1. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill together with the Anglo-American Combined Chiefs of Staff in Casablanca for the Symbol Conference, January 1943. Left to right: Lt. Gen. Henry “Hap” Arnold, USAAF, Adm. Ernest King, USN, Gen. George Marshall, USA, Adm. Sir Dudley Pound, RN, Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Portal, RAF, Gen. Sir Alan Brooke, BA, Field Marshal Sir John Dill, BA, and Vice Adm. Lord Louis Mountbatten. © Imperial War Museums (NY 6074).

2. The Anfa Hotel, on a hill overlooking the Atlantic Ocean outside Casablanca, was the venue for Symbol Conference meetings in January 1943. U.S. Army Air Force photo, NARA (1031 AC).

3. Winston Churchill and the British Chiefs of Staff strategize in a stateroom aboard RMS Queen Mary en route to Washington for the Trident Conference, May 1943. © Imperial War Museums (A16709).

4. The Cunard liner RMS Queen Mary, converted for war, could transport 15,000 troops and took Churchill to North America for two conferences. © Imperial War Museums (A25913).

5. At the start of the May 1943 Trident Conference, Churchill and Roosevelt pose for photographs outside the White House in Washington DC. U.S. Army Signal Corps photo, NARA (208-PU-175C-4).

6. The Joint Planning meeting in Algiers, June 4, 1943. Flush with victory in Tunisia and gathered around Churchill, left to right, are Foreign Minister Anthony Eden, Gen. Sir Alan Brooke, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder, Adm. Sir Andrew Cunningham, Gen. Sir Harold Alexander, U.S. Gens. Marshall and Eisenhower, and Gen. Bernard Montgomery. Second from the left in the background is Maj. Gen. Thomas Handy, who flew to Algiers on short notice to support Marshall. © Imperial War Museums (NA 3286).

7. Lt. Gen. Sir Frederick E. Morgan, BA, was the Chief of Staff, Supreme Allied Commander (Designate), “COSSAC.” His uniform bears the SHAEF insignia. © Imperial War Museums (EA 33078).

8. Lt. Gen. Sir Frederick Morgan (left) congratulates his COSSAC deputy, Maj. Gen. Ray Barker, USA, on receiving the Order of the British Empire. U.S. Army Signal Corps photo, NARA (11583).

9. The COSSAC “Overlord Outline Plan’s” hand-drawn depiction of a three-division assault on D-Day won the Combined Chiefs of Staff’s approval at the Quadrant Conference. NARA (NM-84, 390/30/18/1, box 13, annex 3).

10. The COSSAC three-member teams who carried the “Overlord Outline Plan” to Churchill and to Washington reassembled at the Quadrant Conference in Quebec. Left to right: Captain Mansergh, RN, Captain Hutchins, USN, Brigadier McLean, BA, Major General Barker, USA; Air Commodore Groom, RAF, and Colonel Albrecht, USA. U.S. Army Signal Corps photo, NARA (178138).

11. “The Whitefish Bay U.S. Navy Exploring Expedition 1943,” a navigation chart of the waters around Birch Island, Ontario, signed by FDR and all the participants in his August 1943 secret fishing trip. FDR Library (Map #29-6-3.5).

12. Gen. Dwight Eisenhower, U.S. Army, the commander of Allied Forces in North Africa, together in Algiers, June 3, 1943, with his mentor, Army Chief of Staff Gen. George Marshall. FDR would choose Eisenhower to be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. Courtesy of the George C. Marshall Foundation, Lexington, Virginia (GCM#973A).

13. A Royal Air Force reconnaissance photo of a small portion of fire-gutted dwellings, commercial, and public buildings following night bombing raids on Mainz, Germany, in August 1942. Housing was a target in an attempt to break morale. © Imperial War Museums (C 3378).

