CHAPTER 1
1William Hodges, Travels in India during the Years 1780, 1781, 1782, & 1783 (London: printed for the author, sold by J. Edwards, 1793), p. iii.
2‘The East India House’, Leisure Hour, 5 September 1861, p. 567.
3Hodges, Travels in India, p. iii.
4P. J. Marshall, ‘Taming the Exotic: The British and India in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, in G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (eds), Exoticism in the Enlightenment (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990), pp. 46–65, p. 46.
5James Rennell, Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan; or The Mogul Empire (London: James Rennell, 1788), p. v.
6Hodges, Travels in India, pp. 31–2.
7Royal Academy of Arts, London, Ozias Humphry papers (RAA), HU/3/132, Ozias Humphry to Philip Yonge, 14 March 1787.
8Hodges, Travels in India, p. 2
9British Library, Add. MS 29142, pp. 276–7, John Macpherson to Warren Hastings, 31 December 1778.
10Hodges, Travels in India, p. 10.
11Hodges, Travels in India, p. 27.
12Quoted in Hermione de Almeida and George H. Gilpin, Indian Renaissance: British Romantic Art and the Prospect of India (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), p. 41.
13Quoted in Mildred Archer and R. Lightbown, India Observed: India as Viewed by British Artists, 1760–1860 (London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1982), pp. 86–7.
14Paul Sandby to James Gandon [1783], quoted in De Almeida and Gilpin, Indian Renaissance, p. 73.
15RAA, HU/3/55, Ozias Humphry to Rev. William Humphry, 3 April 1786.
16Thomas Daniell and William Daniell, A Picturesque Voyage to India by the Way of China (London: Longman, 1810), pp. i–ii.
17Quoted in Thomas Sutton, The Daniells: Artists and Travellers (London: Bodley Head, 1954), p. 92.
18RAA, HU/4/24–5, Claude Martin to Ozias Humphry, 11 March 1789.
19Quoted in Jeremiah P. Losty, Calcutta: City of Palaces. A Survey of the City in the Days of the East India Company, 1690–1858 (London: British Library, 1990), p. 48.
20Thomas Twining, Travels in India a Hundred Years Ago (London: Osgood, McIlvaine and Co., 1893), pp. 74–5.
21William Hickey, Memoirs of William Hickey, edited by Alfred Spencer, 4 vols (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1948), vol. 3, p. 342.
22Quoted in De Almeida and Gilpin, Indian Renaissance, p. 41.
23Hodges, Travels in India, pp. iv, vi.
24Jemima Kindersley, Letters from the Island of Teneriffe, Brazil, the Cape of Good Hope, and the East Indies (London: J. Nourse, 1777), pp. 74–5.
25RAA, HU/1/98, C. Imhof [sic] to Ozias Humphry, 27 December 1770.
26Quoted in Mildred Archer, India and British Portraiture: 1770–1825 (London: Sotheby’s, 1979), p. 121.
27RAA, HU/2/130, Gavin Hamilton to Ozias Humphry, 12 December 1792.
28RAA, HU/4/88–9, William Baillie to Ozias Humphry, 23 November 1793.
29Rennell, Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan, p. iii.
30University of Southampton, Hartley Library Special Collections, Broadlands Papers, BR 11/14/8, Benjamin Mee to Viscount Palmerston, 8 December 1789.
31Quoted in Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985), p. 203.
32RAA, HU/4/18, Gavin Hamilton to Ozias Humphry, 15 February 1789.
33Quoted in Richard Altick, The Shows of London (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), p. 135.
CHAPTER 2
1‘Edmund Burke on the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, 15–19 February 1788’, in Barbara Harlow and Mia Carter (eds), Archives of Empire, vol. 1: From the East India Company to the Suez Canal (Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 2003), pp. 143–55, p. 147.
2‘Account of the Battle of Plassey, Gained by the Brave Col. Clive’, London Magazine; or, Gentleman’s Monthly Intelligencer (January 1760), pp. 7–8, p. 7.
3Quoted in Mildred Archer, ‘The East India Company and British Art’, Apollo 82 (1965), pp. 401–9, p. 406.
4Quoted in K. N. Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 454.
5Warren Hastings to Court of Directors, 11 November 1773, in G. R. Gleig, Memoirs of the Life of the Right Hon. Warren Hastings, first Governor-General of Bengal, 3 vols (London: Richard Bentley, 1843), vol. 1, p. 368.
