NOTES

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    1 Resting on the table: NYT, 7/3/1964, 1.

    3 Despite a storied history: Enoch P. Waters, American Diary: A Personal History of the Black Press (Chicago: Path Press, 1987), 141.

    3 Until the civil rights movement: ChDe, 10/28/1911, 1.

    4 But the Chicago Defender: Vernon Jarrett (The HistoryMakers A2000.028), interview by Julieanna Richardson, 6/27/2000, The HistoryMakers Digital Archive. Session 1, tape 5, story 3.

    4 His speech concluded: Accounts varyingly report that Johnson used seventy-five or seventy-nine pens.

    9 A train ticket: The arrivals of both William Payne and Bessie Austin are dated using family records. For more on the Great Migration, see Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Vintage Books, 2010).

    9 Well used to hard labor: Bessie Payne, “The Story of the Life of George Washington Austin, 1847–1935” and marriage date found on family tree. City directories confirm the family’s account of William’s employment as a cooper. See also DaDe, 4/23/1909, 3.

  10 At first the Paynes: The first houses they lived in were on Loomis Boulevard and Ada Street. ELP noted the location of her birth in an outline she prepared for an autobiography she contemplated writing, ELPLC B19F4. I was, however, unable to locate a birth certificate in the Cook County records; ChDe, 7/13/1912, 4. The house was on Eberhart Avenue. ELP wrote on the back of her aunt’s photo that she had been the one to name her.

  10 William had left: Larry Tye, Rising from the Rails: Pullman Porters and the Making of the Black Middle Class (New York: Henry Holt, 2004), 68, 75–79. William Payne is listed in several newspaper accounts as working on the New York Central Line to Toledo, OH. See, for instance, ChDe, 4/7/1917, 3.

  11 Earning a Pullman salary and tips: In 1910, only 6.4 percent of African Americans were in owner-occupied housing in Chicago, according to Quintard Taylor, In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528–1990 (New York: Norton, 1991), 233; see also W. J. Collins and R. A. Margo, “Race and Home Ownership: A Century-Long View,” Explorations in Economic History 37 (2001), 68–92; Thelma E. Gray, “The Subject is 6210 Throop Street,” ELPLC B8F1.

  11 Although strict with: ELP, “Wiliam and Bessie Payne—Who They Were,” copy in author’s files.

  11 The family’s love: PiCo, 5/10/1975, 5; Thelma Gray repeated the family story at a 1982 testimonial dinner.

  12 Bessie kept the home: Thelma Gray, “Mom”; ELP, “Shades in Black and White,” ELPMSRC B1657, Educational Papers. ELP tells of castor oil and gingersnaps in a speech to the Association for the Study of Negro American Life and History, 10/21/1973, ELPSCRBC B9.

  12 Bessie’s family had: ELPOH 3; ELP to Bessie Davenport, 7/29/1983, ELPLOC B5F1. In recounting this story to her old friend, Davenport, Payne added, “Fortunately, her [Bessie’s] special bond with the Lord carried me through and made me a better citizen and contributing member of society.”

  12 Bessie’s parents: ELP, “Laughing with Life,” ELPLOC B40F1.

  12 Ethel, her older sisters: ChDe, 5/25/1918, 7.

  13 Ethel’s sister Alma: ELP, “William and Bessie Payne: Who They Were,” and Thelma E. Gray, “Alma Josephine”; ELPOH, 7.

  13 In particular, Ethel: ELPOH, 7; Dunbar’s poem later provided the poet Maya Angelou with the title for her autobiography.

  14 Ethel and her siblings: Mayme Austin Mitcham, “Early Events in the Life of Mrs. Josephine Taylor Austin.”

  14 Bessie’s father, George: Bessie Payne, “The Story of the Life of George Washington Austin, 1947–1935.”

  14 But tall tales: ELP, “Laughing with Life,” ELPLOC B40F1.

  15 Ethel began her: Thelma E. Gray, “The Subject is 6210 Throop Street,” ELPLC B8F1. At Copernicus, twelve of the seventy-five members of the graduating eighth grade in 1913 were African American. “Copernicus is noted as being one of the best grade schools in the city,” reported a black newspaper. “Its discipline is good, it has a high class of teachers, and is therefore more liberal in its general views.” ChDe, 6/28/1913, 2.

  15 Accompanying Ethel to: Thelma E. Gray, “Lemuel Payne.”

  16 Each day’s walk: Chicago Commission on Race Relations, The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922), 439–440.

  16 At school and at home: ELP autobiographical outline, ELPLOC B19F4; ELPOH, 4–5.

  17 On Sunday August 27, 1919: ELP, “Shades in Black and White,” ELPMSRC Box 1657, Educational Papers; Denise Sue Layfield, Chasing the Dream: A Collection and Synthesis of Oral Histories of Eight Journalists Who Covered the Civil Rights Movement (master’s thesis, University of Georgia, 1986), 128–129; Cameron McWirter, Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America (New York: Henry Holt, 2011), 127–148.

  18 By nightfall a race war: William M. Tuttle, Jr. Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 (New York: Athenaeum, 1977), 32–33.

  18 South Side became: Tuttle, Race Riot, 50.

  18 The Payne family huddled: ChTr, 7/31/1919. 1.

  19 All but a few: ChTr, 8/1/1919, 2.

  19 Finally, on the third night: ELP, “Shades in Black and White,” ELPMSRC Box 1657, Educational Papers; Layfield, Chasing the Dream, 128–129.

  20 When calm did come: 1920 and 1930 U.S. Census figures for Throop Street. For instance, African Americans had made up 15 percent of the residents in the Washington Park Community, right in the middle of South Side, before the riots. Within a decade they made up 92 percent of its population. See Dominic A. Pacyga, Chicago: A Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 255; ELPOH, 1. The neighborhood was bounded by 63rd Street on the south, 59th on the north, Loomis Boulevard on the west, and Aberdeen Street on the east; Alan H. Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 12.

  20 Excluded from Chicago: The phrase is credited to historian Earl Lewis; Timuel Black interviewed in DuSable to Obama: Chicago’s Black Metropolis DVD, produced by Barbara E. Allen and Daniel Andries (Windows to the World Communications, 2010).

  21 An African American newspaper: ELPOH, 50.

  21 Taking a page: ChDe, 3/30/1930, A1; Typical headlines included LOY LYNCHED BY MOB FOR STEALING COW THAT RETURNED LATER, ChDe, 1/30/1915, and TWENTY-THOUSAND SOUTHERNERS BURN BOY AT STAKE, 5/19/1916.

  22 Within a decade: James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 79, 87. Most reports of the Defender’s circulation were unreliable. The number used here is derived from a number of sources.

  22 The Defender was: Mr. Ward, “Bound for the Promised Land,” ChDe, 11/11/1916, 12.

  23 As Ethal Paine neared: Robert Lindblom Technical High School Building: Preliminary Summary of Information submitted to the Commission on Chicago Landmarks, December 2008, 17.

  23 Lindblom’s facilities: ELPOH, 7.

  24 It was not much easier: Negro in Chicago, 242, 441; Gerald E. Sullivan, ed. The Story of Englewood, 1835–1923 (1924), 69; The Negro in Chicago, 108; ELPOH, 7. A census of the photographs in the Lindblom yearbooks from 1926 to 1930 reveal no African American employees and only three to four black students per grade.

  24 Ethel Payne followed: The transcript for Payne at the Chicago Training School lists her high school classes: copy in author’s possession; ELPOH, 7.

  24 Miss Dixon’s English: Charles A. Fenton, The Apprenticeship of Ernest Hemingway: The Early Years (New York: Farrar, Straus & Young, 1954), 8.

  25 Payne fell under Dixon’s spell: ELPOH, 23–24.

  25 One day as English class began: Dixon was indeed one of Hemingway’s two favorite English teachers.

  26 One month after: Death certificate, 6005226 1926–02–21, Cook County, IL.

  26 Thelma, the second-oldest: Gray, “The Subject Is My Father,” ELPLC B8F1.

  26 On the evening: ELPOH, 6.

  26 The following month: Gray, “Historically Speaking,” ELPLC B7F8.

  27 In the fall of 1929: Margaret H. Dixon, “To My Graduating Class,” The Eagle, January 1930.

  28 The 1930s did not: Christopher Robert Reed, The Depression Comes to the South Side: Protest and Politics in the Black Metropolis, 1930–1933 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), 12.

  28 Like canaries in a coal mine: ChDe, 3/22/1930, 13.

  28 The Payne family: Lyman B. Burbank, “Chicago Public Schools and the Depression Years of 1928–1937,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 64 (Winter), 367.

  29 But no matter how: ELP, “Wiliam and Bessie Payne—Who They Were,” ELPOH, 8.

  29 Bessie’s indomitable spirit: ELPLOC B28F6.

  29 As for herself: ELPOH, 5; Gray, “My Parents as I Knew Them,” ELPLOC B28F6.

  30 At night the family: “She did not think herself a genius by any means,” Alcott said of Jo, “but when the writing fit came on, she gave herself up to it with entire abandon, and led a blissful life, unconscious of want, care, or bad weather, while she sat safe and happy in an imaginary world, full of friends almost as real and dear to her as any in the flesh.” Louisa May Alcott, Little Women (New York: Signet, 2004), 246. ELP, “Wiliam and Bessie Payne—Who They Were,” and ELP Convocation Speech at Fisk University, 9/12/1983, ELPLOC B28F6.

  30 In the midst of the hard times: ELPOH, 8.

  30 The odds, however: ChDe, 3/29/1930; ELPOH, 9.

  31 When she began at Crane: American Interracial Peace Committee press release January 1930, WEBDBP; ChDe, 1/18/1930, 10.

  31 Payne decided to enter: ChDe, 7/19/1930, A1. I tried to locate the winning essays, but none of the archives related to the competition retained copies.

  31 Despite this success: ELP to Du Bois, 11/12/1931, WEBDBP.

  31 The Great Depression: Christopher Robert Reed, The Depression Comes to the South Side: Protest and Politics in the Black Metropolis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 134–135.

  32 In the fall of 1930: AmNe, 10/8/1930, 2; Quoted in Roi Ottley, The Lonely Warrior: The Life and Times of Robert S. Abbott (Chicago: Regnery, 1955), 294. Other magazines that came out of Chicago around this time included Half-Century, American Life, Reflexus, and Bronzeman.

  32 Abbott’s Monthly put out: Craig H. Werner and Sandra Shannon, “Foundations of African American Modernism, 1910–1950,” Cambridge History of African American Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 259; ChDe, 8/9/1930, 13. In describing their plans, the magazine’s editors announced they were seeking “short or long stories of the fiction type, success stories of individuals, human-interest stories of the confession class, sketches from artists and material in general for magazine purposes.”

  32 Well-crafted and clever: ELP, “Driftwood,” Abbott’s Monthly, Vol.1, No. 3, December 1930, 46–78.

  35 In November 1931: ELP to Du Bois, 11/12/1931, WEBDBP.

  35 Payne left Crane: College transcript provided by Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary, copy in possession of author.

  36 In her spare time: ChDe, 4/16/1932, 12.

  36 Payne’s success with Abbott’s Monthly: Hazel Rowley, Richard Wright: The Life and Times (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 63. Wright was never paid for the story.

  36 In the spring of 1934: Dana Lee Roberts, American Women in Mission: A Social History of Their Thought and Practice (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1997), 155; John Thomas McFarland and Benjamin Severance Winchester, editors, The Encyclopedia of Sunday Schools and Religious Education, Vol.1 (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1916), 212. The school charged no tuition and was open “to any young man or woman of ability, determination, and consecration,” according to the Methodist Year Book 1921 (New York: Methodist Book Concern, 1921), 67.

  37 On the evening of June 15, 1934: 1934 Yearbook on file at the Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary; Chicago Commission, The Negro in Chicago, 325.

