Notes
Abbreviations
|
BL ODNB TNA | British Library Oxford Dictionary of National Biography The National Archives, Kew |
Chapter One
1 It is now a luxury hotel and wedding venue, the website of which makes no mention of its association with Lucy Walter.
2 J. Clarke, The Life of James II, vol. 1, p.492, quoted in Jonathan Scott, Algernon Sidney and the English Republic, 1623–1677 (1988), p. 118
Chapter Two
1 Anna Keay, The Last Royal Rebel: The Life and Death of James, Duke of Monmouth (2016), p. 14
2 For a fuller description of this episode, see An Historical Account of the Heroick Life and Magnanimous Actions of the Most Illustrious Protestant Prince, James, Duke of Monmouth (1683), pp. 9–12, and Keay, The Last Royal Rebel, pp. 17–19
3 See here and also Chapter Fifteen passim
4 Quoted in Mark R. F. Williams, The King’s Irishmen: The Irish in the Exiled Court of Charles II, 1649–1660 (2014), p. 220
5 Thomas Birch (ed.), A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, Esq., vol. 1, no. 684 (1742)
6 Keay, The Last Royal Rebel, pp. 24–5
7 An Historical Account of the Heroick Life and Magnanimous Actions of the Most Illustrious Protestant Prince, James, Duke of Monmouth, p. 9
8 M. A. E. Green (ed.), Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Interregnum, vol. 5 (1656–7), p. 4
9 Quoted in A. I. Dasent, The Private Life of Charles II (1927), p. 53
10 Mercurius Politicus, 10–17 July 1656, p. 318
11 Clarendon State Papers, vol. 56, f.280 (Bodleian Library)
12 Quoted in Keay, The Last Royal Rebel, p. 32
Chapter Three
1 This first daughter born to Charles II is easily confused with the other Charlotte Fitzroy, born in 1664. She was one of the king’s six children with Barbara Palmer, Lady Castlemaine, and was adored by her father.
2 I have been unable to find the original source for the date of Catherine Pegge’s death and it seems to have become received wisdom by others who have written about Charles II’s mistresses. Thomas Pegge’s will can be found in TNA, ref. PROB 11/363/469.
3 Quoted in Timothy Crist (ed.), Charles II to Lord Taaffe: Letters in Exile (1974), p. 6
4 See Antonia Fraser, King Charles II (1979), pp. 155–6. Other historians remain unconvinced of the infanta’s identity.
5 Crist, Charles II to Lord Taaffe, p. 29
6 A. Bryant (ed.), The Letters, Speeches and Declarations of King Charles II (1935), p. 84
7 See Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685 (2005), pp. 48–50
Chapter Four
1 Quoted, without source, in G. Steinman, A Memoir of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland (1871), p. 4
2 Abel Boyer, Annals of the Reign of Queen Anne (1722), p. 388
3 Letters of Philip, second earl of Chesterfield (1835), pp. 77–81
4 Ibid., p. 76
5 The republican government was strict about the observance of Sunday worship and any flirting would have been frowned upon, with potentially awkward repercussions for Barbara’s mother and stepfather.
6 Letters of Philip, second earl of Chesterfield, pp. 88–9
7 Ibid., pp. 102–3
8 Surrey History Centre, Brodrick (Midleton) Papers, MS 1248/1
Chapter Five
1 Quoted in Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685 (2005), p. 44
2 Ibid., p. 49
3 See Kevin Sharpe, ‘“Thy Longing Country’s Darling and Desire”: Aesthetics, Sex and Politics in the England of Charles II’, in Julia Marciari Alexander and Catharine MacLeod (eds), Politics, Transgression and Representation at the Court of Charles II (2007), pp. 1–32
4 ‘On the Duchess of Cleveland’, attributed to Buckingham, though sometimes to John Wilmot, earl of Rochester. Printed in Christine Phipps (ed.), Buckingham, Public and Private Man: The Prose, Poems and Commonplace Book of George Villiers, second duke of Buckingham (1628–1687) (1985), p. 154
5 Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Time (1753), vol.1, p. 129
6 BL Add MS 21,505, f.32
7 See Chapter Eight: ‘Full of sweetness and goodness’
8 Pepys, Diary, vol. III (1985), p. 147
9 Ibid., pp. 300–1
10 The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), p. 471
11 BL Add MS 36916, f.119, quoted in Sonya M. Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, 1660–1685 (Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1998), p. 37
12 Pepys, Diary, vol. III, p. 87
13 The surviving portraits in the Windsor Beauties series hang in the Communications Gallery at Hampton Court Palace. They are remarkable for their facial similarity (and the fact that many of them are clearly wearing the same pearl necklace) and the richness of the sitters’ clothing. Whether the entire series was commissioned by Anne Hyde or whether she decided to collect them once they were being painted is unclear. The idea of a series of paintings of great ladies originated in the courts of Europe.
