Abel, Elie. Leaking: Who Does It? Who Benefits? At What Cost? New York: Priority Press, 1987.
Aberbach, Joel. Keeping a Watchful Eye: The Politics of Congressional Oversight. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1990.
Abramowicz, David. “Calculating the Public Interest in Protecting Journalists’ Confidential Sources.” Columbia Law Review 108 (2008).
Ackerman, Bruce. “The Emergency Constitution.” Yale Law Journal 113 (2004).
Adams, John. “Thoughts on Government.” In American Political Writing during the Founding Era, ed. Charles S. Hyneman and Donald Lutz, vol. 1. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1983.
Adams, Samuel. The Writings of Samuel Adams 1778–1802. Ed. Harry A. Cushing. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908.
Adams, Zabdiel. “Election Sermon.” In American Political Writing during the Founding Era, ed. Charles S. Hyneman and Donald Lutz, vol. 1. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1983.
Adcock, F. E., and Derek J. Mosley. Diplomacy in Ancient Greece. London: Thames and Hudson, 1975.
Adler, Renata. Canaries in the Mineshaft: Essays on Politics and Media. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001.
Aftergood, Steven. “Reducing Government Secrecy: Finding What Works.” Yale Law and Policy Review 27, no. 2 (2009).
Aid, Matthew M. The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency. New York: Bloomsbury, 2010.
Aldrich, Richard J. “Regulation by Revelation: Intelligence, Media, and Transparency.” In Spinning Intelligence: Why Intelligence Needs the Media, Why the Media Needs Intelligence, ed. Robert Dover and Michael S. Goodman. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
Alexander, Hartley B. Liberty and Democracy: And Other Essays in War-Time, Boston: Marshall Jones, 1918.
Alford, Fred C. Whistleblowers: Broken Lives and Organizational Power. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.
Alterman, Eric. When Presidents Lie: A History of Official Deception and Its Consequences. New York: Viking, 2004.
A Moderate Whig. “A Short Receipt for a Continental Disease.” In Political Sermons of the Founding Era: 1730–1805, ed. Ellis Sandoz, vol. 1. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1991.
Andrew, Christopher. For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush. New York: Harper Collins, 1995.
An Old Whig. “Essay III.” In The Complete Anti-Federalist, ed. Herbert J. Storing and Murray Dry, vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
Applbaum, Arthur I. Ethics for Adversaries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.
———. “The Remains of the Role.” Governance 6, no. 4 (1993).
Archibald, Sam. “The Early Years of the Freedom of Information Act: 1955 to 1974,” PS: Political Science and Politics 26, no. 4 (1993).
Armstrong, Scott. “The War over Secrecy: Democracy’s Most Important Low-Intensity Conflict.” In A Culture of Secrecy, ed. Robert Dover and Michael S. Goodman. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.
Austin, Norman, and Boris Rankov. Exploratio: Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World. Routledge: New York, 1995.
Bagdikian, Ben H. The New Media Monopoly. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004.
Ballou, Eric E., and Kyle E. McSlarrow. “Plugging the Leak: A Case for Legislative Resolution of the Conflict between Demands of Secrecy and the Need for an Open Government.” Virginia Law Review 71, no. 5 (1985).
Banks, William C., and Peter Raven-Hansen. National Security Law and the Power of the Purse. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Barrett, David M. “An Early ‘Year of Intelligence’: The CIA and Congress, 1958.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 17, no. 3 (2004).
———. The CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy. Wichita: University Press of Kansas, 2004.
Elizabeth B. Bazan. Intelligence Identities Protection Act. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2003.
Beale, Robert. “A Treatise of the Office of a Councellor and Principall Secretarie to her Majestie.” In Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.
Begg, Robert T. “Whistleblower Law and Ethics.” In Ethical Standards in the Public Sector, ed. Patricia E. Salkin. Chicago: American Bar Association, 2009.
Benjamin, Daniel, and Steven Simon. The Age of Sacred Terror. New York: Random House, 2002.
Bennet, W. Lance, Regina G. Lawrence, and Steven Livingston. When the Press Fails: Political Power and the News Media from Iraq to Katrina. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
Bentham, Jeremy. Constitutional Code. Ed. F. Rosen and J. H. Burns. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
———. Political Tactics. Ed. Michael James, Cyprian Blamires, and Catherine Pease-Watkin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
———. The Works of Jeremy Bentham. Ed. John Bowring. Edinburgh: William Tait, 1843.
Bergen, Peter L. The Osama Bin Laden I Know. New York: Free Press, 2006.
Berger, Raoul. Executive Privilege: A Constitutional Myth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.
Berkowitz, Bruce D., and Allan E. Goodman. Best Truth: Intelligence in the Information Age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
Betts, Richard K. Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge and Power in American National Security. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
BeVier, Lillian R. “An Informed Public, an Informing Press: The Search for a Constitutional Principle.” California Law Review 68 (1980).
———. “The Journalist’s Privilege—A Skeptic’s View.” Ohio Northern University Law Review 32, no. 3 (2006).
Bickel, Alexander M. Morality of Consent. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975.
Bishop, Joseph W., Jr. “The Executive’s Right to Privacy: An Unresolved Constitutional Question.” Yale Law Journal 66, no. 4 (1957).
Blasi, Vincent. “The Checking Value in First Amendment Theory.” American Bar Foundation Research Journal 2, no. 3 (1977).
Blechman, Barry M., and W. Philip Ellis. The Politics of National Security: Congress and U.S. Defense Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Block, Lawrence J., and David B. Rivkin. “The Battle to Control the Conduct of Foreign Intelligence and Covert Operations: The Ultra-Whig Counterrevolution Revisited.” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 12, no. 2 (1989).
Bodin, Jean. On Sovereignty: Four Chapters from the Six Books of the Commonwealth. Trans. Julian H. Franklin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Boeynik, David E. “Anonymous Sources in News Stories: Justifying Exceptions and Limiting Abuses.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 5, no. 4 (1990).
Bok, Sissela. Secrets: On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation. New York: Vintage Books, 1989.
———. “Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibilities.” In Ethical Issues in Professional Life, ed. Joan C. Callahan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Borjesson, Kristina. Feet to the Fire: The Media after 9/11. New York: Prometheus, 2005.
Botero, Giovanni. The Reason of State. Trans. P. J. Waley and D. P. Waley. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1956.
Bovens, Mark. The Quest for Responsibility: Accountability and Citizenship in Complex Organizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Bowman, James S. “Whistle-Blowing in the Public Service.” In Classics of Administrative Ethics, ed. Willa M. Bruce. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001.
Breckenridge, Adam. The Executive Privilege: Presidential Control over Information. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974.
Brookner, Janine. Piercing the Veil: Litigation against U.S. Intelligence. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2003.
Brooks, Nathan. The Protection of Classified Information: The Legal Framework. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2004.
