END NOTES
1 http://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla:243957#page/1/mode/2up
2 David C. Cassidy, Beyond Uncertainty, Heisenberg, Quantum Physics, and the Bomb (Bellevue Literary Press, New York 2009) p. 363
3 David C. Cassidy, Uncertainty, The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg (W.H.Freeman and Company 1992) p. 303
4 Repository AIP.org , Samuel A. Goudsmit papers, Box 46, Folder 148. Werner Heisenberg, Yearbook of the American Philosophical Society, 1976, p. 77
5 Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations , (paperback) p. 165
6 Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, American Prometheus, The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer, (Vintage Books 2005 paperback), p. 65
7 Laura Fermi, Atoms in the Family, My Life with Enrico Fermi (The University of Chicago Press 1954 paperback), p. 32
8 The Sun , Magazine Section, New York, Sunday, September 28, 1919
9 Atoms in the Family , p. 89
10 Stephane Groueff, Manhattan Project , The Untold Story of the Making of the Atomic Bomb (Universe, Inc.) p. 25
11 Isaac Asimov, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (Truman Talley Books/Plume/New York 1992) p. 167
12 Atoms in the Family , p. 86
13 The Making of the Atomic Bomb , p. 211
14 Ibid, p. 213
15 Atoms in the Family , p. 91–92
16 The Making of the Atomic Bomb , p. 217
17 Atoms in the Family, p. 98
18 Ibid, p. 101
19 Ibid, p. 115
20 Ibid, p. 118
21 https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/
22 Atoms in the Family , p. 115, 121, 123
23 Enrico Fermi Nobel Lecture , December 12, 1938, p. 417
24 Brighter Than a Thousand Suns , p. 62
25 The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 259–260
26 Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe , (Simon & Schuster, 2007), p. 139
27 Richard Rhodes filmed interview with the author, 2014.
28 The New York Times, January 31, 1939
29 The Making of the Atomic Bomb p. 286
30 The New York Times , August 12, 1945
31 The Making of the Atomic Bomb p. 294
32 Winston S. Churchill, (The Second World War , The Gathering Storm), (Houghton Mifflin, 1976) (paperback) p. 345
33 Jean Medawar & David Pyke, Hitler’s Gift, Scientists Who Fled Nazi Germany , (Richard Cohen Books 2000) p. 235
34 Elisabeth Heisenberg, Inner Exile: Recollections of A Life with Werner Heisenberg (Birkhäuser Boston 1984) p. 57
35 Thomas Powers, Heisenberg’s War: The Secret History of the German Bomb (Da Capo Press 1993) p. 4
36 Inner Exile p. 64
37 Heisenberg’s War, p. 256
38 David C. Cassidy, J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century (Pi Press 2005) p. 167
39 http://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla:243957#page/2/mode/2up p. 75
40 Jim Baggott, The First War of Physics: The Secret History of the Atom Bomb 1939–1949 (Pegasus Books 2010), p. 10
41 J. Robert Oppenheimer, Atomicarchive.com
42 Ibid, p. 43
43 Gino Segrè and Bettina Hoerlin, The Pope of Physics: Enrico Fermi and the Birth of the Atomic Age (Henry Holt and Company 2016), p. 162
44 Physics and Beyond , p. 169
45 Ibid, p. 170
46 Samuel Goudsmit, ALSOS (American Institute of Physics Press 1996) p. 114
47 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland
48 Arnold Kramish, The Griffin: The Greatest Untold Espionage Story of World War II (Houghton Mifflin Company 1986), p. 59
49 Ibid, p. 59
50 The New York Times, “Vast Power Source in Atomic Energy Opened by Science,” May 5, 1940
51 The First War of Physics, p. 60–61
52 http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Begin/MAUD.shtml (The Maud Report, 1941)
