com, 17 October 2000.
15 Tony Royle, Working for McDonald’s in Europe: The Unequal Struggle? (New York, 2001), p. 19.
16 Raja Abdulrahim, ‘KFC Gets a Bad Rap in Egypt’, Los Angeles Times, www.articles.latimes.com, 7 February 2011.
17 Tom Parfitt, ‘Vladimir Putin “Backs Russian Fast-food Rival to McDonald’s”’, The Telegraph, www.telegraph.co.uk, 9 April 2015.
18 Yungxiang Yan, ‘Of Hamburger and Social Space: Consuming McDonald’s in Beijing’, in Food and Culture: A Reader, ed. Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik, 3rd edn (New York and London, 2012), p. 451.
19 Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Fuzhi Cheng, eds, Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries (Ithaca, NY, 2009), p. 151.
20 ‘Fast-food Restaurants in China: Market Research Report’, IBIS World, www.ibisworld.com, September 2014.
21 Restaurant Brands International, www.timhortons.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
22 Timothy J. Richards and Luis Padilla, ‘Promotion and Fast Food Demand’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, XCI/1 (February 2009), p. 169.
23 A. O. Olutayo and O. Akanle, ‘Fast Food in Ibadan: An Emerging Consumption Pattern’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, LXXIX/2 (2009), pp. 207–27.
3 HEALTH
1 American Heart Association, ‘Understanding Childhood Obesity, Statistical Sourcebook’, www.heart.org, accessed 1 May 2015.
2 Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, ‘National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference’, www.ndb.nal.usda.gov, accessed 1 May 2015.
3 B. Lorson, H. Melgar-Quinonez and C. Taylor, ‘Correlates of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in U.S. Children’, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, CIX (2009), pp. 474–8.
4 Michael F. Jacobson, Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans’ Health, 2nd edn, Center for Science in the Public Interest (Washington, DC, 2005).
5 Brian Elbel et al., ‘Potential Effect of the New York City Policy Regarding Sugared Beverages’, New England Journal of Medicine, CCCLXVII (August 2012), pp. 680–81.
6 Rick Noack, ‘The French War on American-style Free Soda Refills’, Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com, 16 September 2014.
7 U.S. Department of Agriculture et al., ‘Dietary Guidelines for Americans’, www.health.gov, December 2010.
8 Brian Wansink, James E. Painter and Jill North, ‘Bottomless Bowls: Why Visual Cues of Portion Size May Influence Intake’, Obesity Research, XIII (2005), pp. 93–100.
9 David A. Kessler, The End of Overeating: Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite (Emmaus, PA, 2009), pp. 157–62.
10 Spurlock followed the film with two books: Don’t Eat this Book: Fast Food and the Supersizing of America (2005) and Supersized: Strange Tales from a Fast-food Culture (2011).
11 Mariel M. Finucane, ‘National, Regional, and Global Trends in Body-mass Index since 1980: Systematic Analysis of Health Examination Surveys and Epidemiological Studies with 960 Country-years and 9.1 Million Participants’, The Lancet, www.thelancet.com, 4 February 2011.
12 ‘Obesity and Overweight’, World Health Organization, www.who.int, 20 January 2015.
13 Office of the Surgeon General, The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2001).
14 Christine Gorman, ‘Health: How to Eat Smarter’, Time, www.time.com, 20 October 2003; H. M. Niemeier et al., ‘Fast Food Consumption and Breakfast Skipping: Predictors of Weight Gain from Adolescence to Adulthood in a Nationally Representative Sample’, Journal of Adolescent Health, XXXIX/6 (December 2006), pp. 842–9; S. Bowman and B. Vineyard, ‘Fast Food Consumption of U.S. Adults: Impact on Energy and Nutrient Intakes and Overweight Status’, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, XXIII/2 (2004), pp. 163–8; J. A. Satia et al., ‘Eating at Fast-food Restaurants Is Associated with Dietary Intake, Demographic, Psychosocial and Behavioural Factors among African Americans in North Carolina’, Public Health Nutrition, VII/8 (December 2004), pp. 1089–96.
15 M. A. Pereira et al., ‘Fast-food Habits, Weight Gain, and Insulin Resistance (the Cardia Study): 15-year Prospective Analysis’, The Lancet, CCCLXV (1 January 2005), pp. 36–42.