Brown, Fred. “Anonymity Hurts Reporters and Politicians.” Quill, December, 2003.
———. “Anonymous Sources Needed, But Must Be Used With Care,” Quill, June/July, 2005.
Brownell, Herbert. “Memorandum.” Reprinted in Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee of the Judiciary, 85th Congress, 2nd Sess., 1958, appendix 13.
Bruce, James B. “How Leaks of Classified Intelligence Help U.S. Adversaries: Implications for Laws and Secrecy.” In Intelligence and the National Security Strategist: Enduring Challenges and Issues, ed. Roger Z. George and Robert D. Kline. New York: Rowan and Littlefield, 2006.
Bruff, Harold H. Bad Advice: Bush’s Lawyers in the War on Terror. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2009.
Bruni, Leonardo. History of the Florentine People. Trans. James Hankins, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.
Bryce, James. The American Commonwealth. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1995.
———. Modern Democracies. New York: Macmillan, 1921.
Bunton, Kristie. “Media Criticism as Self-Regulation.” In Holding the Media Accountable: Citizens, Ethics, and the Law, ed. David Pritchard. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Byrd, Robert C., Mary Sharon Hall, and Wendy Wolff. The Senate: 1789–1989. Washington, DC: GPO, 1988.
Calhoun, George W. “Confidentiality and Executive Privilege.” In The Tethered Presidency, ed. Thomas Franck. New York: New York University Press, 1981.
Callahan, Elletta S., Terry M. Dworkin, and David Lewis. “Whistleblowing: Australian, U.K., and U.S. Approaches to Disclosure in the Public Interest.” Virginia Journal of International Law 44, no. 3 (2003).
Carlson, Matt. On Condition of Anonymity: Unnamed Sources and the Battle for Journalism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2011.
———. “Whither Anonymity? Journalism and Unnamed Sources in a Changing Media Environment.” In Journalists, Sources, and Credibility, ed. Bob Franklin and Matt Carlson. New York: Routledge, 2011.
Carpenter, Ted Galen. The Captive Press: Foreign Policy Crises and the First Amendment. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1995.
Casper, Gerhard. “Government Secrecy and the Constitution.” California Law Review 74, no. 3 (1986).
Cater, Douglass. The Fourth Branch of Government. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959.
———. “News and the Nation’s Security.” Reporter, July 6, 1961.
Chafee, Zechariah, Jr. Government and Mass Communications. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947.
Chambers, Simone. “Behind Closed Doors: Publicity, Secrecy and the Quality of Deliberation.” Journal of Political Philosophy. 12, no. 4 (2004).
Chanley, Virginia A. “Trust in Government in the Aftermath of 9/11: Determinants and Consequences.” Political Psychology 23, no. 3 (2002).
Cheh, Mary. “Judicial Supervision of Executive Secrecy: Rethinking Freedom of Expression for Government Employees and the Public Right of Access to Government Information.” Cornell Law Review 69 (1983).
Chesney, Robert M. “National Security Fact Deference.” Virginia Law Review 95, no. 6 (2009).
———. “State Secrets and the Limits of National Security Litigation.” George Washington Law Review 75, nos. 5–6 (2007).
Cicero. On Duties. Trans., M. T. Griffin and E. M. Atkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Clark, Kathleen. “The Architecture of Accountability: A Case Study of the Warrantless Surveillance Program.” Brigham Young University Law Review 2010, no. 2 (2010).
———. “Congress’s Right to Counsel in Intelligence Oversight.” University of Illinois Law Review 2011 no. 3 (2011).
———. “ ‘A New Era of Openness?’ Disclosing Intelligence to Congress under Obama.” Constitutional Commentary 26. no. 3 (2010).
Cockburn, Andrew. Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.
Colby, William. Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.
———. “Intelligence Secrecy and Security in a Free Society.” International Security 1, no. 2 (1976).
Coliver, Sandra. “Commentary on the Johannesburg Principles.” In Secrecy and Liberty: National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access to Information, ed. Sandra Coliver et al. Cambridge, MA: Kluwer Law, 1999.
Colton, David E. “Speaking Truth to Power: Intelligence Oversight in an Imperfect World.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 137, no. 2 (1988).
Commager, Henry Steele. The Defeat of America: Presidential Power and the National Character. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974.
Commission on Freedom of the Press. A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947.
Commission on Government Security. Report of the Commission on Government Security. Washington, DC: GPO, 1957.
Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Washington, DC: GPO, 1997.
Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. Report of the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. Washington, DC: GPO, 2005.
Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States. Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States. Washington, DC: GPO, July 15, 1998.
Constant, Benjamin. “Principles of Politics.” In Political Writings, trans. Biancamaria Fontana. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Conway, Stephen. “Bentham on Peace and War.” Utilitas 1, no. l (1989).
Corwin, Edward S. The President’s Control of Foreign Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1917.
Coser, Lewis. “Government by Secrecy.” Dissent 1 (1954).
Cox, Arthur M. The Myths of National Security: The Peril of Secret Government. Boston: Beacon Press, 1975.
Crabb, Cecil V., and Pat M. Holt. Invitation to Struggle: Congress, the President, and Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1984.
Crockett, David. “Executive Privilege.” In The Constitutional Presidency, ed. Joseph Bessette and Jeffrey K. Tulis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
Croner, Andrew. “A Snake in the Grass? Section 798 of the Espionage Act and Its Constitutionality As Applied to the Press.” George Washington Law Review 77, no. 3 (2009).
Cross, Harold L. The People’s Right to Know: Legal Access to Public Recordings and Proceedings. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953.
Curran, James. Media and Power. London: Routledge, 2002.
Dahl, Robert A. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956.
Dalglish, Lucy, ed. Agents of Discovery: A Report on the Incidence of Subpoenas Served on the News Media in 2001. Arlington, VA: The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, 2003.
Dallek, Robert. Nixon and Kissinger. New York: Harper Collins, 2007.
Defense Department Committee on Classified Information. Report to the Secretary of Defense. Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 1956.
De George, Richard T. “Whistleblowing.” In Applied Ethics: Critical Concepts in Philosophy, ed. Ruth F. Chadwick and Doris Schroeder, vol. 5. London: Routledge, 2002.
Demophilus. “The Genuine Principles of the Ancient Saxon or English Constitution.” In American Political Writing during the Founding Era, ed. Charles S. Hyneman and Donald Lutz, vol. 1. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1983.
Dennis, Everette E. “Stolen Treaties and the Press: Two Case Studies.” Journalism History 2, no. 1 (1975).
Department of Justice. Guide to the FOIA. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, 2009.
Devins, Neal. “Congressional-Executive Information Access Disputes: A Modest Proposal—Do Nothing.” Administrative Law Review 48, no. 1 (1996).
Dewey, John. Lectures in China, 1919–1920. Trans. Robert W. Clopton and Tsuin-Chen Ou. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1973.