  37 Instead Payne used: Anne Meis Knupfer, “ ‘To Become Good, Self-Supporting Women’: The State Industrial School for Delinquent Girls at Geneva, Illinois, 1900–1935,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol.9, No. 4 (Oct. 2000), 421; ELPOH, 11.

  37 When Payne arrived: Descriptions taken from various sources, including Herman M. Adler, Cook County and the Mentally Handicapped (New York: National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 1918), 56–58.

  37 Payne was hired: Ruth M. Lunn, “My Years of Service for the State of Illinois,” News Notes, Illinois State Training School for Girls, February 1971.

  38 Payne’s wards were: Michael A. Rembis, Defining Deviance: Sex, Science, and Delinquent Girls, 1890–1960 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2011), 96–97, 103–104.

  38 The job was exhausting: ELPOH 10–11.

  38 But after a year and a half: Personal Bio Folder, ELPMSRC B1667; Wright, Native Son, 20.

  39 The aspiration to be: Educational Papers, ELPMSRC B1657.

  40 Monotonously stamping lending: Pamela Jetaun Sherrod, Ethel L. Payne: Coverage of Civil Rights as a Washington Correspondent, 1954–1958 (master’s thesis, Michigan State University, 1979), 20–21; First Annual Report of the Illinois Inter-Racial Commission for the period August 1943 to December 1944, 53.

  40 Preparations for war: ChDe 1/11/1941, 8; 8/31/1940, 7; and 2/22/1941, 8.

  41 Over six feet tall: ChDe, 2/8/1941, 14. James Farmer described Randolph this way, “A. Philip Randolph was a Great Dane—the majesty, the gentleness, the noble head, the supreme dignity, the grace of movement.” James Farmer, Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement (Fort Worth, TX: TCU Press, 1985), 156.

  41 The planned protest: AtWo, 6/18/1941, 1.

  42 To the president: PiCo, 1/25/1941, 13.

  42 Twenty-nine-year-old Payne: ELPOH, 14.

  42 She was an active: Crisis, July 1940, 205 and December 1941, 391; Payne became a NAACP PANCA, the name given to those who enlisted more than twenty members. The name was created by transposing the letters in NAACP; ChTr, 8/25/1946, 8.

  43 Nor was she sheepish: ChTr, 2/14/1937, 16.

  43 Hammering away at: ChTr, 2/15/1942, SW1.

  44 The prickly personalities: Cynthia Taylor in A. Philip Randolph: The Religious Journey of an African American Labor Leader (New York: New York University Press, 2006) noted the friction but felt it was mostly between the women and Burton. “Phil is extremely attractive to women, which results in his getting some of them to work like Trojans in the causes which he heads. But his work schedule scarcely gives him time to pay attention to ’em, which often causes injured feelings.” Morris Milgram to Daniel James, 1/16/1949, APRPLOC. Neva Ryan told Payne that she would refuse to sit in on the meeting with Randolph, claiming that Payne was to blame for the delays. “I practically forced Ethel to call the meeting of the Planning Committee when you were here,” she wrote in a complaining note to Randolph. “I further informed her that if she did not start things moving that I would take over.”

  44 In the end: A copy of the brochure may be found in ELPLOC B4F1.

  44 Armed with the flyer: Neva Ryan to APR, 4/27/1942, APRLOC MOWM Correspondence Folder.

  45 As the day of the rally neared: ELP, instructions for blackout, APRLOC B36, MOWM Circulars Folder.

  45 The work paid off: ChTr, 6/27/1942, 20; PiCo, 7/4/1942, 14; ChDe, 7/4/1942, 1.

  46 The news coverage: ChTr, 6/27/1942, 20.

  46 The rally took in: ELP to AR, 7/3/1942, APRLOC MOWM Correspondence Folder; APR to ELP, 7/7/1942, APRLOC MOWM Correspondence Folder.

  46 The rally over: PiCo, 81/1942, 11.

  47 She took the lesson: ELP to A. Philip Randolph, 12/16/1941, APRLC MOWM Correspondence Folder.

  47 With rest, Payne: AmNe, 9/26/1942, 5 and 10/24/1942, 3; APR to ELP, 10/8/1941, APRLC MOWM Correspondence Folder.

  47 In 1943: ELP to APR, 6/5/1943, APRLC MOWM Correspondence Folder.

  48 Once again rebellion: Paula F. Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 301. According to Pfeffer, Randolph remained sexist. In 1963 women reporters complained they were confined to the National Press Club balcony for a pre-march speech. “What’s wrong with the balcony?” asked Randolph. To which the women replied, “What’s wrong with the back of the bus?”

  48 She picked up: ELP to APR, May 24, 1943, APRLC MOWM Correspondence Folder.

  48 Payne had reasons: Quoted in David Lucander, It Is a New Kind of Militancy: March on Washington Movement, 1941–1946 (PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2010), 69.

  49 The riots in Detroit: ChDe, 7/10/1943, 1; AfAm, 7/10/1943, 1.

  50 During the meeting: Merl E. Reed, “The FBI, MOWM, and Core 1941–1947,” Journal of Black Studies, Vol.21, No. 4 (June 1991), 467–468; Luncander, It Is a New Kind of Militancy, 67–68.

  50 The concern was real: ChDe, 7/31/1943, 14; ChDe, 7/17/1943, 3; ChDe, 7/24/1943, 2.

  51 Governor Green was: ChTr, 8/1/1943, 14; ChDe, 8/14/1943, 20.

  51 “I hereby appoint”: Gov. Green to ELP, 7/31/1943, ISA.

  52 In September 1943: NYT, 9/19/1943, 18; AtWo, 9/13/1943, 1; ChDe, 9/27/1943, 12.

  52 In one of its: Commission Minutes 10/1/1943, IRC; ChDe, 10/9/1943, 6.

  53 Payne’s impatience for: ChDe, 10/9/1943, 6.

  53 When members turned: Commission Minutes, 11/3/1943, IRC.

  54 Frustrated, Payne nonetheless: Commission Minutes, 11/3/1943, IRC.

  54 In Washington on: ELP to APR, 1/24/1944, ELPLOC B4F1.

  55 Payne retreated to: APR to Francis Biddle, 1/28/1944, ELPLOC B4F1.

  55 The failure to get: ELP to APR, 9/2/1945, ELPLOC B4F1.

  56 The war’s end: ELP to APR, 9/2/1945, ELPLOC B4F1.

  56 As desired as it was: ChDe, 8/18/1947.

  57 On a hot August day: According to ELP, there were ten of them who were arrested, including her sister and infant son. When the court case came up, the judge dismissed the charges and scolded the police for “bad judgment.” See short autobiography, ELPSCRBC B37; Personal Bio Folder, ELPMSRC, B1667.

  58 In 1948: ChTr, 12/8/1947, 5; ChDe, 3/27/1948, 5.

  58 During World War II: ELP to APR, 9/2/1945, ELPLOC B4F1.

  59 In March Payne: ELPOH, 17.

  60 Her mother’s consent: Fragment of ELP ltr to BP (June 1948 but undated); Scrapbook Folder. ELPMSC, Box 1160.

  60 Japan put a pause: Payne never revealed much about her romantic life. Her first beau’s name was Bernie Eskridge, with whom she played hooky from church. “At age 12 years old, Bernie Eskridge and I fell madly in love. I used to slip out of the house and go with him on his paper route. It busted up when he gave the 25-center valentine he had bought for me to Dorothy Wimbly,” said Payne (ChDe, 1/19/1974, 5). According to an essay she wrote for a class in 1940, Payne also dated a teacher for a while. ELP ltr to Bessie Davenport, 7/29/1983, ELPLOC, B5F1; ELPOH, 17–18. Paul is discussed in several of ELP’s letters from Japan, which is how we know his first name.

  60 Setting off by train: ELP ltr to unidentified sister, 6/10/1948, ELPJAJ.

  61 On June 15: Fragment of ELP ltr to Bessie Payne, (June 1948 but undated); Scrapbook Folder. ELPMSRC, Box 1160.

  61 After nearly two weeks: ELP ltr to unidentified sister 6/10/1948, ELPJAJ; ELPOH 19.

  62 Payne was assigned: ELP ltr to Thelma 10/4/1948, ELPJAJ.

  62 “There were rules”: Vivian Lee to author, 6/25/2012. Lee and her family remained friends with Payne all her life. Lee called her “Aunt Penny,” a nickname Payne got while serving in Japan.

  62 Being kept apart: Charley Cherokee, National Grapevine column, ChDe, 3/1/1947, 15.

  63 Black soldiers: AfAm, 6/1/1946, 7; Fred Gaffen, Cross-Border Warriors: Canadians in American Forces, Americans in Canadian Forces (Toronto: Dunburn Press, 1995), 160; Michael Cullen Green, Black Yanks in the Pacific: Race in the Making of American Military Empire after World War II (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), 102.

  63 Even so: Green, Black Yanks in the Pacific, 107.

  63 At the Seaview: ELP ltr to unidentified aunt and uncle, 3/9/1949 ELPSCBC Box 5; ELP ltr to RJ 8/23/1948 ELPJAJ; AfAm, 11/11/1950, 6; Pacific Stars & Stripes, 5/28/1949, 6; Vivian Lee interview with author, 7/17/2012.

  64 On a Saturday: Bruce M. Tyler, “Behind the Lines—Marguerite Davis,” Louisville Magazine, Nov.2006.

  64 Davis wanted to: Yukiko Koshiro, Trans-Pacific Racisms and the U.S. Occupation of Japan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 161–163.

  65 Military law freed: Sey Nishimura, “Promoting Health in American-Occupied Japan: Resistance to Allied Public Health Measures, 1945–1952,” Public Health, August 2009, 99 (8) 1364–1375.

  65 But Payne was: ELP ltr to ARJ, 8/23/1948, ELPJAJ.

  66 As her first: ELP ltr to TG 1/9/1949, ELPSCRBC B5.

  66 As her second: ELP ltr to JT, 4/17/1949, ELPSCRBC B5; ELP to unidentified aunt and uncle, 3/9/1949 ELPSCRBN B5.

  67 At Nara Park: Japan typescript, ELPMSRC, Box 1160; ELP undated ltr to TG, ELPJAJ.

  68 She attended the war tribunals: ELPOH, 20 and 30.

  68 At the end of: ChDe, 1/21/1950, 9.

  68 Soon, however, the holiday: She met with the head of UNESCO in Japan and wrangled an invitation to dinner at the home of Komakichi Matsuoka, a socialist leader and trade unionist. “Mr. Matsuoka,” she said, “gave some very pertinent facts on the economic situation which I can use when I sit down to write.” Japan typescript, ELPMSRC, B1660; ELP ltr to TG, 3/28/1950, ELPJAJ.

  69 Payne’s superiors remained: Club Director-Tokyo, ELPMSRC, B1657.

  69 The occupation forces: ELP to TG date unclear August/September 1950, ELPJAJ. The original letter says, “of volunteer [unreadable word] are doing all they can . . .” To make the quotation grammatically correct I made the missing word volunteers.

  70 The burdens of war: Green, Black Yanks in the Pacific, 59.

  71 One of Ethel Payne’s: Charles Pomeroy, editor, Foreign Correspondents in Japan: Covering a Half-Century of Upheavals; From 1945 to the Present (Rutland, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 1998), 16.

  71 Hicks was impressed: AfAm, 11/11/1950, 6.

  72 But what really: Green, Black Yanks in the Pacific, 63.

  72 “By tradition”: ChDe, 11/11/1950, 13.

  73 By the standards: AfAm, 9/2/1950, A5.

  73 Like Payne: Robert H. Giles et al., Profiles in Journalist Courage (New York: Transaction Publishers, 2001), 70–71.

  73 Payne and Wilson: ChDe, 12/2/1950, 10

  73 Wilson filed a report: ELPOH, 31.

  74 When Wilson was: ChDe, 6/6/1991, 20.

  74 About a month: ELP, short autobiography, ELPSRBC, Box 37.

  75 “To get back to”: ChDe, 11/18/1950, 1.