14 Steven N. Zwicker, ‘Sites of Instruction: Andrew Marvell and the Tropes of Restoration Portraiture’, in Alexander and MacLeod, Politics, Transgression and Representation at the Court of Charles II (2008), pp. 126–8
15 The painting was acquired by the National Portrait Gallery in London in 2005, following a nationwide appeal for funds.
16 Bodleian Library, Carte MSS 32, ff.35v and 40, cited in Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II, p. 105
17 See Chapter Seven: A Wealthy Wife
18 TNA, ref. PRO 31/3/113, 5 June 1664, quoted in Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II, p. 106
19 Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 404
20 Clarendon, Life, vol. II, p. 451
21 ‘Memoirs of Nathaniel, Lord Crew’, Camden Miscellany, vol. IX (1895), p. 9
22 From the memoirs of Sir John Reresby, quoted in Christine Phipps (ed.), Buckingham, Public and Private Man: The Prose, Poems and Commonplace Book of George Villiers, second duke of Buckingham (1628–1687) (1985), p. 6
23 Ibid., p. 3
24 Anthony Hamilton, Memoirs of the Comte de Gramont, Allan Fea (ed.) (1906), p. 138
25 Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II, p. 109
26 See Part Five: The Stage and the Throne
27 Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 17
28 Elizabeth Hamilton, The Illustrious Lady: A Biography of Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine (1980), p. 79
29 See Part Four: ‘His Coy Mistress’
30 Pepys, Diary, vol. IX, p. 132
31 The Poor Whores Petition (1668)
32 The gracious answer of the most illustrious lady of pleasure the Countess of Castel (1668)
Chapter Six
1 BL Harleian (Harley) MS 7006, f.176, cited in G. Steinman, A Memoir of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland (1871), pp. 163–4. This reference is repeated by Elizabeth Hamilton in The Illustrious Lady: A Biography of Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine (1980), p. 223, but it does not exist in this source. There is also reference to the letter in the Annual Register 1766, p. 205, but the original seems to be lost. Barbara herself refers to it in her letter of 16 May 1678 to the king (Steinman, p. 163).
2 Jenny Uglow, A Gambling Man: Charles II and the Restoration (2009)
3 James had not yet openly declared his conversion to Catholicism, but his wife, Anne, Clarendon’s daughter, did so in 1670.
4 See Part Six: Baby Face
5 Quoted in Richard Holmes, Marlborough: England’s Fragile Genius (2008), p. 64
6 BL Harley MS 5277, ff.22–3
7 There is no evidence to support Elizabeth Hamilton’s assertion that Charles II might have been using Barbara as a conduit to the French king, as some sort of replacement for his sister. See Hamilton, The Illustrious Lady, p. 166. Madame had been dead for six years before the duchess of Cleveland arrived in Paris.
