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Abbega (freedman), 217
Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Sadi, 97, 212, 362n
Abdel Kader dan Taffa, 165–66
Abdel Karim. See Barth, Heinrich
Abdullahi dan Fodio, 166
Abou Turab. See Mahdi, Ahmad al-Faqi al-
Abou Zeid, Abdelhamid, 78, 126, 145–46, 150, 189, 244, 248–49, 278, 282, 357n
Abu Abrahima, 82
Abu Hamid, 269
Abu Simbel (Nubia), 76
Abu Taleb, Hala, 367n
Abyssinia, Court of, 24
“Action Plan for the Rescue, Preservation and Valorization of the Timbuktu Manuscripts Evaculated in Bamako” (Haidara), 324
Adama (Chadian jihadist), 117, 357n, 359n
Adams, Robert, 342
Aegipani, 29
Afghanistan, 25, 78, 191, 231
Africa
nineteenth-century European ideas about, 130, 145, 216, 260–64, 276, 341
See also specific localities, nations, and regions
African Association, 26, 65, 67, 76, 87, 89, 130–32, 260, 346n, 349n, 352n
explorers sponsored by, 32–33, 35–36, 59–60, 299, 346n
African Union, 181
Africanists, 311, 325
Ag Cherif, Bilal, 180
Ag Ghaly, Asa, 364n
Ag Ghaly, Iyad, 78–79, 81–82, 117, 150, 189, 243, 245, 353n, 364n
Ag Mohamed, Houday, 52, 113, 352n
Ag Mossa, Mohamed, 358n
Ag Mouchallatte, Aljimite, 359n
Ag Najim, Mohamed, 46–47, 55, 79
Ag Teyib, Bouna, 180, 189
Agadez (Niger), 164, 216
Age of Enlightenment, 22
Agence France-Presse, 245
Aguelhok (Mali), 7
Ahaggar Tuareg, 93
Ahmad III, emperor of Masina, 168, 171
Ahmad Baba, 98, 152, 166, 219, 220, 296, 319, 363n, 367–68n
personal library of, 292, 297
Rousseau’s misinformation about, 97, 99, 108
works of, 212, 217, 218, 312–13, 343, 362n, 366–68n
Ahmad Baba center. See Ahmad Baba institute
Ahmad Baba institute, 15, 44, 45, 48, 125, 139–43, 155, 232, 312, 313, 315–17, 326, 348n, 361n, 368n
burning of manuscripts at, 305, 330, 368n, 369n
evacuation of manuscripts to Bamako from, 190–91, 204, 206–7, 327, 335, 361n
founding of, 15, 312–13, 326, 368n
MNLA barracks in headquarters of, 126, 140–41
Sankore building of, 83, 117, 126, 282, 307–8, 316–17, 367n
Ahmad ibn And-Agh-Muhammad, 292
Ahmadu Seku, 265
Ahmed Baba. See Ahmad Baba
Ahmed, Baba, 359n, 364n
Air Mountains, 164
Akil, Sultan, 215, 220
Akyeampong, Emmanuel K., 366n
Al-Akhbar news agency, 353n
Al-Azhar mosque, 292
Al-Farouk, 153–54, 359n
Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, 17, 327
Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Zayyati, 30
Al-Idrisi, 29
Al Jazeera, 49, 125, 357n, 359n
Al-Muhkam (Ibn Sida), 291
Al-Qaeda, 79–80, 115, 179, 180, 244, 353n
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 7, 19, 78, 119, 180, 187–89, 251–52, 257, 356n, 357n, 361n
Al-Qamas al-muhit, 367n
Al-Wangari library, 115–16, 124, 336, 357n
Alawate, Sidi, 167–68
Alayaman. See Zuwa Alayaman
Albarn, Damon, 243
Aldrich, Robert, 365n
Alexandria, 39, 101, 343
Algeria, 7, 78, 201, 349n, 366n
jihadists from, 19, 146
Ali, ruler of Ludamar, 63
Ali Kulun, Sunni, 215, 288–89, 345
Alpha, Sane Chirfi, 80, 81, 124, 152, 236, 244, 248–49, 330, 335, 348n, 359n, 360n, 364n
Alps, 227
Amazon River and basin, 33, 130, 275
American Foreign Policy Council, 353n
American War of Independence, 22
Amnesty International, 139, 356n
Amsterdam, 231, 232
Andalusia, 132, 135, 192, 350n
Anderson, Alexander, 74
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, 17, 315