  75 The identical headline: ChDe, 11/25/1950, 12.

  76 “If there was”: Jessie Parkhurst Guzman, Negro Year Book: A Review of Events Affecting Negro Life, 1941–1946. Alabama: Dept. of Records and Research, Tuskegee Institute. 1947, 386.

  76 MacArthur’s aides: The lawyer was Leon I. Greenberg, whom she retained for $100, a considerable sum for her. (Expense account, ELPMSRC, Box 1657.) Greenberg served as a defense counsel at the Japanese war crimes trials, which Payne had attended.

  76 In the early months: ChDe, 4/28/1951, 1.

  77 Concerned with survival: William T. Bowers et al., Black Soldier, White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2005), 186–187. President Truman later reduced the death penalty sentence to twenty years, and the soldier served only five years before being released.

  77 When word of the: Diary, Thurgood Marshall Papers, Library of Congress, B57914.

  77 At the club: Marshall, who had already battled his share of racists in the United States, was unimpressed with MacArthur’s explanations. The lawyer reminded the general that the Air Force and Navy were already integrated but the Army, particularly those men under his charge, was not. MacArthur claimed he couldn’t find any qualified Negroes. But when he did, they would be integrated.

“Well, look, General,” said Marshall. “You’ve got all those guards out there with all this spit and polish and there’s not one Negro in the whole group.”

“There’s none qualified,” MacArthur replied.

“Well, what’s the qualification?” asked Marshall, to which MacArthur gave a discourse on battlefield accomplishments and the like.

“Well,” Marshall impatiently responded, “I just talked to a Negro yesterday, a sergeant, who has killed more people with a rifle than anybody in history. And he’s not qualified?”

“No.”

“Well, now, General, remember yesterday you had the big band playing at the ceremony over there?”

“Yes, wasn’t it wonderful?”

“Yeah. The Headquarters Band. It’s beautiful,” said Marshall. “Now, General, just between you and me, Goddamn it, don’t you tell me that there’s no Negro who can play a horn.” (Stephen Smith and Kate Ellis, Thurgood Marshall Before the Court, American Radio Works documentary. Transcript may be viewed at http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/marshall/.

  77 Meanwhile, hearing about: ELPOH, 33.

  78 Getting home was: ChDe, 4/28/1951, 1.

  79 In enormous disrepair: Peter Irons, Jim Crow’s Children: The Broken Promise of the Brown Decision (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 80–95.

  85 In early April 1951: The religious analogy was inspired by similar veneration from others in the black press, such as “destined to be known as ‘the Negro bible.’” (Ebony, October 1970, 62); Timuel Black quoted in Alan Ehrenhalt, The Lost City: The Forgotten Virtues of Community in America (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 148.

  85 In stark contrast: ChDe, 4/28/1951, 2 and 4/28/1951, 14; Vernon Jarrett (The HistoryMakers A2000.028), interview by Julieanna Richardson, 06/27/2000, The HistoryMakers Digital Archive. Session 1, tape 4, story 7. Jarrett hosted the first daily black radio newscast.

  86 Although it covered: Ehrenhalt, The Lost City, 150.

  86 As she faced: Most women on newspaper staffs wrote for the women’s page or handled society and church news. When asked if she ever considered doing society news, Payne said, “No way! No, I had no taste for society news, none whatsoever.” ELPOH, 35.

  87 A natty dresser: ELPOH, 34.

  88 An elaborate system: Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 47; Lorraine Hansberry, A Raisin in the Sun: Thirtieth Anniversary Edition (New York: Samuel French, Inc., 1958), 137.

  88 Health care, even: Richard Wright, Black Boy (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993), 356.

  89 In no time: ChDe, 5/5/1951, 14; ChDe, 6/16/1951, 14.

  89 As she became: Ehrenhalt, The Lost City, 160.

  90 The articles were: ChDe, 6/30/1951, 13. At one plant, a manager provided a summation of the pattern of race relations. “If two white people have a quarrel, it’s just another quarrel. If two Negroes quarrel, it’s a disturbance; but if a white person and a Negro quarrel, it becomes an ‘incident.’” (ChDe, 7/28/1951, 13.)

  90 On the other hand: ChDe, 7/14/1951, 13.

  90 Her output was: ELPOH, 30.

  91 On a sunny: ChDe, 1/19/1952, 1.

  91 Twenty-six years after: ChDe, 1/26/1952, 15.

  92 When they reached: ChDe, 2/2/1952, 15.

  92 In fact, the: Guild Reporter, 2/22/1952, 3.

  93 Within a few: ChDe, 4/21/1951, 3.

  93 Payne had not: Victor Groza, Karen F. Rosenberg, Clinical and Practice Issues in Adoption: Bridging the Gap Between Adoptees Placed as Infants and as Older Children (New York: Praeger, 1998), 110; Donna L. Franklin, Ensuring Inequality: The Structural Transformation of the African-American Family (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 138.

  93 As a result: Ellen Herman, Kinship by Design: A History of Adoption in Modern America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 129.

  94 In the spring: ChDe, 4/12/1952, 1.

  95 For four weeks: ChDe, 5/3/1951, 1.

  95 The series was: ChDe, 6/28/1952, 4; ELPOH, 36.

  95 The editors assigned: ChDe, 6/07/1952, 1.

  96 In subsequent installments: ChDe, 6/14/1952, 1.

  96 There was little: ChDe, 6/28/1952, 2.

  97 The series resonated: ChDe, 10/18/1952, 3.

  98 This was a direct: ChDe, 7/26/1952, 1.

  99 Instead of seeking: Crisis, August-September 1952, 413.

  99 Slender in build: Keith M. Finley, Southern Opposition to Civil Rights in the United States Senate: A Tactical and Ideological Analysis, 1938–1965 (PhD dissertation, Louisiana State University, 2003.)

102 Reaching Washington on: ChDe, 1/31/1953, 13; details about the inauguration may be found at http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/all_about_ike/presidential/1953_inauguration.html.

103 A more demure: See the oral history interview with Philleo Nash, who served variously as a high-ranking special assistant in the Roosevelt and Truman administrations. HSTPL.

103 “As the last”: ChDe, 1/31/1953, 1.

103 But her stories: ELPOH, 37.

104 On the other hand: ChDe, 6/6/1953, 4; 6/14/1953, 14; 3/21/1953, 15.

104 Quite to her: ChDe, 6/13/1953, 3; 11/7/1953, 15.

104 While in Tulsa: ELPMSRC, B1657.

106 She drafted a request: ELP to LM, ELPMSRC, correspondence, B1657.

107 Five days earlier: Herald Tribune, 2/11/1954; NYT, 2/11/1954; WaPo, 2/11/1954, 8; ChDe, 2/13/1954, 1.

108 The exclusion of: Paul William Schmidt, The History of the Ludwig Drum Company (Fullerton, CA: Centerstream Publications, 1991), 64; ELP telegram to Sherman Adams, 2/6/1954, Correspondence, ELPMSRS Box 1657; Cross Reference Sheet, Payne, Miss Ethel L., 2/6/1954, Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower as President, 1953–61, DDEPL; ChDe, 2/13/1954, 1.

108 A few months: ELPOH, 37.

109 Since the end: ChDe, 2/7/1953, 3.

109 With the fanfare: ChDe, 11/28/1953, 1.

109 E. Frederic Morrow: David Halberstam, The Fifties (New York: Villard Books, 1993), 425–426; Milwaukee Wisconsin Sentinel Journal, 1/16/2009; Simeon Booker, the only black reporter on the staff of the Washington Post, said he couldn’t even eat lunch in the cafeteria of the Interstate Commerce Commission, where he went to cover stories on segregation. (Simeon Booker with Carole McCabe Booker, Shocking the Conscience: A Reporter’s Account of the Civil Rights Movement (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2013), 43–44).

110 In late November: Waters to ELP, 11/30/1953, Correspondence Folder, ELPMSRC B1657; Autobiographical Notes, ELPMSRC B1672.

110 A few weeks: ELP to EPW, 12/5/1953, Correspondence Folder, ELPMSCR, Box 1657; AfAm, 11/3/1979, 7.

110 That night Maxwell: Louis Martin, Memoirs Draft 1, LMLOC Box 8.

111 Rabb and other: Washington to Wilton B. Persons (assistant chief of staff in the White House), 6/3/1953, Negro Newspapers and Clippings Folder, Maxwell Rabb Box 53, DDEPL.

111 In his talk: Morrow quoted in Ivan A. Zasimczuk, Maxwell M. Rabb: A Hidden Hand of the Eisenhower Administration in Civil Rights and Race Relations (master’s thesis, University of California Davis, 1997), 36; ELP to EPW, 12/5/1953, Correspondence Folder, ELPMSRC B1657.

111 In the corridor: ChDe, 8/13/1955, 18B; Donald A. Ritchie, Reporting from Washington: The History of the Washington Press Corps (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 28.

112 In 1948, for: Ritchie, Reporting from Washington, 37; Rodger Streitmatter, Raising Her Voice: African-American Women Journalists Who Changed History (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994), 112.

112 Female reporters had: Streitmatter, Raising Her Voice, 112; Franklin D. Mitchell, Harry S. Truman and the News Media: Contentious Relations, Belated Respect (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998), 130 and 141.

113 But before he: Ruth Edmonds Hills, ed., The Black Women Oral History Project, Vol.3 (Westport, CT: Meckler, 1991), 100. The reporter, Lacey Reynolds, was also known to have a keen sense of humor. When Interior Secretary Harold Ickes complimented Reynolds on a story, he said. “Your words of praise almost rendered me speechless.”

“I guess,” replied Reynolds, “I am about the only one in Washington who ever accomplished that result, Mr. Secretary.” (Drew Pearson, Merry-Go-Round column, Palm Beach Post, 7/8/1942, 4.)

113 A couple of: Streitmatter, Raising Her Voice, 113.

113 At first, neither: ELPOH, 48; Ted (last name not indicated) on New York Post stationery to MMR, 3/37/1953, Negro Newspapers and Clippings Folder, Maxwell Rabb Box 53, DDEPL; Ritchie, Reporting from Washington, 42.

114 Despite her fury: Melvin Cray taped interview with Ethel Payne 1984 for the Dollie Robinson documentary, Media Genesis Productions, LLC; Sherrod, Ethel L. Payne, 32.

115 “Mr. President,” she: Presidential Press Conference Transcript, 2/10/1953, APP.

115 When the press: Autobiographical notes, ELPMSRC, Box 1672.

116 Payne’s question to: New York Herald Tribune, 2/11/1954; LaTi, 2/11/1954, 7; WaPo, 2/11/1954, 8. “Because Miss Payne raised the question at the president’s press conference,” the Defender proudly noted in an editorial a week later, “daily papers throughout the nation, which had ignored the incident, filled their readers in on the background to report the president’s apology.” (ChDe, 2/20/1954, 11.)

116 Payne was no: ELPOH, 53.

116 “From then on”: ELPOH, 45.

116 Two days after: ChDe, 2/27/1954, 5.

117 Dressed in a: ELP to JHS, 1/28/1954, Correspondence folder, ELPMSCR B1657; ChDe, 4/9/1955, 12.

117 In both meetings: ChDe, 2/27/1954, 5; Correspondence in Rabb folders, DDEPL.

117 Rabb was not: ChDe, 3/20/1954, 14.

119 Ethel Payne was: ELP to JHS 2/22/1954, ELPMSRC B1657.

119 She was concerned: ChDe, 1/1/1955, 12.

119 Payne submitted twelve: Correspondence and memorandums can be found in RMNPL, Box 144 of Vice-President General Correspondence, Chicago Defender.