Deyling, Robert P. “Judicial Deference and De Novo Review in Litigation over National Security Information under the Freedom of Information Act.” Villanova Law Review 37 (1992).
Diamond, John M. The CIA and the Culture of Failure. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008.
Dickinson, G. Lowes. The Choice before Us. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1917.
Diodorus Siculus. Library of History. Trans. C. H. Oldfather. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1989.
Dixon, Robert G. “Congress, Shared Administration and Executive Privilege.” In Congress against the President, ed. Harvey C. Mansfield, Sr. New York: Praeger, 1975.
Dmitrieva, Irina Y. “Stealing Information: Application of a Criminal Anti-Theft Statute to Leaks of Confidential Government Information.” Florida Law Review 55, no. 4 (2003).
Dobel, J. Patrick. “Doing Good by Staying In?” In Combating Corruption, Encouraging Ethics: A Sourcebook for Public Service Ethics, ed. William L. Richter et al. Washington, DC: ASPA, 1990.
Donaldson, Peter S. Machiavelli and the Mystery of State. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Dorsen, Norman, and John H. F. Shattuck, “Executive Privilege, the Congress and the Courts.” Ohio State Law Journal 35 (1974).
Dozier, Janelle Brinker, and Marcia P. Miceli. “Potential Predictors of Whistle-Blowing: A Prosocial Behavior Perspective.” Academy of Management 10, no. 4 (1985).
Duffy, Matt J., and Carrie P. Freeman. “Unnamed Sources: A Utilitarian Exploration of Their Justification and Guidelines for Limited Use.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 26, no. 4 (2011).
Duffy, Matt J., and Ann E. Williams. “Use of Unnamed Sources Drops from Peaks in 1960s and 1970s.” Newspaper Research Journal 32, no. 4 (2011).
Dulles, Allen W. Craft of Intelligence. New York: Harper & Row, 1963.
Dunn, John. Democracy: A History. New York: Grove/Atlantic, 2005.
Edgar, Harold, and Benno C. Schmidt, Jr. “The Espionage Statutes and the Publication of Defense Information.” Columbia Law Review. 73 (1973).
Edwards, George C., and Stephen J. Wayne. Presidential Leadership: Politics and Policy-Making. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Elliot, Jonathan. The Debates in Several State Conventions. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1876.
Elliston, Frederick A. “Anonymous Whistleblowing.” Business and Professional Ethics Journal 1, no. 2 (1982).
———. “Civil Disobedience and Whistleblowing: A Comparative Appraisal of Two Forms of Dissent.” Journal of Business Ethics 1, no. 1 (1982).
Ellsberg, Daniel. “Secrecy and National Security Whistleblowing.” Social Research 77, no. 3 (2010).
———. Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking, 2002.
Ellsworth, Oliver. “The Landholder, VI.” In Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States, ed. Paul L. Ford. New York: Burt Franklin, 1892.
Elster, Jon. “Deliberation and Constitution Making.” In Deliberative Democracy, ed. Jon Elster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Ely, John Hart. War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Emerson, Thomas I. “Legal Foundations of the Right to Know.” Washington University Law Quarterly 1976, no. 1 (1976).
———. “National Security and Civil Liberties.” Yale Journal of World Public Order 9 (1982).
Epstein, Robert D. “Balancing National Security and Free-Speech Rights: Why Congress Should Revise the Espionage Act.” CommLaw Conspectus 15, no. 2 (2007).
Ericson, Timothy L. “Building Our Own `Iron Curtain’: The Emergence of Secrecy in American Government.” American Archivist 68, no. 1 (2005).
Ettema, James S., and Theodore L. Glasser. “Public Accountability or Public Relations? Newspaper Ombudsmen Define Their Role.” Journalism Quarterly 64, no. 1 (1987).
Evans, Florence M. G. The Principal Secretary of State. London: Longmans Green & Co., 1923.
Fargo, Anthony L. “The Year of Leaking Dangerously: Shadowy Sources, Jailed Journalists, and the Uncertain Future of the Federal Journalist’s Privilege.” William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal 14, no. 4 (2006).
Farrand, Max. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1911.
Fatovic, Clement. Outside the Law: Emergency and Executive Power. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
Fein, Bruce E. “Access to Classified Information: Constitutional and Statutory Dimensions.” William and Mary Law Review 26 (1985).
Feldstein, Mark. Poisoning the Press. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2010.
Fenster, Mark. “The Opacity of Transparency.” Iowa Law Review 91, no. 3 (2006).
Ferré, John P. “A Short History of Media Ethics in the United States.” In The Handbook of Mass Media Ethics, ed. Lee Wilkins and Clifford G. Christians. New York: Routledge, 2008.
Filmer, Robert. Patriarcha and Other Writings. Ed. Johann P. Sommerville. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. Washington, DC: GPO, 2004.
Finnegan, Lisa. No Questions Asked: News Coverage since 9/11. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006.
Firth, Charles H. “Thomas Scot’s Account of Actions as Intelligencer during the Commonwealth.” English Historical Review 12 (1897).
———. “Thurloe and the Post Office.” English Historical Review 13 (1898).
Fisher, Louis. Congressional Access to Executive Branch Information: Legislative Tools. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, May 17, 2001.
———. In the Name of National Security: Unchecked Presidential Power and the Reynolds Case. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006.
———. National Security Whistleblowers. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, December 30, 2005.
———. The Politics of Executive Privilege. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2004.
———. “The State Secrets Privilege: Relying on Reynolds.” Political Science Quarterly 122, no. 3 (2007).
Flink, Stanley E. Sentinel under Siege: The Triumphs and Troubles of America’s Free Press. New York: Westview, 1998.
Flynn, Kathryn. “Covert Disclosures: Unauthorized Leaking, Public Officials, and the Public Sphere.” Journalism Studies 7, no. 2 (2006).
Foerstel, Herbert N. Free Expression and Censorship in America: An Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997.
Ford, Worthington Chauncey. Journals of the Continental Congress. Washington, DC: GPO, 1904.
Franck, Thomas M., and Edward Weisband. Secrecy and Foreign Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
Frank, Larry J. “The United States v. the Chicago Tribune.” Historian 42, no. 2 (1980).
Friedberg, Aaron L. A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011.
Friedrich, Carl J. Constitutional Government and Politics: Nature and Development. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937.
Frost, Amanda. “The State Secrets Privilege and Separation of Powers.” Fordham Law Review 75, no. 4 (2007).
Fuchs, Meredith. “Judging Secrets: The Role of the Courts in Preventing Unnecessary Secrecy.” Administrative Law Review 58, no. 1 (2006).
Fuchs, Meredith, and G. Gregg Webb. “Greasing the Wheels of Justice: Independent Experts in National Security Cases.” American Bar Association National Security Law Report 28, no. 4 (2006).
Galnoor, Itzhak. Government Secrecy in Democracies. New York: New York University Press, 1977.