6[H. T. Colebrooke and A. Lambert], Remarks on the Present State of the Husbandry and Commerce of Bengal (Calcutta, 1795), pp. 64–5, quoted in P. J. Marshall, ‘Taming the Exotic: The British and India in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, in G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (eds), Exoticism in the Enlightenment (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990), pp. 46–65, p. 56.
7European Magazine and London Review 23 (June 1793), p. 403.
8Quoted in P. J. Marshall and Glyndwr Williams, The Great Map of Mankind: British Perceptions of the World in the Age of Enlightenment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), p. 155.
9Governor-General in Council, Fort William, to the Honourable Court of Directors, 9 July 1800, in The Despatches, Minutes, and Correspondence of the Marquess Wellesley, ed. Robert Montgomery Martin, 5 vols (London: William H. Allen, 1836), vol. 2, pp. 320, 312.
10William H. Carey, The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company (1882) (Calcutta: Quins Book Co., 1964), p. 77.
11Royal Academy of Arts, London, Ozias Humphry papers (RAA), HU/5/88, William Sydenham to Ozias Humphry, 10 October 1800.
12RAA, HU/2/130, Gavin Hamilton to Ozias Humphry, 12 December 1792.
13RAA, HU/3/49–50, Ozias Humphry to Mary Boydell, 29 December 1785.
14See, for example, British Library (BL), India Office Records (IOR), E/3/90, pp. 89–98, 1 August 1683.
15BL, IOR, G/32/165, pp. 2, 4, Robert Brooke, ‘Account of St Helena with Various Observations Annexed’ [1792].
16BL, IOR, H/88, p. 392, Dissent of Jacob Bosanquet to the plan proposed by Thomas Grenville, 15 October 1806.
17Thomas Daniell and William Daniell, ‘Western Entrance of Fort St George’, Oriental Scenery, II, plate 12.
18Thomas Daniell and William Daniell, ‘South East View of Fort St George, Madras’, Oriental Scenery, II, plate 7.
19William Hodges, Travels in India during the Years 1780, 1781, 1782, & 1783 (London: printed for the author, sold by J. Edwards, 1793), pp. 1–2.
20James Main, ‘Reminiscences of a Voyage to and from China’, Paxton’s Horticultural Register and General Magazine 5 (1836), pp. 98–9, quoted in Georgina Green, Sir Charles Raymond of Valentines and the East India Company (London: Hainault Press, 2015), p. 10.
21Thomas Daniell and William Daniell, ‘South East View of Fort St George, Madras’, Oriental Scenery, II, plate 7.
22Anon., A Description of the Port and Island of Bombay: And an Historical Account of the Transactions between the English and Portugueze concerning it, from the Year 1661 to the Present Time (London: s.n., 1724), p. 4, quoted in Timothy Davies, ‘English Private Trade on the West Coast of India, c. 1680–c. 1740’, Itinerario 38 (2014), pp. 51–73, p. 63.
23Hodges, Travels in India, pp. 14–16.
24Quoted in P. J. Marshall, Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India, 1740–1828 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 160.
25Quoted in Jeremiah P. Losty, Calcutta: City of Palaces. A Survey of the City in the Days of the East India Company, 1690–1858 (London: British Library, 1990), pp. 44, 36.
26Eliza Fay to ‘My Dear Friends’, 22 May 1780, in Eliza Fay, Original Letters from India (Calcutta: s.n., 1817), pp. 238, 239, 239–40.
27Quoted in Mildred Archer, Early Views of India: The Picturesque Journeys of Thomas and William Daniell, 1786–1794 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1980), p. 14.
28Hodges, Travels in India, p. 14.
CHAPTER 3
1William Hodges, Travels in India during the Years 1780, 1781, 1782, & 1783 (London: printed for the author, sold by J. Edwards, 1793), pp. 31–2.
2Hodges, Travels in India, pp. 25–6.
3University of Southampton, Hartley Library Special Collections, Broadlands Papers, BR 11/11/4, Benjamin Mee to Viscount Palmerston, 9 January 1786.
4Quoted in Romita Ray, Under the Banyan Tree: Relocating the Picturesque in British India (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2013), p. 129.
5William Hickey, Memoirs of William Hickey, edited by Alfred Spencer, 4 vols (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1948), vol. 2, p. 120.