120 In the end: ELP to JHS 2/22/1954, ELPMSRC B1657.

120 To some, Payne’s: Essence, 3/1974, 94, 96.

121 Communists had never: ELPOH, 39, 41.

121 She believed McCarthy: ELPOH, 39. For an account of Payne’s involvement with the McCarthy hearings, see Jon Marshall, “The First Lady of the Black Press vs. Joseph McCarthy: Ethel Payne’s Coverage of the Annie Lee Moss Hearings,” presented at the American Journalism Historians Conference, Kansas City, MO, October 2011.

122 Payne made sure: ChDe, 3/6/1954, 1.

123 To Payne, the: ELPHO, 39.

123 With the television: Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly, See It Now (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1955), 55–67.

123 McCarthy resumed the: ChDe, 3/30/1954, 1.

125 Payne went back: The day was actually not Wednesday, as Payne wrote, but Thursday.

125 By April 1954: ChDe, 4/24/1954, 7.

126 The first was: ChDe, 4/3/1954, 3.

126 Payne’s second, even: ELP to EPW, 3/16/1954, Correspondence Folder, ELPMBRC B1657.

126 Waters followed Payne’s: ChDe, 4/3/1954, 12.

127 Payne’s flattering assessment: NYT, 4/4/1954, WaPo, 4/4/1954, ChDe 6/5/1954, 2.

127 At the White: MMR to ELP, 4/1/1954; EFM to ELP, 4/2/1953, Correspondence, ELPMSRC, B1657; ELPMSRC, B1665.

127 Two weeks later: ChDe, 4/17/1954, 14.

129 As she had: ChDe, 12/19/1953, 1, 4.

130 The Mondays of: Juan Williams, Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary (New York: Times Books, 1998), 225; Lerone Bennett Jr., “D-Day at the Supreme Court,” Ebony, May 2004.

130 But as the: Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality (New York: Knopf, 1976), 705.

131 At 12:52 PM: LAT, 5/18/1954, 1; ChDe, 5/29/1954, 2.

131 At last Warren: Jim Newton, Justice for All: Earl Warren and the Nation He Made (New York: Riverhead, 2006), 325.

132 For Payne it: ChDe, 5/29/1954, 4. Ebony, May 1979, 174; NYT, 5/18/1954, 1.

132 When the decision: Helen Reed interview with author.

133 Even though its: Eisenhower Press Conference, 5/19/1954, APP.

135 Prior to May: ELPOH, 44; Eisenhower Press Conference, 4/7/1954, APP.

136 A few weeks: Eisenhower Press Conference, 5/5/1954, APP.

136 Payne’s two attempts: “Old Hands in Washington: Portrait of Black Journalists,” Horizons, National Public Radio, aired January 1, 1984, copy on file at the Library of Congress.

137 Payne could not: ChDe, 8/13/1950, 18b.

137 Payne made it: ChDe, 6/19/1954, 4.

138 “You know,” she: ELPOH, 45; Ritchie, Reporting from Washington, 41.

138 Payne appreciated the: Henry G. LaBrie, Perspectives of the Black Press (Kennebunkport, ME: Mercer House Press, 1974), 158; ELPOH 38, 41.

139 Louis Lautier didn’t: ELP Autobiographical Notes, ELPMSRC, B1672.

139 Mitchell publicly rebutted: AfAm, 5/25/1954, 3.

139 The president resumed: Hagerty diary 6/16/1954 Box 1, DDEPL.

139 Two days later: Eisenhower News Conference, 6/16/1954, APP.

141 For forty-four years: Jet, 7/29/1954, 6–7.

141 If for no: ChDe, 4/24/1954, 2.

142 Payne complained to: ELP to Waters and Martin, 6/24/1954, correspondence, ELPHMSCR, B1657.

144 The president drew: The audio recording of the president’s response makes his anger clear, unlike the printed transcripts. ELPOH, 46.

145 Payne was gratified: Washington Star, 7/7/1954, 1; NYT, 7/7/1954, 14; Panama Tribune clipping, ELPMSRC, Box 1657.

145 Payne’s own paper: ChDe, 7/17/1954, 1.

145 Dunnigan rallied to: ChDe, 7/24/1954, 1.

146 But Lautier didn’t: Alice Allison Dunnigan, A Black Woman’s Experience: From Schoolhouse to White House (Philadelphia: Dorrance & Company, 1974), 96–97; Hagerty to McCaffree, 2/9/1955, Central files DDEPL.

146 When Payne entered: Autobiographical Notes, ELPMSRC B1672; WaPo, 4/27/1959, 59.

147 The rules of: Both the Senate and House rules have carried this phrase since the inception of press regulations. For more on this see, Stephen Hess, ed., Live from Capitol Hill: Essays on Congress and the Media (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1991), 30.

148 The White House remained: ChDe, 8/7/1954, 12; 8/7/1954, 1.

149 After clawing her: ELPOH, 48.

149 Her reporting grew: ELPOH, 50.

149 In the time: Women in the Federal Service: 1954 Women’s Bureau Pamphlet, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC, 1954; ELP to LEM, 11/22/1954, correspondence folder, ELPMSRC Box 1657.

150 For a newspaper: ChDe, 1/7/1955, 1; Milwaukee Sentinel, 1/3/1955, 7.

151 Payne’s phone rang: ELPOH, 63.

152 In Paris, writer: Richard Wright, The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference (New York: World Publishing Co, 1956), 14.

152 On the floor: Adam C. Powell, Adam by Adam (New York: Kensington Books, 2002), 103.

153 It was the: Quoted in Cary Fraser, “An American Dilemma: Race and Realpolitik in the American Response to the Bandung Conference, 1955,” Window on Freedom (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 120.

153 The administration told: Powell, Adam by Adam, 103.

153 The black press: If Lautier worked for an impoverished news agency, he gave no hint of it. “I went home and nonchalantly announced that I was going to fly around the world,” Lautier said. “My wife became interested and decided she wanted to accompany me.” (AfAm, 4/5/1955, 3)

153 The flurry of: Shaw Livermore to Nelson A. Rockefeller, 6/6/1955, Record Group 4, Special Assistant to the President, Afro-Asia: Colonialism, Neutralism—Bandung Conference. NARA.

153 On the suggestion: F. A. Jamieson to Nelson A. Rockefeller, 3/9/1955, Record Group 4, Special Assistant to the President, Afro-Asia: Colonialism, Neutralism—Bandung Conference. NARA.

154 Meanwhile, unaware that: The best book on the CIA’s involvement with the media, keeping track of the various players, is Hugh Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008). See also Carl Bernstein, “The CIA and the Media,” Rolling Stone, 10/20/1977.

154 “One of Life’s: C. D. Jackson to Nelson A. Rockefeller, 3/28/1955, Record Group 4, Special Assistant to the President, Afro-Asia: Colonialism, Neutralism—Bandung Conference. NARA.

155 If not money: Guild Reporter, 2/22/1952, 3.

155 He had just: Carl Rowan, Breaking Barriers: A Memoir (New York: Harper Perennial, 1992), 128.

155 Even Richard Wright’s: Michael Faber, The Unfinished Quest of Richard Wright (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 416–417. For more on Wright and the Congress for Cultural Freedom, see Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer, 201–202.

156 Cartwright, the Hunter: AmNe, 4/9/1955, 1.

156 But if it: AtWo, 4/30/1955, 1; ELP to LEM, 3/22/1955, and ELP to LEM, 3/28/1955, Correspondence File, ELPMSRC B1657. Until the end of her life, Payne credited the Defender with paying for the trip. “I was a little astonished that my publisher would open up his purse to send me,” she said in the 1980s. (Terry, Missing Pages, 2.) It was uncharacteristic of her not to have been a bit suspicious, especially when she knew that the government was funding Lautier’s trip.

157 On April 13: ChDe, 4/16/1955.

157 As the plane: ELP, “Reflections from a Mountain Top,” undated typescript, 1, ELPLOC B41F2.

157 Attending the Bandung: ELP “Reflections,” 1.

157 Including a refueling: ELPOH, 64.

158 In the short: ChDe, 4/30/1955, 12.

158 At the airport: ELPOH, 64.

159 Reaching the tarmac: Powell, Adam by Adam, 106.

159 Nor were the: Payne, “Reflections,” 2; Wright, The Color Curtain, 177; ELPHO, 65.

160 The city of: Christopher Rand, “Four Hours by Rail from Jakarta,” New Yorker, 6/11/1955, 39; Rowley, Richard Wright, 465.

160 The city’s fourteen: AtWo, 4/21/1955, 2; Hartford Courant, 3/25/1955, 34A; ELP, “Reflections,” 3; ChDe 8/6/1955, 4.

161 The work got: ELPOH, 66.

161 Without question the: ChDe, 3/4/1972, 26; Rand, “Four Hours by Rail from Jakarta,” 62.

162 Payne’s enthusiasm turned: ChDe, 5/7/1955, 12.

162 For Payne, the: ChDe, 3/30/1955, 12.

163 On the fourth: Payne, “Reflection,” 4.

163 Payne spent most: ELPOH, 72.

164 After each long: ELPOH 71; Rowan, Breaking Barriers, 129.

164 “Years later,” Payne: Payne, “Reflections,” 4–5.

165 For the trip: ELPOH, 69–70; Terry, Missing Pages, 31.

165 “The Sterno is: ELP cites the loss of the Sterno in a letter to TG 4/28/1955, ELPLOC B4F1.

166 Not a single: Payne, “Reflections,” 6; ELPOH, 67–68.

168 The conference achieved: Saturday Review, 5/21/1955, 8.

168 Delegates and others: Chapter title in Carl Rowan, The Pitiful and the Proud (New York: Random House, 1956); Powell, Adam on Adam, 118.

168 Likewise, Payne was: ELPOH, 74; ChDe, 4/16/1955, 1.

168 “This is the hottest”: ChDe, 5/21/1955, 1; ChDe 5/14/1955, 1.

169 Only in Germany: ChDe, 7/23/1955, 12.

170 Her reporting also: ChDe, 7/16/1955, 12.

171 The soiree underlined: ChDe, 3/26/1955, 1.

172 But in his column: NYT, 4/28/1955, 14; WaPo, 4/28/1955, 62; LaTi, 4/28/1955, 12; ChDe, 5/7/1955, 1.

172 The Hagerty matter: Untitled Manuscript, 6–7, ELPLOC B40F3.

172 The optimism Payne: ChDe, 8/20/1955, 4.

173 Even the Supreme: ChDe, 6/11/1955, 1.

174 The Defender opened: ChDe, 9/10/1955, 1; Davis W. Houck and Matthew A. Grindy, Emmett Till and the Mississippi Press (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2008), 31.

174 The two white: Autobiographical notes, ELPMSRC, B1672.

175 In Washington, Payne: ChDe, 9/17/1955, 1.

175 It had been believed: WaPo, 10/15/1955, 26; Houck and Grindy, Emmett Till and the Mississippi Press, 135.

175 Mamie Bradley had: ChDe, 5/12/1956, 18; ChDe, 10/22/1955, 1; AfAm, 11/5/1955, 18; Mamie Till-Mobley, Death of Innocence: The Story of the Hate Crime That Changed America (New York: One World/Ballantine; reprint edition, 2004), 203.

176 Payne immediately sought: ChDe 10/21/1955, 1; ChDe, 10/29/1955, 1; WaPo, 10/15/1955, 26.

177 The arrest of: Life, 2/20/1956, 28.

177 Payne was convinced: Autobiographical Notes, ELPMSRC B1672.

177 On Tuesday, February 7: ChDe, 2/8/1956, 3, 5, 10.

178 Publicly the students: E. Culpepper Clark, The Schoolhouse Door: Segregation’s Last Stand at the University of Alabama (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 67.

178 “You are in”: ChDe 2/9/1956, 3; ChDe, 2/18/1956, 2.

179 Before escaping from: Clark, The Schoolhouse Door, 63.

179 “It is for”: ChDe, 2/18/1956, 2.