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 7, 18, 317
Angola, 130, 132
Annuaire de la Société Archéologique de Constantine, 218
Ansar Dine, 79–82, 117, 121, 125, 189, 243, 249
international intervention against, 186–87
Islamification program of, 114–15
mausoleums destroyed by, 182–83
sharia law enforced by, 143
Aqit, Muhammad, 219
descendants of, 288, 297, 313. See also Ahmad Baba
Arabic language, 2, 46, 55, 74, 76, 77, 101, 118, 148, 213, 240, 313
Barth’s fluency in, 166
grammar of, 292, 356n, 363n
manuscripts in, 6, 14–15, 69, 140, 170, 200, 206, 326–27, 348n. See also specific titles
Old Testament books translated into, 84
tombstone inscriptions in, 317
transliteration of, 346–47n
Arabic Medieval Inscriptions from the Republic of Mali (Farias), 317, 346n
Arabic TV, 305
Arabs, 93, 96, 189, 280, 351n, 354n, 355n
Arawan, 95, 96, 98, 99, 214, 354n
Arawani, Shaykh Muhammad Mahmud al-, 182
Archinard, Louis, 265, 272, 366n
Arguin (island), 73, 100
Aristotle, 129
Ashanti, 90
askiyas, 212, 216, 274, 293, 294, 311, 318, 362n. See also specific names
Associated Press, 306, 353n
Athenœum, The (magazine), 130, 161, 360n
Australia, 23, 27
Autos-da-fé, 251, 282–83
Azawad, 19, 47, 150, 170, 187, 189, 245, 312
Aztecs, 274–76
Babani, Shaykh, 91–93, 96, 354n
Baghayogho, Muhammad, 115, 222–23, 299
Baghdad, 292
Baker, Samuel, 217, 262, 365n
Bakkai, Shaykh (Sidi) Ahmad al-, 165, 167, 168, 169, 174, 176, 183, 227, 312, 354n, 360n, 366n
Barth’s meeting, 169–70
as collector of texts, 170
house, in ruins, 267–68
as politician, 171–73
as protector of Barth, 172–73
as teacher, 171
Bakri, Abu Ubayd al-, 132–34, 216, 358n
Balkans, 227
Bamako, 85, 118, 123–24, 150, 153, 155, 180, 191–93, 229–50, 353n, 358n
and concerns about jihadist extremism in Timbuktu, 185–86, 251, 282–83, 361n, 364n
coup d’état (March 2012), 11–12, 19, 45, 48
Dutch and German embassies in, 243, 246, 250, 364–65n
evacuation of manuscripts from Timbuktu to, 123–24, 139–43, 157, 190–91, 193–94, 197–98, 201–5, 229–43, 246–48, 257, 308–10, 322–24, 328, 331–32, 336–38, 364n, 368n, 370n
during French military intervention, 245–46, 301, 305
looting in, 123–24
Park in, 68–69, 74
terrorist attack in (November 2015), 333
University, 140
Bambara, 45, 47, 62, 64–66, 144
Bambara Maounde (Mali), 195, 245
Bambuk (Mali), 175
Bamiyan (Afghanistan) Buddhas, 231
Banda, Hastings, 351n
Bani River, 102, 153, 254
Banks, Joseph, 21–26, 33, 41, 63, 72, 260, 349n, 353n
death of, 76, 87
explorers recruited by, 37–38, 59–60
Barabish (Bérabiche) Arabs, 96
Barbados, 90
Barbary, 32, 36, 107, 160
Barrera, Bernard, 301–3, 305, 368n
Barrett, Ward, 350n
Barros, João de, 132
Barth, Heinrich, 159–78, 224–28, 259, 276, 318, 350n, 355n, 360n, 362n, 363n
Barbary/Middle East expedition of, 160–61
British antagonism toward, 224–27, 363n
German reception of, 224–26, 227–28, 261, 365n
manuscripts discovered by, 165–66, 211–12, 216–17, 312, 343, 362n
Muslim disguise of, 165, 167–68
at Niger River, 166–67
return to Britain of, 217–18
on Richardson’s expedition, 161–65
in Timbuktu, 168–76, 183, 272, 355n
youth and education of, 160
Barth, Johann and Charlotte, 160
Bastos (tourist guide), 56, 145–46, 148, 281–82, 357n
Bathurst, Lord (Henry), 90
BBC, 49, 305
Beaufort, Francis, 355n