8 Steinman, A Memoir of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland, pp. 156–64
9 Dorney Court Archives, T15/226, 2 April 1674
Chapter Seven
1 ‘House of Lords Journal, vol. 11: 1660–1666’ (His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, 1767–1830), p. 241
2 A. R. Disney, A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: Volume One (2009), p. 224
3 V. Rau (ed.), ‘Letters from Catherine of Bragança, Queen-Consort of Charles II to her brother, Dom Pedro II, King of Portugal (1679–1691)’, in The Historical Association: Lisbon Branch, Annual Report and Review, 9 (1945), p. 56
4 E. Rosenthal, ‘Notes on Catherine of Bragança, Queen of Charles II of England, and her Life in Portugal’, in The Historical Association: Lisbon Branch, Annual Report and Review, 2 (1938), p. 70
5 A. Bryant (ed.), The Letters, Speeches and Declarations of King Charles II (1935), p. 115
6 Pepys, Diary, vol. II, p. 197 and note on p. 198
7 R. C. Anderson (ed.), The Journal of Edward Montagu, first earl of Sandwich, admiral and general at sea, 1659–1665 (Publications of the Navy Records Society, vol. 64, 1929), pp. 126–7
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid., p. 132
10 Quoted in Lorraine Madway, ‘Rites of Deliverance and Disenchantment: The Marriage Celebrations for Charles II and Catherine of Braganza, 1661–62’, in The Seventeenth Century, vol. 27:1 (Spring 2012), p. 91
11 BL Bagford Ballads, vol. 3, unfoliated
12 Bryant, The Letters, Speeches and Declarations of King Charles II, p. 126
13 Ibid., p. 127
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid., pp. 126–7
16 The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), p. 398
17 Madway, ‘Rites of Deliverance and Disenchantment’, p. 97
18 The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), p. 403
19 Bodleian Library Carte MS 31, quoted in Madway, ‘Rites of Deliverance and Disenchantment’, p. 95
Chapter Eight
1 Letters of Philip, second earl of Chesterfield (1835), p. 123
2 Clarendon, Life, vol. II, pp. 168–9
3 M. Exwood and H. L. Lehmann (eds), Journal of William Schellinks’ Travels in England, 1661–63, Camden 5th Series, vol. 1 (Royal Historical Society, 1993), p. 91
4 Clarendon, Life, vol. II, pp. 187–91, quoted in Sonya M. Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, 1660–1685 (Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1998), p. 17
5 Bodleian Library Carte MS 31, f.602
6 ODNB entry for Catherine of Braganza (2004)
7 Anna Keay, The Last Royal Rebel: The Life and Death of James, Duke of Monmouth (2016), p. 56
8 Lillias Campbell Davidson, Catherine of Bragança: Infanta of Portugal & Queen Consort of England (1908), p. 201
9 Ruth Norrington, My Dearest Minette: Letters Between Charles II and His Sister, the Duchesse d’Orléans (1996), p. 71
10 Ibid., p. 72
11 Gertrude Z. Thomas, Richer than Spices (1965), p. 95
12 The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), p. 528
13 Peter Leech, ‘Musicians in the Catholic Chapel of Catherine of Braganza, 1662–92’, Early Music, vol. 29, no. 4 (November 2001), pp. 571–87
14 Ibid., pp. 575–7
15 See Edward Corp, ‘Catherine of Braganza and Cultural Politics’, in Clarissa Campbell Orr (ed.), Queenship in Britain 1660–1837 (2002), pp. 53–73
Chapter Nine
1 Ruth Norrington, My Dearest Minette: Letters Between Charles II and His Sister, the Duchesse d’Orléans (1996), pp. 53–4
2 C. H. Hartmann, La Belle Stuart (1924), pp. 27 and 29
3 Pepys, Diary, vol. IV, p. 230
4 Ibid., pp. 37–8
1 Ronald Hutton, Charles II: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1991), p. 249
2 Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 83
3 Quoted in Katharine Eustace, ‘Britannia: some high points in the iconography of British coinage’, British Numismatic Society Journal, vol. 76 (2006), p. 328
4 The ODNB entry for Katherine Howard states that she remarried Viscount Newburgh some time towards the end of 1648 and that she offered shelter to Charles II during his escape from Hampton Court to the Isle of Wight at that time. As the date of the king’s escape was actually in November 1647, the date of her remarriage must be wrong.
