Abacha, Sani, 154
Aburi Conference, 147, 191, 205
Addis Ababa Agreement (1972), 131, 192, 205, 217, 219
Afewerki, Isaias, 163
African Union (AU), 79–80, 109, 120–121, 123, 136–137, 198–199, 201, 204–205, 209, 210, 218
African Union Mission in Burundi (AMIB), 79, 198, 199, 205, 223
African Union Mission to Sudan (AMIS), 120, 122–123, 199, 205
African Union–United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), 123, 201, 205
Aguiyi-Ironsi, Johnson, 145, 205
Al-Bashir, Omar, 109, 117–118, 120, 122–124, 134–135, 194, 201, 202, 206
Algeria, 37, 157, 168–170, 222
Ali Dinar, 113
Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), 96–97, 196
Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur, 111
Anderson, David, 160
Anti-balaka militia, 172, 173, 203, 206, 220
Anyanya National Armed Force (ANAF), 130, 206
Anyidoho, Henry Kwami, 54
Apartheid, 2, 4–5, 10, 78, 166
Arab Gathering, 116–119, 126, 193, 206
Army for the Liberation of Rwanda (ALIR), 98, 99, 104, 196, 206, 208
Arusha Accords, 51, 56, 195, 206, 223
Asika, Tony, 153
Association for the Promotion of the Hutu Masses (APROSOMA), 37, 38, 39, 42, 189, 206
Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 144, 150, 153
Bagaza, Jean-Baptiste, 74, 78, 192, 206, 214
Bahutu Manifesto, 37, 189, 206, 218
Banality of evil, 8
Banyamulenge, 79, 92–96, 98–100, 104, 198, 200, 207
Bashir, Omar al-. See Al-Bashir, Omar
Baqqara (Baggara), 111–113, 115–118, 132–133, 193, 207, 215
Bechuanaland Protectorate, 12, 16. See also Botswana
Belgian Congo, 38, 44, 87, 89, 187, 189, 208. See also Zaire
Belgium: and Burundi, 65–67, 69, 72–75, 80, 187, 188, 207, 210, 215, 218; and Democratic Republic of Congo, 86–94, 102, 107, 190, 207, 208; Leopold II, 5, 31, 85–93, 102, 106–107, 185, 208, 211, 213; and Nigeria, 152; and Rwanda, 6, 29, 31–42, 44, 48, 51, 54, 58, 60, 62, 187, 188, 189, 195, 197, 210, 215, 218, 219
Bemba, Jean-Pierre, 98, 99, 172, 207, 214
Bennett, Huw, 160
Beringe, Friedrich Robert von, 65
Bethe, Heinrich von, 65
Biafra. See Republic of Biafra
Bismarck, Otto von, 11
Biya, Paul, 159
Bizimungu, Pasteur, 56–57, 207
Blacker, John, 160
Blue Book (“Report on the Natives of South West Africa and Their Treatment by Germany”), 187, 188
Booh-Booh, Jacques-Roger, 61
Botswana, 7, 12, 16, 23, 99, 174–175, 201, 209, 220, 222
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 96
Bozize, Francois, 172–173, 198, 200, 203
Bruguiere, Jean-Louis, 52, 207
Bunyenyezi, Chris, 47
Burundi, 5–6, 8–9, 11, 19, 26–27, 63–81; African Union Mission in Burundi (AMIB), 79, 198, 199, 205, 223; Burundi Armed Forces (FAB), 73; Bururi Province, 69–71, 73–74, 206, 207; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), 67, 207, 210; civil war, 64, 77–80, 207, 217, 220; colonial conquest and rule, 65–66; decolonization, 66–68; Forces for the Defense of Democracy (FDD), 77–79; Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU), 76–78; genocide against Hutu, 69–81, 231 n.1; Hutu exile, 72–73; liberalization, 75–77; map, 182; military regime, 68–69, 73–75; National Council for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD), 77–79; National Forces of Liberation, 73, 79–80; Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People (PALIPEHUTU), 73, 77–80; Party of the People (PP), 67–68, 218; precolonial history, 63–64; and Rwanda, 26–28, 30, 32, 34, 38–44, 48, 51–52, 55–56, 63–68, 70–78, 80–81; Union for National Progress (UPRONA), 67–68, 70, 74, 76, 190, 192, 210, 219, 222
Bush, George W., 100, 121, 126