Beaufoy, Henry, 24–26, 36–38, 41, 61, 71–72
Bedouins, 160–61
Belgium, 260, 263, 365n
Bella (ethnic group), 45
Bello, Muhammad, 166
Belmokhtar, Mokhtar, 78, 189, 361n
Belzoni, Giovanni Battista, 355n
Ben Abayd Ben Rachal El Barbuchy, Hamed (Ahmadu Labeida), 96
Ben Barka, Lalla Aicha, 358n
Ben Essayouti, Abderrahmane, 149, 184, 244, 357n
Ben Essayouti, El-Boukhari, 330
Ben Essayouti, Sidi Muhammad al-Imam, 285–86
Ben Said, Aboubacrine, 337
Bengal, 25
Benin, Bight of, 28, 34
Benoist, Edmond, 272, 343, 366n
Benowm (Ludamar), 63
Ber (Mali), 46
Berbers, 62, 134, 362n
Berlin, 224, 225, 227, 247–48, 261, 263, 267, 365n
University, 160
Bernatz, Johann Martin, 360n
Béticos (Spain), 31
Bibliothèque Ahmad Baba Aboul Abbass, 370n
Bibliothèque Alimam Alpha Salum, 335
Bibliothèque Moulaye, 370n
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 265, 272, 350n
Bibliothèque Zawiyat al-Kunti, 336, 370n
Bin Laden, Osama, 19, 78
Biographical dictionaries, 212, 217–18, 270, 291, 292, 312
Birmingham (England), 24
University of, 325–26, 369n
Bismarck, Otto von, 263
Blackwood’s Magazine, 365n
Blair, David, 366n
Blanchard, Ian, 350n
Blemmyes, 29, 33
Blincoe, Jenny, 352n
Boahen, A. Adu, 365n
Bocoum, Hamady, 115, 356n
Boiteux, Henri, 265–66
Boko Haram, 187
Bokova, Irina, 114, 141, 181, 246, 356n, 360–61n
Bondarev, Dmitry, 356n, 371n
Bondu, king of, 101
Bonnel de Mézières, Albert, 285–86, 355n
Bonnier, Eugène, 265–66
Bono, 243
Book of Common Prayer, The, 69
Book and manuscript burning, 251, 282–83
Book of the Routes and Realms (al-Bakri), 132
Book of Wonders (Hamid), 269
Borgu (Nigeria), 216
Borneo, 263
Boswell, James, 21–22
Botany Bay, 23
Bouamama, Sanda Ould, 80, 150, 182, 353n, 361n
Bounty (ship), 23
Bourguignon d’Anville, Jean-Baptiste, 131
Bovill, E. W., 85, 346n, 347n, 353n, 354n
Bowdich, Thomas Edward, 355n
Brazil, 130, 263, 317–18
Bridges, R. C., 358n
Bristol (England), 24
Britain, 39, 66–67, 74, 76, 78, 89, 195, 227–28, 262
Board of Agriculture of, 23
Board of Longitude of, 23
Colonial Office of, 1, 3. See also War and Colonial Office of below colonialism of, 73, 97, 170, 273
consuls and consulates of, in Africa, 2, 4–6, 90–91, 95, 97, 163–64, 177, 225
explorers of Africa from, 36–41, 59, 62, 76, 159, 161–64, 177, 350–51n, 352–53n, 354–55n. See also Laing, Alexander Gordon; Park, Mungo
Foreign Office of, 163, 167, 177, 224, 225, 227
French rivalry with, 107–9, 355n
international trade of, 24–25, 36, 61, 72, 162, 170
military expeditions of, 100–101
National Archives of, 1–2, 347n
War and Colonial Office of, 73, 90, 96, 108
See also specific cities
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 161–62
British Library, 360n
British Museum, 23
Brosselard-Faidherbe, Henri, 267
Brouwer, Maarten, 252, 257, 331–32, 365n
Browne, William George, 355n
Bruce, James, 23, 35, 350n
Buktou (Tuareg woman), 98
Bungola (freedman), 95, 97, 99
Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig, 76
Burhan al-din ibn Farhun, 362n
Burkina Faso, 118
Burning of books and manuscripts, 251, 282–83
Burton, Richard Francis, 38, 217, 263
Cádiz, 36
Caillié, René, 89, 99–108, 110, 132, 160, 167, 267, 305, 354–55n
British antagonism toward, 107–8
disasters of first expedition of, 100–101
Muslim disguise of, 101–3, 107, 165
in Timbuktu, 103–6, 111, 173, 175, 264, 268, 272, 276, 342, 354–55n, 368n
