Index*

Abel, Elie

Abscam

actors

experiment with emotions and ANS changes

Stanislavski technique

Allen, Woody

Allison, Grahamn

altruistic lies

Anderson, Gerald

Anderson, Jack

anger

ANS changes

blanching or reddening

and emotion wildfire

facial expression, illus.

smiles

voice and speech changes

apprehensive expression; illus.

Arthur, Richard

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

changes measured, see polygraph

drugs as suppressant

see also blanching; blushing/reddening; breathing, eyes, pupil dilation; salivation; swallowing; sweating

Ball, George W. bargainers

Barland, Gordon

Beary, Dr. John, III

behavioral clues

as adjunct to polygraph testing

to concealed information, list; see also specific ones

from delight in duping

to false emotion; see also specific ones

to honesty

illustrators

making interpretation more explicit

precautions in interpreting

problems in spotting

training in spotting

see also body movement; facial expressions; words and speech

believing-a-lie mistakes

polygraph tests

blanching (behavioral clue)

blinking (behavioral clue)

blushing/reddening (behavioral clue)

boasters and braggarts; see also duping, delight in

body movement

and autonomic nervous system

cultural and national differences

emblems and emblematic slips

and facial expression: less information in body; when not synchronized

gestures

and how emotion is registered

illustrators

manipulators

posture

self-monitored and controlled

see also facial expressions; hands/hand gestures

Bolshakov, Georgi

boredom

illustrators

speech changes

Bowles, Chester

breathing (behavioral clue)

Brezhnev, Leonid

Brokaw, Tom

Brokaw hazard

definition

emblematic slips

illustrators

manipulators

reliable facial muscles

voice and speech changes

Bundy, McGeorge

Bundy, Ted

business and employment

bargaining

internal crime;

embezzlement; pilferage

job applicants; for police work

negotiating

on-the-job check-ups

polygraph testing

sales

Buzhardt, Fred

Carter, Jimmy

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

polygraph testing

Chamberlain, Neville: and Hitler passim

Chaplin, Charlie

Chaplin smile; illus.

child: abuse

and teacher

see also parent and child, lies between

Churchill, Winston

Collodi, Carlo: Pinocchio

compliant smile

concealment (as way of lying)

and ANS changes

half-concealment

involuntary facial expression

plus falsification

when it is not lying

con men

“mirror play,”

see also Hamrak, John

contempt: facial expression

smiles; illus.

toward victim

voice pitch

contentment: facial expression

smile; illus.

Control Question

Technique/Test passim

conversational signals

criminals

in business

delight in duping and revelation of crime

interrogation

interrogation by polygraph; Gerald Anderson; Control Question Technique; guilty base rate; Guilty Knowledge Technique; see also polygraph, questioning procedures

lack of guilt

lawyer and suspect

religious confession

Cuban missile crisis

cultural differences

customers

and salesmen

customs officials

Daie, Netzer

Daley, Robert: Prince of the City; see also Leuci, Robert

Daniel, Donald

Darwin, Charles

Dayan, Moshe

Dean, John W.

deception clues

cultural, national, and language differences

hard to prevent

see also autonomic nervous system; behavioral clues; body movement; emblems/emblematic slips; facial expressions; voice; words and speech

deception guilt, see guilt (about lying)

Dershowitz, Alan

detection apprehension, see fear of being caught

Detzer, David

diplomats and statesmen

Cuban missile crisis

see also Hitler, Adolf; military deceptions; individual leaders

disbelieving-the-truth mistakes passim, passim

polygraph testing passim

see also Othello error

disgust: and emotion wildfire

facial expression

falsification of

voice pitch

distress

ANS changes

and emotion wildfire

facial expression; illus.

illustrators

smile

tears

voice pitch

Djilas, Milovan

Dobrynin, Anatoly; illus.

doctor and patient, lies between

and use of placebos and

see also Mary

Dougherty, Denise

drug use: and polygraph testing

duping, delight in; see also con men

Efron, David

Ehrlichman, John

embarrassment:

blushing/reddening

smile

embezzler

emblems/emblematic slips

emotion wildfire

emotions: and ANS changes

blends

changes detected by polygraph; see also polygraph

concealment passim,

delight in duping

experiencing of

facial expressions; managed by display rules

falsification

fear of being caught; see also fear of being caught

feelings about lying

guilt about lying; see also guilt

and illustrators

and individual differences in reaction, see Brokaw hazard; Othello error

lying about feelings

masking another emotion that must be concealed or falsified

misidentifying cause of, as way of lying

produced by Stanislavski technique

strength of, and improper actions or lying

and voice; see also voice

when involved in lie, detection easier

when signs should be

discounted as deception clues

see also individual ones

enjoyment: smiles; illus.