16 Roberto De Vogli, Anne Kouvonen and David Gimeno, ‘The Influence of Market Deregulation on Fast Food Consumption and Body Mass Index: A Cross-national Time Series Analysis’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, www.who.int, 24 September 2013.
17 C. D. Fryar and R. B. Ervin, ‘Caloric Intake from Fast Food among Adults: United States, 2007–2010’, NCHS Data Brief, no 114, National Center for Health Statistics, www.cdc.gov, February 2013; Catherine Winters, ‘Fast-food Consumption Slows Down’, LiveScience, www.livescience.com, 22 February 2013.
18 S. E. Fleischhacker et al., ‘A Systematic Review of Fast Food Access Studies’, Obesity Review, XII/5 (2011), pp. e460–e471.
19 David A. Alter and Karen Eny, ‘The Relationship Between the Supply of Fast-food Chains and Cardiovascular Outcomes’, Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue canadienne de santé publique, XCIX/3 (May–June 2005), pp. 173–7; Thomas Burgoine et al., ‘Associations Between Exposure to Takeaway Food Outlets, Takeaway Food Consumption, and Body Weight in Cambridgeshire, UK: Population Based, Cross Sectional Study’, British Medical Journal, www.bmj.com, March 2014.
20 Janne Boone-Heinonen et al., ‘Fast Food Restaurants and Food Stores; Longitudinal Associations with Diet in Young to Middle-aged Adults: The CARDIA Study’, Archives of Internal Medicine, CLXXI/13 (2011), pp. 1162–70.
21 Alicia Chang, ‘Study: Limit on Fast-food Outlets in South Los Angeles Failed to Reduce Obesity, Improve Diets’, U.S. News and World Report, www.usnews.com, 19 March 2015.
22 Dana Dabelea et al., ‘Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Children and Adolescents from 2001 to 2009’, Journal of the American Medical Association, CCCXI/17 (7 May 2014), pp. 1778–86.
23 Kiyah J. Duffey et al., ‘Regular Consumption from Fast Food Establishments Relative to Other Restaurants is Differentially Associated with Metabolic Outcomes in Young Adults’, Journal of Nutrition (November 2009), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
24 Pereira et al., ‘Fast-food Habits, Weight Gain, and Insulin Resistance’, pp. 36–42.
25 M. T. Ta et al., ‘Identification of Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes by Systolic Blood Pressure and Waist-to-hip Ratio’, Diabetologia, LIII (October 2010), pp. 2139–46.
26 Andrew O. Odegaard et al., ‘Epidemiology and Prevention: Western-style Fast Food Intake and Cardiometabolic Risk in an Eastern Country’, Circulation, 126 (July 2012), pp. 182–8.
27 Food Safety and Inspection Service, ‘Nationwide Federal Plant Raw Ground Beef Microbiological Survey August 1993–March 1994’, U.S. Department of Agriculture, www.fsis.usda.gov, April 1996.
28 Harvey Blatt, America’s Food: What You Don’t Know About What You Eat (Boston, MA, 2011), p. 203.
29 James Andrews, ‘Analysis: “Restaurant A” Revealed to Be Taco Bell’, Food Safety News, www.foodsafetynews.com, 2 February 2012.
30 Alice Park, ‘Which Will Make You Sicker: Four Star v. Fast Food’, Time, www.time.com, 24 April 2014.
31 Scripps Research Institute, ‘News & Views’, www.scripps.edu, 6 February 2012.
32 Michael Moss, Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us (New York, 2013), p. 10.
33 Dana M. Small and Ralph J. DiLeone, eds, ‘Food Addiction?’, Biological Psychiatry, LXXIII/9 (1 May 2013), pp. A1–A10, E15–E32, 797–930.
34 Nicole M. Avena et al., ‘Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake’, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, XXXII/1 (2008), pp. 20–39.
35 Consensus Action on Salt and Health, ‘New Survey Names and Shames UK’s “Saltiest” Family-friendly Eateries and Warns of a New Generation of “Salt Addicts”’, www.actiononsalt.org.uk, 12 March 2015; quotation in Ben Spencer, ‘Restaurant Children’s Meals with Over a Day’s Worth of Salt’, Daily Mail, www.dailymail.co.uk, 15 March 2015.
36 Ashley N. Gearhardt, William R. Corbin and Kelly D. Brownell, ‘Preliminary Validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale’, Appetite, LII/2 (2009), pp. 430–36.