Buyoya, Pierre, 74–76, 78, 193, 196, 206, 207, 217
Cameroon, 7, 11, 14, 18–19, 97, 113, 140, 144, 155, 157–162, 188, 189, 191, 193, 200, 206, 207
Canada, 2, 6; and Burundi, 74–75, 86; and Democratic Republic of Congo, 86, 102; and Ethiopia, 165; and Nigeria, 151–153; and Rwanda, 51, 58–59, 60, 202, 208, 214, 215, 223; and South Sudan, 136; and Zimbabwe, 168, 170
Cape Colony, 12–13, 173–174, 185
Central African Republic (CAR), 5, 7, 123, 171–173, 201, 203–204, 214, 223
Chad, 99, 111, 113–124, 143, 158, 171–172, 192–194, 199, 207–211, 213, 216, 218, 222, 223
Chadian National Armed Forces (FANT), 115–117, 207, 208
Chalk, Frank, 3
Christian Democratic Party (PDC), 67, 207, 210
Christianity: and Burundi, 66, 67, 68, 207, 210; Catholicism, 32, 35–38, 42, 53, 58 64–65, 71, 74, 84, 91, 152, 167, 188, 193, 218, 221; and Central African Republic, 172–173, 203, 220; and Ethiopia, 162; and Namibia, 13, 17; and Nigeria, 139, 143–145, 150–152, 155; Protestantism, 35, 53, 71, 74; and Rwanda, 34–36, 215; and Sudan, 110, 114, 129, 133
Churchill, Winston, 1
Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (CDR), 49–50, 208, 211
Cold War, 4, 5, 38, 75, 77, 90, 94, 114–118, 148, 154, 209
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), 135, 208
Concentration camps, 1, 17–18, 23, 77, 134, 150, 161
Congo. See Democratic Republic of Congo
Conrad, Joseph, 87
Crimes against humanity, 6, 8, 211, 213; and Burundi, 63, 80; and Central African Republic, 173; and Chad, 210, 218; Cold War era, 114–118; and Democratic Republic of Congo, 103, 106, 109, 207, 214; and Ethiopia, 164, 214; and Kenya, 161, 202, 212; post-Cold War era, 118–125; and Rwanda, 58–59, 204, 206, 215; and Sudan, 109, 121, 122, 124, 200, 201, 206
Dacko, David, 171
Dallaire, Romeo, 51, 54, 195, 208, 223
Darfur, 8, 208, 218, 220, 221; African Union–United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), 123, 201, 205; Federal Army of Darfur, 117, 209, 223; and genocide, 125–127, 132, 137–138; Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), 119, 120, 122–124; Save Darfur Coalition, 6, 121, 126, 199, 220; Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A), 119, 120, 122–124; Sultanate of, 110–114, 185, 186; War of the Tribes, 117, 194, 223; war with Wadai, 111, 185. See also Sudan
Darfur Liberation Front (DLF), 119, 198, 208, 221
Darfur Peace Agreement (2006), 122, 200, 205, 206, 208, 214, 216, 221
Darfur Peace Agreement (2011), 202, 208, 213
Dayal, Rajeshwar, 92
De Gaulle, Charles, 152
Deby, Idriss, 117–118, 120, 124, 194, 199, 208, 218
Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), 104–106, 197, 200, 204, 208, 213, 214, 215
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 83–107; Congo Crisis, 9, 83, 89–94, 210, 212, 222; Congo Free State, 5, 31, 86–89, 106, 185, 186, 187, 208; Congo Reform Association, 87, 187, 208; Congolese National Army (ANC), 89–94, 215; First Congo War, 83, 96, 196, 212; and genocide, 94–107; Luba, 4, 84–85, 90–93, 107; map, 179; People’s Republic of Congo, 93, 216; precolonial history, 83–85, 233 n.1; Second Congo War, 83, 98–102, 172, 198, 207; South Kasai, 4, 90–93, 189, 190, 212; UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC), 100–101, 103–105, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 211, 223; UN Operation in the Congo (ONUC), 90, 93, 189, 190; UN Organization Stabilization Mission on the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO), 202, 223
