Appendix

CONSUMER EXPENDITURE SURVEY

The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) is an annual survey of American consumer behavior, conducted by the US Census Bureau under contract with the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The history of the dataset goes back to the late nineteenth century, though the modern and annual-based survey began in 1980. One of the major goals of the survey is to update a cost-of-living index, known as the Consumer Price Index (CPI); however, given its comprehensive and accurate information on consumers’ spending behaviors and their socioeconomic characteristics, it has long been used by researchers to analyze and explain consumer behaviors.

The CE comprises two independent surveys: the Diary Survey and the Interview Survey. The Diary Survey collects expenditure data on small and frequently purchased items and is reported by a self-administered diary, while the Interview Survey is designed to collect data on expenditures that are relatively large (e.g., durable goods) or that are regularly bought (e.g., rent, insurance). Given the superior performance of the Interview Survey found in Bee et al. (2012), this book mainly used the Interview microdata for analyzing certain consumer groups’ behavior.

The microdata not only provide individual household-level information on purchased items, specified by hundreds of Universal Classified Codes (UCC), but also contain information on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the household. Since the quarterly Interview Survey covers approximately 7,000 households across the country (nationally representative), the sample size of the annualized dataset is about 35,000 consumer units. All the analyses are weighted using sampling weights to represent national estimates and are performed through statistical package Stata version 11.1.

Table A.1. Average household income and expenditures, 1996–2014 (in 2015 dollars)

	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
Unweighted counts of consumer units	20,251	20,850	21,549	27,262	26,947	28,339
Weighted number of CUs (in thousands)	82,629	84,991	84,115	81,692	81,454	88,735
Average income before taxes	57,190	58,766	60,280	62,271	61,246	63,426
Average annual expenditures	50,163	50,346	51,205	52,439	51,567	51,826
Food	7,129	7,189	7,148	7,066	7,024	6,922
Alcoholic beverages	427	426	431	426	417	452
Housing	15,221	15,561	15,859	16,245	15,942	16,332
Apparel and services	2,057	2,063	1,966	1,994	1,914	1,800
Transportation	9,887	9,730	9,774	10,178	10,327	10,470
Health care	2,555	2,572	2,634	2,682	2,711	2,766
Entertainment	2,624	2,577	2,552	2,722	2,542	2,583
Personal care products and services	436	435	428	425	432	314
Reading	249	252	247	240	214	197
Education	690	737	783	769	796	779
Tobacco products and smoking supplies	395	397	402	443	455	433
Miscellaneous	1,231	1,161	1,198	1,175	1,019	985
Cash contributions	1,645	1,600	1,798	1,906	1,848	1,790
Personal insurance and pensions	5,616	5,646	5,982	6,168	5,926	6,003
	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Unweighted counts of consumer units	30,398	31,820	36,168	35,625	33,261	31,945
Weighted number of CUs (in thousands)	92,388	97,391	116,282	117,356	118,843	120,171
Average Income before taxes	64,999	65,734	68,495	71,131	71,145	71,969
Average annual expenditures	52,364	51,507	51,091	53,135	53,789	54,396
Food	6,876	6,779	6,978	6,962	7,049	8,080
Alcoholic beverages	449	401	400	428	446	381
Housing	16,439	16,369	16,336	17,185	18,089	18,078
Apparel and services	1,747	1,563	1,518	1,567	1,495	1,452
Transportation	10,404	10,257	9,687	10,063	9,837	9,712
Health care	2,969	2,980	3,018	3,062	3,059	3,079
Entertainment	2,667	2,575	2,621	2,694	2,676	2,747
Personal care products and services	340	341	341	335	332	332
Reading	191	171	163	153	137	135
Education	941	943	1,047	1,089	978	1,025
Tobacco products and smoking supplies	436	394	358	383	382	368
Miscellaneous	1,062	806	796	892	917	849
Cash contributions	1,798	1,876	1,765	2,016	2,195	2,079
Personal insurance and pensions	6,048	6,052	6,065	6,307	6,197	6,076

	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
Unweighted counts of consumer units	32,238	32,936	32,883	31,541	31,480	30,315	30,173
Weighted number of CUs (in thousands)	120,770	120,847	121,107	122,287	124,416	125,670	127,006
Average income before taxes	70,017	69,471	67,826	67,086	67,399	64,750	66,762
Average annual expenditures	52,919	51,617	50,109	49,963	50,867	49,637	50,816
Food	7,833	7,654	7,533	7,519	7,631	7,470	7,607
Alcoholic beverages	358	376	369	373	375	369	398
Housing	17,640	17,523	16,971	16,668	16,361	16,390	16,788
Apparel and services	1,305	1,238	1,205	1,140	1,182	1,093	1,138
Transportation	9,172	8,173	8,085	8,514	9,070	8,731	8,582
Health care	3,096	3,281	3,237	3,291	3,469	3,499	4,097
Entertainment	2,691	2,614	2,435	2,367	2,322	2,185	2,354
Personal care products and services	331	332	311	308	313	292	299
Reading	128	120	107	120	99	104	103
Education	1,098	1,124	1,098	1,051	1,191	1,091	1,083
Tobacco products and smoking supplies	344	417	389	366	339	328	307
Miscellaneous	872	824	789	756	807	618	558
Cash contributions	1,910	1,901	1,773	1,811	1,973	1,864	1,788
Personal insurance and pensions	6,142	6,039	5,805	5,680	5,736	5,602	5,715