tears

espionage, see intelligence and security; spies

excitement: ANS changes

facial expression

illustrators

smile

voice and speech changes

eyebrows (behavioral clues): as conversational signals

as emblem

and emotions

as illustrator

see also smiles

eyelids (behavioral clues): as emblem

and emotions; illus.

as illustrator

see also smiles

eyes/eye area (behavioral clues)

blinking

gaze, direction of

pupil dilation

tears/tearing

wink

see also smiles

facial expressions

and ANS changes; see also

blanching;

blushing/reddening;

sweating

asymmetry

and body movement: more information in face; when not synchronized

as conversational signals

cultural and national differences

display rules

duration and timing

emblems

eyebrows

eyelids; illus.

eyes

features and stereotypes

importance, of

involuntary

lips; illus.

location mistakes

manipulators

micro expressions

poker players

reliable facial muscles; illus.

self-monitored and controlled; see also display rules above

squelched

unilateral expressions

voluntary

see also smiles; individual emotions

falsification (as way of lying)

and ANS changes

plus concealment

smiles; illus.

voluntary facial expression

see also individual emotions

fantasies

fear

ANS changes

and emotion wildfire

experienced, without choice

facial expression; illus.

falsification difficult

mild fear keeps liar alert

smiles; illus.

voice and speech changes

fear of being caught (detection apprehension)

and guilt

and liar’s personality

and lie catcher’s reputation and character passim

stakes and punishment

voice changes,

fear of being disbelieved, see disbelieving-the-truth mistakes; innocent person

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

polygraph testing.

federal government: polygraph testing passim; OTA report

see also intelligence and security; individual agencies

flirtatious smile

Ford, Gerald

Freud, Sigmund

slips of the tongue

friends: criticism

lies between

gaze, direction of

gestures

emblems and emblematic slips

see also body movement; hands/hand gestures; illustrators; manipulators

Goffman, Erving

Goldberg, Arthur J.

grief: facial expression; illus. see also sadness

Gromyko, Andrei passim; illus.

Groth. Alexander.

Gruson, Lindsey

guilt (about lying)

ANS changes

blushing/reddening

distinct from guilt about lie’s contents

facial expression; illus.

and fear of being caught

and knowledge by others that target is being deceived

lack of; see also natural liars; psychopaths; spies

less with concealing than falsifying

problematic for the liar

and question of who benefits from the lie

reduced when lies are justified passim.

relieved by confession

shame

strongest when values shared

voice changes

when suspected of wrongdoing not committed

Guilty Knowledge Technique/Test

Hahn, Walter

Haig, Alexander

Haldeman, H. R.

Hamrak, John, passim

Handel, Michael

hands/hand gestures

emblems

see also illustrators; manipulators

happiness

facial expression

Hayano, David

Hearst, Patricia

Herbig, Katherine

Hildebrand, Martin

Hilsman, Roger

Hingley, Ronald

Hitler, Adolf

Allied landing in France

and Chamberlain passim,

as natural liar

Hughes, Howard: Irving biography hoax

humiliation (when lie unmasked): of liar

of lie catcher

of victim

see also shame

husband and wife, lies between

false accusations

and open marriage

philandering and adultery

see also Marry Me

illustrators (body movement): as behavioral clues

incest

incorrect-inference dodge

individual differences not accounted for, see Brokaw hazard; Othello error

innocent person: behavioral clues

false confession and relief from pressure

fear of being disbelieved

polygraph testing, passim

voice and speech changes

when suspected of wrongdoing not committed

see also disbelieving-the-truth mistakes; Othello error

intelligence and security

polygraph testing

spies

terrorists

see also Central Intelligence Agency; National Security Agency

Irving, Clifford: Hughes biography hoax

Jervis, Robert

John Paul II, Pope

Jones, Sara, passim

Kennedy, John F., passim; illus.

