1. Werner Loewenstein, Physics in Mind (Basic Books, 2013), p. 21.
2. Erwin Schrödinger, Mind and Matter (Cambridge University Press, 1958).
3. Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind (Hutchinson, 1949).
4. Alan Turing, ‘Computing machines and intelligence’, Mind, vol. 49, 433–60 (1950).
5. Roger Penrose, The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and the Laws of Physics (Oxford University Press, 1989).
6. Fred Hoyle, The Intelligent Universe (Michael Joseph, 1983).
7. Albert Einstein, letter to widow of his friend Michel Besso, dated 21 March 1955.
8. Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865).
9. There are other cells too, called glial cells. They actually outnumber neurons. Their role is still not completely clear.
10. See, for example, ‘Ion channels as Maxwell demons’, in: Werner Loewenstein, The Touchstone of Life (Oxford University Press, 1999).
11. Giulio Tononi et al., ‘Integrated information theory: from consciousness to its physical substrate’, Perspectives, vol. 17, 450 (2016).
12. Larissa Albantakis, ‘A tale of two animats: what does it take to have goals?’, FQXi prize essay (2016).
13. Masafumi Oizumi, Larissa Albantakis and Giulio Tononi, ‘From the phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: integrated information theory 3.0’, PLoS Computational Biology, vol. 10, issue 5, e1003588 (May 2014).
14. Titus Lucretius Carus, De rerum natura, Book II, line 216.
15. Erik Hoel, ‘Agent above, atom below: how agents causally emerge from their underlying microphysics’, FQXi prize essay (2017). Published in Anthony Aguirre, Brendan Foster and Zeeya Merali (eds.), Wandering towards a Goal: How Can Mindless Mathematical Laws Give Rise to Aims and Intention? (Springer, 2018), pp. 63–76.
16. Penrose, The Emperor’s New Mind.
17. Ibid.
18. George F. R. Ellis, Denis Noble and Timothy O’Connor, ‘Top-down causation: an integrating theme within and across the sciences?’, Royal Society Interface Focus, vol. 2, 1–3 (2012).
19. A proposal somewhat along these lines has also been made by a group of physicists at Oxford University. See Kobi Kremnizer and André Ranchin, ‘Integrated information-induced quantum collapse’, Foundations of Physics, vol. 45, issue 8, 889–99 (2015).
20. David Chalmers, The Character of Consciousness (Oxford University Press, 2010).