Gerolymatos, André. Espionage and Treason: A Study of Proxenia in Political and Military Intelligence Gathering in Classical Greece. Amsterdam: Gieben, 1986.
Gerth, Hans H., and C. Wright Mills, eds. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1946.
Glazer, Myron Peretz, and Penina Migdal Glazer. The Whistleblowers: Exposing Corruption in Government and Industry. New York: Basic Books, 1989.
Godfrey, John. “Intelligence in the United States.” Reprinted in Bradley F. Smith, “Admiral Godfrey’s Mission to America.” Intelligence and National Security 1, no. 3 (1986).
Goldschmidt, Maure L. “Publicity, Privacy, and Secrecy.” Western Political Quarterly 7, no. 3 (1954).
Goldsmith, Jack L. Power and Constraint: The Accountable Presidency after 9/11. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2012.
Goldsmith, Jack L. “Secrecy and Safety.” New Republic, August 13, 2008.
———. The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment inside the Bush Administration. New York: W. W. Norton, 2009.
Government Accountability Project. The Art of Anonymous Activism. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Project, 2002.
Graham, Bob, and Jeff Nussbaum. Intelligence Matters. Wichita: University of Kansas Press, 2008.
Graham, Bradley. Hit to Kill: The New Battle over Shielding America from Missile Attack. Cambridge, MA: Public Affairs, 2001.
Graves, John T. “The Value of a Free Press.” In The Foreign Relations of the United States, ed. Henry R. Mussey and Stephen P. Duggan. New York: Academy of Political Science, 1917.
Greenawalt, Kent. Conflicts of Law and Morality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Greenstein, Fred I. The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
Guicciardini, Francesco. Dialogue on the Government of Florence. Trans. Alison Brown. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
———. The History of Italy. Trans. Austin Parke Goddard. London: John Towers, 1755.
———. Maxims and Reflections. Trans. Mario Domandi. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972.
Guizot, François. General History of Civilization in Europe. Ed. C. S. Henry. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1846.
———. The History of the Origins of Representative Government in Europe, Trans. Andrew R. Scoble. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1861.
Gup, Ted. Nation of Secrets: The Threat to Democracy and the American Way of Life. New York: Doubleday, 2007.
Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis F. Thompson. Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996.
———. Ethics and Politics: Cases and Comments. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1990.
Hallin, Daniel C., Robert K. Manoff, and Judy K. Weddle. “Sourcing Patterns of National Security Reporters.” Journalism Quarterly 70, no. 4 (1993).
Halperin, Morton, and Daniel Hoffman, “Secrecy and the Right to Know.” Law and Contemporary Problems 40, no. 3 (1976).
———. Top Secret: National Security and the Right to Know. Washington, DC: New Republic Books, 1977.
Halstuk, Martin E. “Holding the Spymasters Accountable after 9/11.” Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal 27 (2004).
Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist. Ed. Terence Ball. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Hamilton, Lee H., and Daniel K. Inouye, eds. Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair. Washington, DC: GPO, 1987.
Harrington, James. The Commonwealth of Oceana. Ed. J.G.A. Pocock. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Hartung, William D. Prophets of War: Lockheed Martin and the Making of the Military-Industrial Complex. New York: Nation Books, 2011.
Hayes, Arthur S. Press Critics Are the Fifth Estate: Media Watchdogs in America. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008.
Haynes, George. The Senate of the United States: Its History and Practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1938.
Headley, John H. “Secrets, Free Speech, and Fig Leaves.” Studies in Intelligence 41, no. 5 (1998).
Helms, Jesse. Empire for Liberty: A Sovereign America and Her Moral Mission. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2001.
Henkin, Louis. “The Right to Know and the Duty to Withhold.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 120, no. 2 (1971).
Hennings, Thomas C., Jr. “The Executive Privilege and the People’s Right to Know.” Federal Bar Journal 19, no. 1 (1959).
Herman, Susan N. Taking Liberties: The War on Terror and the Erosion of American Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Hersh, Seymour. Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.
Hess, Stephen. The Government/Press Connection: Press Officers and Their Offices. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1984.
Hinsley, F. H. Power and the Pursuit of Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963.
Hirschman, Albert O. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.
Hoekstra, Pete. Secrets and Leaks: The Costs and Consequences for National Security. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation, September 6, 2005.
Hoffman, Daniel N. Governmental Secrecy and the Founding Fathers: A Study in Constitutional Controls. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981.
Holt, Pat M. Secret Intelligence and Public Policy: A Dilemma of Democracy. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1995.
Howard, Michael E. War and the Liberal Conscience. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
Hoyle, Russ. Going to War: How Misinformation, Disinformation, and Arrogance Led America into Iraq. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008.
Hughes, Charles. “Nicholas Faunt’s Discourse Touching the Office of Principal Secretary of Estate.” English Historical Review 20, no. 79 (1905).
Hume, David. “Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth.” In David Hume, Political Essays, ed. Knud Haakonssen. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Hurt, Michael. “Leaking National Security Secrets.” National Security Studies Quarterly 7, no. 4 (2001).
Hutcheson, Francis. A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy. Ed. Luigi Turco. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2007.
Hutchinson, Robert. Elizabeth’s Spy Master. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006.
Hyde, Henry J. “Leaks and Congressional Oversight.” George Mason University Law Review 11, no. 1 (1988).
Interdepartmental Group on Unauthorized Disclosures of Classified Information. Report of the Interdepartmental Group on Unauthorized Disclosures of Classified Information. Washington, DC: GPO, March 31, 1982.
Isaacson, Walter. Kissinger. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992.
Isikoff, Michael, and David Corn. Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the Selling of the Iraq War. New York: Random House, 2007.
Jacquette, Dale. Journalistic Ethics: Moral Responsibility in the Media. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2007.
James, Gene G. “In Defense of Whistleblowing.” In Ethical Issues in Professional Life, ed. Joan C. Callahan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Jay, John. The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay. Ed. Henry P. Johnston. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1890–93.
Johnson, Loch K. “The Church Committee Investigation of 1975 and the Evolution of Modern Intelligence Accountability.” Intelligence and National Security 23, no. 2 (2008).
———. “The CIA and the Question of Accountability.” Intelligence and National Security 12, no. 1 (1997).
———. “Congress, the Iraq War, and the Failures of Intelligence Oversight.” In Intelligence and National Security Policymaking on Iraq: British and American Perspectives, ed. James P. Pfiffner and Mark Pythian. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2008.
———. “Intelligence and the Challenge of Collaborative Government.” Intelligence and National Security 13, no. 2 (1998).
———. Secret Agencies: U.S. Intelligence in a Hostile World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.
———. “A Shock Theory of Congressional Accountability for Intelligence.” In Handbook of Intelligence Studies, ed. Loch K. Johnson. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Johnson, Roberta A. Whistleblowing: When It Works—And Why. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reiner, 2003.