37 Matthew Boyle, ‘Can You Really Make Fast Food Healthy?’, Fortune Magazine, www.fortune.com, 9 August 2004; Leslie Patton, ‘McDonald’s Pushing Meat as Salads Fail to Lure Diners’, Bloomberg, www.bloomberg.com, 29 May 2013.
38 Lorien E. Urban et al., ‘Temporal Trends in Fast-food Restaurant Energy, Sodium, Saturated Fat, and Trans Fat Content, United States, 1996–2013’, Preventing Chronic Disease, www.cdc.gov, 31 December 2014.
39 Eric A. Finkelstein et al., ‘Mandatory Menu Labeling in One Fast-food Chain in King County, Washington’, American Journal for Preventive Medicine, XL (February 2011), pp. 122–7; Brian Elbel, Rogan Kersh, Victoria L. Brescoll and L. Beth Dixon, ‘Calorie Labeling and Food Choices: A First Look at the Effects on Low-income People in New York City’, Health Affairs, XXVIII/6 (2009), pp. W1110–W1121; Nicole Larson and Mary Story, Menu Labeling: Does Providing Nutrition Information at the Point of Purchase Affect Consumer Behavior? (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, June 2009).
40 Broadcasting Commission of Ireland, ‘Children’s Advertising Code’, www.bci.ie, 4 June 2013; Elisabeth Rosenthal, ‘Europe Takes Aim at Junk Food Ads’, New York Times, www.nytimes.com, 6 January 2005.
41 Jenna Birch, ‘Should Fast Food Labels Have Warnings Similar to Cigarettes?’, www.yahoo.com, 23 March 2015.
4 MARKETING
1 Lisa M. Powell, Binh T. Nguyen and Euna Han, ‘Energy Intake from Restaurants: Demographics and Socioeconomics, 2003–2008’, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, XLIII/5 (November 2012), pp. 498–504.
2 J. L. Harris, M. B. Schwartz, K. D. Brownell et al., ‘Fast Food F.A.C.T.S.: Evaluating Fast Food Nutrition and Marketing to Youth’, Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, www.fastfoodmarketing.org, November 2013.
3 Mindy F. Ji, ‘Children’s Relationships with Brands: “True Love” or “One-night” Stand?’, Psychology and Marketing, XIX/2 (April 2002), pp. 369–87.
4 Quoted in Kevin Short, ‘Fast Food Marketing Disproportionately Targets Kids in Black Neighborhoods: Study’, Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com, 12 November 2014.
5 Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, WHO Technical Report Series 916 (World Health Organization, 2003).
6 Harris et al., ‘Fast Food F.A.C.T.S.’
7 Quoted in Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, ‘McDonald’s, Wendy’s Top List of Five Worst Fast-food Kids Meals’, www.pcrm.org, 25 August 2010.
8 McDonald’s, www.aboutmcdonalds.com, accessed 17 March 2015.
9 National Restaurant Association, ‘Industry Impact’, www.restaurant.org, accessed 1 May 2015.
10 Center for Science in the Public Interest, ‘Class Action Lawsuit Targets McDonald’s Use of Toys to Market to Children’, www.cspinet.org, 15 December 2010.
11 Center for Science in the Public Interest, ‘Obesity on the Kids’ Menus at Top Chains’, www.cspinet.org, August 2008.
12 Center for Science in the Public Interest, ‘Kids’ Meals II: Obesity and Poor Nutrition on the Menu’, www.cspinet.org, 2013.
13 Consensus Action on Salt and Health, ‘New Survey Names and Shames UK’s “Saltiest” Family-friendly Eateries and Warns of a New Generation of “Salt Addicts”’, www.actiononsalt.org.uk, 12 March 2015.
14 Kids and Moms Consumer Trend Report (Technomic Information Services, 2009).
15 Ashton Edwards, ‘Fast Food Chain Recalling Kid’s Meal Toys for Safety Hazard’, Fox 13, www.fox13now.com, 10 November 2014.
16 Maureen Morrison, ‘Just How Happy Does the Happy Meal Make McDonald’s?’, Advertising Age, www.adage.com, 29 November 2010.
17 Federal Trade Commission, Marketing Food to Children: A Review of Industry . . . Activities, and Self-regulation: Report to Congress, July 2008, p. ES-3.
18 A. M. Bernhardt et al., ‘How Television Fast Food Marketing Aimed at Children Compares with Adult Advertisements’, PLOS ONE, www.rwjf.org, 13 August 2013.