Cairo, 30, 37–42, 134, 218, 269, 292
Callimachi, Rukmini, 361n
Cambridge University, 111, 114
Campbell, John, 355n
Canada, 39
Cape Blanco, 100
Cape Town, 23, 348n
University of, 114, 231, 246, 316, 321, 348n, 356n, 370n
Carthage, 261, 343
Casablanca, 179, 182
Catalan Atlas, 30, 350n, 362n
Catherine the Great, 37, 180
Cavendish, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, 67, 352n
Center for the Recommendation of Propriety and the Prevention of Evil, 233
Centre de Documentation et de Recherches Ahmad Baba (CEDRAB). See Ahmad Baba institute
Chabane, Abdoulaye (“Air Mali”), 83–84, 152, 183, 185, 278–79, 303–4, 347n, 367n
Chad, 349n
Chad, Lake, 87, 162, 165, 273
Chamberlain, M. E., 348n
Chambers, Neil, 349n
Champeaux, Nicolas, 361n
Chatwin, Bruce, 8, 26–27, 342, 347n
Chebir, Sidi Abdallahi, 106
Cherbonneau, Auguste, 218, 259, 362n
Chicago Tribune, 32, 317
China, 27
Christians, European, 5–6, 29, 30, 62, 67, 69, 90, 169, 172, 355n
antagonism between Muslims and, 33–34, 63–64, 75, 82, 168, 294
colonialist, 262
conversion to Islam of, 293
disguised as Muslims, 76, 91, 101, 102, 107, 165, 167–68
evangelical, 161
Chukwuma, Innocent, 368n
Cissé, Abdoulaye, 117, 126, 204, 279, 281–83, 307–8, 357n, 367n, 370n
Cissé, Halle Ousmane, 47–48, 149, 151, 305–6, 321, 330, 351n, 357n, 369n
Cissé, Mohamed, 115–17, 357n
Cissoko, Sékéné Mody, 350n
Clapperton, Hugh, 160, 166, 170, 354n, 355n
Clarendon, Lord (George Villiers), 217
Colonialism and colonization, 15, 19, 113, 262–67, 286, 312, 316, 325, 365n
British–French competition, 73, 89, 96–97, 227, 272–74
Dutch, 60
Spanish, 29
Colophons of manuscripts, 291
Columbus, Christopher, 274
Congo Free State, 260, 263
Conrad, Joseph, 259–60, 365n
Cook, James, 22, 23, 35–37
Cooley, William Desborough, 129–33, 136–37, 160, 226, 357–58n, 363n
Córdoba, 156, 218
Cory, Stephen, 367n
Côte d’Ivoire, 7, 49, 118, 240. See also Ivory Coast
Coupland, Reginald, 262
Court of St. James’s, 36
Crawford, Alex, 306
Cresques, Abraham, 30, 350n
Crichton, Robert, 8
Crisis Committee (Timbuktu), 149–50, 185, 236, 279–80, 304, 359n, 366n
Crowe, G. W., 163, 360n
Culture, Ministry of (Mali), 191
Curtin, Philip D., 351n
D Intl, 143, 230, 251, 253
Dahomey, 264
Dakar, 267
Damango, Gaston, 48, 49, 352n
Damascus, 269
Daniel, Serge, 356n, 361n
Dark Ages, 276
Dartmouth College, 36, 351n
Dawud, Askiya, 291, 293
Day of Desolation, 296, 367n
Dead Sea Scrolls, 7, 314
Debo, Lake, 254–57, 334
Dédéou, Mohammed (“Hamou”), 146, 358n
Defoe, Daniel, 2
Delafosse, Maurice, 286–88, 343, 346n, 367n
Delta Force, 45, 54
Demarin, John Peter, 350n
Demba (slave), 61, 63, 64
Denham, Dixon, 354n, 355n
Dépêche, La, 357n
Description of Africa (Leo Africanus), 31, 350n
D’Ghies, Hassuna, 96, 97, 99, 108–10
Diagayeté, Mohamed, 44, 51, 53, 118–19, 361n
Diagne, Souleymane Bachir, 354n
Diakité, Drissa, 204–5, 361n
Diakité, Stephanie, 143–44, 239, 254–56, 326, 334, 369–70n, 370–71n
and evacuation of manuscripts organized by Haidara, 229–32, 234, 363n
fund-raising campaigns of, 235, 246–52, 256, 322–23, 364–65n, 369n
Diallo, N’Diage Ramatoulaye, 325, 369n
Diallo, Tiémoko, 363–64n
Diarra, Admana, 363–64n
Diarra, Cheick Modibo, 358n
Diarra, Mansong, 62
Diawara, Gaoussou, 366–67n
Dibaj al-mudhahhab (Burhan al-din ibn Farhun), 362n