Jones, RonNell Andersen. “Avalanche or Undue Alarm? An Empirical Study of Subpoenas Received by the News Media.” Minnesota Law Review 93, no. 2 (2008).
Jos, Philip, Mark E. Tompkins, and Steven W. Hays. “In Praise of Difficult People: A Portrait of the Committed Whistleblower.” Public Administration Review 49, no. 6 (1989).
Kaiser, Frederick M. “Congress and the Intelligence Community: Taking the Road Less Travelled.” In The Postreform Congress, ed. Roger H. Davidson. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.
———. Protection of Classified Information by Congress: Practices and Proposals. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2005.
Katyal, Neal K. “The Internal Separation of Powers.” Yale Law Journal 115, no. 9 (2006).
Katz, Alan M. “Government Information Leaks and the First Amendment.” California Law Review 64, no. 1 (1976).
Kazin, Michael. A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan. New York: Knopf, 2006.
Kean, Thomas H., and Lee H. Hamilton. Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.
Keefe, Patrick K. “The Challenge of Global Intelligence Listening.” In Strategic Intelligence, ed. Loch K. Johnson, vol. 2. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007.
“Keeping Secrets: Congress, the Courts, and National Security Information.” Harvard Law Review 103, no. 4 (1990).
Keller, Bill. “The Boy Who Kicked the Hornet’s Nest.” In Open Secrets: WikiLeaks, War and American Diplomacy, ed. Alexander Star. New York: New York Times, 2011.
Kent, James. Commentaries on American Law. Ed. John M. Gould. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1896.
Kerr, Clara H. The Origin and Development of the United States Senate. Ithaca, NY: Andrus and Church, 1895.
Kielbowicz, Richard B. “The Role of News Leaks in Governance and the Law of Journalists’ Confidentiality, 1795–2005.” San Diego Law Review 43 (2006).
Kitrosser, Heidi. “Classified Information Leaks and Free Speech.” University of Illinois Law Review 2008, no. 3 (2008).
———. “Congressional Oversight of National Security Activities: Improving Information Funnels.” Cardozo Law Review 29, no. 3 (2008).
———. “Secrecy and Separated Powers: Executive Privilege Revisited.” Iowa Law Review 92, no. 2 (2007).
Klaidman, Stephen, and Tom L. Beauchamp. The Virtuous Journalist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Knott, Stephen F. “Executive Power and the Control of American Intelligence.” Intelligence and National Security 13, no. 2 (1998).
———. Secret and Sanctioned: Covert Operations and the American Presidency. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Koh, Harold H. The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power after the Iran-Contra Affair. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.
Kossuth, Lajos. Select Speeches of Kossuth. Ed. Francis Newman. New York: C. S. Francis & Co., 1854.
———. “Speech before the Corporation of London.” Reprinted in Daniel Webster, Sketch of the Life of Louis Kossuth. New York: Stringer and Townsend, 1851.
Kreimer, Seth F. “The Freedom of Information Act and the Ecology of Transparency.” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 10, no. 5 (2008).
———. “Rays of Sunlight in a Shadow War: FOIA, the Abuses of Anti-Terrorism, and the Strategy of Transparency.” Lewis and Clark Law Review 11, no. 4 (2010).
Kutler, Stanley I. The Wars of Watergate: The Last Crisis of Richard Nixon. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.
Lambeth, Edmund B. Committed Journalism: An Ethic for the Profession. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
Laski, Harold J. The American Presidency: An Interpretation. London: George, Allen & Unwin, 1940.
Lasswell, Harold D. National Security and Individual Freedom. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950.
Lee, William. “Probing Secrets: The Press and Inchoate Liability for Newsgathering Crimes.” American Journal of Criminal Law 36, no. 2 (2009).
Levi, Lili. “Dangerous Liaisons: Seduction and Betrayal in Confidential Press-Source Relations.” Rutgers Law Review 43 (1991).
Levinson, Daryl J., and Richard H. Pildes. “Separation of Parties, Not Powers.” Harvard Law Review 119, no. 8 (2006).
Levinson, Nan. Outspoken: Free Speech Stories. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
Levy, Adrian, and Catherine Scott-Clark. Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons. New York: Walker & Co., 2007.
Lewalski, Barbara K. The Life of John Milton. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
Lichtblau, Eric. Bush’s Law: The Remaking of American Justice. New York: Pantheon, 2008.
Lieber, Francis. On Civil Liberty and Self-Government. Ed. Theodore Woolsey, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1888.
Lippmann, Walter. Liberty and the News. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Howe, 1920.
———. The Political Scene: An Essay on the Victory of 1918. New York: Henry Holt, 1919.
———. Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1922.
———. The Stakes of Diplomacy. New York: Henry Holt, 1915.
Luban, David. “Publicity Principle.” In The Theory of Institutional Design, ed. Robert E. Goodin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Machiavelli, Niccolò. “Confidential Instructions.” In The Historical, Political and Diplomatic Writings of NiccolÒ Machiavelli, vol. 4, trans. Christian E. Detmold. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1882.
Madison, James. Letters and Other Writings. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1865.
———. The Writings of James Madison. Ed. Gaillard Hunt. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1910.
Maer, Lucinda, and Oonagh Gay. Official Secrecy. London: House of Commons Library, Standard Note 02023, December 30, 2008.
Maffeo, Steven E. Most Secret and Confidential: Intelligence in the Age of Nelson. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000.
Manin, Bernard. The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Mansfield, Harvey C. Taming the Prince: The Ambivalence of Modern Executive Power. New York: Free Press, 1993.
Marbut, Frederick B. News from the Capital: The Story of Washington Reporting. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1971.
Marchetti, Victor L., and John D. Marks. The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence. New York: Knopf, 1974.
Martin, Frederick R. “A Plea for an Uncensored Press.” In The Foreign Relations of the United States, ed. Henry Raymond Mussey and Stephen Pierce Duggan. New York: Academy of Political Science, 1917.
Martin, Mike W. Meaningful Work: Rethinking Professional Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Martin-Kratzer, Renee, and Esther Thorson. “Use of Anonymous Sources Declines in U.S. Newspapers.” Newspaper Research Journal 28, no. 2 (2007).
Massing, Michael. “Now They Tell Us.” New York Review of Books 51 (2004).
———. Now They Tell Us: The American Press and Iraq. New York: New York Review Books, 2004.
Mattingly, Garret. Renaissance Diplomacy. New York: Dover Publications, 1988.
Mayer, Kenneth R. With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Mazzini, Giuseppe. “On Publicity in Foreign Affairs.” In A Cosmopolitanism of Nations: Giuseppe Mazzini’s Writings on Democracy, National Building, and International Relations, ed. Stefano Recchia and Nadia Urbinati. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.
McClendon, R. Earl. “Violations of Secrecy In Re Senate Executive Sessions, 1789– 1929.” American Historical Review 51, no. 1 (1945).