Source: 1996–2014 Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey Public-Use Microdata, Bureau of Labor Statistics

Table A.2. Conspicuous and inconspicuous expenditure categories

Conspicuous consumption	UCC Code
Food away from home
Meals at restaurants, carry-outs, and other	790410
Catered affairs	190902
Food on out-of-town trips	190903
Alcoholic beverage away from home
Alcoholic beverages at restaurants, taverns	790420
Alcoholic beverages purchased on trips	200900
Household textiles
Bathroom linens	280110
Bedroom linens	280120
Kitchen and dining room linens	280130
Curtains and draperies	280210
Slipcovers, decorative pillows	280220
Other linens	280900
Household furniture (excluding mattress and springs)
Mattress and springs	290110
Other bedroom furniture	290120
Sofas	290210
Living room chairs	290310
Living room tables	290320
Kitchen, dining room furniture	290410
Infants’ furniture	290420
Outdoor furniture	290430
Wall units, cabinets, and other occasional furniture	290440
Floor coverings, nonpermanent	320111
Refrigerator and oven
Refrigerators, freezers (renter)	300111
Refrigerators, freezers (owned home)	300112
Cooking stoves, ovens (renter)	300311
Cooking stoves, ovens (owned home)	300312
Housewares
Plastic dinnerware	320310
China and other dinnerware	320320
Flatware	320330
Glassware	320340
Silver serving pieces	320350
Other serving pieces	320360
Household miscellaneous
Window coverings	320120
Infants’ equipment	320130
Outdoor equipment	320150
Lamps and lighting fixtures	320220
Clocks and other household decorative items	320233
Office furniture for home use	320901
Indoor plants, fresh flowers	320903
Computers and computer hardware for nonbusiness use	690111
Cellular phone service	270102
Men’s clothing
Men’s suits	360110
Men’s sport coats, tailored jackets	360120
Men’s coats and jackets	360210
Men’s hosiery	360312
Men’s accessories	360330
Men’s sweaters and vests	360340
Men’s active sportswear	360350
Men’s shirts	360410
Men’s pants and shorts	360513
Men’s costumes	360902
Boys’ clothing
Boys’ coats and jackets	370110
Boys’ sweaters	370120
Boys’ shirts	370130
Boys’ hosiery	370213
Boys’ accessories	370220
Boys’ suits, sport coats, vests	370311
Boys’ pants and shorts	370314
Boys’ active sportswear	370904
Boys’ costumes	370902
Women’s clothing
Women’s coats and jackets	380110
Women’s dresses	380210
Women’s sport coats, tailored jackets	380311
Women’s vests and sweaters	380312
Women’s shirts, tops, blouses	380313
Women’s skirts	380320
Women’s pants and shorts	380333
Women’s active sportswear	380340
Women’s hosiery	380430
Women’s suits	380510
Women’s accessories	380901
Women’s costumes	380903
Girls’ clothing
Girls’ coats and jackets	390110
Girls’ dresses and suits	390120
Girls’ shirts, blouses, sweaters	390210
Girls’ skirts, pants, and shorts	390223
Girls’ active sportswear	390230
Girls’ hosiery	390321
Girls’ accessories	390322
Girls’ costumes	390902
Infants’ clothing
Infant coat, jacket, snowsuit	410110
Infant dresses, outerwear	410120
Infant accessories	410901
Footwear
Boys’ footwear	400210
Women’s footwear	400310
Girls’ footwear	400220
Watches, jewelry, and luggage
Watches	430110
Jewelry	430120
Luggage	430130
Vehicle
New cars	450110
New trucks	450210
Used cars	460110
Used trucks	460901
New motorcycles	450220
Used motorcycles	460902
Automobile finance charges	510110
Truck finance charges	510901
Motorcycle and plane finance charges	510902
Other vehicle finance charges	850300
Auto rental	520511
Auto rental, out-of-town trips	520512
Truck rental	520521
Truck rental, out-of-town trips	520522
Motorcycle rental	520902
Motorcycle rental, out-of-town trips	520905
Aircraft rental	520903
Aircraft rental, out-of-town trips	520906
Car lease payments	450310
Cash down payment (car lease)	450313
Termination fee (car lease)	450314
Truck lease payments	450410
Cash down payment (truck lease)	450413
Termination fee (truck lease)	450414
TV and audio
Televisions	310140
Personal digital audio players	310314
Sound components and component systems	310320
Boat and motors
Boat without motor and boat trailers	600121
Purchase of boat with motor	600132
Outboard motors	600110
Personal care products
Wigs and hairpieces	640130
Funeral
Funeral expenses	680140
Cemetery lots, vaults, maintenance fees	680901
Inconspicuous consumption, labor-intensive	UCC Code
Property management and security
Property management (owned dwellings)	230901
Management and upkeep services for security (owned dwellings)	340911
Property management (owned vacation homes)	230902
Management and upkeep services for security (owned vacation homes)	340912
Household services
Babysitting and child care in your own home	340211
Babysitting and child care in someone else’s home	340212
Care for elderly, invalids, handicapped, etc.	340906
Adult daycare centers	340910
Daycare centers, nursery, and preschools	670310
Housekeeping services	340310
Gardening, lawn care service	340410
Household laundry and dry cleaning, sent out	340520
Home security system service fee	340915
Legal and accounting fees
Legal fees	680110
Accounting fees	680902
Inconspicuous consumption, experience-driven	UCC Code
Alcoholic beverage at home
Beer, wine, other alcohol	790330
Lodging on trips	210210
Mattress and springs
Mattress and springs	290110
Repair of clothing, watch, etc.
Shoe repair and other shoe service	440110
Alteration, repair, and tailoring of apparel and accessories	440130
Watch and jewelry repair	440150
Apparel laundry and dry cleaning not coin-operated	440210
Automobile service clubs
Automobile service clubs	620113
Airline, taxi, and ship fares
Airline fares	530110
Taxi fares and limousine services on trips	530411
Taxi fares and limousine services	530412
Ship fares	530901
Medical services
Physicians’ services	560110
Dental services	560210
Eyecare services	560310
Fees and admissions
Recreation expenses, out-of-town trips	610900
Social, recreation, health club membership	620111
Fees for participant sports	620121
Participant sports, out-of-town trips	620122
Movie, theater, amusement parks, and other	620211
Movie, other admissions, out-of-town trips	620212
Admission to sporting events	620221
Admission to sports events, out-of-town trips	620222
Fees for recreational lessons	620310
Other entertainment services, out-of-town trips	620903
Musical instruments and other entertainments
Musical instruments and accessories	610130
Rental and repair of musical instruments	620904
Rental of video cassettes, tapes, films, and discs	620912
Pets, toys, hobbies, and playground equipment
Pet purchase, supplies, medicine	610320
Pet services	620410
Vet services	620420
Toys, games, arts and crafts, and tricycles	610110
Stamp and coin collecting	610140
Playground equipment	610120
Rental noncamper trailer	520904
Boat and trailer rental out-of-town trips	520907
Rental of campers on out-of-town trips	620909
Rental of other vehicles on out-of-town trips	620919
Rental of boat	620906
Rental of motorized camper	620921
Rental of other RV’s	620922
Docking and landing fees	520901
Athletic gear, game tables, and exercise equipment	600210
Bicycles	600310
Camping equipment	600410
Hunting and fishing equipment	600420
Winter sports equipment	600430
Water sports equipment	600901
Other sports equipment	600902
Rental and repair of miscellaneous sports equipment	620908
Other entertainment
Film	610210
Photo processing	620330
Repair and rental of photographic equipment	620905
Photographic equipment	610230
Photographer fees	620320
Live entertainment for catered affairs	680310
Rental of party supplies for catered affairs	680320
Personal care services
Personal care services	650310
Reading
Newspaper, magazine by subscription	590310
Newspaper, magazine non-subscription	590410
Books through book clubs	590220
Books not through book clubs	590230
Encyclopedia and other sets of reference books	660310
Tuitions
College tuition	670110
Elementary and high school tuition	670210
Miscellaneous
Dating services	680904
Vacation clubs	680905
Credit card memberships	620112
Shopping club membership fees	620115
Cash contributions
Cash contributions to charities and other organizations	800821
Cash contributions to church, religious organizations	800831
Cash contribution to educational institutions	800841
Cash contribution to political organizations	800851