5 Anthony Hamilton, Memoirs of the Comte de Gramont, Allan Fea (ed.) (1906), pp. 336–8
6 Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 145
7 ODNB entry for Lady Mary Sidney (2004)
8 C. H. Hartmann, La Belle Stuart (1924), p. 154
9 West Sussex Record Office, Goodwood MSS 1071
10 BL Add MS 21948, f.281
11 BL Stowe MS 200, f.330
12 ODNB entry for Charles Stuart, sixth duke of Lennox and third duke of Richmond (2004)
13 West Sussex Record Office, Goodwood MSS 1071
Chapter Eleven
1 Deborah P. Fisk (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to English Restoration Theatre (2000), p. 1
2 Ibid., p. 31
3 Harold Weber, quoted in Elizabeth Howe, The First English Actresses: Women and Drama, 1660–1700 (1992), p. 37
4 Charles Beauclerk, Nell Gwyn (2005), pp. 9–12
5 Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 503
6 John Downes, Roscius Anglicanus: or, An historical review of the stage from 1660 to 1706 (1708), quoted in ODNB entry for Charles Hart (2004)
7 Peter Holland, The Ornament of Action: Text and Performance in Restoration Comedy (1979), p. 82
8 Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 594
9 The Cambridge Companion to English Restoration Theatre states that Buckingham’s adaptation dates from 1664 and that it was performed that year (p. 284). Elizabeth Howe, in The First English Actresses, believes that it was not performed by the King’s Company until 1667, after Hart and Gwyn had started acting opposite one another. She acknowledges that there is no absolute proof that Nell Gwyn played the female lead, Constancia, but I find her arguments persuasive (p. 67).
10 Quoted in Elizabeth Howe, The First English Actresses: Women and Drama, 1660–1700 (1992), p. 72
11 The ODNB entry for Charles Sackville has his mother, Lady Frances Cranfield, as governess to Charles I’s children, but this is an error. Lady Frances was only eight years old when the future Charles II was born. It is Buckhurst’s grandmother, born Mary Curzon and later wife of Thomas Sackville, first earl of Dorset, who was the royal governess. She died in 1645.
12 Quoted in Charles Beauclerk, Nell Gwyn (2005), p. 105, from a contemporary satirical poem called ‘The Lady of Pleasure’. This should not be confused with James Shirley’s 1635 play of the same name.
Chapter Twelve
1 For Louise de Kéroualle, see Part Six: Baby Face
2 Quoted in Ronald Hutton, Charles II: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1989), p. 279
3 Verse from the New Academy of Compliments, quoted in Matthew Jenkinson, Culture and Politics at the Court of Charles II, 1660–1685 (2010), p. 170
4 The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), p. 498
5 Quoted in the ODNB entry for Eleanor Gwyn, by Sonya Wynne
6 Quoted in Charles Beauclerk, Nell Gwyn (2005), p.165
7 For more details on Nell’s possessions and lifestyle as Charles II’s mistress, see Charles Beauclerk, Nell Gwyn (2005), Chapter 11.
8 Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685 (2005), p. 136
9 Lillias Campbell Davidson, Catherine of Bragança: Infanta of Portugal & Queen Consort of England (1908), pp. 331–2
Chapter Thirteen
1 Bryan Bevan, in his biography of Louise de Kéroualle, Charles II’s French Mistress (1972), speculates, without any evidence, on Louise’s relationship with Henriette Anne. See pp. 16–17.
2 T. Bebington (ed.), The Right Honourable the Earl of Arlington’s Letters to Sir William Temple . . . July 1665 to September 1670 (1701), vol. I, p. 445
3 Quoted in Steven Hicks, Ralph, First Duke of Montagu (1638–1709): Power and Patronage in Late Stuart England (2015), p. 73
4 Helen Jacobsen, ‘Luxury consumption, cultural politics and the career of the earl of Arlington, 1660–1685’, The Historical Journal 52(2) (2009), p. 307
5 Jeanine Delpech, The Life and Times of the Duchess of Portsmouth, translated by A. Lindsay (1953), p. 62, quoted in Sonya M. Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, 1660–1685 (Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1998)
6 The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), pp. 505–6
7 Quoted in Bryan Bevan, Charles II’s French Mistress (1972), p. 43
8 W. D. Christie (ed.), Letters addressed from London to Sir Joseph Williamson, Camden Society, ns, vol. viii (1874), p. 74, quoted in Wynne, Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, p. 42
9 The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), pp. 678–9
Chapter Fourteen
1 Bryan Bevan, Charles II’s French Mistress (1972), pp. 43 and 72 (both quotations without source, though the one in pidgin English is reported in H. Forneron, Louise de Kéroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, p. 72)
2 Quoted from a report in the Dutch Royal Archives, in K. H. D. Haley, William of Orange and the English Opposition, 1672–4 (1953), p. 200. Sonya M. Wynne refers to this incident in The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, 1660–1685 (Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1998), p. 45, but gives Lady Worcester’s first name as Margaret.