McConnell, Terence. “Whistleblowing.” In A Companion to Applied Ethics, ed. R. G. Frey and Christopher H. Wellman. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005.
McCubbins, Mathew D., and Thomas Schwartz. “Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms.” American Journal of Political Science 28, no. 1 (1984).
McDonald, Forrest. The American Presidency: An Intellectual History. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995.
McNeil, Phyllis P. “The Evolution of the U.S. Intelligence Community: An Historical Overview.” In Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence. Washington, DC: GPO, 1996.
“Media Incentives and National Security Secrets.” Harvard Law Review 122, no. 8 (2009).
Meiklejohn, Alexander. “The First Amendment Is an Absolute.” Supreme Court Review 1961 (1961).
———. Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948.
Meyers, Christopher. “Creating an Effective Newspaper Ombudsman Position.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 15, no. 4 (2000).
Miceli, Marcia P., Janet P. Near, and Terry M. Dworkin. Whistleblowing in Organizations. New York: Routledge, 2008.
“The Military and State Secrets Privilege: Protection for the National Security or Immunity for the Executive?” Yale Law Journal 91, no. 3 (1982).
Milton, John. “A Defence of the People of England.” In John Milton, Political Writings, ed. Martin Dzelzainis and Claire Gruzelier. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
———. The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth. Ed. Evert M. Clark. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1915.
Minnow, Martha. “The Constitution as Black Box during National Emergencies.” Fordham Law Review 75 (2006).
———. “The Lesser Evil.” Harvard Law Review 118, no. 7 (2005).
Moberly, Richard. “Whistleblowers and the Obama Presidency: The National Security Dilemma.” Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal 16 (2012).
Moore, John Bassett. The Principles of American Diplomacy. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1918.
Morris, Robert. The Papers of Robert Morris. Ed. James E. Ferguson and John Catanzariti. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978.
Morrissey, David H. Disclosure and Secrecy: Security Classification Executive Orders. Iowa City, IA: AEJMC, 1997.
Morse, Mika C. “Honor or Betrayal? The Ethics of Government Lawyer-Whistleblowers.” Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 23 (2010).
Moss, John E. “Introduction: A Legislator’s View.” Federal Bar Journal 19, no. 1 (1959).
Moynihan, Daniel P. Secrecy: The American Experience. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
Near, Janet P., and Marcia P. Miceli. “Organizational Dissidence: The Case of Whistle-Blowing.” Journal of Business Ethics 4, no. 1 (1985).
Nedham, Marchamont. The Excellencie of a Free State. London: Thomas Brewster, 1656.
Nelson, Anna K. “Secret Agents and Security Leaks: President Polk and the Mexican War.” Journalism Quarterly 52, no. 1 (1975).
Nelson, Jack. U.S. Government Secrecy and the Current Crackdown on Leaks. Cambridge, MA: Joan Shorenstein Center, 2002.
Nemeth, Neil. News Ombudsman in North America: Assessing an Experiment in Social Responsibility Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.
Newcomb, Thomas. “In from the Cold: The Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protection Act.” Administrative Law Review 53 (2001).
Norris, Pippa. A Virtuous Circle: Political Communication in Postindustrial Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Olmstead, Kathryn S. Challenging the Secret Government: Post-Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI. Durham: North Carolina University Press, 1996.
Omand, David. “Intelligence Secrets and Media Spotlights: Balancing Illumination and Media Spotlights.” In Spinning Intelligence: Why Intelligence Needs the Media, Why the Media Needs Intelligence, ed. Robert Dover and Michael S. Goodman. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
Orman, John M. Presidential Secrecy and Deception: Beyond the Power to Persuade. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980.
O’Toole, George J. A. Honorable Treachery. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1991.
Ott, Marvin C. “Partisanship and the Decline of Intelligence Oversight.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 16, no. 1 (2003).
Overholser, Geneva. “The Seduction of Secrecy: Toward Better Access to Government Information on the Record.” Nieman Reports, Summer 2005.
Paine, Thomas. “The Necessity of Taxation.” Pennsylvania Gazette, April 3, 1782. Reprinted in Collected Writings. New York: Library of America, 1955.
———. “The Rights of Man, Part II.” In Political Writings, ed. Bruce Kuklick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Paley, William. The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy. In The Works of William Paley. London: Thomas Allman, 1851.
Pallitto, Robert M., and William G. Weaver. Presidential Secrecy and the Law. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.
Parks, Wallace. “Secrecy and the Public Interest in Military Affairs.” George Washington Law Review 26 (1957).
Parsons, Theophilus. “The Essex Result.” In American Political Writing during the Founding Era, ed. Charles S. Hyneman and Donald Lutz, vol. 1. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1983.
Patterson, Bradley H. To Serve the President: Continuity and Innovation in the White House Staff. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008.
Peacey, Jason. Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004.
Pearlstine, Norman. Off the Record: The Press, the Government, and the War over Anonymous Sources. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007.
Pettigrew, Richard F. The Course of Empire. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1920.
Pfiffner, James P. Power Play: The Bush Presidency and the Constitution, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2009.
Plutarch. “Themistocles.” In Lives II, trans. Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, 1914.
Polishook, Irwin H. Rhode Island and the Union 1774–1795. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1969.
Poole, DeWitt. The Conduct of Foreign Relations under Modern Democratic Conditions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1924.
Posner, Eric, and Adrian Vermeule. “The Credible Executive.” Chicago Law Review 74, no. 3 (2007).
Posner, Richard A. Not a Suicide Pact: The Constitution in a Time of National Emergency. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
———. Uncertain Shield: The U.S. Intelligence System in the Throes of Reform. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.
Pozen, David E. “Deep Secrecy.” Stanford Law Review 62, no. 2 (2010).
———. “The Mosaic Theory, National Security, and the Freedom of Information Act.” Yale Law Review 115, no. 3 (2005).
Prakash, Saikrishna B. “A Critical Comment on the Constitutionality of the Executive Privilege.” Minnesota Law Review 83, no. 5 (1999).
Price, Richard. Political Writings. Ed. David Oswald Thomas. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Project on Government Oversight. Homeland and National Security Whistleblower Protections: The Unfinished Agenda. Washington, DC: Project on Government Oversight, April 28, 2005.
“Prosecuting the Press: Criminal Liability for the Act of Publishing.” Harvard Law Review 120, no. 4 (2007).
Ramsay, David. “An Address to the Freemen of South Carolina” (May 1787). In Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States: Published during Its Discussion by the People, 1787–1788, ed. Paul Leicester Ford. Brooklyn, NY, 1888.
———. The History of the American Revolution. Trenton, NJ: James Wilson, 1811.
Ramsey, Mary Louise, and Michael Daniels. “Selected Cases in Which Information Has Been Withheld from Congress by the Executive Division.” Reprinted in Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee of the Judiciary, 85th Congress, 2nd Sess. Washington, DC: GPO, 1958.