Table A.3. Regression results

Expenditure regression model with MSA dummies, 2012

	Coef.	Std. err.	z	P > z	95% conf. interval
Age of householder (ref: 35 to 44)
16–24	0.273	0.032	8.5	0.000	0.210	0.336
25–34	0.143	0.022	6.5	0.000	0.099	0.186
45–54	–0.047	0.022	–2.2	0.028	–0.089	–0.005
55–64	–0.134	0.024	–5.6	0.000	–0.180	–0.087
65–74	–0.102	0.040	–2.5	0.012	–0.181	–0.023
75 and older	–0.238	0.045	–5.3	0.000	–0.327	–0.149
Income class (ref: P45 to 55)
P0–5	–0.584	0.038	–15.5	0.000	–0.658	–0.510
P5–15	–0.702	0.031	–22.8	0.000	–0.762	–0.642
P15–25	–0.504	0.029	–17.1	0.000	–0.562	–0.446
P25–35	–0.286	0.029	–10.0	0.000	–0.342	–0.230
P35–45	–0.177	0.028	–6.3	0.000	–0.233	–0.122
P55–65	0.133	0.028	4.8	0.000	0.078	0.188
P65–75	0.261	0.028	9.3	0.000	0.206	0.317
P75–85	0.435	0.029	15.2	0.000	0.379	0.492
P85–90	0.611	0.035	17.6	0.000	0.543	0.679
P90–99	0.839	0.030	27.6	0.000	0.779	0.898
P99–100	1.420	0.063	22.5	0.000	1.296	1.544
Gender of householder
Female	–0.068	0.013	–5.2	0.000	–0.094	–0.043
Race/ethnicity of householder (ref: non-Hispanic white)
African American	–0.091	0.021	–4.4	0.000	–0.132	–0.050
Asian	–0.057	0.029	–1.9	0.052	–0.115	0.001
Hispanic	0.030	0.021	1.4	0.160	–0.012	0.072
Other	–0.001	0.049	0.0	0.991	–0.097	0.096
Marital status of householder (ref: married couple)
Widowed	–0.142	0.030	–4.8	0.000	–0.201	–0.084
Divorced	–0.124	0.023	–5.5	0.000	–0.168	–0.079
Separated	0.022	0.041	0.5	0.595	–0.059	0.102
Never married	–0.056	0.023	–2.5	0.014	–0.101	–0.011
Composition of earners (ref: single-earners)
Dual-earner household	–0.031	0.020	–1.6	0.117	–0.070	0.008
Education attainment of householder (ref: high school dropouts)
High school graduate	0.078	0.024	3.3	0.001	0.032	0.124
Some college and Associate’s degree	0.141	0.023	6.1	0.000	0.096	0.187
Bachelor’s degree	0.270	0.025	10.6	0.000	0.220	0.320
Masters degree or higher	0.253	0.028	8.9	0.000	0.198	0.309
Household size
Number of children under 18	0.029	0.007	4.1	0.000	0.015	0.042
Number of seniors age 65 and over	0.006	0.022	0.3	0.799	–0.037	0.048
Homeownership (ref: renter)
Owner household	0.123	0.016	7.5	0.000	0.091	0.155
MSA dummies (ref: household in non-MSA areas)
New York, NY	0.397	0.039	10.2	0.000	0.321	0.474
New York, Connecticut suburbs	0.057	0.041	1.4	0.161	–0.023	0.136
New Jersey suburbs	0.154	0.041	3.8	0.000	0.074	0.234
Philadelphia MSA, PA NJ DE MD	0.129	0.040	3.2	0.001	0.050	0.207
Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA NH ME CT	0.052	0.041	1.3	0.209	–0.029	0.132
Chicago – Gary – Kenosha, IL – IN – WI	0.132	0.034	3.9	0.000	0.065	0.198
Detroit – Ann Arbor – Flint, MI	0.128	0.048	2.7	0.007	0.035	0.221
Cleveland – Akron, OH	0.130	0.062	2.1	0.038	0.007	0.252
Minneapolis – St. Paul, MN – WI	0.131	0.059	2.2	0.025	0.016	0.246
Washington, DC – MD – VA – WV	0.062	0.046	1.4	0.178	–0.028	0.152
Baltimore, MD	0.091	0.062	1.5	0.144	–0.031	0.213
Dallas – Ft. Worth, TX	0.213	0.044	4.9	0.000	0.127	0.299