19 Julian E. Barnes, ‘Fast-food Giveaway Toys Face Rising Recalls’, New York Times, www.nytimes.com, 16 August 2001.
20 Jennifer Curtis, ‘McDonald’s Attacked for Toys that Push its Fatty Fast Food’, West Australian (Perth), 16 January 2007.
21 Quoted in Rachel Gordon, ‘Mayor Gavin Newsom Vetoes Fast-food Toy Ban’, SFGate, www.sfgate.com, 13 November 2010.
22 Fox News Latino, ‘Chile Bans Toys in Fast Food to Attack Child Obesity’, www.latino.foxnews.com, 2 August 2012.
23 Livia Gamble, ‘Should Australia Ban Fast Food Toys?’, Essential Kids, www.essentialkids.com.au, 27 August 2014.
24 Dominic Green, ‘Here Are All the People Plotting to Kill the McDonald’s Happy Meal’, Business Insider, www.businessinsider.com, 25 April 2013.
25 Ruth Hill, ‘Burger King Bins Toys: Far Enough?’, Radio New Zealand, www.radionz.co.nz, 17 April 2015.
26 Quoted in LawInfo Blog, ‘Class Action Lawsuit Against Happy Meals is Dismissed’, www.blog.lawinfo.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
27 L. Craypo et al., ‘Fast Food Sales on High School Campuses: Results from the 2000 California High School Fast Food Survey’, Journal of School Health, LXII (2002), pp. 78–82.
28 Jennifer L. Harris and Tracy Fox, ‘Food and Beverage Marketing in Schools: Putting Student Health at the Head of the Class’, Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, www.uconnruddcenter.org, 13 January 2014.
29 Shellie Deringer, ‘Limeades for Learning: Earn $450 for your Classroom’, We Are Teachers, www.weareteachers.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
30 J. E. Brand and S. Greenberg, ‘Commercials in the Classroom: The Impact of Channel One Advertising’, Journal of Advertising Research, XXXIV (1994), pp. 18–27.
31 Evelyn Long, ‘Annual McStaff Night Fun for All’, Morrow County Sentinel, www.morrowcountysentinel.com, 12 March 2015.
32 H. Wechsler et al., ‘Food Service and Foods and Beverages Available at School: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2000’, Journal of School Health, LXXI (2001), pp. 313–24; Deborah Lehmann, ‘Why School Cafeterias Are Dishing Out Fast Food’, Education.com, 21 October 2013.
33 Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath et al., ‘Commercialism in U.S. Elementary and Secondary School Nutrition Environments, Trends from 2007 to 2012’, JAMA Pediatrics, CLXXX/3 (2014), pp. 234–42.
34 S. Bryn Austin et al., ‘Clustering of Fast-food Restaurants around Schools’, American Journal of Public Health, XCV/9 (2005), pp. 1575–81.
35 Janet M. Currie et al., ‘The Effect of Fast Food Restaurants on Obesity’, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, XX/3 (August 2010), pp. 32–63.
36 Cara Buckley, ‘A Proposal to Separate Fast Food and Schools’, New York Times, www.nytimes.com, 19 April 2009.
37 H. Nixon and L. Doud, ‘Do Fast Food Restaurants Cluster Around High Schools? A Geospatial Analysis of Proximity of Fast Food Restaurants to High Schools and the Connection to Childhood Obesity Rates’, Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, XXI (2011), pp. 181–94.
38 Brennan Davis and Christopher Carpenter, ‘Proximity of Fast-food Restaurants to Schools and Adolescent Obesity’, American Journal of Public Health, XCIX (March 2009), pp. 505–10.
39 Kelly M. Purtell and Elizabeth T. Gershoff, ‘Fast Food Consumption and Academic Growth in Late Childhood’, Clinical Pediatrics, www.cpj.sagepub.com, 5 December 2014.
40 McDonald’s UK, www.mcdonalds.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
41 Quoted in Obesity Policy Coalition, ‘McDonald’s Slammed for Offering Cash Rebates to Schools When Students Buy Fast Food’, www.opc.org.au, 17 February 2015.