Randolph, Edmund. “Letter on the Federal Constitution.” In Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States: Published during Its Discussion by the People, 1787–1788, ed. Paul Leicester Ford. Brooklyn, NY, 1888.
Ransom, Harry H. Central Intelligence and National Security. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958.
———. “Congress and the Intelligence Agencies.” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 32, no. 1 (1975).
———. “A Half Century of Spy Watching.” In Strategic Intelligence, ed. Loch K. Johnson, vol. 5. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007.
Rawle, William. A View of the Constitution. Philadelphia: H. C. Carey, 1825.
Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991.
Reinsch, Paul S. Readings on American Federal Government. New York: Ginn & Co., 1909.
———. Secret Diplomacy. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1922.
Relyea, Harold C. “The Evolution and Organization of the Federal Intelligence Function: A Brief Overview.” Reprinted in Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Washington, DC: GPO, 1976.
Richardson, James Daniel. A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1897.
Risen, James. State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration. New York: Free Press, 2006.
Ritchie, Donald A. Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991.
———. Reporting from Washington: The History of the Washington Press Corps. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Robarge, David. Intelligence in the War of Independence. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1997.
Roberts, Alasdair S. Blacked Out: Government Secrecy in the Information Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Robinson, W. Peter. Deceit, Delusion, and Detection. London: Sage, 1996.
Rogers, William P. “Constitutional Law: The Papers of the Executive Branch.” American Bar Association Journal 44 (1958).
Root, Elihu. The Effect of Democracy on International Law. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1917.
———. “A Requisite for the Success of Popular Democracy.” In The American Encounter: The United States and the Making of the Modern World, ed. James F. Hoge, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria. New York: Basic Books, 1997.
Rosen, Jay. What Are Journalists For? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
Rosenblum, Nancy L. “Constitutional Reason of State: The Fear Factor.” In Dissent in Dangerous Times, ed. Austin Sarat. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.
Rourke, Francis E. Secrecy and Publicity: Dilemmas of Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961.
———. “Secrecy in American Bureaucracy.” Political Science Quarterly 72, no. 4 (1957).
Rowat, Donald C., ed. Administrative Secrecy in Developed Countries. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.
Rozell, Mark J. Executive Privilege: Presidential Power, Secrecy, and Accountability. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002.
Russell, Frank Santi. Information Gathering in Classical Greece. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999.
Russett, Bruce M. Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Sagar, Rahul. “Executive Privilege.” In The Oxford Companion to American Politics, ed. David Coates et al. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
———. “On Combating the Abuse of State Secrecy,” Journal of Political Philosophy 15, no. 4 (December 2007).
Samaha, Adam. “Government Secrets, Constitutional Law, and Platforms for Judicial Intervention.” UCLA Law Review 53, no. 4 (2006).
Sanders, Karen. Ethics and Journalism. London: Sage, 2003. Sanger, David E. Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power. New York: Crown, 2012.
Sasser, Jamie. “Silenced Citizens: The Post-Garcetti Landscape for Public Sector Employees Working in National Security.” University of Richmond Law Review 41, no. 3 (2007).
Savage, Charlie. Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy. New York: Little, Brown, 2007.
Sayle, Edward F. “Historical Underpinnings of the U.S. Intelligence Community.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1, no. 1 (1986).
Scarre, Geoffrey. On Courage. New York: Routledge, 2010.
Scharf, Michael. “On Terrorism and Whistleblowing.” Case Western Journal of International Law 38 (2006).
Schepple, Kim L. Legal Secrets: Equality and Efficiency in the Common Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Schepple, Kim L. “We Are All Post-9/11 Now.” Fordham Law Review 75 (2006).
Scheuer, Jeffrey. The Big Picture: Why Democracies Need Journalistic Excellence. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. The Imperial Presidency. New York: Mariner Books, 2004.
Schmitt, Gary J. “Executive Privilege: Presidential Power to Withhold Information from Congress.” In The Presidency in the Constitutional Order, ed. Joseph M. Bessette and Jeffrey Tulis. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981.
Schoenfeld, Gabriel. Necessary Secrets: National Security, The Media, and The Rule of Law. New York: Norton, 2010.
Schultz, Julianne. Reviving the Fourth Estate: Democracy, Accountability, and the Media. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Schwartz, Bernard. “A Reply to Mr. Rogers: The Papers of the Executive Branch.” American Bar Association Journal 45 (1959).
Schwartz, Stephen I. Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998.
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq. Washington, DC: GPO, 2004.
Shane, Peter M. Madison’s Nightmare: How Executive Power Threatens American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
Sheldon, Rose Mary. Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods but Verify. London: Frank Cass, 2005.
Shepard, Alicia C. “Anonymous Sources.” American Journalism Review, December 1994.
Shils, Edward. The Torment of Secrecy: The Background and Consequences of American Security Policies. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996.
Sidney, Algernon. Discourses Concerning Government. Ed. Thomas G. West, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1996.
Siegel, Leslie. “Trampling on the Fourth Estate: The Need for a Federal Shield Law.” Ohio State Law Journal 67, no. 2 (2006).
Silbey, Joel H. Storm over Texas: The Annexation Controversy and the Road to Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Smist, Frank J., Jr. Congress Oversees the United States Intelligence Community 1947–1994. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994.
Smith, Jeffrey A. War and Press Freedom: The Problem of Prerogative Power. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Smith, Paul H. Letters of Delegates to Congress. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2000.
Smith, Ron F. Ethics in Journalism. Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.
———. “Impact of Unnamed Sources on Credibility Not Certain.” Newspaper Research Journal 28, no. 3 (2007).
Smolkin, Rachel. “Judgment Calls.” American Journalism Review, October/November 2006.
Snepp, Frank W. Decent Interval: An Insider’s Account of Saigon’s Indecent End. New York: Random House, 1977.
Snider, L. Britt. The Agency and the Hill: CIA’s Relationship with Congress. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2008.
———. “Congressional Oversight of Intelligence after September 11.” In Transforming U.S. Intelligence, ed. Jennifer E. Sims and Burton Gerber. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2005.
———. Sharing Secrets with Lawmakers: Congress as a User of Intelligence. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1997.
Sofaer, Abraham D. “Executive Power and the Control of Information: Practice under the Framers.” Duke Law Journal 1977, no. 1 (1977).
———. “Executive Privilege.” Harvard Law Review 88 (1971).
Sofaer, Abraham D., and Henry Bartholomew Cox. War, Foreign Affairs, and Constitutional Power. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1976.
Son, Taegyu. “Leaks: How Do Codes of Ethics Address Them?” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 17, no. 2 (2002).
Starr, Chester G. Political Intelligence in Classical Greece. Mnemosyne Supplement 21, Leiden: Brill, 1974.
Sternadori, Miglena Mantcheva, and Esther Thorson. “Anonymous Sources Harm Credibility of All Stories.” Newspaper Research Journal 30, no. 4 (2009).