Houston – Galveston – Brazoria, TX	0.159	0.048	3.3	0.001	0.064	0.254
Atlanta, GA	0.169	0.048	3.5	0.000	0.074	0.264
Miami – Ft. Lauderdale, FL	–0.029	0.060	–0.5	0.634	–0.147	0.089
Los Angeles – Orange, CA	0.150	0.032	4.7	0.000	0.088	0.212
Los Angeles suburbs, CA	0.198	0.049	4.1	0.000	0.102	0.293
San Francisco – Oakland – San Jose, CA	0.172	0.040	4.4	0.000	0.095	0.249
Seattle – Tacoma – Bremerton, WA	0.106	0.050	2.1	0.036	0.007	0.205
San Diego, CA	0.188	0.056	3.4	0.001	0.079	0.298
Phoenix – Mesa, AZ	0.039	0.059	0.7	0.510	–0.076	0.153
Constant	7.622	0.038	198.8	0.000	7.546	7.697
Expenditure regression model, 1996–2012
	ln(veblen)		ln(inconspicuous)		ln(other)
	Coef.	Std. err.	Coef.	Std. err.	Coef.	Std. err.
Age of householder (ref: 16 to 24)
25–34	–0.120	0.008	–0.169	0.009	0.220	0.003
34–44	–0.255	0.009	–0.225	0.009	0.259	0.003
45–54	–0.315	0.009	–0.217	0.009	0.278	0.003
55–64	–0.388	0.009	–0.181	0.010	0.239	0.003
65–74	–0.476	0.013	–0.094	0.014	0.126	0.005
75 and older	–0.813	0.014	–0.049	0.015	0.040	0.005
Income elasticity
ln(income before taxes)	0.146	0.004	0.135	0.004	0.164	0.001
Income elasticity × Income class (ref: P40–60)
P0–P20	–0.054	0.001	–0.041	0.001	–0.029	0.000
P20–P40	–0.023	0.001	–0.020	0.001	–0.011	0.000
P60–P80	0.022	0.001	0.023	0.001	0.011	0.000
P80–P90	0.039	0.001	0.045	0.001	0.021	0.000
P90–P95	0.051	0.001	0.061	0.001	0.030	0.000
P95–P99	0.062	0.001	0.079	0.001	0.036	0.000
P99–P100	0.079	0.001	0.102	0.002	0.044	0.001
Race/ethnicity of householder (ref: non-Hispanic white)
African American	–0.111	0.006	–0.180	0.006	–0.048	0.002
Asian and Pacific Islander	–0.144	0.009	–0.324	0.009	–0.057	0.003
Hispanic	0.044	0.006	–0.310	0.007	–0.036	0.002
Other	–0.022	0.015	–0.139	0.016	–0.019	0.006
Marital status of householder (ref: Married couple)
Widowed	–0.216	0.008	–0.106	0.008	–0.122	0.003
Divorced	–0.145	0.006	–0.208	0.006	–0.114	0.002
Separated	–0.110	0.011	–0.128	0.012	–0.082	0.004
Never married	–0.175	0.006	–0.223	0.006	–0.202	0.002
Education attainment of householder (ref: high school dropouts)
High school graduate	0.181	0.006	0.315	0.006	0.051	0.002
Some college and Associate’s degree	0.295	0.006	0.630	0.006	0.078	0.002
Bachelor’s degree	0.353	0.007	0.880	0.007	0.139	0.002
Master’s degree or higher	0.349	0.008	1.038	0.008	0.165	0.003
Household size
Number of children under 18	0.016	0.002	0.085	0.002	0.055	0.001
Number of seniors age 65 and older	0.015	0.006	0.044	0.007	0.033	0.002
Homeownership (ref: renter)
Owner household	0.143	0.004	0.318	0.005	0.062	0.002
Region (Ref: South)
Northeast	–0.066	0.005	0.017	0.006	0.015	0.002
Midwest	–0.011	0.005	0.059	0.005	–0.008	0.002
West	–0.004	0.005	0.190	0.005	0.075	0.002
Metro size (Ref: less than 125,000)
More than 4 million	0.140	0.006	0.150	0.006	0.187	0.002
1.2–4 million	0.105	0.006	0.119	0.006	0.124	0.002
0.33–1.19 million	0.115	0.007	0.124	0.007	0.080	0.002
125–329.9 thousand	0.063	0.006	0.122	0.006	0.049	0.002

