THE PAGE NUMBERS IN THE INDEX CORRESPOND TO THE PRINT EDITION OF THE BOOK. PLEASE USE YOUR EBOOK READER’S SEARCH FACILITY TO FIND A SPECIFIC ENTRY
A
Abbe, Ernst 18, 26
acetic acid 152
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 52, 54
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 25, 51–2, 54, 55–6, 81, 176–7
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase 25, 54, 55–6
adipocytes 172–3
alcohol 55, 150
algae 8, 32–4, 56, 93, 126, 129–31, 147
alleles 64
alternation of generations 77
amino acids 25, 38, 45, 47
anaerobic respiration 34, 55
anaphase 66, 67, 69
animalcules 14
antibiotics 32
resistance 106, 125
antibodies 156
antigens 156
antiseptic 153
antithrombin 87
Apicomplexa 115
apoptosis 157–60, 162, 163, 172
Archaea 30, 32, 40, 42, 51, 55, 61, 92–7, 100–3, 108
see also prokaryotes
artificial selection 80, 84
asexual reproduction 60, 70–1, 77, 88, 109
autotrophs 56, 146–7
B
bacteria 14, 19, 22, 30, 32, 50–1, 55, 61, 89, 92–5, 100–8
antibiotics 32, 106, 125
biofilms 124–5
cell death 148–56
classification 98–9
colonies 124–7
cyanobacteria 100, 124, 126–7, 132–3
genome 40, 82
nitrogen fixation 101–2, 132–3
phages 145
platelets 169
spores 98, 147–9, 150–2
thermophilic 96
transgenic 86–7
see also prokaryotes
bacteriophages 145
binary fission 16–17, 61
biofilms 124–5
blastula 135
blood cells 12, 22, 78, 106, 114, 133, 162, 166–9
bone cells 160, 175
Borlaug, Norman 84
Boveri, Theodor 21
Brown, Robert 16
bubonic plague 105
budding 8, 70, 71
Buffon, Comte de 16
C
Calvin cycle 56
Cambrian Explosion 130
cancer 78, 92, 161–3
capillaries 12
carbon cycle 100
carrier proteins 38
cartilage 121
caspases 157
cell cycle 60–9, 160, 163
cell death 9, 133, 140, 142–63
cell division 18–19, 59–77, 134–5
cell membrane 34–7, 55, 61, 95, 122, 161
cellular respiration 25, 34, 36, 51, 55
cellulose 21, 33, 56, 100, 121–2
centrosomes 66–7
chemotherapy 163
chitin 33, 122
chlorophyll 56
chloroplasts 21, 30, 56–7, 95
cholera 105
cholesterol 34
chromatids 65–7, 71
chromatin 18, 19, 21, 136–7, 140
chromosomes 18, 19, 20–1, 40, 64–73, 89, 161
cilia 50–1, 110, 155, 178
ciliates 110, 113
clones 60, 88–9, 135
coccolithophores 113
codominance 64
collagen 21, 121, 172
colonies 124–7, 130, 132–3
complement proteins 155, 156
contact inhibition 162
Crick, Francis 23
cyanobacteria 100, 124, 126–7, 132–3
cytoblastema 16, 17, 18
cytokinesis 63, 73
cytoplasm 33, 40, 46, 50, 61, 117, 169
cytoskeleton 48–51, 117, 122
cytosome 110
cytotoxic T cells 157
D
dark field microscopy 26–7
Darwin, Charles 80–1
dendrites 171, 175, 182, 185, 186
dendritic cells 155–6, 157
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 22–5, 27, 30, 38–45, 55–6, 84–5
binary fission 61
cell cycle 64–9
cell death 157, 158
E. coli 106
synthesizers 89
variation 71, 78–83
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methyltransferase 137
desmosomes 49, 122
diatomaceous earth 113
diatoms 113
differentiation 60, 132–4, 136, 160
diffusion 36, 55, 109
disease
bacteria 104–7
cancer 78, 161–3
protists 114–15
Dolly the sheep 88, 135
dominance 20–1, 79
double fertilization 77
Dumortier, Barthélemy 17
Dutrochet, Henri 16
dyneins 31, 50–1
E
eggs 20, 70, 74–5, 88, 136
elastin 21, 121
electron microscopes 26
electron transport chain 54