Kennedy, Joseph P.,

Kennedy, Robert F.,

Khrushchev, Nikita

Kircher, John C.,

Kissinger, Henry

Kohler, Foy

Landers, Ann

language problems; see also words and speech

laughter, tears as sign of

Lawrence, T. E.,

legal system: jury

lawyer; and client; trial work

polygraph testing, legality of

witness

see also criminals; Federal Bureau of Investigation; police

Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa’s smile

Leuci, Robert

liar: ability to fool and n. amnesty for confession

anticipation and preparation

contempt for victim

cultural, national, and language differences

duping, delight in

easy lie and hard lie

humiliation when lie unmasked

lessons for

and lie checking

may be lulled by victim

overconfidence

past relationship with victim

personal acquaintance with victim

previous deception of victim

relief from confession

self-deception

shame

skill and success; see also anticipation and preparation above; natural liars; psychopaths

values shared with victim

see also behavioral clues; fear of being caught; guilt

liar’s victim or target, see victim/target

lie(s): checking

bad lies

cruel lie

definition of lying

easy lie

easy to detect

euphemisms for

hard lie

hard to detect

justifications given; altruism; authorization passim; as political necessity; to protect target; for social reasons; see also diplomats and statesmen; military deception

need to repeat and expand

ways of lying: concealment; falsification; half-concealment; incorrect-inference dodge; misdirecting by misidentifying cause of emotion; telling the truth falsely; see also concealment; falsification

why lies fail; feelings about lying; lying about feelings; see also duping, delight in; fear of being caught; guilt

lie catcher: amnesty offered

easy lie and hard lie

and emotion wildfire

gains and losses: if suspect does not know he is suspected; with exposure of lie

Guilty Knowledge Technique/Test

humiliation

interpretation; absence of deception clues not evidence of truth; base judgments on behavioral changes; dangers and precautions; discounting emotion; emblematic slips, alertness to; making it more explicit; of manipulators; see also Brokaw hazard; Othello error

past relationship to suspect

polygraph testing, see polygraph

and personal privacy

preconceptions and awareness

punishment for lying worse than that for crime

questions about, and ability to detect

reputation; see also fear of being caught

stakes, importance of

see also believing-a-lie mistakes; disbelieving-the-truth mistakes; victim/target

lie detector, see polygraph (lie detector)

Lincoln, Abraham

lips (behavioral clues)

anger; illus.

contempt

fear; smile; illus.

as manipulators

sexual arousal

see also smiles

love affairs, lies about

benign deceit

see also husband and wife

Lovett, Robert

Lykken, David T.: and polygraph testing

McDonald’s

manipulators (body movement): as behavioral clues

Marry Me (Updike) passim passim

Marx, Harpo

Mary (psychiatric patient), interview with passim

Mead, Margaret

memory failure: as excuse

method acting, see Stanislavski acting technique

micro expressions, see facial expressions, micro expressions

military deception; see also Hitler, Adolf; intelligence and security

miserable smile; illus.

mistakes in interpretation, see believing-a-lie mistakes; disbelieving-the-truth mistakes

Mohammed el-Gamasy

Mona Lisa’s smile

Mullaney, Ross

Mussolini, Benito

national differences

National Security Agency (NSA): polygraph testing

natural liars; see also Hitler, Adolf

negotiators

Nixon, Richard

Watergate

nurses, student: experiment in concealing feelings

Office of Technology Assessment (OTA): polygraph testing, report

O’Sullivan, Maureen

Othello (Shakespeare)

Othello error

definition

emblematic slips

illustrators

manipulators

micro or squelched expressions

polygraph testing

reliable facial muscles

see also disbelieving-the-truth mistakes

parent and child, lies between; see also The Winslow Boy

patient, see doctor and patient, lies between

Phelan, James

Pinocchio (Collodi)

plagiarists

poker

“false tell,”

poker face

“tells” of opponents

police

interrogation; by polygraph; Trojan Horse strategy

interview

job applicants for police positions tested on polygraph

and suspect

see also criminals; legal system

politicians

lies justified

see also Nixon, Richard; diplomats and statesmen

polygraph (lie detector)

accuracy (studies and evaluation) passim; analog/field/hybrid studies passim; believing-a-lie mistakes; ground truth; see also innocent person, and disbelieving-the-truth mistakes below

base rate of lying; illus.