Table A.4. Average annual expenditures by metropolitan area and year (in 2015 dollars)

1. Fruits and vegetables
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	598	668	846	677	530	704	725	698	575	835	825
2008	653	664	952	686	648	895	724	657	613	640	761
2009	654	664	991	821	718	827	808	686	577	692	857
2010	677	653	965	787	632	1,045	943	733	543	855	821
2011	711	769	1,182	843	618	994	866	831	605	739	926
2012	728	679	932	852	759	1,215	857	829	589	731	987
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	625	580	578	600	866	904	718	852	605	474	656
2008	531	605	574	460	755	925	846	979	914	832	552
2009	682	610	621	451	806	842	768	863	776	744	661
2010	599	666	653	573	797	832	832	973	658	690	570
2011	856	833	770	610	681	850	950	1,008	688	622	729
2012	705	645	715	850	774	938	1,034	1,007	1,007	822	717
2. Artificial sweeteners
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	6	5	7	4	4	8	4	10	2	3	11
2008	6	5	11	5	9	12	7	8	6	3	7
2009	6	3	11	0	6	10	7	5	2	5	14
2010	5	1	3	4	1	6	6	4	1	1	4
2011	6	3	7	4	5	10	4	7	2	3	4
2012	5	2	5	2	4	9	3	4	2	0	4
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	5	5	10	5	5	9	3	1	7	4	9
2008	10	7	5	6	8	4	13	5	9	5	1
2009	13	6	5	3	3	5	2	12	5	5	6
2010	3	4	3	6	8	6	3	10	4	0	2
2011	1	9	5	10	1	7	27	3	4	2	4
2012	7	6	5	6	2	6	19	4	5	3	2
3. Candy and chewing gum
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	80	58	107	78	75	69	89	130	79	101	55
2008	80	42	101	66	75	88	95	66	97	85	88
2009	86	47	115	67	68	85	108	84	95	138	74
2010	78	33	78	63	79	104	97	82	128	96	78
2011	87	56	107	88	70	96	86	78	95	170	91
2012	88	52	85	84	77	124	104	90	72	130	91
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	95	62	85	94	47	67	87	142	104	37	74
2008	64	96	64	48	31	73	108	87	115	47	78
2009	72	61	86	67	47	59	97	83	123	84	103
2010	58	69	61	67	32	60	87	75	71	21	140
2011	112	72	82	53	51	57	110	108	101	57	91
2012	133	62	62	88	46	88	88	144	135	86	117
4. Coffee
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	51	46	62	47	53	43	72	51	95	51	66
2008	51	35	58	46	68	74	51	57	40	55	65
2009	58	36	87	57	53	86	51	84	67	62	68
2010	60	43	100	57	78	88	65	64	53	42	113
2011	75	56	114	69	82	127	78	89	78	87	104
2012	86	51	113	71	115	149	71	78	75	81	55
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	75	37	42	42	55	78	97	87	31	45	68
2008	28	43	46	38	52	45	68	45	90	103	42
2009	25	30	42	60	67	69	82	86	64	74	55
2010	45	38	43	48	55	62	82	96	78	49	52
2011	59	75	68	52	58	72	80	97	117	75	51
2012	83	67	64	73	83	110	83	117	120	90	119
5. Roasted coffee
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	32	34	38	33	39	30	53	34	46	30	38
2008	34	21	42	29	44	55	34	36	31	37	43
2009	39	23	54	36	38	60	36	56	41	40	46
2010	37	26	67	33	59	55	42	35	32	32	69
2011	47	32	70	43	50	85	52	58	42	60	63
2012	53	32	67	34	73	97	37	44	44	45	33
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	56	22	29	29	31	40	58	59	18	29	48
2008	18	31	31	23	28	29	45	34	62	76	32
2009	15	21	29	43	43	50	51	58	55	56	38
2010	25	25	24	29	30	37	52	67	57	34	29
2011	43	45	44	28	25	46	60	64	91	53	31
2012	62	42	34	39	42	65	47	76	80	62	81
6. Tea
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	29	26	41	34	33	31	33	39	30	25	36
2008	32	25	44	39	42	52	40	40	31	18	71
2009	29	27	56	44	39	43	34	32	19	18	38
2010	29	29	48	29	45	44	34	30	26	40	51
2011	31	35	39	32	61	38	34	34	35	41	36
2012	30	32	32	45	35	47	45	22	40	12	33
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	28	23	34	21	46	48	27	35	33	25	29
2008	19	20	30	13	24	39	21	29	37	56	15
2009	45	32	28	18	25	27	17	31	24	36	28
2010	27	30	15	20	24	23	17	33	22	34	33
2011	31	36	36	24	22	34	27	26	37	23	40
2012	23	22	48	17	20	35	35	59	26	41	17
7. Bottled water
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	60	70	85	85	49	93	78	86	52	58	100
2008	61	51	91	87	57	87	74	64	76	31	57
2009	57	57	86	73	63	67	69	84	49	53	68
2010	52	61	77	57	56	63	65	47	25	33	75
2011	53	55	90	88	51	78	58	65	55	40	72
2012	57	65	68	87	65	67	58	34	37	64	78
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	79	93	65	53	36	109	85	70	55	54	67