179 Hicks and Payne: DaDe, 2/14/1956, 18.

179 As her first: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 7–23.

180 Only a few: Nomination form, ELPLOC, B18F9, and correspondence with Sig Gissler, administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes.

180 Beyond attracting Rowan: Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff, The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation (New York, Knopf, 2006), 128.

181 For Ethel Payne: ChDe, 2/18/1956, 1.

182 “A new type”: ChDe, 2/15/1956, 8.

183 In Chicago the editors: ChDe, 2/15/56, 11. Louis Martin also devoted a column to Payne’s reporting on this issue (see 3/17/1956, 9).

183 Payne followed up: ChDe, 2/27/1956, 8.

184 Her articles and: ChDe, 2/15/1956, 3.

184 The unity was: ChDe, 3/7/1956, 4.

184 From Montgomery, Payne: ChDe, 3/1/1956, 1.

185 In the Masonic: NYT, 3/4/1956, E2; NyAm, 3/10/1956, 1.

186 Lucy and her: ChDe, 3/17/1956, 2.

186 In the company: ChDe, 3/17/1956, 8.

187 Payne and Lucy: DaDe, 3/8/1956, 12; WaPo, 3/5/1956, 2.

187 Butler was already: DaDe, 2/4/1956, 1; 2/6/1956, 2.

188 The three-day: ChDe, 12/8/1956, 1.

188 Again Payne made: DaDe, 3/19/1956, 4.

189 As she had: Roberts and Klibanoff, The Race Beat, 139.

189 Dean Drug Store, a: ELPOH, 79.

189 King, who was: DaDe, 3/20/1956, 4.

190 At the end: Payne even managed to sell some coverage of the trial to the London Daily Herald, whose New York editor said he might want more. “There is terrific interest in England in the segregation crisis,” he wrote to her. (John Sampson to ELP, 3/28/1956, ELPLOC B4F1.)

190 The trial lasted: St. Petersburg Times, 3/23/1956, 2.

190 A few hours: DaDe, 3/26/1956, 4.

191 Montgomery had been: ELPOH, 80.

191 Upon her return: DaDe, 3/28/1956, 2.

191 In Chicago, Payne: DaDe, 4/26/1957, 8.

192 Scribbling in her: ChDe, 4/21/1956, 1.

193 In the four years: DaDe, 8/20/1956, 3.

193 With the summer: DaDe, 8/20/1956, 8.

193 Republican operatives discerned: Val Washington to Maxwell Rabb, 7/17/1956, Fisher Howe to Maxwell Rabb, 8/2/1956, Maxwell Rabb to Val Washington, 8/7/1956, Central Files, DDEPL. The delegation of Americans who did attend the Paris conference “all had the hallmarks of a CIA front operation,” according to Hugh Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer, 201.

194 The supposition that: Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), 220; DaDe, 11/8/1956, 1.

194 In a front-page: DaDe, 11/8/1956, 1.

195 But as frustrated: ChDe, 12/8/1956, 1.

195 Despite Ethel Payne’s: Wright, The Color Curtain, 182–189.

196 Readers would certainly: “He made that tall tale up himself out of whole cloth,” according to writer Margaret Walker, who interviewed Payne in 1981. See Walker, Richard Wright: Daemonic Genius (New York: Harper Paperback, 2000), 266–267; various interviews with friends of Payne.

196 In January 1957: Dwight Eisenhower to Richard Nixon, 1/29/1957, African Trip, 1957, Series 351, Box 1, Folder African Trip—1957—administration, RMNPL.

197 In addition to: ChDe, 2/16/1957, 3. Kwame Nkrumah to JHS, 1/22/1957, A-SFP.

197 Ghanaians promised to: WaSt, 4/4/1957.

197 While the potential: ChDe, 2/23/1957, 4.

197 An estimated 10,000: DaDe, 3/4/1957, 3. The incident was alluded to in Ebony, June 1957, which has a photo of Nixon with the armband. Argus, “Nairobi Roundabout,” Sunday Post, 3/24/1957. Africa Trip, 1957, Press Clippings Africa to Kenya, Series 349, Box1, RMNPL.

198 Later that night: DaDe, 3/5/1957, 1; AmNe, 3/16/1957, 1.

198 As the hour: DaDe, 3/6/1957, 3. UPI dispatch, Bonham Daily Favorite, Bonham, TX, 3/5/1957, 1.

198 “Mr. Vice-President”: PiCo, 3/9/1957, 2.

199 American domestic politics: PiCo, 5/13/1974, 25.

199 In the days: Itinerary and Press List, African Trip, 1957, Series 351, Box 1, folder Africa Trip—1957—administration, RMNPL.

199 The stops in: ChDe, 4/6/1957, 4; ChDe, 3/30/1957, 12. Not all Payne observed was as weighty. At one stop, she telegraphed her Chicago editors with sartorial news about Pat Nixon. She had confided in Payne that she managed to keep a fresh look in the absence of a maid by packing lightweight nonwrinkle suits rolled in tissue paper. But in an emergency, she also swapped clothes with Rose Mary Woods, her husband’s secretary, “such as at Khartoum when Pat stepped off plane in dark silk faille suit and black hat loaned to her by Rose.” Woods remained Nixon’s personal secretary his entire career and became famous for claiming that she inadvertently erased a critical part of a White House tape relating to the Watergate scandal by stretching to press two different controls several feet apart. Silk faille is a slightly glossy silk. (Undated telegram to Chicago Defender from Tripoli, “Writings by, Dispatches from Africa” folder, ELPSMRC, B1657.)

200 After visits to: ChDe, 3/23/1957, 2.

200 Back home Payne: DaDe, 4/8/1957, 2.

201 As the date: Payne also reported that leaders of the rally said they were aware that Communists were attempting to infiltrate the march but that there was no chance of their “capturing” the meeting. Although Payne added that “fellow travelers” Paul Robeson and his wife, Eslanda, would be joining the pilgrimage; DaDe, 5/15/1957, 9; DaDe, 5/20/1957, 2.

202 The Sunday after: DaDe, 5/22/1957, 1.

202 Payne continued to: Payne’s boss, Louis Martin, was also at times favorably impressed with Nixon, although he remained suspicious. (See Memoirs, Draft I, 140, LBMLOC, B8.) Booker, Shocking the Conscience, 165.

203 Two days after: Branch, Parting the Waters, 219; DaDe, 6/18/1957, 6.

204 Ethel Payne was optimistic: ChDe, 6/8/1957, 3.

205 From the press: DaDe, 7/9/1957, 1.

205 Payne sought to: ChDe, 7/20/1957, 12.

206 By the end: DaDe, 7/31/1957, 7.

206 In early August: ChDe, 8/10/1957, 3.

207 To Payne the treachery: ChDe, 5/31/1958, 11.

207 Thurmond’s speechifying resistance: Branch, Parting the Waters, 221.

208 Payne and civil: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 98; ChDe, 9/7/1957, 1.

208 In the Defender: DaDe, 8/5/1957, 5.

209 The nine children: Rowan, Breaking Barriers, 155.

209 After landing at: DaDe, 9/11/1957, 1.

210 After a night’s: DaDe, 5/1/1956, 8. The first part of the two articles appeared on 4/30/1956.

211 Payne was particularly: ChDe, 9/21/1957, 1.

212 Payne spent her: ChDe, 9/21/1957, 3.

212 Payne caught up: DaDe, 9/16/1957, 4; NYT, 9/14/1957.

213 At his press: DaDe, 9/16/1957, 5.

214 “Grimly,” said Payne: DaDe, 9/17/1957, 19.

214 The next morning: DaDe, 9/16/1957, 1.

215 What with the traveling: PiCo, 4/6/1974, 6.

215 In Washington, a: DaDe, 10/3/1957, 1

215 As the Little Rock: DaDe, 10/21/1957, 14.

215 White House press: DaDe, 10/21/1957, 24.

217 If white America: DaDe, 10/28/1957, 1.

218 The next morning: DaDe, 10/28/1957, 6.

218 In Payne’s eyes: ChDe, 1/11/1958, 12.

218 On her Defender: Remarks by Alice Samples, 6/12/1982, ELPLOC B7F5; Expense Account, ELPMSRC B1657.

219 In September, she: ELP to JHS, 9/27/1957, Correspondence, ELPMSRC B1657.

219 Payne opened 1958: ChDe, 1/4/1958, 11.

220 Shortly after the: ELP to JRH, 1/3/1958, Payne, E. folder, DDEPL. Hagerty was then in the sixth year of the eight years he would serve as press secretary, the longest anyone ever held that position.

220 The truth of: Booker, Shocking the Conscience, 137; ChDe, 4/5/1958, 3.

221 In February, Ethel: ELPOH, 123–125.

221 So the gang: ELP to RMN, 2/13/1958, Correspondence, ELPMSRC, Box 1657.

222 On the night: Joseph B. Samples to RMN, 3/17/1958, Box 582 of Vice-President General Correspondence, Payne, Ethel L. (Miss), RMNPL; Booker, Shocking the Conscience, 167.

222 Several days later: DaDe, 3/4/1958, A3; RMN to ELP, 3/7/1958, Box 582 of Vice-President General Correspondence, Payne, Ethel L. (Miss), RMNPL; Pat Nixon to ELP, Correspondence, ELPMRS, B1657.

223 A few weeks: Expense Accounts and ELP to LEM, 4/24/1958, Correspondence, ELMPSRS, B1657.

224 The conflict was: DaDe, 3/19/1956, 4; ChDe, 9/21/1957, 5.

224 John Sengstacke was: ChDe, 5/10/58, 11.

225 The answer to: Daniel T. Sullivan to ELP, 6/28/1958, Correspondence, ELPMSRC, B1657.

225 In August, Sengstacke: JHS to ELP, 8/7/1958, Expense Account, ELPMSRC B1657.

226 If the Chicago: Documents in PMWP and Personal Bio Folder, ELPMSCR B1667 date ELP work for the AFL-CIO.

226 In June 1958: Personal Bio Folder, ELPMSRC, B1667; Jet, 7/31/1958, 29.

226 Payne put her: COPE records, RG22–001, Committee on Political Education, Research Division Files, 1944–1979, GMMA. Personal Bio Folder, ELPMSCR B1667.

227 But the union: Jet, 9/3/1959, 11; ELP Memo to James L. McDevitt, 4/24/1959, Payne, Ethel, 1959, 61, B5, PMWP.

227 With the hike: Roy Wilkins to ELP, 12/19/1958, ELPMSRC, correspondence, B1657; The Crisis, April 1959, 236; Mildred Bond to ELP, 2/5/1959, NAACP III, BA214, NAACP.

227 Working for a: ELP to Clare B. Williams, 5/20/1959, 109-A–1 1959–1960, DDEPL.

228 Payne also found: In 1958, Payne told a relative she was working on landing Johnson a page position. (ELP to Philip A. Johnson, 6/5/1958, JAJP); James A. Johnson, interview with author, 5/22/2012.

228 In the summer: AfAm, 1/31/1959, 2. In 2013, House historians uncovered records that revealed the House had an African American page in 1871, and other records indicate the Senate employed a black “riding page” who delivered messages between the Senate and executive offices at some point in the nineteenth century. The Supreme Court, following Earl Warren’s appointment as chief justice, had employed three black pages prior to Johnson’s attempt to become a House page. In fact, Payne had written a front-page story about the appointment of the first one five years earlier. (See ChDe, 7/31/1954, 1.)

228 In a chamber: ChTr, 1/28/1959, 1.

229 Thinking everything was: An inkling that something might go wrong surfaced when O’Hara called Payne to let her know there might be a slight delay because two pages had not yet vacated their posts. Nonetheless, Johnson left Chicago for Washington. But Payne ignored the warning signs.