53 David C. Cassidy, J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century (Pi Press 2005) p. 218
54 Glenn T. Seaborg with Eric Seaborg, Adventures in the Atomic Age, From Watts to Washington (Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2001) p. 70
55 Ibid, p. 71
56 Paul Lawrence Rose, Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, A Study in German Culture (University of California Press 1998 paperback) p. 134
57 Ibid, p. 396
58 David Irving, The Virus House, Germany’s Atomic Research and Allied Counter-Measures (electronic version copyright 2002 Parforce UK Ltd) p. 157
59 Thomas Powers, Heisenberg’s War: The Secret History of the German Bomb (Da Capo Press 1993 paperback) , p. 195
60 From Hiroshima to the Moon , p. 226
61 Hitler’s Uranium Club , p. xxvi
62 Beyond Uncertainty, p. 311
63 https://archive.org/details/1940RadioNews
64 Seva Gunitsky, Fascism Spread in 1930’s America. It could Spread Again Today (Chicago Tribune 8/16/17)
65 Atoms in the Family , p. 170
66 Ibid, p. 171
67 Gino and Bettina Hoerlin, The Pope of Physics: Enrico Fermi and the Birth of the Atomic Age (Henry Holt And Company New York 2016) p. 175, 180
68 Adventures in the Atomic Age, p. 86
69 Ibid, p. 86–87
70 Hitler’s Gift p. 173
71 Leona Marshall Libby Interview, Voices of the Manhattan Project, Atomic Heritage Foundation
72 American Prometheus p. 185
73 The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 426
74 Ibid, p. 448–449
75 http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/oppenheimer-security-hearing
76 William Lawren, The General and the Bomb, A Biography of General Leslie R. Groves, Director of the Manhattan Project (Dodd, Mead & Company New York 1988) p. 100
77 Gregg Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb (Henry Holt and Company LLC 2002), p. 55
78 The First War of Physics, p. 144
79 Virus House p. 124
80 Ibid, p. 158–162
81 The Making of the Atomic Bomb , p. 432
82 The New York Times, Wise Gets Confirmation: Checks with State Department on Nazis’ Extermination Campaign, November 25, 1942
83 The Making of the Atomic Bomb p. 433–436
84 The First War of Physics, p. 131
85 The Making of the Atomic Bomb , p. 440
86 Ibid, p. 440
87 Ibid, p. 440–442
88 Ibid, p. 436
89 Ibid, p. 475–476
90 The Making of the Atomic Bomb , p. 674
91 Laura M. MacDonald, Curse of The Narrows (Walker Publishing Company, Inc. 2005), p. 288
92 The First War of Physics , p. 95
93 The Toronto Daily Star , December 8, 1917 (p. 1 headline)
94 The First War of Physics , p. 259
95 Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, August 6, 1945 (Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima)
96 John Coster-Mullen, Atom Bombs, The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man (2009), p. 41
97 The First War of Physics , p. 280
98 General Leslie R. Groves, Now It Can Be Told, The Story of the Manhattan Project (Da Capo Press 1983) p. 72
99 Virus House , p. 156
100 Ibid, p. 183–188
101 Robert Serber, The Los Alamos Primer: The First Lectures on How to Built an Atomic Bomb (University of California Press)
102 The Making of the Atomic Bomb , p. 462
103 AtomicBombMuseum.org
104 The Making of the Atomic Bomb , p. 323
105 American Prometheus , p. 209
106 Ibid, p. 231
107 The Making of the Atomic Bomb , p. 570
108 American Prometheus, p. 209
109 Ibid, p. 216
110 Lillian Hoddeson, Paul W. Henriksen, Roger A. Meade & Catherine Westfall, Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos during the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945 (Cambridge University Press 2004) p. 77
111 Curve of Binding Energy, p. 192