2008	33	62	94	46	52	129	105	85	88	99	63
2009	43	52	91	39	35	90	90	55	55	100	63
2010	44	64	64	69	27	87	77	51	35	58	60
2011	57	67	75	58	30	90	64	59	30	77	55
2012	50	66	86	78	61	86	114	51	70	84	57
8. Wine
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	97	58	117	180	50	135	101	26	108	247	258
2008	87	70	101	128	90	181	103	52	103	123	163
2009	100	89	214	213	73	189	97	62	80	129	203
2010	87	82	371	138	113	122	79	57	32	119	205
2011	104	67	101	130	178	113	114	83	52	88	179
2012	103	72	178	125	150	200	69	125	36	155	145
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	202	98	123	86	94	111	73	417	81	55	187
2008	51	94	94	45	98	113	87	194	239	276	43
2009	181	111	219	81	99	104	123	182	189	201	150
2010	93	54	78	101	38	116	56	131	256	119	44
2011	68	85	149	84	96	165	143	259	189	151	244
2012	267	74	104	109	87	101	228	166	176	193	95
9. Other alcoholic beverages
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	456	346	698	590	390	559	575	464	353	1,098	796
2008	442	292	602	529	539	646	576	381	412	628	774
2009	433	413	662	470	360	635	446	349	439	739	573
2010	412	453	895	443	507	652	375	372	357	813	599
2011	455	368	469	534	478	813	496	520	429	629	875
2012	450	262	553	529	605	813	510	413	294	696	706
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	553	314	570	446	233	549	436	840	367	230	547
2008	291	386	685	300	375	528	458	712	862	714	391
2009	436	426	732	347	322	481	547	715	818	588	608
2010	332	321	367	384	154	528	373	640	859	574	411
2011	412	447	484	479	303	859	429	757	582	746	681
2012	734	447	464	350	282	418	697	654	673	685	483
10. Housing
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	16,925	17,804	26,262	24,725	19,771	20,330	21,028	15,708	17,772	19,906	26,070
2008	17,102	19,462	27,752	25,163	21,828	20,598	20,771	15,960	16,010	19,652	26,326
2009	16,887	18,853	25,378	25,718	20,183	20,919	20,595	16,704	14,910	18,607	25,083
2010	16,555	18,725	27,056	24,389	19,026	21,261	20,448	16,236	14,681	18,001	25,756
2011	16,813	18,431	25,952	25,635	20,365	21,170	20,510	16,161	14,852	17,333	25,330
2012	16,856	19,937	27,012	24,425	19,799	20,001	19,780	15,817	15,704	18,804	29,379
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	20,279	17,855	18,254	17,478	19,285	22,867	22,081	25,221	20,733	21,890	19,652
2008	20,549	17,805	17,820	16,863	17,712	22,334	23,328	26,080	22,110	23,081	19,504
2009	21,004	18,668	19,963	17,306	19,990	21,755	19,374	25,686	22,117	20,712	17,620
2010	20,061	17,737	18,559	18,416	16,379	20,580	18,859	26,818	21,367	22,018	15,254
2011	21,251	18,851	17,979	18,415	15,494	21,002	19,722	27,032	21,877	21,368	17,979
2012	20,668	18,897	19,097	17,684	15,838	20,804	21,409	24,885	19,453	22,358	19,401
11. Owned dwellings
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	6,733	4,531	13,195	11,406	7,681	8,733	9,697	6,649	6,603	8,169	12,596
2008	6,760	4,895	12,914	12,785	9,831	8,709	9,049	6,359	6,351	8,913	12,259
2009	6,542	3,868	11,662	11,777	8,562	8,146	9,733	6,878	5,135	8,205	10,649
2010	6,271	4,578	12,386	11,253	7,709	8,445	9,128	6,491	5,539	7,423	10,607
2011	6,147	4,515	12,125	12,409	8,575	8,231	8,467	6,439	5,747	7,355	10,814
2012	6,059	4,224	12,262	11,468	7,747	7,267	8,007	5,610	6,233	7,468	12,169
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	9,769	6,405	7,277	7,542	8,720	8,835	11,210	10,629	8,937	9,316	7,267
2008	9,360	6,423	6,485	7,099	6,380	8,041	10,771	10,828	8,822	8,578	8,442
2009	9,768	6,102	8,269	7,564	7,757	7,841	7,590	11,131	8,660	7,004	6,872
2010	8,255	6,530	6,704	7,316	6,013	7,184	6,849	11,277	8,476	8,669	5,599
2011	9,520	6,326	6,265	7,239	4,490	6,481	6,768	10,576	8,796	7,512	6,180
2012	7,844	6,395	7,234	5,889	5,891	6,218	8,713	8,255	7,369	8,678	7,156
12. Rent
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	2,491	6,725	2,320	3,033	2,603	3,132	2,433	1,977	2,676	1,997	3,514
2008	2,616	7,172	2,726	2,889	2,572	2,983	2,774	2,147	1,777	2,435	3,860
2009	2,733	8,043	2,644	3,676	3,076	3,441	2,632	2,094	2,402	2,382	4,417