42 Lindsey Tanner, ‘Pediatric Hospitals that Serve Fast Food Raise More Alarm’, Chron, www.chron.com, 28 December 2006.
43 Yahoo Food, ‘Doctors Fight to Ban Fast Food from Hospitals – and for Good Reason’, www.yahoo.com, 3 March 2015.
44 Aseem Malhotra, ‘It’s Time to Ban Junk Food on Hospital Premises’, British Medical Journal, CCCXLVI (June 2013), p. f3932; Denis Campbell, ‘Ban Fast-food Outlets from Hospitals, MPS Demand’, The Guardian, www.theguardian.com, 24 March 2015.
45 Bernhardt et al., ‘How Television Fast Food Marketing Aimed at Children Compares with Adult Advertisements’.
46 Morrison, ‘Just How Happy Does the Happy Meal Make McDonald’s?’
47 ‘Children’s Educational Television’, Federal Communication Commission, www.fcc.gov, accessed 1 May 2015.
48 D. F. Roberts, U. G. Foehr and V. Rideout, Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8–18-year-olds (Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2005).
49 Erik Landhuis et al., ‘Programming Obesity and Poor Fitness: The Long-term Impact of Childhood Television’, Obesity, XVI (2008), pp. 1457–9; T. J. Parsons, O. Manor and C. Power, ‘Television Viewing and Obesity: A Prospective Study in the 1958 British Birth Cohort’, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, LXII (2008), pp. 1355–63.
50 Better Business Bureau, ‘Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative’, www.bbb.org, accessed 1 May 2015.
51 Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, ‘Evaluating Fast Food Nutrition and Marketing to Youth’, www.rwjf.org, November 2010.
52 Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, ‘Fast-food Television Ads Use Toys, Movies to Target Kids’, www.rwjf.org, 28 August 2013.
53 A. M. Bernhardt et al., ‘Children’s Recall of Fast Food Television Advertising: Testing the Adequacy of Food Marketing Regulation’, PLOS ONE, www.journals.plos.org, 4 March 2015.
54 Michael Grossman, Erdal Tekin and Roy Wada, ‘Fast-food Restaurant Advertising on Television and its Influence on Youth Body Composition’, National Bureau of Economic Research, www.papers.nber.org, December 2012.
55 Hill, ‘Burger King Bins Toys’.
56 ‘KFC Fun Crew!’, www.datamart-tt.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
57 Amanda Lenhart et al., Social Media and Mobile Internet Use Among Teens and Young Adults, PewInternet, www.pewinternet.org, 3 February 2010.
58 Harris et al., ‘Fast Food F.A.C.T.S.’
59 ‘Wendy’s and Pizza Hut Are Crowned the Top Quick Service Restaurant Brands on Social Media’, Market Watch, www.marketwatch.com, 7 April 2015.
60 Angela Doland, ‘How KFC Reinvented the Fast Food Toy Meal in China; Ogilvy Shanghai Created a Mobile App for the Promo that Got 1.3 Million Downloads in a Month’, Advertising Age, www.adage.com, 6 February 2015.
61 Robert Hof, ‘Once Again, Starbucks Shows Google and Apple How to Do Mobile Payment’, Forbes, www.forbes.com, 22 January 2015.
62 Lucas Peterson, ‘Burger King Now Advertising with Something Called “Tittygram”’, Eater UK, www.eater.com, 24 April 2015.
63 The Scarecrow video, YouTube, www.youtube.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
64 ‘Pizza Hut Celebrates Successful Delivery to Space’, Space.com, www.space.com, 22 May 2001.
65 The Subservient Chicken, www.subservientchicken.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
66 Happy Meal video, YouTube, www.youtube.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
67 ‘Italian Pizza Chefs Threaten Legal Action over McDonald’s Advert Claiming Children Prefer Hamburgers’, The Telegraph, www.telegraph.co.uk, 12 April 2015.
68 Kashmir Hill, ‘#McDStories: When a Hashtag Becomes a Bashtag’, Forbes, www.forbes.com, 24 January 2012.
69 Michael Walsh, ‘Taco Bell Does Damage Control after Employee Caught Licking Shells’, New York Daily News, www.nydailynews.com, 5 June 2013.
70 Quoted in Madison Park, ‘Group Tells Ronald McDonald to Take a Hike’, The Chart, www.thechart.blogs.cnn.com, 30 March 2010.
71 Megan Gibson, ‘Ronald McDonald Beheaded: Finnish Activists Capture Fast-food Icon’, Time, www.newsfeed.time.com, 16 February 2011.