229 Only when the two: ChDe, 2/14/1959, 10.

229 Meanwhile the press: ChTri, 1/28/1959, 1; ChTr, 1/29/1958, 1.

229 With the Page: ChTr, 2/17/1959, A2; James A. Johnson interview with author, 5/22/2012.

230 With a partial: Johnson’s family was Lutheran, while Payne remained nominally an AME Baptist but rarely if ever attended services. Her older sister Avis, Jimmy’s mother, had retained their mother’s religiosity but switched to the Salem Evangelical Lutheran Church when they moved to the Park Manor neighborhood of Chicago. Herman Davis interview with author, 2/20/2013.

230 Johnson did well: Ebony, May 1960.

231 Representative William H.: William H. Ayres to Clarence Mitchell, 1/25/1960, Jimmy Johnson Folder, ELPMSCR B1664.

231 Mitchell was beside: Clarence Mitchell, 1/28/1960, Jimmy Johnson Folder, ELPMSCR B1664.

232 More odious to: Andrew Edmund Kersten, A. Philip Randolph: A Life in the Vanguard (Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield, 2007), 152.

232 “Now the letters”: ELP to BP, 2/18/1960, JAJP.

233 Payne was elected: ELP Memo to You, undated by early spring 1961, Correspondence, ELPMSCR.

233 The Metropolitan Women’s: ELPOH, 86.

233 Payne was soon: DaDe, 4/14/1973, 8.

234 In the fall: ELP to family, 11/15/1960, ELPLOC.

235 The year 1961: Walter Mosley, Black Betty (New York: Washington Square Books, 1994), 45.

235 For Payne the: ELP to family (undated), Spring 1961, JAJP.

235 After the new: Jet, 2/16/1961, 9; ELP Memo, undated but early spring 1961, Correspondence, ELPMSCR Box 1657.

235 On Monday, June: Remarks by Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson, 6/12/1961, Statements of Lyndon B. Johnson, Box 55, LBJPL.

236 “Although his family”: ELP to family, (undated) Spring 1961, JAJP.

236 A year into: Jet, 2/8/1962, 51; PiCo, 2/10/1962.

236 At first it: Jet, 4/19/62, 3.

237 In September, the: Reading Eagle, 9/7/1962, 10; Jet, 9/20/1962, 13.

238 One night she: “Civil Rights and Journalism: Then and Now,” 1989 video, Department of Special Collections and Archives, Queens College Libraries, CUNY, Queens, NY.

239 The scope and: ChDe, 8/24/1963, 6.

240 The changing political: AtWo, 1/9/1963, 2.

241 But at age: ELP to Family (undated) 1963.

241 A. Philip Randolph: NYT, 8/29/1963, 21.

241 As King began: “And all of a sudden this thing came to me that . . . I’d used many times before . . . ‘I have a dream.’ And I just felt that I wanted to use it here . . . I used it, and at that point I just turned aside from the manuscript altogether. I didn’t come back to it” (King, November 29, 1963).

242 The reporters sitting: Sherrod, Ethel Payne, 71; Robert Camfiord, who directed the television pool coverage for the networks, recalled that in a television news career spanning six decades, the March on Washington stands out clearly in his memory. “The raw emotions of Dr. King’s speech and its effect on all who were there to witness it will always remain with me. I am indeed grateful. (Robert Camfiord, USA [2003] http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/august/28/newsid_3171000/3171155.stm.)

242 A few days: ELP to APR, 9/3/1963, ELPLOC B4F1.

242 Payne sought to: Jet, 10/31/1963, 13; Jet, 8/15/1963, 12, Jet, 3/26/1964, 13; Denver Post, 4/8/1964, 23.

243 It was so: Carl B. Stokes to ELP, 2/26/1963, ELPLOC B4F1.

243 Like most everything: ELPOH, 87.

243 Now Texan Lyndon: NYT, 11/28/1963, 1.

244 On July 2, 1964: Lawrence F. O’Brien to President, 7/2/1964, courtesy of Allen Fisher, LBJPL.

246 Payne could not: ELP to President Lyndon Baines Johnson, 3/17/1965, W.H. Central File, Subject File, LBJPL.

246 Taking her pledge: ELPOH, 82.

247 Another life was: Charles E. Fager, Selma: 1965 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974), 150–153; ELPOH, 82.

247 A Johnson aide: Streitmatter, Raising Her Voice, 125.

247 The DNC Christmas: ChDe, 12/25/1965, 2.

248 Payne deftly skirted: Meriden Journal, 1/22/1966, 4; Press Release, ELPMSRS B1657.

248 Payne could see: Katie E. Whickam to Margaret Price, 3/11/1965, MBPP.

249 The election in: Cal Jillson, Texas Politics: Governing the Lone Star Sate (New York: Routledge, 2011), 80.

249 Now, five years: Sean P. Cunningham, Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2010), 76–77.

249 On August 28: By any measure, Payne was neither comfortable nor facile as a public speaker. At first she stuck to her prepared remarks. But Payne’s anger toward Republican opposition to the Great Society stirred her. “When I think about all the lies those ornery critters of the opposition are telling,” she said, “well, I just get turned on and come out fighting.” Her developing stump speech opened with a recounting of the Selma marches, President Johnson’s “We Shall Overcome” address to Congress, and the eventual passage of the Voting Rights Act, triggering amens from her audiences. More talk of expanding the rolls of voters with Negroes and closing with an evangelical call to support the president and Negro soldiers in Vietnam would bring a roar of amens, Payne said. “And you just hope you’ve succeed in translating apathy into action.” ELP letter, 11/9/1966, Correspondence Folder, ELPMSRC B1657.

250 Moreover, her candidate: Cunningham, Cowboy Conservatism, 106; Van Pell Evans, “Texas Politics,” The Informer and Texas Freeman, 11/5/1966, 4.

250 On Election Day: ELP letter, 11/9/1966, Correspondence Folder, ELPMSRC B1657.

251 But the end: ELPOH, 92.

255 After an absence: The New York Times assigned Tom Johnson, an African Amercian, in December of 1967. Wallace Terry, whom Payne met at the Gov. Faubus press conference, went to the war for Time magazine that year as well. A few months after Payne departed from Vietnam, the concert pianist Philippa Schuyler was killed when the helicopter she was in crashed. She had written some freelance articles but on this instance was volunteering to help evacuate orphans from danger. Payne missed meeting Schuyler by a few days when in Vietnam (DaDe, 5/18/1967, 3). Frances FitzGerald and Martha Gellhorn were both in Vietnam at the time. The two white women were well-known writers, particularly Gellhorn, a famous war correspondent who had once been married to Ernest Hemingway. (Joyce Hoffman, On Their Own: Women Journalists and the American Experience in Vietnam [New York: Da Capo, 2008], 149–151)

255 Even before agreeing: ELP to JHS, 11/29/1966, Defender Correspondence File, ELPMSRC B1667.

256 Ahead of the: Nikolas Kozloff, “Vietnam, the African American Community, and the Pittsburgh New Courier,” The Historian, Vol.63, No. 2, 2001, 523.

256 But with each: Ebony, August 1968, 60–61; Herman Graham III, The Brothers’ Vietnam War: Black Power, Manhood, and the Military Experience (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003), 17–24; DaDe, 4/11/1967, 1.

257 The White House: SB to LEM, 8/13/1965, Correspondence, ELPMSRC, Box 1657.

257 Martin forwarded a: Memorandum by LEM to Bill Moyers, Lee White, Marvin Watson, and Cliff Carter, 8/16/1965, Correspondence, ELPMSRC, Box 1657. By 1966, 35 percent of African Americans opposed the war (Kozloff, “Vietnam,” The Historian, Vol.63, No. 2, 2001, 526).

258 After twenty hours: DaDe, 1/3/1967, 4.

259 A representative from: Thomas E. Barden, ed. Steinbeck in Vietnam: Dispatches from the War (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012), 105.

259 Print and broadcast: ELP to TG, 12/25/1966, JAJP.

259 Early the following: ELPOH, 94; News & Courier, Charleston, SC, 1/15/1967, 3.

260 A Christmastime truce: ChDe, 12/27/1975. A mistake in the printed version is corrected by an earlier unpublished version found in ELPLOC, B4F1.

261 By the time: ELPOH, 94.

261 Recalling her impressions: DaDe, 1/3/1967, 4.

261 The military public: Richard West, a British freelance journalist, quoted in Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty: From the Crimea to Vietnam; The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and Myth Maker (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 382; ELPOH, 95.

261 Among her first: ELP to TG, 1/5/1967, JAJP. Outfitted in a life jacket, Payne wondered why the plane’s seats were placed backward and straps held her in place vise-like. “I soon found out,” she said. “When the plane hits the deck, the impact is so great that unless you’re strapped in properly, your neck might snap like that of a chicken.”

262 As was true: ELPOH, 96.

262 Payne also used: DaDe, 1/16/1967, 5.

262 Back on dry: DaDe, 1/25/1967, 8.

263 Saigon hardly offered: DaDe, 2/7/1967, 1.

263 Every reporter who: ELP to TG, 1/5/1967, JAJP.

264 For Payne’s tour: DaDe, 1/23/1967, 1. The source for what Payne was thinking is her own account of her thoughts.

265 Forest and the: DaDe, 1/24/67, 9.

266 “It is the battle”: DaDe, 1/26/1967, 1.

266 As the days: DaDe, 3/14/1967, 1.

268 Ethel Payne had: DaDe, 4/11/1967, 1.

268 This was not: DaDe, 3/20/1976, 1.

270 “In general,” Payne: ELP to BP, 2/23/1967, JAJP.

270 Leaving Vietnam, Payne: ELP to BP, 2/23/1967, JAJP.

271 “I didn’t really”: ELPOH, 96.

271 She paused in South: DaDe, 3/16/1967, 1.

272 Making one last: DaDe, 3/28/1967, 4.

273 As a member: DaDe, 3/9/1968, 14.

273 Her new apartment: ELP to TG, 9/8/1967, JAJP; Biographical Notes, Personal Bios, EP, ELPMSRC B1667.

274 “During the day”: Robert H. Fleming to Howard B. Woods, 6/13/1967, White House Central File Subject File PR, LBJPL.

274 In early June: DaDe, 6/14/1967, 2.

274 The club had: NYT, 4/7/1967, 36; WaPo, 4/6/1967, A10.

275 Even the Defender: DaDe, 4/11/67, 1; ChDe, 4/22/1967, 10.

275 “He knew he”: DaDe, 6/14/1967, 2.

276 Less impressed with: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 576–577.

276 It was indeed: DaDe, 1/20/1968, 1.

276 Lady Bird Johnson: DaDe, 1/22/1968, 7.

277 Payne pursued the: DaDe, 6/24/1967, 1.

277 In August 1967: ChDe, 8/19/1967, 1.

278 Three years after: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 497; DaDe, 7/18/1967, 4.

278 It was a somber: DaDe, 7/26/1967, 2.

279 “The use of”: DaDe, 7/17/1967, 2.

279 The disunity did: DaDe, 8/21/1967, 12.

279 Over the fall: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 583.

279 Senator John McClellan: DaDe, 12/7/1967, 7.

280 King’s planned protest: DaDe, 1/15/1968, 8.

280 A few weeks: DaDe, 1/30/1968, 4.

280 She followed the: DaDe, 2/8/1968, 2.

281 Carmichael lived up: DaDe, 2/17/1968, 2.

281 By mid-March: DaDe, 3/14/1968, 1.

282 Ethel Payne watched: Quoted in Mark Engler, “Dr. Martin Luther King’s Economics: Through Jobs, Freedom; How would Dr. King have responded to the current crises of recession, unemployment, and foreclosure?” The Nation, 1/1/2010.

283 There remained only: DaDe, 4/4/1968, 10; ELP letter to friends and family, 4/12/1968, ELPLOC, B4F1.

284 The anger in: James Brown flew into Washington in his private jet at the invitation of the mayor, who hoped the singer might help restore calm there after having walked the streets in Boston and Harlem with a message of “Cool it.” Payne met up with him at a command post set up by law enforcement in a municipal building. Before going on television to appeal for calm, Brown described to her his experience in Boston. “The people were mad, you know,” he said, “but I just walked along the streets talking to them. We dig each other, you know. I’m one of them, yeah. I’m a millionaire, but I got a poor heart, you understand?” PiCo, 4/13/1968, 2.