2010	2,776	8,217	2,777	4,154	2,857	3,652	2,691	2,169	2,268	2,209	4,213
2011	2,904	7,844	3,144	3,966	3,013	3,074	3,366	2,032	2,239	1,928	4,280
2012	3,061	8,588	3,536	4,264	2,945	3,578	3,476	2,327	2,244	2,302	4,283
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	2,205	2,911	2,496	2,752	3,583	6,283	2,819	5,780	3,155	6,111	3,386
2008	3,496	3,256	2,837	3,028	4,192	6,773	3,565	6,516	4,057	6,323	2,734
2009	2,951	3,691	2,440	2,545	4,310	6,646	4,130	6,378	3,744	6,390	2,755
2010	2,752	2,898	2,841	2,989	4,045	6,362	4,559	6,639	3,633	6,436	2,548
2011	2,643	3,692	2,587	2,475	5,119	6,880	4,794	6,559	3,491	6,548	2,790
2012	3,868	3,566	2,843	3,314	4,003	7,053	4,158	7,358	3,979	6,095	3,241
13. Owned vacation home
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	288	928	504	625	491	479	456	346	479	287	359
2008	296	1,136	744	680	754	574	529	297	505	151	539
2009	300	513	556	623	812	354	389	454	238	349	413
2010	277	181	708	128	389	340	583	359	154	466	460
2011	263	361	589	259	368	587	650	111	421	142	913
2012	229	440	679	138	344	595	296	229	295	465	757
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	50	69	289	129	62	96	304	647	368	118	465
2008	124	91	193	273	296	81	254	449	501	179	157
2009	472	150	379	102	907	269	172	882	433	102	215
2010	1,010	188	219	121	283	381	352	609	546	199	284
2011	493	103	181	156	130	242	310	781	497	186	290
2012	84	188	214	202	295	36	140	425	188	153	346
14. Babysitting and child care in own home
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	52	21	98	147	87	97	79	16	7	13	294
2008	47	37	169	69	43	123	49	63	3	86	197
2009	47	225	126	304	16	88	63	49	51	17	33
2010	53	31	245	112	45	294	147	55	57	43	13
2011	51	55	217	283	117	40	75	21	0	104	162
2012	54	129	186	118	41	55	121	21	4	48	587
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	28	87	51	19	57	62	56	130	22	113	19
2008	0	5	17	3	5	150	131	105	16	275	107
2009	5	32	155	14	0	81	20	114	27	189	62
2010	291	38	76	16	5	103	58	51	183	150	9
2011	25	28	30	52	11	83	32	127	207	19	1
2012	34	76	51	116	18	80	53	72	66	35	14
15. Housekeeping services
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	118	171	219	216	122	147	198	44	96	95	241
2008	119	202	188	209	205	164	176	131	92	82	213
2009	112	108	199	110	73	161	203	181	14	90	341
2010	112	165	281	149	109	206	128	123	45	143	326
2011	105	100	159	174	89	182	160	95	27	58	329
2012	132	284	220	141	175	153	141	204	93	84	469
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	104	102	110	89	179	307	136	313	125	289	140
2008	71	82	88	110	107	275	141	257	113	198	134
2009	184	185	214	99	270	262	108	217	232	223	83
2010	113	153	159	109	129	242	202	247	129	113	138
2011	210	145	137	129	57	290	188	386	80	94	122
2012	106	109	148	98	112	272	321	528	81	235	281
16. Televisions
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	162	222	107	207	130	201	241	143	110	104	256
2008	164	131	303	160	203	113	195	102	132	125	218
2009	140	95	157	124	105	147	211	115	144	91	133
2010	119	83	112	147	122	128	179	99	151	132	169
2011	113	106	182	180	46	108	141	114	105	143	145
2012	102	83	143	112	97	121	126	96	160	93	160
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	187	264	94	181	166	175	195	200	252	94	135
2008	236	226	259	119	298	187	258	230	255	62	216
2009	128	160	289	81	202	148	164	146	163	105	95
2010	208	193	217	113	87	93	38	129	115	65	186
2011	81	128	230	108	161	142	116	129	108	129	75
2012	180	96	92	110	48	131	92	90	92	117	122
17. Women’s footwear
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	160	259	212	264	181	123	458	137	1	158	231
2008	138	210	221	174	136	195	105	110	101	222	237
2009	149	245	362	98	108	181	145	101	97	121	349
2010	146	324	209	123	199	96	246	101	232	85	192
2011	151	343	217	141	94	259	179	157	94	206	238
2012	159	277	121	161	213	154	198	205	74	64	298
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	111	169	168	161	140	213	147	144	118	152	266
2008	41	174	125	72	52	162	214	209	27	89	133
2009	283	273	260	147	122	133	194	437	345	298	266
2010	138	247	80	291	100	166	104	139	218	118	133