112 General Leslie R. Groves, Now It Can Be Told, The Story of the Manhattan Project (Da Capo Press 1962 paperback) p. 72
113 ALSOS, p. 65
114 Jeffrey T. Richelson, Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea (W.W. Norton & Company 2006), p. 27
115 Now It Can Be Told, The Story of the Manhattan Project , p. 199
116 Daniel J. Kevles, Heisenberg’s Uncertainties (The New Yorker, 1993)
117 Physics and Beyond, p. 188
118 Heisenberg’s War, p. 60
119 Jeremy Bernstein, Hitler’s Uranium Club, The Secret Recordings at Farm Hall (Copernicus Books 1957), p. 44
120 Spying on the Bomb p. 29
121 Ibid, p. 32
122 Ibid, p. 43–45
123 Ibid, p. 33
124 Spying on the Bomb p.34
125 Inner Exile p. 77
126 Heisenberg’s War (hard cover) p. 22
127 Amir D. Aczel, Uranium Wars, The Scientific Rivalry That Created the Nuclear Age (Palgrave MacMillan 2009) p. 147
128 Heisenberg’s War , p. 255
129 Ibid, p. 127
130 Ibid, p. 257
131 Robert S. Norris, Racing for the Bomb, General Leslie R. Groves, The Manhattan Project’s Indispensable Man (Steerforth Press 2002), p. 284
132 The First War of Physics , p. 216
133 Neal Bascomb, The Winter Fortress, The Epic Mission to Sabotage Hitler’s Atomic Bomb , (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2016) p. 269
134 Virus House p. 241–242, 246
135 Ibid, p. 241–242
136 The Winter Fortress , p. 60
137 The Making of the Atomic Bomb p. 514
138 Virus House , p. 241
139 The Winter Fortress , p. 306
140 Racing for the Bomb , p. 291–292
141 Heisenberg’s War p. 267
142 Heisenberg’s War, p. 5
143 Ibid, p. 265
144 Ibid, p. 264, 267
145 Ibid, p. 313
146 Racing for the Bomb, p. 364
147 Implosion Becomes a Necessity (The Manhattan Project, an interactive history, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of History and Heritage Resources)
148 S.L. Sanger, Craig Wollner, Working on the Bomb: An Oral History of WWII (Continuing Education Press, School of Extended Studies, Portland State University 1995)
149 Racing for the Bomb , p. 221
150 American Prometheus p. 281
151 Ibid, p. 281
152 Critical Assembly, A Technical History of Los Alamos during the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945
153 The Winter Fortress , p. 311
154 Nazis Have Atom Bomb, Stockholm Report Declares , The Minneapolis Star, October 3, 1944, p. 7
155 Nazis’ New ‘V-2’ Bomb a Failure According to Report of Witness, The Ottawa Journal, October 5, 1944, p. 2
156 Paris Delivered , British Pathé Gazette Newsreel
157 Now It Can Be Told , p. 193
158 From Hiroshima to the Moon , p. 232
159 Ibid, p. 232
160 American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Archives, Samuel Goudsmit Papers, Box 25, Folder 03, Alsos – travel and other orders and receipts with some Goudsmit correspondence, 1942–1945
161 ALSOS , p. 34
162 Ibid, p. 56
163 Ibid, p. 56
164 Ibid, p. 58–60
165 Ibid, p. 65
166 Virus House , p. 293
167 From Hiroshima to the Moon , p. 230–231
168 Ibid, p. 225, 228
169 American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Archives, Sub Series A, ALSOS Mission Material, Box 25, Folder 05, letter to wife, December 10, 1944
170 Heisenberg’s War, p. 371
171 ALSOS , p. 75
172 Niels Bohr Archives, ALSOS Mission Material, Box 25, Folder 05, Letter to Wife, December 10, 1944
173 Heisenberg’s War, p. 371
174 ALSOS , p. 69
175 Ibid, p. 70
176 Hitler’s Uranium Club , p. xxv
177 Ibid, p. xxix
178 Virus House, p. 309
179 ALSOS, p. 71
180 Heisenberg’s War , p. 376
181 Ibid, p. 377
182 Spying on the Bomb , p. 37
183 Heisenberg’s War , p. 402
184 Ibid, p. 402
185 The First War of Physics , p. 278
186 Inner Exile , p. 3
187 Heisenberg’s War , p. 403
188 Uncertainty , p. 493