72 Harris et al., ‘Fast Food F.A.C.T.S.’
73 Quoted in Maria Godoy, ‘Catcher in the Fry? McDonald’s Happy Meals with a Side of Books’, National Public Radio, www.npr.org, 10 October 2013.
74 Broadcasting Commission of Ireland, ‘Children’s Advertising Code’, www.bci.ie, 4 June 2013.
75 Tirtha Dhar and Kathy Baylis, ‘Fast-food Consumption and the Ban on Advertising Targeting Children: The Quebec Experience’, Journal of Marketing Research, XLVIII/5 (October 2011), pp. 799–813.
76 ‘HFSS Advertising Restrictions: Final Review’, Stakeholders. Ofcom, www.stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk, 26 July 2010.
77 Grossman, Tekin and Wada, ‘Fast-food Restaurant Advertising on Television’.
78 Harris et al., ‘Fast Food F.A.C.T.S.’
79 S. C. Duerksen et al., ‘Family Restaurant Choices Are Associated with Child and Adult Overweight Status in Mexican-American Families’, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, CVII (2007), pp. 849–53.
80 Punam Ohri-Vachaspati et al., ‘Child-directed Marketing Inside and on the Exterior of Fast Food Restaurants’, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, XLVIII/1 (January 2015), pp. 22–30.
81 Harris et al., ‘Fast Food F.A.C.T.S.’
82 George Ritzer, The Globalization of Nothing 2 (Thousand Oaks, CA, 2007), p. 154.
83 Colin D. Rehm and Adam Drewnowski, ‘Trends in Energy Intakes by Type of Fast Food Restaurant Among U.S. Children from 2003 to 2010’, JAMA Pediatrics (30 March 2015), p. E1.
84 ‘Better Deals and More Sophisticated Palates Contribute to Kids Meals Decline, Reports NPD’, NDP Group, www.npd.com, 22 May 2012.
5 ENVIRONMENT
1 McSpotlight, ‘What’s Wrong with McDonald’s?’, www.mcspotlight.org, accessed 1 May 2015.
2 Terence Chea, ‘Oakland Wants Takeout Tax to Pay for Litter Clean-up’, USA Today, www.usatoday30.usatoday.com, 6 February 2006; and Kiera Butler, ‘Fast Food’s Litter Legacy’, Mother Jones, www.motherjones.com, 27 June 2011.
3 McDonald’s, ‘Global Best of Green 2012’, www.aboutmcdonalds.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
4 Mike Roselle, ‘Burger King Protest Set’, Earth First! Journal, 20 March 1984.
5 K. Aronoff, ‘U.S. Activists Stop Burger King from Importing Rainforest Beef’, Global Nonviolent Action, www.nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu, 18 September 2011.
6 Greenpeace, ‘McDonald’s Pledges to Help Protect the Amazon’, www.greenpeace.org, 26 July 2006.
7 Union of Concerned Scientists, ‘Fries, Face Wash, Forests: Scoring America’s Top Brands on the Palm Oil Commitments’, www.ucsusa.org, April 2015.
8 Sonia van Gilder Cooke, ‘Why Going Green Can Mean Big Money for Fast-food Chains’, Time, www.time.com, 9 April 2012.
9 ‘McDonald’s and Environmental Defense Fund Mark 20 Years of Partnerships for Sustainability’, www.edf.org, 15 November 2012.
10 Anne Marie Mohan, ‘KFC’s Sustainable Sides Container Is “Sogood”, Greener Package, www.greenerpackage.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
11 Guy Pearse, Greenwash: Big Brands and Carbon Scams (Collingwood, VIC, Australia, 2012).
6 MEAT
1 Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (New York, 2012), p. 6.
2 Ibid., p. 272.
3 Human Rights Watch Report, ‘Blood, Sweat, and Fear: Workers’ Rights in U.S. Meat and Poultry Plants’, www.hrw.org, January 2005.
4 Robert Paarlberg, Food Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know, 2nd edn (New York, 2013), p. 157.
5 Laurence S. Shore and Amy Pruden, eds, Hormones and Pharmaceuticals Generated by Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: Transport in Water and Soil (New York, 2009), pp. 5, 114.
6 Danielle Nierenberg, State of the World 2006: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society (New York, 2006), p. 26.