284 Despite her allusion: Florence Ridlon, A Black Physician’s Struggle for Civil Rights: Edward C. Mazique, MD (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005), 251.

285 Ralph Abernathy, whom: DaDe, 5/2/1968, 12.

286 At first, Payne: DaDe, 5/14/1968, 7.

286 Caravans of buses: DaDe, 5/20/1968, 5.

286 Payne was skeptical: DaDe, 5/21/1968, 2.

287 Andrew Young, who: DaDe, 6/1/1968, 16.

287 Sympathetic to the: DaDe, 5/21/1968, 2.

288 Payne’s doctor, Edward: Ridlon, A Black Physician’s Struggle, 268, 272.

288 One day Payne: DaDe, 6/22/1968, 24.

288 John Conyers Jr.: DaDe, 5/28/1968, 8.

289 Conditions were indeed: DaDe, 6/4/1968, 19.

289 Compounding the troubles: DaDe, 6/3/1968, 7.

289 As organizers struggled: DaDe 6/1/1968, 2.

290 But within days: DaDe, 6/5/1968, 7; DaDe, 6/11/1968, 5.

290 In the midst: DaDe, 6/10/1968, 4.

291 The encampment’s population: DaDe, 6/22/1968, 1.

291 Talking to sources: DaDe, 6/29/1968, 13.

292 Three days later: DaDe, 6/19/1968, 13.

292 Payne came across: DeDe, 7/1/1968, 4.

294 “If nothing else”: DaDe, 8/7/1968, 1.

295 From Miami it: That is not to say the Republican gathering in Miami was entirely quiet. The city experienced a race riot in Liberty City during the convention. DaDe, 8/24/1968, 11.

295 In assessing the: DaDe, 7/13/1968, 31 and 8/31/1968, 1.

296 But the convention: DaDe, 9/4/1968, 4.

296 In the fall: DaDe, 10/28/1968, 2.

296 In December the: DaDe, 12/14/1968, 8.

297 At first President: Lawrence Allen Eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War: Civil Rights and Vietnam in the African American Press (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2012), 160–162.

298 The appointment didn’t: DaDe, 1/9/1969, 1; 4/10/1969, 2; 5/15/1969, 4.

298 On the other: DaDe, 5/1/1969, 5, 8; 5/10/1969, 9.

299 Weeks later, from: DaDe, 6/26/1969, 12.

299 The Richard Nixon: DaDe, 7/7/1969, 8.

299 In April, one: DaDe, 4/23/1969, 3; DaDe, 4/14/1973, 8.

300 Payne and her: ELP to Family, 8/22/1969, unlabeled folder, ELPMSRC B1667; WaPo, 12/9/2011.

300 Meanwhile Defender publisher: ELP to JHS and LPM, 6/23/1969, Defender Correspondence, ELPMSRC B1667.

300 Payne told Sengstacke: ELP to JHS, 12/30/1969, Defender Correspondence, ELPMSRC B1667.

301 Payne’s frustration with: ChTr, 3/7/1972, 9; DaDe, 3/11/1972, 5.

301 The Defender gave: DaDe, 3/13/1972, 1.

302 “We reject the”: DaDe, 3/13/1972, 4.

302 The 1972 political: DaDe, 7/11/1972, 9.

302 As she had: DaDe, 7/15/1972, 36; 7/29/1972, 8; 8/26/1972, 5.

303 That autumn Nixon: DaDe, 11/9/1972, 8.

303 Still, the tone: DaDe, 12/13/1972, 1; 12/23/1972, 6.

305 An immensely frustrated: Circumstantial evidence indicates that the Nigerians paid for all, or at least most, of the costs associated with the journey. Neither of their newspapers had a budget for such a trip.

305 In late January: ELP to ARJ, 1/27/1969, JJP.

305 Unlike life in: Elsie Olusola Interview with Miss Ethel Payne, Voice of America, 2/4/1969, National Archives Record Group 306: Records of the U.S. Information Agency, 1900–2003; DaDe, 2/19/1969, 2 and 2/4/1969, 7.

305 But as far: “Part II of My African Adventure,” ELPLOC B39F8.

306 “Adekunle’s particular reason”: ELPOH, 99.

306 The following morning: DaDe, 2/12/1969, 8.

307 After two days: “Part II of My African Adventure,” ELPLOC B39F8.

308 Payne raised the: The National Negro Publishers Association had changed its name to the National Newspaper Publishers Association.

308 The group traveled: DaDe, 2/24/1970, 6; DaDe, 2/21/1970, 2; DaDe, 2/23/1970, 6; DaDe, 3/4/1970, 8; DaDe, 3/5/1970, 6; DaDe, 3/28/1970, 26; DaDe, 4/7/1970, 6.

309 Unbeknownst to her: Quoted in Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit Books, 1983), 111. The comment caught by Nixon’s tape recording system in the White House was not to be revealed until years later.

309 When Congo president: DaDe, 2/24/1970, 6; DaDe, 2/21/1970, 2; DaDe, 2/23/1970, 6; DaDe, 3/4/1970, 8; DaDe, 3/5/1970, 6. During the question-and-answer period at the National Press Club, Mobutu was asked to comment on the new Afro hairdos popular in the United States. The translator was stymied by the question. “Then,” said Payne, “Marion Barry, director of Pride, Inc., stood up with his modified bush and dashiki.” In the confusion, the president believed he was to make a comment on Barry’s shirt, but an aide whispered to him about the hairstyle query. “Voilà,” said Mobutu, waving his hand over his head. “We are already doing that in the Congo.” (DaDe, 8/5/1970, 2; 8/15/1970, 14); ELP to TG, 8/9/1970, JAJP.

309 Payne soon torpedoed: WaPo, 10/21/1970; Newark Evening News, 10/21/1970.

310 The film showed: DaDe, 10/17/1970, 14; Jet, 11/5/1970, 4.

311 To bring Young’s: Booker, Shocking the Conscience, 290.

311 Landing in Lagos: DaDe, 3/16/71, 2; 3/15/1971, 1.

311 When it was: Ebony, May 1971, 42; DaDe, 3/27/1971, 8.

312 At the grave site: Ebony, May 1971, 31–39.

312 No more than: DaDe, 8/7/1971, 8.

313 Ethel Payne was: ELPOH, 103.

313 Robinson liked the: ELPSCRBC, B7.

313 Upon her return: ELPOH, 105.

314 Robinson was pleased: Maurice Robinson to ELP, 6/12/1972. Scripts may be found in ELPSCRBC Box 7.

314 In 1972, with: Interview with author, 12/13/2011.

315 Payne was completely: DaDe, 7/10/1972, 8.

315 If nothing else: AfAm, 8/22/1972, 11.

317 The dust had: AfAm, 5/19/1984, 3; ELP “Notes on China” 11/10/1975, ELPLOC B39F9.

317 However, because Manton’s: “Notes on China” 11/10/1975, ELPLOC B39F9.

318 After landing in: NYT, 1/16/1973, 16; AfAm 5/19/1983, 3.

318 Now inside China: ChDe, 2/17/1973, 4; small Chinese notebook, SSP, B127F2.

319 Almost every day: Description drawn from small Chinese notebook, SSP, B127F2.

319 During a visit: ChDe, 3/10/1973, 6.

320 Payne was dazzled: ELP to TG, 1/26/1973, JAJP.

320 In Shanghai, Payne’s: Tri-State Defender, 3/10/1973, 6.

320 Reg Murphy, an: Atlanta Constitution, 11/18/1974.

321 In addition to: AfAm 5/19/1983, 3.

322 For their work: Fox Butterfield, China: Alive in the Bitter Sea (New York: Times Books, 1982), 29.

322 On April 11: FBI File in possession of author.

322 Payne, of course: George Derek Musgrove, Rumor, Repression, and Racial Politics: How the Harassment of Black Elected Officials Shaped Post–Civil Rights America (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012), 56.

323 In June, the: FBI File in possession of author.

324 As the summer: ELP to TG 6/18/1973, JAJP; ELP to Friends, 12/25/1973, ELPMSRC B1657.

324 Payne put the: ChDe, 7/7/1973, 8.

324 By early August: ELPOH, 108.

325 One day on: Letter from Shirley Small-Rougeau to the author, 5/10/2013.

326 Payne felt the: ELPLOC B2F5.

326 After an absence: ELPSCRBC Box 9.

326 Statistically speaking, Payne: ChTr, 7/8/2012.

327 “Super Fly and”: DaDe, 1/21/1974, 1.

327 Payne was entering: Faustin C. Jones, “On Respect for the Law: ‘Law and Order,’” The Crisis, April–May 1971, 91; Cynthia Fleming, Yes We Did?: From King’s Dream to Obama’s Promise (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2009), 73.

328 On Sunday evening: ChDe, 2/25/1974, 1 and 2/28/1974, 2.

328 “This could not”: Atlanta Constitution, 11/18/1974.

328 Despite her crime-fighting”: Coretta Scott King to ELP, 2/9/1975, Lee Lorch to ELP, 12/11/1974, Daniel James to ELP, 1/8/1974 ELPSCEBC B36; Lady Bird to ELP from LBJ Ranch ELPMSRC 1664; Hubert Humphrey to ELP, 2/4/1975, ELPCHM.

328 Given the chance: ELP to ARJ, 1975 postcard, JAJP.

329 In the spring: ELP to ARJ, 2/4/1987, ELPLOC B5.

329 To pay for: Carlton Goodlett to NNPA members, ELPLOC B15.

329 The strategy worked: Department of State, Tanzania Dar es Salaam, US Delegation Secretary to Department of State, Secretary of State, 4/25/1976.

330 The problem resolved: ELP to ARJ, 2/4/1987, ELPLOC B5; See Kissinger to ELP, 6/28/1976, ELPSCRBC B15.

330 At its various stops: Richard Valeriani, Travels with Henry (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979) 361–362.

331 At one point: Valeriani, Travels with Henry, 84–85; ELP to ARJ, 2/4/1987, ELPLOC B5.

331 Payne questioned Kissinger’s: AfAm, 6/29/1976, 2; Typescript, LOC B39F9.

331 The same issue: National Security Advisor’s Memoranda of Conversation, 6/2/1976 and 8/3/1976, GRFPL.

332 Kissinger nonetheless went: PiCo, 8/21/1976, 6; AP report, The Bulletin 8/3/1976, 10; ChTr, 8/6/1976, A4.

332 It was a heady: ELP to TG, 8/13/1996, JAJP.

332 Payne began by: Atlanta Constitution, 10/19/1976; ELP to Jody Power, 7/16/1976, LOC 41, 4; PiCo 10/9/1976, 6.

333 In the midst: ELP to Rev. Addie Wyatt, ACWP B33F42; ELP to Richard Ferris, 10/29/1976; ELPSRBC B28.

333 Next it was: I-Chen Loh to ELP, 8/15/1977, JAJP; ChDe, 9/3/1977, 12.

333 After the journey: OMB forms, ELPSRBC B37; ELPOH, 109.

334 “Ethel, we have”: JHS to ELP, 10/11/1977, ELPSCRBC B36.

334 Unapologetic, Payne challenged: ELP to JHS, 1/17/1978, ELPSCRBC B36.

336 As had happened: ELPOH, 142.

336 The foundation liked: ELP, Black Colleges: Roots, Reward, Renewal (Delta Sigma Theta, 1979), 47–50.

337 Delta Sigma Theta: Sidney Hook letter in letter to Samuel Halperin, the former deputy assistant secretary of health, education and welfare for legislation. ELPSCRBC B36.