189 Racing for the Bomb p. 368
190 ALSOS , p. 98
191 Virus House , p. 321
192 ALSOS , p. 99
193 Colonel Boris T. Pash, The Alsos Mission (Award books 1969 paperback), p. 229
194 Now It Can Be Told , p. 243
195 The Alsos Mission , p. 239
196 Ibid, p. 239
197 Physics and Beyond, p. 191
198 Heisenberg’s War, p. 294
199 Ibid, p. 392
200 Ibid, p. 397–398
201 Ibid, p. 392–393
202 ALSOS , p. 112–113
203 Heisenberg’s War , p. 426
204 Inner Exile , p. 108
205 Universal Newsreel: Nazi Murder Mills (First Newsreel Pictures of Nazi Death Camps)
206 Heisenberg’s War , p. 326
207 Ibid, p. 326
208 ALSOS, p. 48
209 The Curve of Binding Energy , p. 81
210 Jennet Conant, Man of the Hour: James B. Conant, Warrior Scientist (Simon & Schuster 2017), p. 310
211 The Making of the Atomic Bomb , p. 543
212 The General and the Bomb , p. 203
213 Racing for the Bomb , p. 371
214 Ibid, p. 371
215 Lillian Hoddeson, Paul WE. Henriksen, Roger A. Meade & Catherine Westfall, Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos during the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945 (Cambridge University Press 2004) p. 174
216 Hitler’s Uranium Club p. 319
217 Inner Exile , p. 113
218 Victor Weisskopf, The Joy of Insight: Passions of a Physicist (Plunkett Lake Press 2013) location 1037
219 Hitler’s Uranium Club , p. xviii
220 Ibid, p. 102
221 Ibid, p. 98
222 Uncertainty , p. 483
223 Hitler’s Uranium Club , p. 96, 98
224 Uncertainty p. 525
225 ALSOS , p. 125
226 Ibid, p. 126
227 Virus House , p. 275
228 John Hersey, Hiroshima (Vintage Books 1973), p. 2–4
229 Ibid, p. 5
230 Major General Charles W. Sweeney, U.S.A.F. (Ret.) with James Atonucci and Marion K. Antonucci, Wars End, An Eyewitness Account of America’s Last Atomic Mission (Avon Books 1997) p. 168
231 David Bodanis, E=MC2, A Biography of the World’s Most Famous Equation , (A Berkley Book 2001) p. 166–169
232 The Avalon Project: The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Chapter 7 – The Attacks (Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library)
233 David McCullough, Truman (Simon & Schuster 1992) p. 457
234 American Prometheus , p. 315
235 Ibid, p. 315
236 Ibid, p. 316, 319
237 ALSOS , p. 131
238 Heisenberg’s War, p. 437
239 Now it Can Be Told , p. 338
240 Hitler’s Gift p. 177
241 Hitler’s Uranium Club , p. 116
242 Ibid, p. 116
243 Ibid, p. 116, 125
244 ALSOS , p. 134–135
245 Beyond Uncertainty , p. 376–378
246 Atom Bombs , p. 41
247 Pathé Newsreel
248 Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, August 6, 1945 (Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima)
249 The Making of the Atomic Bomb , p. 605
250 The Pope of Physics , p. 269
251 Atoms in the Family , p. 244
252 Uncertainty , p. 528
253 ALSOS , p. xxxv–xxxvi
254 ALSOS , p. xli
255 Ibid, p. xxii
256 Beyond Uncertainty , p. 381
257 The First War of Physics , p. 111
258 Heisenberg’s War , p. 133
259 The First War of Physics , p. 126
260 Ibid, p. 126–127
261 Heisenberg’s War , p. 137
262 Niels Bohr Library Archives, Samuel Goudsmit Papers, (Box 10, Folder 95, Heisenberg Werner: Correspondence 1940–1954)
263 Inner Exile , p. 74
264 Virus House , p. 134
265 Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich Memoirs (Simon & Schuster Paperbacks 1970), p.227
266 Mark Walker, Nazi Science: Myth, Truth and the German Atomic Bomb (Perseus Publishing 1995), p. 196
267 Brighter than A Thousand Suns , p. 105
268 Heisenberg’s War , p. 459
269 Ibid, p. 100
270 Nazi Science: Myth, Truth and the German Atomic Bomb , p. 259
271 http://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla:243957#page/4/mode/2up , p. 78–79