3 Andrew Browning, Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby and Duke of Leeds, 1632–1712, vol. 2, Letters (1944), pp. 69–70
4 Essex Papers, p. 265, quoted in Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, p. 120
5 Quoted in H. Forneron, Louise de Kéroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, p. 95
6 West Sussex Record Office, Goodwood MSS 1903
7 Quoted in H. Forneron, Louise de Kéroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, p. 171. Most authorities, including Wynne and Hutton, refer to this sum of money as £100,000 rather than the French crowns that Charles II refers to. There is not, however, a direct equivalence.
1 Notably Jonathan Scott in Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis, 1677–1683 (1991), p. xiii and passim
2 Sidney, Diary, p. 15, quoted in Sonya M. Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, 1660–1685 (Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1998), p. 127
3 Scott, Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis, p. 161
4 See Part Seven: The Cardinal’s Niece
5 The text is printed in The Harleian Miscellany, vol. 8, pp. 377–91, where a footnote added later suggests that supporters of the duke of York may have been responsible for the production and dissemination of this attack on Louise because of her support for exclusion. As the articles were published in January 1680 and Louise did not come out for exclusion until August that year, this explanation does not fit the timing of events.
6 Sidney, Diary, vol. I, p. 232, quoted in Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, p. 130
7 Quoted in Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, p. 138
8 TNA, ref. PRO 31/3/147, f.367
9 J. R. Jones, Country and Court: England 1658–1714 (1978), p. 216. A case could be made for William III as a stronger monarch, though his reign ended in 1702.
Chapter Sixteen
1 Two elder sisters, Laure-Victoire and Olympe, were already in Paris.
2 Sarah Nelson (ed. and trans.), Hortense and Marie Mancini, Memoirs (2008), p. 85
3 Noel Williams, Five Fair Sisters (1906), p. 38
4 Quoted in Elizabeth C. Goldsmith, The Kings’ Mistresses: The Liberated Lives of Marie Mancini, Princess Colonna, and Her Sister Hortense, Duchess Mazarin (2012), p. 6
5 Williams, Five Fair Sisters, p. 61
6 Quoted in Goldsmith, The Kings’ Mistresses, p. 10
7 Ibid., p. 18
8 Nelson, Hortense and Marie Mancini, Memoirs, p. 37
9 Ibid., p. 39
10 This convent was not the same as the one where Hortense and Marie Mancini had earlier lived, on the Rue Saint-Jacques.
11 Mazarin, Memoirs, p. 51
12 Quoted in Goldsmith, The Kings’ Mistresses, p. 72
13 Mazarin, Memoirs, p. 81
Chapter Seventeen
1 Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Charles II (1675–6), pp. 473–4
2 Quoted in Elizabeth C. Goldsmith, The Kings’ Mistresses: The Liberated Lives of Marie Mancini, Princess Colonna, and Her Sister Hortense, Duchess Mazarin (2012), p. 140
3 Ibid., p. 452
4 Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, vol. 9, p. 63
5 Archives des Affaires Étrangères, Correspondance Politique Angleterre 117, f.117, quoted in C. H. Hartmann, The Vagabond Duchess: The Life of Hortense Mancini Duchesse Mazarin (1926), p. 159
6 Ibid., pp. 168–9
7 John Hayward (ed.), The Letters of Saint Evremond (1930), p. 167
8 Quoted in Goldsmith, The Kings’ Mistresses, p. 156
9 Quoted in Charles Spencer, To Catch a King: Charles II’s Great Escape (2017), p. 275
10 Mark N. Brown (ed.), The Works of George Savile, Marquis of Halifax, vol. 2 (1989), pp. 492 and 504
Epilogue
1 Quoted in Bryan Bevan, Charles II’s French Mistress (1972), p. 188
2 Montagu Papers at Boughton Court. I am grateful to Crispin Powell, the duke of Buccleuch’s archivist at Boughton, for bringing this to my attention.