337 The report done: Eddie Williams to ELP, 6/12/1978, ELPSCBC B36.

337 It was dispiriting: ELPOH, 132.

338 Three allies in: John Raye letter to author; Census folder, ELPSCRBC B4.

338 In her new: Various interviews. The use of eggshells was described by Rita Bibbs-Booth, who learned about them when she house-sat for Payne. Payne later donated her collection of dolls, as well as dolls once owned by her sister Thelma, to the Charles Sumner School Museum and Archives in Washington, DC.

339 She chose her: By the end of 1980, she was an officer of the Capital Press Club. Washington Informer, 10/23/1980, 19. Gil to ELP, Dated October 8 no year, ELPSCEBC B5.

339 At 2:05 in: Scott M. Bushnell, Hard News, Heartfelt Opinions: A History of the Fort Wayne Journal Gazette (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 170–171.

340 Payne had known: Vernon Jordan to ELP, 8/2/1973, ELPSCRBC B36

340 Now Payne was: ChTr, 6/15/1980, B14. (The article was written by Payne’s friend Barbara Reynolds.)

340 “There’s one thing”: ELPOH, 151.

340 This was not: ChTr, 7/31/1988, section 6, page 3.

341 “The truth is”: WaPo, 6/14/1982, c6; ChDe, 2/4/1978, 6; ELPOH, 150.

341 From his hospital: Vernon E. Jordan Jr., Vernon Can Read!: A Memoir (New York: Public Affairs, 2008), 294.

341 When he was: Looking back on the contretemps many years later, Jordan called it “a little incident in an otherwise outstanding career as an important journalist.” Author interview 11/21/2012.

341 When they first: Barbara Reynolds, No, I Won’t Shut Up (Temple Hills, MD: JFJ Publishing, 1998), 285.

342 Payne predicted in: “Carter’s High Risk Re-Election Gamble,” Dollars & Cents, Fall, 1980.

342 Payne’s optimism, however: Sepia, Fort Worth, TX, 1/1/1981, 14.

342 In August, Payne: An essay and a radio commentary for WBBM, ELPLOC, Box 39, 9 and Box 40, 3.

343 Like the president: Originally the chair was to be named after Payne; then as the project got under way it was named after journalist Ida B. Wells. Confusion over the name persisted, and when Payne was on campus in 1982–1983 it was again referred to as the Payne Chair.

343 Leonard and Reynolds: AfAm, 6/22/1982, 3.

343 “They came from”: WaPo, 6/14/1982, C6.

344 As she was: Interview with author 11/22/2011.

344 “Come fall, when”: AfAm, 6/22/1982, 3.

345 She had been: Scandinavian study quoted in Aderanti Adepoju, “The Dimension of the Refugee Problem in Africa,” African Affairs, Vol.81, No. 322 (January 1982), 21.

345 In March, Payne: Interview with author, 6/17/2013.

346 Payne told Lucas: ChDe, 10/26/1973, 6. See, for example, ChDe, 5/24/1975, 10; ELP to C. Payne Lucas, 3/12/1982, ELPSCBC Box 5.

346 Lucas bought into: ELP, Focus on Africa: A Report on Refugee Camps and Settlements in Somalia, Sudan, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Africare, 1982), i; Black Enterprise, February 1986, 142.

346 Payne, the veteran: ELP to Patricia Scales, 6/25/1982, ELPSCFBC B5.

346 An overnight flight: ELP, Focus on Africa, 1, 3 Somalia.

347 The Somali government: ELP, Focus on Africa, 12–13 Somalia.

348 For five days: UNDP, Human Development Report, 2001—Somalia (New York: 2001), 42; ELP, Focus on Africa, 14 Somalia.

348 They landed at: ELP, Focus on Africa, 1–2 Sudan.

348 Sudan consisted of: At the Lusaka International Airport, she reflexively answered “journalist” when immigration officials asked her profession rather than explaining she was a board member of Africare visiting the organization’s projects. Journalists could enter Zambia only with prior approval from the Ministry of Information. Kevin Lowther, the Africare representative in Zambia, tried to come to her aid. The officials, however, were unwilling to take his word. So Lowther drove back the twenty miles into Lusaka in hopes of finding the commissioner of refugees in his office. Good fortune was with Lowther. He obtained a typed letter on stationery, signed and officially stamped. (In African nations, noted Lowther, “a letter that hasn’t been stamped isn’t a letter.”) Suitably armed, he returned to the airport to further plead with the officials. However, the two agents in charge continued to debate whether to admit Payne. The delays did not sit well with Payne. “She was accustomed to being known and respected,” said Lowther. “To be confronted far from home by officious immigration officers was not the welcome she had expected.” The agents, who were not seeking bribes but were more concerned with the safety of their jobs if they erred, finally relented, and Payne headed to the hotel in Lowther’s company.

349 The camp now: ELP to family, 7/31/1982, JJP.

349 At the end: ELP, Focus on Africa, 5 Zambia.

350 Upon her return: AfAm, 9/14/82, 5.

350 In January 1981: ELP to family, 1/15/1981.

350 Payne was assigned: Interview with author, 5/27/2013.

351 In class, Haynes: ChMe, 5/30/1981, 10.

351 Haynes was not: Interview with author.

352 Haynes and Bibbs: Interview with author.

352 A year and: Convocation Speech, ELPLOC, B28F6.

353 Speech concluded, journalist: She lived at 1809 Morena St. 37208; “The students just loved it,” recalled President Leonard. (Author interview.)

353 The seminar series: “The Great Issues of Today Seminar,” ELPLOC B28F4.

354 Payne’s post at: Omaha World-Herald, 2/25/1983, 33.

354 Normally winning a: ELP to Hal Chase, 5/3/1983, ELPLOC, B5F1.

355 Her column was: Bruce Tucker to ELP, 4/29/1983, ELPLOC B5F1.

355 A week later: ELP to Bruce Tucker, 5/6/1983, ELPLOC B5F1.

356 As the spring: “The Great Issues of Today Seminar,” ELPLOC B28F4.

357 To Ethel Payne’s: Laura Ross Brown to ELP, 4/4/1984, ELPLOC B5F2.

359 For Payne, Coleman: ELPOH, 127.

359 Three years before: Brown returned the salvo with one of his own. “Ethel Payne,” he wrote, “should have said that she was not in San Francisco and given the reasons why it was necessary to brand 150 black people who are looking for ways and means to stop the tide of the white liberal black professional leader ‘march to the rear’ in the so-called civil rights fight as ‘hasty switcher’ opportunities.” (Columbus Times, Columbus, GA, 2/4/1981, 5.)

360 Payne’s fight with: Milton Coleman interview with author 5/7/2013.

360 Her anger also: Edwin Emery and Michael Emery, The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media (Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984), 580–581.

360 “Ethel and the”: Ernest Green interview with author, 1/4/2013. Looking back on the time, Green said, we didn’t know what a rich and important period it was. “The Ethel Paynes and Bayard Rustins of the world ran their business on three-by-five cards and changed the world.”

361 The civil rights: WaIn, 3/26/1986, 18.

361 A black journalist: Audrey Edwards to ELP, 3/22/1984, ELPLOC B40F1.

361 Even work from: ELP to Max Green, 2/7/1984, ELPSCBC B36.

363 In the cold: Payne’s companion that day was Sylvia Hill, a criminal justice professor at the University of the District of Columbia. When contacted, Hill said she didn’t recall getting inside the embassy, but the press accounts consistently report that the two women did enter the building.

363 For Payne, ending: ANC Donation form, ELPSCRBC Box 5; ChDe, 1/22/1955, 1.

364 During her years: ChDe, 6/5/1976, 6; ChDe, 12/21/1974, 8.

364 South Africa, however: ELPSRBC B28; AfAm, ELP to Kinfolks and Friends, 8/22/1985, ELPLOC, B5F4.

364 The embassy called: WaPo, 1/5/1985, B1; AfAm, 1/12/1985, 1; ELP to Kinfolks and Friends, 8/22/1985, ELPLOC B5F4; Catherine Brown interview with author, 6/5/2013.

365 February brought back: MiTi, 2/28/1985.

365 But Payne hardly: ELP to Kinfolks and Friends, 8/22/1985, ELPLOC B5F4; ELP Memo, ELPSRBC B22; Miami Folder, ELPSRBC B5; ELP to Family, 5/15/1985, ELPLOC B5F3.

365 In the fall: WaPo, 11/23/1985, G3; ELP Speech, ELPLOC B2F4; Africare Board Minutes, 6/24/1988, ELPLOC B14F8.

367 Several months later: Minutes of 9/12/1986 Africare Executive Committee Meeting, ELPSBRC B22; Kevin Lowther interview and letters with author.

367 Outside of her: ELP to Hortense Canady, 1/10/1987, Howard University.

368 Payne recommended to: AfAm, 5/5/1987, 48; Jet, 4/27/1987, 7.

369 Payne rushed to: MiTi, 5/28/1987, 5.

369 Nothing would weaken: ELP to Winnie Mandela, 7/1/1988, ELPLOC B5F8.

369 In her defense: USA Today, 2/25/1987, 4A.

369 “I hate to”: ELPOH, 143–144.

370 The Miller Brewing: Chicago Sun-Times, 4/11/1987, 10.

371 It was an easier: ELPOH, 133–134.

371 But Payne’s generosity: ELP to T and Ruth, 12/17/1985, ELPSCRBC B5.

372 What Payne lacked: Letter, Shirley Small-Rougeau to author, 4/26/2013.

372 “We, our little”: Letter, Shirley Small-Rougeau to author, 5/29/2013.

372 When Payne turned: Jet, 9/22/1986, 30; ELP to friends January 1987, ELPSCBC B5.

374 After waiting for: AfAm, 10/3/1987, 12; WaPo, 10/3/1987.

375 Payne told caucus: ELP to Mervyn Dymally, 9/30/1987, ELPJJP.

375 Dymally was quick: Mervyn Dymally to ELP, 9/29/1987, ELPJJP.

375 The 1988 presidential: The City Sun, Brooklyn, NY, 6/8–14/1988, 19.

376 Attending the convention: “New Recognition for the Black Press,” 7/19/1988, ELPLOC B36F3.

376 Payne was keenly: ELP to Ruth and David, 2/4/1987, ELPLOC; ELP to David Payne Johnson, 1/23/1989, ELPLOC B6F1.

377 Barry replied that: Associated Press report in Observer-Reporter, Washington, PA, 4/3/1989, 13.

377 In the fall: ELP to Maureen Bunyan, 10/11/1989, ELPLOC B6F2.

377 In the end: “Coming to Terms with Reality,” ELPLOC B40F3.

378 She remained for: ELP to Mitsuko Shigomura, 11/30/1989, ELPLOC B6F2; ELP to Frances Draper, 11/11/1989, ELPLOC B6F2.

379 The trip was: Letter from Joseph Dumas to author.

379 In the living: C. Payne Lucas interview with author.

380 A month later: Philadelphia Inquirer, 7/1/1990.

380 At the end: WaTi, 2/28/1991; WaPo, 2/21/1991, DC2; ELPOH, 116–117.

381 In April, Payne: ELP to Ruth and David, 2/4/1987, ELPLOC; ELP to David Payne Johnson, 1/23/1989, ELPLOC B6F1; Washington Times, 2/28/1991; copy of eulogy in author’s possession.

381 On May 23: Dean Mills to ELP, 5/23/1991, JAJP.

382 Upon reflection, Payne: Interview with author.

384 As a reporter: ChDe, 3/26/1977; Layfield, “Chasing the Dream,” 132–133.

385 On Capitol Hill: Congressional Record, E2072.

386 Then, from the: James M. Christian interview with author, 6/25/2013.

387 Indeed, two years: Interview with author, 6/14/2013.

387 The first two: Tracey Scruggs-Yearwood interview with author; Fred Harvey interview with author.

388 Civil rights activist: NYT, 9/28/2011, 13.

389 A decade before: Tennessean, Nashville, TN, 2/28/1981, 2.