Stewart, Potter. “Or of the Press.” Hastings Law Journal 26 (1975).
Stone, Geoffrey R. “Free Speech and National Security.” Indiana Law Journal 84
(2009).
———. “Government Secrecy vs. Freedom of the Press.” Harvard Law and Policy Review 185 (2007).
———. Top Secret. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007.
———. War and Liberty: An American Dilemma. New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.
———. “Why We Need a Federal Reporter’s Privilege.” Hofstra Law Review 34, no. 39 (2005).
Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution. Vol. 2. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1858.
Straus, Oscar S. “Democracy and Open Diplomacy.” In The Foreign Relations of the United States, ed. Henry R. Mussey and Stephen P. Duggan. New York: Academy of Political Science, 1917.
Strauss, David A. “Freedom of Speech and the Common-Law Constitution.” In Eternally Vigilant: Free Speech in the Modern Era, ed. Lee C. Bollinger and Geoffrey R. Stone. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Stuart, Douglas T. Creating the National Security State: A History of the Law That Transformed America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.
Sunstein, Cass. “Government Control of Information.” California Law Review 74, no. 3 (1986).
Sutherland, George. Constitutional Power and World Affairs. New York: Columbia University Press, 1919.
Svara, James H. The Ethics Primer for Public Administrators in Government and Nonprofit Organization. Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 2006.
Tarcov, Nathan. “The Federalists and Anti-Federalists on Foreign Affairs.” Teaching Political Science 14, no. 1 (1986).
Telman, D. A. Jeremy. “Our Very Privileged Executive: Why the Judiciary Can (and Should) Fix the State Secrets Privilege.” Temple Law Review 80, no. 2 (2007).
Theoharis, Athan G. A Culture of Secrecy: The Government versus the People’s Right to Know. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1998.
Thomas, Helen. Watchdogs of Democracy? The Waning Washington Press Corps and How It Failed the Public. New York: Scribner, 2007.
Thompson, Dennis F. “Democratic Secrecy.” Political Science Quarterly 114, no. 2 (1999).
———. Political Ethics and Public Office. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.
———. Restoring Responsibility: Ethics in Government, Business, and Healthcare. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. Trans. Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Treverton, Gregory F. “Intelligence: Welcome to the American Government.” In A Question of Balance: The President, the Congress, and Foreign Policy, ed. Thomas E. Mann. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1990.
Truelson, Judith A. “Whistleblowers and Their Protection.” In Handbook of Administrative Ethics, ed. Terry L. Cooper. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1994.
Tuck, Richard. “The Dangers of Natural Rights.” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 20, no. 3 (1997).
Tucker, St. George. View of the Constitution. Ed. Clyde N. Wilson. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1999.
Turner, Stansfield. Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
Unger, Craig. American Armageddon. New York: Scribner, 2007.
U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board Report. The Federal Workforce for the 21st Century: Results of the Merit Principles Survey 2000. Washington, DC: MSPB, 2003.
Van Dyke, Henry. The American Birthright and the Philippine Pottage. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898.
———. Fighting for Peace. New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1917.
Vaughn, Robert. “Statutory Protection of Whistleblowers in the Federal Executive Branch.” University of Illinois Law Review 1982, no. 3 (1982).
Verax, Theodorus [Clement Walker]. Relations and Observations. London, 1648.
Vladeck, Stephen I. “The Espionage Act and National Security Whistleblowing after Garcetti.” American University Law Review 57, no. 5 (2008).
———. “Inchoate Liability and the Espionage Act: The Statutory Framework and the Freedom of the Press.” Harvard Law and Policy Review 1, no. 1 (2007).
Von Holst, Hermann. The Constitutional and Political History of the United States. Trans. John J. Lalor and Paul Shorey. Chicago: Callaghan & Co., 1881.
Wald, Patricia M. “Two Unsolved Constitutional Problems.” University of Pittsburgh Law Review 49 (1988).
Walsh, Lawrence. “Secrecy and the Rule of Law.” Oklahoma Law Review 43 (1990).
Walzer, Michael. Obligations: Essays on Disobedience, War, and Citizenship. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.
Washington, George. The Writings of George Washington. Ed. Chauncey Worthington Ford. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1891.
Wasserman, Edward. “A Critique of Source Confidentiality.” Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy 19 (2005).
Weaver, William, and Robert Pallitto. “State Secrets and Executive Power.” Political Science Quarterly 120, no. 1 (2005).
Weber, Max. Essays in Sociology. Trans. C. Wright Mills and H. H. Gerth. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Weisband, Edward, and Thomas M. Franck. Resignation in Protest. New York: Viking Press, 1975.
Wells, Christina E. “Questioning Deference.” Missouri Law Review 69 (2004).
———. “State Secrets and Executive Accountability.” Constitutional Commentary 26 (2010).
Werhan, Keith. “Rethinking Freedom of the Press after 9/11.” Tulane Law Review 82 (2008).
Wharton, Francis. The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States. Washington, DC: GPO, 1889.
Wheeler, Burton K., and Paul F. Healy. Yankee from the West. New York: Octagon Books, 1977.
White, Laura. “The Need for Governmental Secrecy: Why the U.S. Government Must Be Able to Withhold Information in the Interest of National Security.” Virginia Journal of International Law 43, no. 4 (2003).
Wiggins, James. Freedom or Secrecy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1956.
———. “Government Operations and the Public’s Right to Know.” Federal Bar Journal 19, no. 1 (1959).
Willoughby, Westle W. The Constitutional Law of the United States. New York: Baker, Voorhis & Co., 1910.
Wilson, James. The Works. Ed. R. G. McCloskey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.
Wilson, Woodrow. “Address to the League to Enforce Peace.” In President Wilson’s Great Speeches. Chicago: Stanton and Van Vliet, 1917.
———. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1901.
———. “Fourteen Points.” In Woodrow Wilson: Essential Writings and Speeches of the Scholar-President, ed. Mario R. Di Nunzio. New York: New York University Press, 2006.
Wolkinson, Herman. “Demands of Congressional Committees for Executive Papers—Part I.” Federal Bar Journal 10 (1949).
Wood, Gordon. The Creation of the American Republic: 1776–1787. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Woodward, Bob. Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–87. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005.
Wright, Quincy. The Control of American Foreign Relations. New York: Macmillan, 1922.
Writson, Henry M. Executive Agents in American Foreign Relations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1929.
Xanders, Edward L. “A Handyman’s Guide to Fixing National Security Leaks: An Analytical Framework for Evaluating Proposals to Curb Unauthorized Publication of Classified Information.” Journal of Law and Politics 5, no. 4 (1989).
Yoo, John. “Courts at War.” Cornell Law Review 91, no. 2 (2006).
Zagel, James. “The State Secrets Privilege.” Minnesota Law Review 50 (1965).