7 Maureen Ogle, In Meat We Trust: An Unexpected History of Carnivore America (Boston, MA, 2013), p. 111.
8 Ron Barrett and George Armelagos, An Unnatural History of Emerging Infections (New York, 2013), p. 104.
9 Humane Society of the United States, ‘Human Health Implications of Non-Therapeutic Antibiotic Use in Animal Agriculture’, www.humanesociety.org, accessed 1 May 2015.
10 ‘McDonald’s Outlines New Chicken Policy but Experts Point to Failed Promises’, The Guardian, www.theguardian.com, 4 March 2015.
11 Peter Salisbury, ‘Behind the Brand: McDonald’s’, The Ecologist, www.theecologist.org, 16 June 2011; and McDonald’s, www.mcdonalds.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
12 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, ‘PETA’s History: Compassion in Action’, www.peta.org, accessed 1 May 2015.
13 Pilgrim’s Pride video, YouTube, www.youtube.com, accessed 2 May 2015.
14 ‘Pamela Anderson Writes to KFC Korea’, Seoul Times, www.theseoultimes.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
15 Quoted in Karin Bennett, ‘Andy Dick Makes for a Frighteningly Realistic “Ronald McDonald”’, www.peta.org, 17 June 2009.
16 Julie Jargon, ‘New Ad Targets McDonald’s’, Wall Street Journal, www.wsj.com, 14 September 2010.
17 Andrew Campa, ‘Customers Today Are Not Lovin’ McDonald’s’, Daily Titan, www.dailytitan.com, 16 March 2015.
18 McDonald’s, www.mcdonalds.com, accessed 1 May 2015.
19 ‘Child and Consumer Advocates Urge FTC to Investigate and Bring Action Against Google for Excessive and Deceptive Advertising Aimed at Children’, PRNewswire, www.prnewswire.com, 7 April 2015.
20 Tina Volpe, The Fast Food Craze: Wreaking Havoc on our Bodies and our Animals (Kagel Canyon, CA, 2005), p. 5; Jeff Nelson, ‘McDonald’s Settlement: A Study in Greed, Corruption – and Heroism’, VegSource, www.vegsource.com, 5 February 2003.
21 Francine Grace, ‘McDonald’s Settles Beef over Fries’, CBS News, www.cbsnews.com, 5 June 2002.
22 L. V. Anderson, ‘Taco Bell’s Seasoned Meat is Only 88 Percent Beef: It Should Be Way, Way Less’, Slate, www.slate.com, 1 May 2014.
23 Jonathan Stempel, ‘Taco Bell Lawsuit Dropped after Dismissal by Plaintiff’, Christian Science Monitor, www.csmonitor.com, 19 April 2011.
24 Brigid Prayson et al. ‘Fast Food Hamburgers: What Are We Really Eating?’, Annals of Diagnostic Pathology, XII/6 (December 2008), pp. 406–9.
25 In New York City, an Egyptian American street vendor launched ‘Halal Guys’ in 1990. While not a fast-food chain, it has expanded into additional carts and storefronts in the city, and has plans to expand to other states.
26 Edward Cody, ‘Letter from France: Hamburger Chain’s Decision Sparks Tensions over Islam’, Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com, 13 October 2010.
27 Abul Taher, ‘Chicken McHalal: McDonald’s Denied Using Halal Meat; Now It Admits Meat Is in One of its Most Popular Meals’, Daily Mail, www.dailymail.co.uk, 9 October 2010.
28 Niraj Warikoo, ‘McDonald’s Drops Halal Food from U.S. Menu’, USA Today, www.usatoday.com, 24 June 2013.
29 ‘Meat Production Continues to Rise’, World Watch Institute, www.worldwatch.org, accessed 1 May 2015.
30 ‘U.S. Is Ahead of Europe in Slaughtering Plants’, Veterinary Ireland Journal, III/5 (May 2013), p. 224.
31 Harvey Blatt, America’s Food: What You Don’t Know About What You Eat (Boston, MA, 2011), p. 259.
7 LABOUR
1 The Unhived Mind, ‘Fast Food Workers Protest in 236 U.S. Cities’, www.theunhivedmind.com, 15 April 2015; Bruce Horovitz and Yamiche Alcindor, ‘Fast-food Strikes Widen into Social-justice Movement’, USA Today, www.usatoday.com, 15 April 2015.