Dinka, 127–130, 132–133, 135–138, 193, 194, 198, 203, 205, 208–209, 213, 215
Diraig, Ahmad Ibrahim, 122, 206, 216
Djotodia, Michel, 172–173
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 87
Dupaquier, Jean-Francois, 72
Dutch East India Company, 12, 174, 185
Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL), 44
Egypt, 2, 37, 110–112, 116, 127–130, 158, 185, 187
Elkins, Caroline, 160
Elsner, Alan, 55
Eritrea, 122, 123, 130, 162–163, 188, 189, 192, 194, 206
Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), 162–163, 192
Ethiopia, 3, 5, 7, 11, 26, 49–50, 79, 123, 130–131, 136, 150, 162–165, 188, 190, 192, 193–194, 199, 204–206, 214, 219, 222
Ethnic cleansing, 6, 91, 121, 125, 126, 161, 170
Ethnicism, 9
European Union, 6, 103, 132, 199, 211, 218
European Union Force (EUFOR), 123
Fadlallah Burma Nasr, 132, 208
Failed states, 5
First People of the Kalahari (FPK), 174–175, 209, 222
First World War, 18–20, 22, 34, 65, 157, 187, 215
Forces for the Defense of Democracy (FDD), 77–79, 96, 99, 100, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 209, 217
France: and Biafra, 148, 191; and Cameroon, 157–160, 200; and Central African Republic, 171–173; and Chad, 210; and Democratic Republic of Congo, 90, 92–95; and Mali, 171; and Namibia, 11, 22; and Nigeria, 142–143, 148, 152; Operation Noroit (North Wind), 48, 51, 218; Penal Code, 4; and Rwanda, 44, 47–48, 51–54, 58, 60, 200, 202, 210; and Sudan, 111, 113–115, 118, 121, 123, 131
Francois, Curt von, 13–14
Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU), 76–78, 195, 198, 209, 216, 217
Front for National Salvation (FRONASA), 45, 209, 215
Fur, 110, 112–113, 116, 117–120, 122, 124, 125, 138, 194, 198, 208, 209, 221, 223
Gacaca court system, 57–58, 197, 203, 209
Gaddafi, Muammar, 114–117, 123, 171, 191, 209
Garang, John, 131–132, 135, 209, 213, 221
Genocide, 1–10; and Burundi, 69–81, 231 n.1; and Cameroon, 157–160; and Central African Republic, 171–173; and Democratic Republic of Congo, 94–107; and Ethiopia, 162–165; and Kenya, 160–162; liberalization and, 75–77; and media, 5–6; and Namibia, 16–23, 89, 187, 193, 197; and Nigeria, 139–140, 147–156; origins and definitions, 1–5; and Rwanda, 37–42, 52–57, 231 n.1; and San of South Africa, 173–174; and South Sudan, 135–138, 204; and Sudan, 125–127, 132; and the Tuaregs, 168–171; UN Genocide Convention (1948), 2, 58, 88, 98, 197; and Zimbabwe, 165–168
Genocide Intervention Network, 121, 209, 220
Germany, 113, 142, 152, 156–157, 161; and Burundi, 65–66, 73; and Cameroon, 157; and Democratic Republic of Congo, 87, 89, 106; and Kenya, 161; and Namibia, 3, 7, 9, 11–23, 186; Nazi Germany, 1–2, 7, 18–20, 22, 41, 147, 150, 156; and Nigeria, 142, 152, 156; and Rwanda, 27, 31–33, 43, 58, 62; and Sudan, 113
Ghana, 19, 37, 54, 56, 89, 90, 147, 158, 191, 205
Gold Coast, 19. See also Ghana
Goring, Heinrich, 20
Gotzen, Gustav Adolf von, 31, 65
Gough, John, 167
Gowon, Yakubu, 145, 147–148, 150, 154, 191, 209
Gravert, Werner von, 32
Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 93
Habre, Hissene, 115–118, 192, 194, 207, 208, 210, 218
Habyarimana, Agathe, 54, 59, 210, 217, 223
Habyarimana, Juvenal, 43–52, 54–55, 61–62, 72–73, 77, 192, 194, 195, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207, 216, 217, 219, 221
Hammarskjold, Dag, 91, 93, 190, 210
Harroy, Jean-Paul, 39, 67, 210
Haskin, Jeanne, 88
Hassan al-Turabi, 133, 210, 216
Herero, 13–15, 185, 186–187; extermination of Herero and Nama, 16–23, 89, 187, 193, 197; Herero-Nama Rebellion, 15–16, 19–23, 187