6Thomas Twining, Travels in India a Hundred Years Ago (London: Osgood, McIlvaine and Co., 1893), p. 73.
7Quoted in Ray, Under the Banyan Tree, p. 129.
8George [Annesley], Viscount Valentia, Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt, in the Years 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806, 4 vols (London: F., C., and J. Rivington, 1811), vol. 1, p. 40.
9Quoted in Jeremiah P. Losty, Calcutta: City of Palaces. A Survey of the City in the Days of the East India Company, 1690–1858 (London: British Library, 1990), p. 80.
10Quoted in Ray, Under the Banyan Tree, pp. 128–9.
11Hickey, Memoirs of William Hickey, vol. 4, p. 237.
12‘An Account of the Caves of Cannara, Ambala, and Elephanta, … in a letter from Hector Macneil’, Archaeologia 8 (1788), p. 260, quoted in P. J. Marshall, ‘Taming the Exotic: The British and India in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, in G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (eds), Exoticism in the Enlightenment (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990), pp. 46–65, p. 62.
13Quoted in Partha Mitter, Much Maligned Monsters: A History of European Reactions to Indian Art (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), p. 172.
14Quoted in Hermione de Almeida and George H. Gilpin, Indian Renaissance: British Romantic Art and the Prospect of India (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), p. 126.
15Charles Malet, ‘Description of the Caves or Excavations on the Mountain … Eastward of the Town of Ellora’, Asiatick Researches 6 (1801), pp. 382–423, p. 386.
16British Library, India Office Library, MSS Eur. D. 1160/1, William Prinsep, ‘The Memoirs of William Prinsep’, vol. 2, p. 260, quoted in Malcolm Allbrook, Henry Prinsep’s Empire: Framing a Distant Colony (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 2014), p. 52.
17James Baillie Fraser, Journal of a Tour through part of the Snowy Range of the Himala Mountains (London: Rodwell and Martin, 1820), p. 478.
18Samuel Turner, An Account of an Embassy to the Court of the Teshoo Lama in Tibet (London: s.n., 1800), p. 139.
19Quoted in Mildred Archer, Early Views of India: The Picturesque Journeys of Thomas and William Daniell, 1786–1794 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1980), p. 49.
20Hodges, Travels in India, p. 94.
21Valentia, Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt, vol. 1, pp. 292–3.
22Quoted in Archer, Early Views of India, fig. 57.
23Quoted in Ray, Under the Banyan Tree, pp. 203–4.
24François Bernier, Travels in the Mogol Empire, a.d. 1656–1668, translated by Irving Brock and revised by Archibald Constable (London: Archibald Constable, 1891), p. 5.
25Twining, Travels in India a Hundred Years Ago, p. 194.
26Thomas Daniell and William Daniell, Views of the Taje Mahel at the City of Agra in Hindoostan Taken in 1789 (London: s.n.,1801), p. 3.
27State Library of Western Australia, Acc. 499A, Henry C. Prinsep, ‘Diaries, 1866–1922’, 28 May 1870, quoted in Allbrook, Henry Prinsep’s Empire, p. 128.
28Hodges, Travels in India, p. 124.
29Archer, Early Views of India, p. 43.
30Daniell and Daniell, Views of the Taje Mahel, pp. 5–6.
31Bernier, Travels in the Mogol Empire, p. 334.
32William Sproston Caine, Picturesque India: A Handbook for European Travellers (London: George Routledge and Son, 1891), p. 301.
33Hodges, Travels in India, p. 47.
34Caine, Picturesque India, p. 302.
35Quoted in Ray 1, Under the Banyan Tree, p. 31.
36The Hindoos (1834), vol. 1, p. 213, quoted in W. G. Archer, ‘Benares through the Eyes of British Artists’, Apollo 92 (1970), pp. 96–103, pp. 96–8.
37Hodges, Travels in India, pp. 47, 59.
38Hodges, Travels in India, pp. 60–1.
39Hodges, Travels in India, p. 52.
40Quoted in Pratapaditya Pal and Vidya Dehejia, From Merchants to Emperors: British Artists and India, 1757–1930 (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1986), pp. 98–9.
41Quoted in Pal and Dehejia, From Merchants to Emperor, p. 99.
42Quoted in C. A. Bayly (ed.), Raj: The British and India (London: National Portrait Gallery, 1990), pp. 210–11.