14. At the Quadrant Conference, August 23, 1943, the Combined Chiefs of Staff and deputies gather in the Chateau Frontenac. These were tight quarters for discussing issues that were hotly debated. Left to right: Vice Admiral Mountbatten, Admiral Pound, General Brooke, Air Marshal Breadner, Lieutenant General Ismay, Field Marshal Dill, Admiral King, General Arnold, Admiral Leahy, Lieutenant General Stuart, Vice Admiral Wells, and General Marshall. U.S. Army Signal Corps photo, NARA (178136).

15. The escort carrier USS Bogue (CVE-9) photographed off Hampton Roads, Virginia, June 20, 1943. Bogue’s hunter-killer group sank two U-boats on this cruise. U.S. Navy photo, NARA (71314).

16. Last minutes of U-118, caught on the surface and sunk by aircraft from USS Bogue, June 12, 1943. A depth charge, dropped from a TBM Avenger, has splashed into the water and will explode within seconds. Seventeen survivors were rescued. U.S. Navy photo, NARA (68694).

17. Anti-U-boat patrolling by very long range (VLR) B-24 Liberator bombers, such as these five in Northern Ireland, closed the Mid-Ocean Air Gap, thus helping to turn the Battle of the Atlantic in the Allies’ favor. The antennae on the wing and nose are part of an early surface search radar. © Imperial War Museums (CH 18035).

18. The transport USS Susan B. Anthony (AP-72), decks packed with soldiers on a calm, sunny day, December 6, 1943. The “Susie B” is south of Nova Scotia, out of Boston, and bound for Britain in twenty-six-ship, fast troop convoy UT-5. U.S. Navy photo, NARA (269623).

19. With great effort, the Allies broke the German Enigma machine’s encryption of text messages. National Cryptologic Museum (Enigma File).

20. Designed with an additional stepping function, the American Sigaba encryption machine was never broken and remained in service well beyond World War II. National Cryptologic Museum (Sigaba File).

21. The Sigsaly voice encryption system brought security to Allied transatlantic radiotelephone calls that, after July 1943, never again were decrypted or identified by the Germans. Sigsaly’s fifty tons of equipment required six operators. Turntables for the phonographic crypto keys can be seen on the right. National Cryptologic Museum (Sigsaly Collection).

22. Travel to far-flung points around the world by Roosevelt and senior U.S. military officers and diplomats was facilitated by the Douglas C-54 Skymaster’s significant passenger and cargo capacity, range, and comfort. Air Transport Command photo, NARA (28039AC).

23. Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill pose atop the front steps to the Soviet Legation in Tehran, Iran, during the Eureka Conference, November 1943. Office of War Information, NARA (OWI 208-N-19478).

24. A sentry stands guard over a field of U.S. Army halftracks “somewhere in England” as the buildup for Operation Overlord mounts. Office of War Information photo, NARA (208AA42AA-3).

25. The battleship USS Texas (BB-35) as configured when escorting fast troop convoys across the Atlantic and for D-Day. U.S. Navy photo, NARA (208067).

26. Seen through the open ramp of an LCVP, infantry of the U.S. First or Twenty-Ninth Division wade toward Omaha Beach through surf and hostile fire from the heights on D-Day morning. U.S. Coast Guard photo by Chief Photographers Mate Robert E. Sargent, NARA (1041).

27. One day after D-Day, despite continued sniping and mines offshore, Omaha Beach has been transformed as scores of ships unload U.S. troops, weapons, and supplies for the fighting inland. Twelve Landing Ship Tanks (LSTs) disgorge tanks, halftracks, guns, and trucks shuttled from England. Tethered barrage balloons float overhead to deter low-level air attack. U.S. Coast Guard photo, NARA (71287AC).

28. Dawn of a new anxious age. The first atomic bomb, Trinity, 1.5 seconds after detonation at 5:30 a.m. in the desert outside Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1943. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory photo, NARA (434-SF-2-13).

29. Fifteen seconds after detonating with the force of 18.6 kilotons of TNT, all that was swept up in Trinity’s fireball roils into a mushroom-shaped cloud, still a specter today that challenges society to control the violence of war. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory photo, NARA (434-SF-2-29).