Hitler, Adolf, 20, 41, 91, 132, 150, 151, 152, 153, 167, 205
Hoare, Mike, 149
Hochschild, Adam, 88
Hollande, Francois, 160
Holocaust, 1–3, 6–9, 20, 22–23, 41, 59–60, 72, 87–88, 91, 147, 150, 151, 190
Holocaust Memorial Museum (U.S.), 121, 220
Hotel Rwanda (film), 29, 61, 199
Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda, 88
Hoyt, Michael, 71
Hull, Isabell V., 227 n.6
Hutu, genocide against, 69–81, 231 n.1
Hutu Power, 36–38, 49–50, 52, 56, 61, 75, 95–97, 107, 188, 189, 194, 202, 210–211
Hutu Ten Commandments, 50, 194
Identity cards, 35, 42–43, 53, 66, 188
Igbo, 4, 139, 141, 143–150, 153, 155–156, 188, 191, 205, 211, 217
Interahamwe, 49, 95, 97–101, 104, 208, 211
Interim Emergency Multinational Force (IEMF), 103, 199, 211
International Criminal Court (ICC), 104–106, 109, 122, 124, 161–162, 165, 168, 172, 200–204, 206–207, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 58–61, 195, 197, 206, 211, 221
Islam: and Central African Republic, 171–173, 203, 206, 220; and Libya, 209; and Mali, 170, 203; and Nigeria, 139, 140, 143–146, 150–151, 155; radical Islam, 155, 165, 216; and Somalia, 80; and Sudan, 110, 114, 128–129, 133–134, 137, 189, 206, 208, 210, 212, 217, 220
Islamic Legion, 115–117, 169, 194, 207, 211
Islamic State, 155
Islamic State of the Sahel, 114, 115, 209
Ituri Province, 7, 102–104, 107, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 210, 211, 212, 213, 216
Jamieson, Thomas, 41
Janjaweed, 118–123, 125, 198, 199, 208, 211, 215
Johnson, Lyndon, 151
Jonassohn, Kurt, 3
Juppe, Alain, 61
Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), 119–120, 122–124, 198, 199, 200, 202, 208, 212, 216
Kabila, Laurent, 96, 100–101, 104–105, 172, 196, 197
Kagame, Paul, 46–48, 52, 55–57, 60, 100, 197, 200, 207, 212, 216, 220, 222
Kasavubu, Joseph, 89, 92, 94, 212
Katanga, 38, 86, 90–94, 99, 100, 186, 189, 190, 212, 213, 222
Katjavivi, Peter, 22
Kayibanda, Gregoire, 37–38, 39–45, 189, 190, 206, 210, 212, 213, 214, 218
Kayoya, Michel, 71
Kenya, 26, 37, 41, 46, 57, 135, 160–161, 188, 190, 192, 199, 200, 201, 204, 208, 212, 220
Kenya Land and Freedom Army, 160
Kenyatta, Uhuru, 161–162, 202, 204, 212
Kibaki, Mwai, 161
Kibeho massacre, 56, 96, 195, 212
Kinyamateka (About History), 37, 213
Kissinger, Henry, 151
Kolingba, Andre, 171–172
Kordofan, 110–111, 113, 116, 118, 132–135, 138, 185, 193, 202, 213, 217, 221
Lagu, Joseph, 130
Latvia, 4
League of Nations, 18, 34, 65, 188
Lemkin, Raphael, 1–2, 5, 8, 87
Lendu, 7, 102–104, 213, 216, 218
Leonard, David, 72
Leopold II, 5, 31, 85–93, 102, 106–107, 185, 208, 211, 213
Leutwein, Theodor, 14–17
Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM), 124, 202, 208, 213
Libya, 99, 114–118, 123–124, 131, 155, 168–170, 172, 191, 194, 206, 207, 209, 211, 218, 220, 222, 223
Lithuania, 4
Lubanga, Thomas, 103, 104, 200, 203, 213
Lumumba, Patrice, 4, 89–93, 107, 189–190, 209, 213
Machar, Riek, 132, 136–137, 204, 213
Maherero, Samuel, 14–16
Mai Mai militia, 98–101, 104–105, 213
Mali, 7, 49, 115, 168–171, 190, 194, 201, 203, 216, 222
Mamdani, Mahmood, 27, 41, 126–127, 136
Mandela, Nelson, 78
March 23 Movement (M23), 105–106, 203, 213, 217
Masalit, 110, 112–113, 118–120, 124–125, 138, 197, 198, 208, 211, 213, 221
Mayardit, Salva Kiir, 135, 213
Mbida, Andre-Marie, 158
Mengistu, Haile Mariam, 5, 7, 131, 162–164, 194, 201, 214
Micombero, Michel, 68–70, 72–74, 190, 191, 214
Mining industry, 12–13, 34, 90, 91, 94, 99–106, 145, 169–172, 174
Minni Arko Minnawi, 122, 208, 214