43Royal Academy of Arts, London, Ozias Humphry papers (RAA), HU/4/112–17, William Baillie to Ozias Humphry, 4 October–7 November 1795.
CHAPTER 4
1Royal Academy of Arts, London, Ozias Humphry papers (RAA), HU/4/112–17, William Baillie to Ozias Humphry, 4 October–7 November 1795.
2William Hickey, Memoirs of William Hickey, edited by Alfred Spencer, 4 vols (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1948), vol. 4, pp. 232, 249, 250.
3Tillman W. Nechtman, ‘Mr Hickey’s Pictures: Britons and their Collectibles in Late Eighteenth-Century India’, in Barry Crosbie and Mark Hampton (eds), The Cultural Construction of the British World (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015), pp. 180–97, p. 182.
4RAA, HU/3/92, Edward Brown to Ozias Humphry, December 1785.
5Sir John Macpherson to Asaf-ud-Daula, quoted in Mildred Archer, India and British Portraiture, 1770–1825 (London: Sotheby’s, 1979), p. 389.
6Hickey, Memoirs of William Hickey, vol. 2, p. 157.
7RAA, HU/4/13, Thomas Daniell to Ozias Humphry, 7 November 1788.
8Quoted in George C. Williamson, Life and Works of Ozias Humphry, R.A. (London: John Lane, 1918), p. 144.
9RAA, HU/3/99, D. MacKinnon to Ozias Humphry, 21 January 1786.
10Quoted in Archer, India and British Portraiture, p. 133.
111 The painting, entitled Colonel Antoine Polier, Claude Martin and John Wombwell with the Artist, is in the collection of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata.
12The painting is now in the Tate Collection (T06856).
13Madras Courier, 26 November 1806, quoted in Archer, India and British Portraiture, p. 363.
14Quoted in Archer, India and British Portraiture, p. 364.
15The ship’s captain, Henry Wilson, recorded in his log that ‘suddenly the people in the boats discharged a flight of arrows at us’. See the logbook of the Antelope, 1 April 1783, BL OIOC, L/Mar/B/570A.
16Calcutta Gazette, 18 October 1792, quoted in Archer, India and British Portraiture, pp. 256–7.
17On his facility for painting shipping, see RAA, HU/4/88–89, William Bailllie to Ozias Humphry, 23 November 1793.
18Quoted in Mildred Archer and R. Lightbown, India Observed: India as Viewed by British Artists, 1760–1860 (London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1982), p. 84.
19Kate Teltscher, India Inscribed: European and British Writing on India, 1600–1800 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 129.
20Quoted in Archer, India and British Portraiture, p. 239.
21Quoted in Archer, India and British Portraiture, p. 206.
22Quoted in P. J. Marshall, ‘Warren Hastings as Scholar and Patron’, in Anne Whiteman, J. S. Bromley and P. G. M. Dickson (eds), Statesmen, Scholars and Merchants: Essays in Eighteenth-Century History Presented to Dame Lucy Sutherland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 242–62, p. 256.
23Monthly Review, 23 (August 1797), p. 408, quoted in Teltscher, India Inscribed, pp. 193–4.
24William Jones, ‘On the Gods of Greece, Italy and India’, in P. J. Marshall (ed.), The British Discovery of Hinduism in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 201–3.
CHAPTER 5
1Quoted in Mildred Archer, Indian Architecture and the British (London: Country Life, 1968), p. 17.
2Tillman W. Nechtman, ‘Mr Hickey’s Pictures: Britons and their Collectibles in Late Eighteenth-Century India’, in Barry Crosbie and Mark Hampton (eds), The Cultural Construction of the British World (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015), pp. 180–97, p. 193.
3Humphry Repton, An Enquiry into the Changes of Taste in Landscape Gardening and Architecture (London: J. Taylor, 1806), p. 41.
4Royal Academy of Arts, London, Ozias Humphry papers (RAA), HU/3/13, Sir Robert Palk to Ozias Humphry, 7 December 1784; HU/3/21, Sir George Yonge to Sir John Dalling, 20 December 1784.
5RAA, HU/3/30, Ozias Humphry to Mary Boydell, 16 May 1785.
6Quoted in Georgina Green, Sir Charles Raymond of Valentines and the East India Company (London: Hainault Press, 2015), p. 89.
7Quoted in Nechtman, ‘Mr Hickey’s Pictures’, p. 193.