embryos 17, 87, 134–5, 138–9, 140
endocytosis 37
endoplasmic reticulum 19, 30, 46, 186
endosymbiosis 56, 95
entropy 144
enzymes 21, 25, 38, 137
erythrocytes 166
Escherichia coli 32, 61, 106, 150
eukaryotes 30–1, 40, 42, 55, 93
cell cycle 60, 62–9
cytoskeleton 48–9
unicellular 108–11
evolution 24, 25, 71, 79–84, 92, 106, 130, 149
extracellular matrix 33, 121–2
extremophiles 94, 96–7
eyes 178–81
F
fat cells 172–3
fermentation 52, 55
fertilization 20
fibroblasts 121
filamentous bacteria 101
fimbriae 32
flagella 31, 51, 110
flagellates 110, 113
Flemming, Walter 18, 19
fluorescence microscopy 27
food poisoning 106, 150
Franklin, Rosalind 23
frustrules 113
fungi 32–3, 129–30, 147
ant farming 102–3
reproduction 77
G
gametes 20, 70–7, 80, 114
see also eggs; sperm cells
gametophyte 77
gap junctions 122
gatekeeper proteins 44
gene expression 136–7
genes 21, 23, 39
genetically modified (GM) crops 87
genetic engineering 84–7, 106
genetics 20–4, 38–45, 78
see also deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); reproduction
genomes 24, 40, 70, 81–2, 86–7, 140
bacteria 40, 82
synthetic 89
giardiasis 115
goats, transgenic 87
Golgi apparatus 19, 30, 47, 186
gram-negative/-positive bacteria 32
Green Revolution 84
grex 117
Griffiths, Frederick 22
growth 8
growth factors 160–1, 162, 163
H
Haeckel, Ernst 108–9, 110, 116, 138–9
Halococcus salifodinae 96
Harvey, William 12
Hayflick, Leonard 161
heat shock proteins 148, 152
HEPA filters 153
heterocysts 132–3
heterotrophs 146–7
histones 42–3, 95, 137
Hooke, Robert 13, 33
horizontal gene transfer 79, 80
hox genes 140
Human Microbiome Project 92
immortal cells 160–3
immune system 155–7
insulin 37, 38, 47, 86
intermediate filaments 48, 49
K
keratinocytes 171
kinesins 31, 50–1
Knoll, Max 26
Kossel, Albrecht 22
Krebs’ cycle 54
L
lactic acid 55
Leeuwenhoek, Antony van 14
leptin 172
Levene, Phoebus 22
ligands 36–7
lignin 33, 122
Lister, Joseph 153
Lister, Joseph Jackson 18
Lohmann, Karl 25
loricae 113
Lovelock, James 144
luminescent bacteria 102
lymphocytes 156, 157
lysosomes 47, 155
lysozyme 150, 154–5
M
macrophages 155–6, 157
malaria 114, 117
Malpighi, Marcello 12
meiosis 20, 71–7, 114, 117
melanin 170–1
melanocytes 170–1
Mendel, Gregor 20, 79
Merismopedia 126
meristematic cells 134
messenger RNA (mRNA) 44–5, 46
metaphase 66, 67, 69, 72
methanogens 100
Methanosarcina 96, 127
Meyen, Franz 16
MHC class I complex 157
MHC class II complex 156–7
microfilaments 48–9
microRNAs 140
microscopes 12–15, 18, 26–7
microtubules 48, 50–1, 62–3, 67–9, 72, 117, 163
Miescher, Friedrich 22
mitochondria 19, 25, 30, 55–6, 95
mitosis 18–19, 63, 66–9, 77, 117, 134, 136, 160
Möbius, Karl 19
Morgan, Thomas Hunt 21
motor proteins 31, 50–1
MRSA 32, 106
multicellularity 118–41
muscle 49, 122, 176–7
mutations 78, 80, 92, 158
myelin sheath 185
myocytes 176–7
myofibrils 176–7
N
natural selection 80–1
see also evolution
necrosis 158
nerve cells 182–6
neurocytes 182–6
neurotransmitters 47, 122, 186
neutrophils 155–6
Newton, Isaac 16
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) 54
nitrogen fixation 101–2, 132–3
Nostoc 127, 132
nucleic acids 22–5, 81
viruses 145
see also deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); ribonucleic acid (RNA)