Mitterrand, Francois, 61
Mobutu Sese Seko, 44, 48, 70, 89–90, 92–98, 102, 189, 191, 212, 214
Moumie, Felix-Roland, 158
Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), 155, 197, 214
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), 155, 214
Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC), 98–101, 103, 196, 198, 207, 214
Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), 154, 214, 220
Movement of Progressive Students of Burundi (MEPROBA), 72, 214
Mudacumura, Sylvestre, 106, 214
Mugabe, Robert, 7, 164, 166–168, 199, 202, 214
Mugesera, Leon, 49, 59, 202, 214
Muhumuza, 33
Muhutu Social Movement (MSM), 37–38, 189, 214, 218
Munyaneza, Desire, 58, 201, 215
Murahiliin, 132–133, 193, 194, 215
Murwanashyaka, Ignace, 105–106, 215
Museveni, Yoweri, 45–48, 215, 216
Musinga, 32–35, 65, 186, 187, 188, 212, 215, 219, 228 n.12
Mutara Rudahigwa, 35, 38, 188, 215
Mwambutsa, 65–66, 68, 187, 190, 215, 219
Nama, 7, 9, 13–15, 185–187; extermination of Herero and Nama, 16–23, 89, 187, 193, 197; German-Nama War, 14, 186; Herero-Nama Rebellion, 15–16, 19–23, 187
Namibia, 11–23; Battle of Waterberg, 16–17, 186; extermination of Herero and Nama, 16–23, 89, 187, 193, 197; German colonialism, 11–15; Herero-Nama Rebellion, 15–16, 19–23, 187; South West Africa (SWA), 3, 11–23, 186, 187, 188, 194, 203
National Army of the Congo (ANC), 89–94, 215
National Commission for the Fight against Genocide, 59, 201, 215
National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), 105, 200, 201, 203, 213, 215, 217
National Congress of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), 144, 188
National Council for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD), 77–79, 195, 200, 209, 216, 217
National Forces of Liberation (FNL), 73, 79–80, 94, 192, 195, 199, 200, 201, 216, 220
National Islamic Front (NIF), 116, 117, 132, 133, 194, 210, 216
National Liberation Council (CNL), 93, 216
National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT), 115, 216
National Redemption Front (NRF), 122–123, 206, 216
National Resistance Movement/National Resistance Army (NRM/NRA), 46–47, 212, 215, 216, 220
National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), 44, 49–50, 192, 211, 216
Nationalism, 12, 37–38, 43, 67, 129, 144, 158, 165
Nationalist and Integrationist Front (FNI), 104, 201, 216, 218
Natsios, Andrew, 126–127
Nazi Germany, 1–2, 7, 18–20, 22, 41, 147, 150, 156
Ndadaye, Melchior, 76–77, 195, 207, 216
Ndayizeye, Domitien, 78, 79, 198, 216
Ndori, Ruganzu, 30
Nduguta, Stephen, 47
Neo-Nazism, 8
Neutral Military Observer Group (NMOG), 49–50, 216
Ngendandumwe, Pierre, 41–42, 68, 190, 216
Ngudjolo Chui, Mathieu, 104, 216
Niger, 7, 115, 139, 155, 168–171, 194, 201, 222
Nigeria, 139–156; civil war, 8, 9, 136, 141, 139, 147–149, 151–153, 155–156, 159, 191, 209, 213, 217; colonial era, 142–144; Five Majors coup, 145–146, 191, 205, 217; and genocide, 139–140, 147–156; Igbo, 4, 139, 141, 143–150, 153, 155–156, 188, 191, 205, 211, 217; Igbo Pogroms, 146, 150, 211; independence, 144–147; map, 180; Northern People’s Congress (NPC), 144, 146, 188; oil industry, 139–140, 142, 145, 147–149, 154–155, 214, 220; Oil Rivers Protectorate, 142, 186; precolonial period, 140–142; Sokoto Caliphate, 112, 140–141, 143–144, 146, 185, 186. See also Republic of Biafra
Niyitegeka, Felicitas, 53, 217
Nkomo, Joshua, 165–167
Nkore, 26, 27, 28, 31, 45–46, 217
Nkunda, Laurent, 104–105, 198, 201, 215, 217
Nkurunziza, Pierre, 79–80, 198, 200, 202, 204, 217