8Quoted in P. J. Marshall, ‘Taming the Exotic: The British and India in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, in G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (eds), Exoticism in the Enlightenment (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990), pp. 46–65, p. 52.
9Thomas Twining, Travels in India a Hundred Years Ago (London: Osgood, McIlvaine and Co., 1893), p. 348.
10Quoted in Mildred Archer, ‘British Patrons of Indian Artists’, Country Life 118 (18 August 1955), pp. 340–1, p. 340.
11Maria Graham, Journal of a Residence in India (Edinburgh: Archibald Constable, 1812), p. 146, quoted in Mildred Archer, Natural History Drawings in the India Office Library (London: HMSO, 1962), p. 56.
12See Toby Falk and Mildred Archer, Indian Miniatures in the India Office Library (London: Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1981), pp. 17–23.
13British Library, Add. Or. 1098–1235.
14Ian Woodfield, Music of the Raj: A Social and Economic History of Music in Late Eighteenth-Century Anglo-Indian Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 196.
15RAA, HU/3/36–7, Ozias Humphry to Mary Boydell, 7 August 1785.
16RAA, HU/3/67–9, Ozias Humphry to Mary Boydell, 29 November 1786.
17Mark Bence-Jones, ‘A Nabob’s Choice of Art: Clive of India as Builder and Collector’, Country Life 150 (25 November 1971), pp. 1446–8, p. 1448.
18Diary entry, 25 February 1818, in The Diary of Joseph Farington, edited by Kathryn Cave (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984), vol. 15, p. 5162.
19William Hickey, Memoirs of William Hickey, edited by Alfred Spencer, 4 vols (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1948), vol. 3, p. 342.
20Hickey, Memoirs, vol. 4, p. 384.
21Hickey, Memoirs, vol. 4, p. 387.
22Quoted in Mildred Archer, India and British Portraiture, 1770–1825 (London: Sotheby’s, 1979), p. 229.
23Quoted in Archer, India and British Portraiture, p. 230.
24See Anna Winterbottom, Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), p. 16.
25Quoted in Natasha Eaton, Mimesis across Empires: Artworks and Networks in India, 1765–1860 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013), p. 292, n. 12.
26Quoted in Mildred Archer, The India Office Collection of Paintings and Sculpture (London: British Library, 1986), p. 84.
27Quoted in Mildred Archer, ‘The East India Company and British Art’, Apollo 82 (1965), pp. 401–9, p. 406.
28Quoted in Archer, ‘The East India Company and British Art’, p. 407.
29Quoted in C. A. Bayly (ed.), Raj: The British and India (London: National Portrait Gallery, 1990), p. 101.
30Quoted in William Foster, The East India House: Its History and Associations (London: John Lane, 1924), p. 133.
31Sir John Fielding, Description of London (1776), p. 11, quoted in Green, Sir Charles Raymond, pp. 79–80.
32Quoted in H. V. Bowen, ‘The Most Illustrious and Most Flourishing Commercial Organisation that Ever Existed: The East India Company’s Seaborne Empire, 1709–1833’, in H. V. Bowen, John McAleer and Robert J. Blyth, Monsoon Traders: The Maritime World of the East India Company (London: Scala, 2011), pp. 91–125, pp. 96–7.
33Joan Coutu, Persuasion and Propaganda: Monuments and the Eighteenth-Century British Empire (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2006), p. 287.
CHAPTER 6
1Quoted in Jeremiah P. Losty, Calcutta, City of Palaces: A Survey of the City in the Days of the East India Company, 1690–1858 (London: British Library, 1990), p. 76.
2William Hickey, Memoirs of William Hickey, edited by Alfred Spencer, 4 vols (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1948), vol. 4, p. 236.
3Thomas Pownall, The Rights, Interest and Duty of Government, as Concerned in the Affairs of the East Indies (London: J. Almon, 1773), p. 3.
4British Library, Eg. MS 218, ff. 149–51, quoted in H. V. Bowen, Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics, 1757–1773 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 15.
5Quoted in Losty, Calcutta, City of Palaces, p. 102.
6Quoted in Pratapaditya Pal and Vidya Dehejia, From Merchants to Emperors: British Artists and India, 1757–1930 (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 146.
7Claudius Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India (London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1805), p. xii, quoted in Rowan Strong, Anglicanism and the British Empire, c. 1700–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 158.