2011	55	167	329	192	94	158	162	93	119	495	130
2012	207	195	73	261	145	187	278	84	118	198	168
18. Women’s clothes
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	626	934	1,008	941	472	546	1,200	651	1,235	923	934
2008	594	555	1,037	883	690	535	817	481	1,185	765	702
2009	558	550	876	544	492	645	602	510	307	574	1,129
2010	565	737	768	472	738	538	703	477	614	415	753
2011	600	977	757	804	462	647	614	429	720	782	1,067
2012	571	540	706	594	775	564	633	589	433	889	767
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	338	449	667	469	497	608	693	629	1,043	740	1,056
2008	420	725	500	538	526	654	330	987	709	518	367
2009	606	878	827	576	523	466	914	870	875	1,437	648
2010	543	691	584	446	166	839	723	526	953	546	1,954
2011	580	925	833	547	400	625	587	772	342	569	614
2012	672	908	412	848	461	723	803	1,013	599	774	736
19. Men’s clothes
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	353	515	263	464	454	342	327	383	331	529	518
2008	345	485	517	362	356	200	431	233	180	374	572
2009	304	376	392	327	318	408	299	406	258	264	432
2010	304	535	520	426	512	368	251	228	201	394	701
2011	323	462	423	424	370	302	410	240	227	282	509
2012	318	442	527	379	337	312	363	235	225	361	424
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	502	407	241	426	118	470	261	784	551	493	330
2008	312	277	290	300	147	469	375	387	697	626	329
2009	382	350	437	176	245	276	1,341	259	446	379	322
2010	412	276	218	217	152	371	449	632	365	269	156
2011	414	505	528	283	194	434	443	385	423	180	340
2012	316	446	335	418	245	481	286	516	566	357	255
20. Personal care products and services
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	587	591	746	798	594	534	725	468	574	694	749
2008	616	582	855	608	687	650	726	562	481	761	920
2009	595	536	797	733	620	662	696	671	439	700	1,017
2010	581	515	884	618	633	756	709	528	625	650	967
2011	634	611	705	769	569	716	741	633	626	702	1,127
2012	629	664	685	732	724	703	614	679	516	857	925
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	511	740	804	487	578	732	697	852	641	510	761
2008	596	776	714	570	628	765	820	1,009	879	689	641
2009	715	698	708	651	618	627	686	812	796	682	1,080
2010	687	745	796	667	580	664	612	753	958	679	454
2011	605	911	774	624	503	766	780	823	746	647	566
2012	1,028	691	913	655	633	708	650	830	726	703	678
21. Dating services
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	0.39	0.34	0.13	1.04	0.00	0.00	0.20	0.48	0.00	0.00	0.54
2008	0.26	1.05	0.27	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.73	0.00	0.00	0.00
2009	0.38	1.28	0.02	0.00	0.28	0.47	0.28	0.31	0.00	0.00	0.00
2010	0.32	0.86	0.21	0.00	0.45	0.00	0.00	3.05	0.00	0.00	0.34
2011	0.44	0.77	0.00	0.00	1.01	0.06	0.53	2.19	0.00	0.00	1.11
2012	0.50	0.13	0.00	0.43	0.00	0.12	0.59	1.33	0.00	1.51	0.82
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	0.00	0.00	0.44	0.16	0.00	0.27	0.38	0.14	0.33	0.00	0.53
2008	0.00	0.00	0.26	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.67	0.16	1.18	0.00	0.89
2009	1.04	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.39	0.00	0.22	0.00	0.00	0.30
2010	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.30	0.00	0.16	0.00	0.00	0.00
2011	0.00	0.17	0.00	0.93	0.36	1.53	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
2012	0.00	2.26	0.00	0.35	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.35	6.05	0.00	0.00
22. Social, recreation, health club membership
	US	NY	CT	NJ	PHI	BOS	CHI	DET	CLE	MIN	DC
2007	123	133	194	117	186	278	203	59	79	127	220
2008	127	104	395	158	169	281	199	94	86	280	158
2009	115	95	238	165	209	215	147	197	42	196	271
2010	121	50	208	237	143	208	124	106	55	139	307
2011	122	117	312	185	115	124	164	139	92	151	246
2012	127	110	187	167	100	144	316	121	225	198	322
	BAL	DAL	HOU	ATL	MIA	LA	LA SUB	SF	SEA	SD	PHX
2007	100	58	136	59	48	94	303	253	118	115	101
2008	154	87	216	70	40	111	110	256	188	124	225
2009	109	63	187	105	39	141	56	231	192	108	83
2010	100	98	86	102	40	130	35	163	322	93	87
2011	92	157	115	181	29	218	68	252	215	187	114
2012	98	85	101	113	89	162	65	317	185	191	233