North Kivu, 94–96, 104–105, 203, 208, 213, 215, 217
Northern People’s Congress (NPC), 144, 146, 188
Ntaganda, Bosco, 105–106, 203, 215, 217
Ntare Rugamba (Battle Lion), 64
Ntare V (Charles Ndizeye), 64, 68, 70, 217
Ntaryamira, Cyprien, 52, 77, 195, 217
Ntibantunganya, Sylvestre, 78, 217
Nuba Mountains, 128, 133–135, 193, 198, 217, 223
Nuba People, 133–136, 138, 194, 217, 223
Nuer, 128–130, 132, 135–137, 164–165, 194, 198, 203, 213, 217
Numayri, Jaafar Muhammad, 115–116, 131, 191, 193, 217
Nuremberg trials, 2
Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, 88
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 136, 149, 155
Odinga, Raila, 161
Ogaden Liberation Front (OLF), 162–163, 190
Ojukwu, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu, 147–151, 153–154, 191, 192, 217
Operation Amaryllis (also Operation Silverback), 54, 217, 218
Operation Artemis, 103, 199, 218
Operation Noroit (North Wind), 48, 51, 218
Operation Silverback (also Operation Amaryllis), 54, 217, 218
Operation Turquoise, 55–56, 195, 218
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 41, 49, 71, 79, 150–151, 166, 191, 205, 216, 218
Oueddei, Goukouni, 115–116, 218
Party for the Emancipation of the Hutu (PARMEHUTU), 38–42, 189, 212, 218
Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People (PALIPEHUTU), 73, 77–80, 192, 195, 199, 200, 209, 216, 218
Party of the People (PP), 67–68, 218
Patasse, Ange-Felix, 172
Patriotic Resistance Force in Ituri (FRPI), 212, 218
Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), 117–118, 194, 208, 218
People’s Armed Forces (FAP), 115, 218
People’s Defense Force (PDF), 96, 120, 133, 218, 222
Perham, Margery, 41
Perraudin, Andre, 37, 206, 218
Pius X, Pope, 88
Poewe, Karla, 20–21
Power, Samantha, 6
Racism, 4, 12, 25, 91, 117, 162
Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), 98–101, 103, 196, 219
Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma (RCD-G), 100–101, 104, 219
Rally for Congolese Democracy–Kisangani (RCD-K), 100, 103, 219
Rally for Congolese Democracy–Liberation Movement (RCD-ML), 103, 219
Ramsay, Hans von, 32
Red Terror, 162, 164, 192, 219
Reeves, Eric, 125
Republic of Biafra, 4, 7, 8, 139, 142, 147–156, 191, 192, 197, 205, 207, 213, 214, 217
Republican Democratic Movement (MDR), 56–57, 219, 222
Republican Order Number One, 131, 193, 219
Rhodes, Cecil, 13
Rhodesia, 13, 86, 90, 93, 148, 165–166, 190, 191, 210. See also Zambia; Zimbabwe
Roehm, Ernst, 20
Rome Statute, 211
Rusesabagina, Paul, 61
Russell, Bertrand, 41
Rusagara, Frank, 29
Ruto, William, 162
Rwabugiri, 31–33, 62, 64, 186, 219, 228 n.12
Rwabukombe, Onesphore, 58, 204
Rwagasore, Louis, 67, 70, 190, 210, 219, 222
Rwagasore Youth Revolutionaries (JJR), 219
Rwanda, 25–62; Belgian colonial rule, 34–37; and Burundi, 26–28, 30, 32, 34, 38–44, 48, 51–52, 55–56, 63–68, 70–78, 80–81; civil war, 47–52; decolonization, 37–42; denials of genocide, 59–62; first genocide against Tutsi, 37–42, 231 n.1; Gacaca court system, 57–58, 197, 203, 209; German colonial conquest, 31–33; independence of, 37–40, 42; International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 58–61, 195, 197, 206, 211, 221; Kingdom of Rwanda, 27, 30, 31; map, 181; memorials, 59–62; Operation Amaryllis (also Operation Silverback), 54, 217, 218; Operation Noroit (North Wind), 48, 51, 218; Operation Turquoise, 55–56, 195, 218; postgenocide justice, 57–59; postcolonial regimes and exiles, 42–44; precolonial history, 26–31; Radio Muhabura, 50–51, 219; second genocide against Tutsi, 52–57; survivor’s groups, 60–61; Rwandan exiles, 44–47; White Fathers missionaries, 32, 64, 186. See also Hutu; Tutsi; Twa