behavioral clues used in addition

countermeasures

as deterrent to lying

how charts are scored

how it works (changes in autonomic nervous system); cannot identify specific emotion(s)

innocent person, and disbelieving-the-truth mistakes passim

legality of

OTA report

Othello error

psychopaths questioned

questioning procedures; Control Question Test passim; Guilty Knowledge Test

questions, skill in designing

right to refuse testing

use for; see also business and employment; intelligence and security; police

polygraph operator

and questioning technique

skill in designing questions

training in recognizing behavioral clues

Powell, Jody

priest: confession concealed

Psycho (film),

psychopath

and polygraph test

punishment

amnesty offered

fear of being caught

guilt feeling

see also stakes, importance of

questioning techniques

amnesty offered

lying to extract a confession

polygraph; Control Question Test passim; Guilty Knowledge Test

Raskin, David C.: on polygraph testing

Rattigan, Terence, see The Winslow Boy

reading mistakes

reddening, see blushing/reddening

relief: from confessing guilt

in duping

from pressure and innocent’s confession

smile; illus.

tears

Ressler, Robert

Rule, Ann

Rusk, Dean and n.

Ruth (character), see Marry Me

Sackeim, Harold

Sadat, Anwar

sadness

facial expression; illus.

illustrators

smile

tears

voice and speech changes

Safire, William,

salesmen and customers, lies between

salivation (behavioral clue)

Saxe, Leonard

Schlesinger, Arthur

Schopenhauer, Arthur

self-deception

Semenor, Vladimir

sex: arousal and thickened lips

lies about

see also husband and wife

Shakespeare, William: Othello

Sonnet

shame: ANS changes

blushing/reddening

and guilt about lying

see also humiliation

shrug

Sirica, John J.

slips of the tongue

smiles

of anger

asymmetrical

and brain damage

Chaplin smile; illus.

of compliance

of contempt; illus.

of contentment; illus.

coordination

dampened; illus.

of distress

of embarrassment

enjoyable, blended with anger/contempt/excitement/fear/sadness/surprise

false; illus.

of fear; illus.

felt; illus.

flirtatious

listener response

miserable; illus.

qualifier

of relief; illus.

social relationships

incorrect-inference dodge

myths preserved

personal privacy

politeness etiquette

smiles

Sorenson, Theodore

speech, see words and speech

spies

polygraph testing

see also intelligence and security

squelched expressions, see facial expressions, squelched

stakes, importance of passim,

Stalin, Joseph

Stanislayski acting technique

statesmen, see diplomats and statesmen

Stevenson, Adlai

stress: detected in voice by machines

illustrators

speech errors

surprise

facial expression; illus.

smile

swallowing (behavioral clue)

sweating (behavioral clue)

Sweetser, Eve

target, see victim/target

Taylor, Telford

teachers and students, lies between

tears/tearing (behavioral clue)

teeth, gritted

terror, expression of; illus.

terrorism

Thompson, Llewellyn

tirades

Townsend, Joe

treason

Trojan Horse strategy

truthful person, see innocent person

truth told falsely (exaggerating/mocking/partial truth)

Updike, John, see Marry Me

victim/target: anonymous

audience to the deceit

of concealment lie more outraged than by falsification.

contempt for

deliberately misled

desire to be misled

difficult to fool

excuses to allay suspicion may alert one previously deceived

gains and loses

gullibility

humiliated by unmasking of lies

and liar’s fear of being caught

and liar’s guilt

may lull the liar

and “mirror play,”

personally acquainted with liar

previously deceived by liar

protection of

and the stakes of being caught

suspicious passim

trusting

values shared with liar

as willing

see also lie catcher

voice

Brokaw hazard

cadence

constriction

emotion, absence of

emotion and changes

falsification of emotion

fear of being caught

less informative than words

and lying about feelings

machines that detect stress

pitch

self-monitored

tone

see also words and speech

Watergate

Weems, Mason Locke: The Life and Memorable Actions of George Washington

Weinberg, Mel

Weizman, Ezer

Whaley, Barton

wife, see husband and wife, lies between

Willard, Richard K.

wink (behavioral clue)

The Winslow Boy (Rattigan)

Wohlstetter, Roberta

words and speech

as conversational signals

convolution

and facial expressions

how emotion is registered in speech

indirectness or evasiveness

and language differences

location mistakes

nonwords

partial words

pauses

reading mistakes

repetitions

self-monitored and controlled passim

slips of the tongue

tirades

voice less informative than words

writing mistakes

see also breathing; illustrators; voice

worried expression; illus.

writing mistakes

* Chapters 9, and chapters 11 not included.