2 Annalyn Kurtz, ‘Subway Leads Fast Food Industry in Underpaying Workers’, CNN Money, www.money.cnn.com, 1 May 2014.
3 Cameron Lynne Macdonald and Carmen Sirianni, eds, Working in the Service Society (Philadelphia, PA, 1996).
4 Erik Forman, ‘Fast Food Unionism: The Unionization of McDonald’s and/or the McDonaldization of Unions’, Recomposition, www.recomposition.info, 15 November 2013.
5 John Atlas, Seeds of Change: The Story of Acorn, America’s Most Controversial Antipoverty Community Organizing Group (Nashville, TN, 2010), pp. 54–5.
6 Tiffany Hsu, ‘Nearly 90% of Fast-food Workers Allege Wage Theft, Survey Finds’, LA Times, www.latimes.com, 1 April 2015.
7 Tony Royle, Working for McDonald’s in Europe: The Unequal Struggle? (New York, 2001), p. 103.
8 Inquisitr, ‘Burger King Closes 89 Stores in Germany Due to Scandal’, www.inquisitr.com, 24 November 2014.
9 ‘Fast Food Wage Scandal in S. China’, www.china.org.cn, accessed 2 May 2015.
10 Sylvia A. Allegretto et al., ‘Fast Food, Poverty Wages: The Public Cost of Low-Wage Jobs in the Fast-food Industry’, Labor Center, University of California at Berkeley, www.laborcenter.berkeley.edu, 15 October 2013.
11 Michael B. Sauter, Thomas C. Frohlich and Alexander E. M. Hess, ‘Fast-food Chains Costing Taxpayers the Most Money’, 24/7 Wall St, www.247wallst.com, 21 October 2013.
12 Susan Berfield, ‘Fast-food Wages Come with a $7 Billion Side of Public Assistance’, Bloomberg, www.bloomberg.com, 15 October 2013.
13 Ken Jacobs, Ian Perry and Jenifer MacGillvary, ‘The High Public Cost of Low Wages’, Labor Center, University of California at Berkeley, www.laborcenter.berkeley.edu, April 2015.
14 Jillian Berman, ‘It Takes a McDonald’s Worker 4 Months to Earn What the CEO Gets in an Hour’, Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com, 10 December 2013.
15 Steven Greenhouse, ‘Wage Strikes Planned at Fast-food Outlets’, New York Times, www.nytimes.com, 1 December 2013.
16 Georgina Cairns et al., ‘Systematic Reviews of the Evidence on the Nature, Extent and Effects of Food Marketing to Children: A Retrospective Summary’, Appetite, LXII (2012), pp. 209–15.
17 National Labor Relations Board, ‘NLRB Office of the General Counsel Issues Consolidated Complaints Against McDonald’s Franchisees and their Franchisor McDonald’s, USA, LLC as Joint Employers’, www.nlrb.gov, 19 December 2014.
18 Quoted in William Finnegan, ‘Dignity: Fast-food Workers and a New Form of Labor Activism’, New Yorker, www.newyorker.com, 15 September 2015.
19 Eric Schlosser, ‘How to Make the Country’s Most Dangerous Job Safer’, The Atlantic Monthly, CCLXXXIX (January 2002), p. 34.
20 ‘Key Findings from a Survey on Fast Food Worker Safety’, Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com, 16 March 2015.
21 ‘Unions Set to Take on Fast Food Giants Over Low Pay’, The Herald, www.heraldscotland.com, 16 November 2014.
22 Tim Bell, ‘Pictures: “End Zero Hour Contracts!”: McDonald’s Staff Stand in Solidarity’, TVNZ, www.tvnz.co.nz, 15 April 2015.
23 Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (New York, 2001), p. 233.
24 Liz Alderman and Steven Greenhouse, ‘Living Wages, Rarity for U.S. Fast-food Workers, Served Up in Denmark’, New York Times, www.nytimes.com, 27 October 2014.
25 Royle, Working for McDonald’s in Europe, p. 205.
26 Ibid., p. 171.
27 Michelle Chen, ‘Five Myths about Fast-food Work’, Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com, 17 April 2015; Kevin Short, ‘Working at McDonald’s is Starkly Different in These 3 Countries’, Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com, 15 May 2014.
28 Quoted in Bill Hutchinson, ‘McDonald’s Will Raise Wages of 90,000 Employees by 10 Percent’, Daily News, www.nydailynews.com, 2 April 2015.
29 ‘A Look at the College Tuition Perks at Starbucks, McDonald’s’, AOL Jobs, www.jobs.aol.com, 7 April 2014.