Rwanda Armed Forces (FAR), 47–56, 97–100, 101, 104, 208, 218, 219
Rwanda Defense Force (RDF), 104–105, 219
Rwandan Democratic Rally (RADER), 38, 219
Rwandan National Guard (GNR), 40–41, 219
Rwandan National Union (UNAR), 37–39, 42, 189, 219
Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), 56, 96–101, 104, 214, 219
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 29, 46–52, 54–62, 76, 95–97, 100, 102, 104–105, 193–195, 197, 200–201, 203, 206–207, 211–212, 218–220, 222–223
Rwandese Alliance for National Unity (RANU), 46, 192, 193, 220
Rwandese Refugee Welfare Association (RRWA), 46, 192, 220
Rwigyema, Fred, 46–47, 212, 216, 220
Sadiq al-Mahdi, 115–117, 132–133, 192, 193, 220
Samba-Panza, Catherine, 173
San, 173–174, 185, 201, 209, 220, 222
Save Darfur Coalition, 6, 121, 126, 199, 220
Schnee, Heinrich, 19–20
Scramble for Africa, 11, 18, 31, 86
Second Anglo-Boer War (South African War), 13, 15, 17, 186
Second World War, 1–3, 20, 22, 36–37, 41, 67, 101, 145, 150, 156, 162, 188, 228 n.12
Seleka, 172, 173, 203, 206, 220
Sendashonga, Seth,
Sharpeville massacre, 4
Shelley, Christine, 55
Simbananiye, Arthemon, 71, 221
Simbikangwa, Pascal, 59, 204, 221
Simon, Thomas W., 88
Slavery, 17, 85–86, 111, 128–129, 132, 140–143, 185
Social Darwinism, 9, 22, 36, 221
Social revolution, 39, 50, 95, 189, 210, 221
Solway, Jacqueline, 175
Somalia, 51, 54, 80, 162, 165, 192
Sometimes in April (film), 61, 200
South Africa, 60, 78–80, 139, 148, 159, 166; apartheid, 2, 4–5, 10, 78, 166; and Democratic Republic of Congo, 90, 93, 99, 101, 106; and Namibia, 7, 13, 15, 17–19, 21; San, 173–174, 185, 201, 209, 220, 222
South African War (Second Anglo-Boer War), 13, 15, 17, 186
South Sudan, 109–110, 123–130, 135–137, 184
South Kivu, 78–79, 94–96, 104–105, 197, 213, 221
South West Africa (SWA), 3, 11–23, 186, 187, 188, 194, 203 See also Namibia
Southern Policy, 129, 187, 221
Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM), 130–131, 191, 205, 206, 221
Soviet Union, 2, 4, 5, 38; and Afghanistan, 134; and Chad, 115; and Democratic Republic of Congo, 90, 91, 93, 94, 216; and Ethiopia, 162, 163; and Keita, Modibo, 169; and Gaddafi, Muammar, 209; and Mali, 169; and Nigeria, 148, 151; and Rhodesia, 165; and Rwanda, 48; and Sudan, 115, 130, 134
Stairs, William, 86
Stalin, Joseph, 2
Stanley, Henry Morton, 86, 185
Steinem, Gloria, 174
Straus, Scott, 9, 53, 72, 137, 171
Sudan, 109–138; African Union Mission to Sudan (AMIS), 120, 122–123, 199, 205; civil wars, 130–135, 164, 165, 192, 193, 205, 206, 208, 213, 217, 219, 221; Cold War era, 114–118; Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), 135, 208; and genocide, 125–127, 132, 137–138; independence of, 189; north versus south conflicts, 127–129, 132–135; Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), 119, 120, 122–124; Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A), 119, 120, 122–124; oil industry, 120, 123, 135–136, 196; post-Cold War era, 118–125; and Sultanate of Darfur, 110–114. See also South Sudan
Sudan African Nationalist Union (SANU), 130, 190, 221
Sudan Defense Force (SDF), 129, 188, 221
Sudan Federal Democratic Alliance (SFDA), 122, 206, 216, 221
Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A), 119–120, 122–124, 130, 198, 199, 200, 202, 205, 208, 214, 216, 221
Sudan Peace Act, 135, 198, 221