nucleosomes 137
nucleotides 39–40, 44–5, 64–5, 78, 82, 85, 89, 140
nucleus 16, 18, 20, 21, 30, 40, 46
protists 110
transfer 88
O
oomycete 116
organelles 18, 19, 30, 50, 55–6
origins of life 24, 25
osteocytes 175
oxidation 52, 54
oxidative phosphorylation 54
P
Palade, George 24
parasites 93, 114–15
pasteurization 152
Pasteur, Louis 152, 153
pectin 33
phagocytes 155–6
phase contrast microscopy 27
phospholipids 34, 36, 46, 145
photosynthesis 25, 56, 100, 132–3
picophytoplankton 109
plants 33, 47, 56–7, 115, 121–2, 129–31
cell death 133, 157–8
meristematic cells 134
multicellularity 120–2
reproduction 60, 77
vascularization 131
plasmids 79
plasmodesmata 122
Plasmodium 114–15, 117
plasmodium 117
platelets 169
pluripotent cells 134, 135, 140
polar bodies 75
polysaccharides 32, 121, 176
post-mitotic cells 160
potato blight 115
precursor cells 133, 134
prokaryotes 30–1, 40, 56, 60–1, 79
single cell 92–107
see also Archaea; bacteria
prometaphase 66, 67, 68
prophase 66, 68, 72
proteins 21–2, 24, 38–47, 121
cell death 157
cytoskeleton 48–9
“p53” 158, 162
protists 108–15, 130
protophyta 108
protoplast 33
protozoa 108, 110
Pyrococcus furiosus 97
Q
quorum sensing 125
R
radiotherapy 163
receptor proteins 36, 38
recessive genes 20–1, 79
red blood cells 12
reduction 54
Remak, Robert 17
reproduction 8, 16–17, 58–89
asexual 60, 70–1, 77, 88, 109
sexual 70–9
vegetative 60, 87
respiration 52, 54–5
anaerobic 34, 55
cellular 25, 34, 36, 51, 55
restriction enzymes 85
retinocytes 178–81
ribonucleic acid (RNA) 22, 24–5, 30–1, 44, 137, 140
ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase 44
ribosomes 24, 31, 45–7, 55–6, 61
rod and cone cells 178–81
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 46, 186
Ruska, Ernst 26
S
Salmonella 32, 150
Schleiden, Matthias 16
Schrödinger, Erwin 144
Schwann, Theodor 16, 17, 18
secretory vesicles 37, 46
self-destruction 9
sex cells see gametes
sexual reproduction 70–9
sickle cell disease 78
signaling proteins 38–9
single-celled organisms 90–117
single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 78
size of cells 8, 109–10
slime molds 116–17
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 46–7
sodium channels 185
sodium-potassium pump 182
somatic cells 78, 88, 135
sperm cells 20, 74, 77
spores 77, 98, 114, 116, 117, 147–9, 150–2
sporophytes 77
staining 18, 98
stem cells 133–5, 140, 161, 162
sterilization 152–3
Sulfolobus 97
Sumner, James 21
Sutton, Walter 21
symbiosis 55–6, 93, 102
synapse 122, 186
synthetic biology 88–9
Syringammina fragilissima 109, 110
T
Tait, Lawson 153
telomerase 162
telomeres 161–2
telophase 66, 67, 69, 72–3
thrombocytes 169
totipotent cells 134, 136
transcription 44, 95
transcription factors 137, 140
transfer proteins 36–7
transfer RNA (tRNA) 45
translation 45, 95
transposons 79, 80
tropomyosin 177
tubulin 50–1
U
uracil 44
V
vacuoles 47, 110
variation 71, 78–83, 106
vegetative reproduction 60, 87
Veratti, Emilio 19
vesicles 47–8, 50, 121, 155, 186
villi 48, 133
Virchow, Robert 17
viruses 144, 145
vitamin C 121
Volvox 126, 132
von Gerlach, Joseph 18
von Sachs, Julius 19
W
water cycle 100
water mold 116
water supplies 150, 152
Watson, James 23
Wilkins, Maurice 23
Y
yeasts 71, 86, 116, 146
Z
zygotes 70, 77, 114, 117, 134