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), 116, 131, 131, 133, 135–136, 193, 199, 208, 209, 213, 221
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N), 136, 202, 221–222
Sudbolt, Gerd, 20–21
Survival International, 174, 222
Syria, 155
Tanzania: and Burundi, 218, 64, 69–74, 78, 80, 191, 192, 197; and Democratic Republic of Congo, 94, 99, 106; and Namibia, 11; and Nigeria, 148, 150; and Uganda, 209, 215; and Rwanda, 26, 31, 39, 42–49, 55, 58, 60, 195
Telli, Diallo, 71
Territorial Guard of Ruanda-Urundi (GTRU), 39, 222
Thousand Hills Radio-Television (RTML), 53, 55, 58, 195, 222
Tippu Tip, 85–87
Touadera, Faustin-Archange, 173, 204
Transvaal, 12–13
Trotha, Lothar von, 16–17, 20–23, 187
Trudeau, Pierre, 152–153
Tshombe, Moise, 90–94, 107, 189, 222
Tuaregs, 7, 115, 168–171, 190, 194, 201, 203, 222
Turabi, Hassan al-, 133, 210, 216
Tutsi, genocide against, 37–42, 52–57, 231 n.1
Twa, 7, 27–30, 33, 35–36, 42–43, 53, 59, 62, 64, 66, 85, 103, 188, 222
Twagiramungu, Faustin, 56, 222
Twain, Mark, 87
Uganda, 5, 45–46, 209; and Britain, 31, 34; and DRC, 6, 96–103, 106, 196, 197, 198, 199; Democratic Party (DP), 45; independence of, 45, 46; Karamojong, 26; Nkore, 26, 27, 28, 31, 45–46, 217; and Rwanda, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 44–51, 192, 192, 193, 194; and Sudan, 130; and Zaire, 196
Uganda People’s Congress (UPC), 45
Ugandan People’s Defense Force (UPDF), 96, 222
Union for National Progress (UPRONA), 67–68, 70, 74, 76, 190, 192, 210, 219, 222
Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC), 45, 103–104, 157–158, 188, 200, 213, 222
United Nations (UN): Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), 51–52, 54–56, 195, 208, 223, 230; Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 2, 58, 88, 98, 197; Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, 5; Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC), 100–101, 103–105, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 211, 223; Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA), 173, 204, 223; Observer Mission to Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR), 50, 223; Operation in Burundi (ONUB), 79, 199, 205, 223; Operation in the Congo (ONUC), 90, 93, 189, 190; Organization Stabilization Mission on the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO), 202, 223; and responsibility to protect (R2P), 6; Whitaker Report, 20–21, 193
United States, 1–2, 5–6, 170–172, 197–199, 201, 209–211, 216, 221, 222; and Burundi, 75; and Democratic Republic of Congo, 93–94, 97, 100, 104, 106; and Ethiopia, 165; and Nigeria, 148, 151; and Rwanda, 48, 54, 56, 58; and Sudan, 115–116, 120–121, 134–135
Uwilingiyimana, Agathe, 54, 223
Waldheim, Kurt, 71
War crimes, 1, 6, 211; and Democratic Republic of Congo, 103–106, 109, 207, 212, 217; and Rwanda, 58–59, 197, 203, 213, 214, 215; and Sudan, 122, 124, 136, 200, 201, 206
War of the Tribes, 117, 194, 223
Weisbord, Robert G., 88
Wieczorek-Zeul, Heidemarie, 21
Witbooi, Hendrik, 13–14, 17, 187
World War I. See First World War
World War II. See Second World War
Young, John, 153
Yousif Kuwa Mekki, 133, 134, 223
Zaghawa, 110, 112, 115, 118, 120, 124, 125, 138, 198, 208, 221, 223
Zaire, 44, 45, 48, 53, 56, 70–71, 77, 78, 94–98, 191, 195, 196, 206, 214, 218
Zambia, 58, 84, 86, 93, 99, 148, 165, 210. See also Rhodesia
Zimbabwe, 7, 13, 49, 99–100, 163–168, 192, 192, 196, 209–210, 214, 216. See also Rhodesia
Zubayr Rahma Mansur, al- 111
Zubeir Mohamed Saleh, 134, 223
Zulu Kingdom, 10