Dicko, Almadou, 43
Dicko, Hassan, 359n
Dicko, Mohamed Gallah, 45
Dictionaries, 212, 217–18, 270, 291, 292, 312
Diouara, Cheikh, 179–80, 182, 185–86, 277–78, 359n, 366n
Diseases, in Africa, 33–35, 74–76, 89, 93, 129, 167, 228. See also Malaria
Diwan al-muluk fi salatin al-sudan, 270, 312
Djian, Jean-Michel, 321–22, 369n
Dodd, Miranda, 359n
DOEN Foundation, 250, 253, 257
Dogon, 45
Domesday Book, 1
Dorugu (freedman), 217
Douentza (Mali), 49, 56, 195, 234, 240, 241, 245, 277
Douville, Jean-Baptiste, 130, 358n
Dreazen, Yochi, 364n
Droukdel, Abdelmalek, 187–89, 361n
Dubai, 17, 206
Dubois, Félix, 266–74, 276, 285–87, 312, 342, 366n
Duke University, 326
Dutch East Indies, 60
Dyer, Edwin, 78
East India Company (British), 25
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 183
Edinburgh Review, The, 130, 226
Edwards, Bryan, 72, 352n
Egypt, 39–41, 72, 94, 160, 215, 219, 269, 292, 349n
ancient, 28, 213, 261, 267, 342–43
See also Alexandria; Cairo
Endeavour (ship), 23, 349n
Energie du Mali, 80
Engels, Friedrich, 160
England, 18, 170, 293. See also Britain; specific cities
English language, 12, 69, 71, 144, 286, 306, 313
translations into, 32, 312, 317, 354n, 360n
Enlightenment, 260
Equiano, Olaudah, 24
Essakane (Mali), 243–45, 364n
Ethiopia, 23, 35, 350n
Étoile, L’, 96, 354n
Eton, 22
Falmouth (England), 71
Fankooma (schoolmaster), 69–71
Farias, Paulo Fernando de Moraes, 317–20, 325, 344, 346n, 369n
Fattash. See Tarikh al-fattash
Fatassi (Kati), 270–71, 285–86. See also Tarikh al-fattash
Fatoumi, Amadi, 74–75
Fazazi, Abd al-Rahman al-, 156
Fessy, Thomas, 305, 368n
Festival in the Desert, 243
Fez, 30, 134, 215, 269
Fezzan, 40, 76, 162, 163, 215, 225
Figaro, Le, 267, 271
Fletcher, Pascal, 356n
Fondo Kati library, 49, 85, 115, 120, 123, 141, 192, 317, 327, 331, 335, 356n, 370n
Force Publique, 260
Ford Foundation, 17, 124, 231–32, 237, 257, 306–7, 309, 315, 357n, 368n
Foreign Quarterly Review, The, 358n
Formosa, 263
Forster, George, 25
Fowler, Robert, 353n
France, 59, 78, 86, 88, 130, 131, 186–87, 227, 261
British rivalry with, 107–9, 355n
colonialism of, 15, 73, 89, 172, 227, 263–67, 273, 286, 312, 365n
consuls and consulates in Africa, 96–99, 107–10
explorers of Africa from, 285–86, 354–55n.
See also Caillié, René
Jefferson in, 37, 39–41, 351n
military intervention against jihadists by, 186–87, 245, 250–51, 254–56, 278–79, 301–7, 333, 366n, 368n
Orientalists in, 218, 319, 269, 346n, 366n
See also Paris; Société de Géographie
Franco-Arab schools, 13, 53, 147
Franklin, Benjamin, 22
French Foreign Legion, 303
French language, 12, 19, 79, 313, 356n
translations of Arabic into, 46, 272, 288, 346n, 362n, 366n, 367n
French Revolution, 22
Fulani, 45, 94, 166, 168, 170, 172–73, 189, 268, 270–71
Fulfulde language, 313
Futa Jallon (Guinea), 28
Fyfe, Christopher, 347n, 352n
Gaddafi, Muammar, 19, 79, 278, 366n
Gaines, Marcus (U.S. consul, Tripoli), 164
Gallieni, Joseph, 265
Gambia River, 28, 32, 59, 63, 69, 71, 101
Gando (Sokoto), 166, 176, 211
Gao (Mali), 133, 135, 136, 194, 215, 298, 341
battle of, 232, 361n
jihadist control of, 47–48, 150, 180, 181, 189
as Songhay capital, 7, 176, 290, 294–95, 350n, 362n
Garnati, Abu Hamid al-. See Abu Hamid
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 16–17, 313–16, 348n, 366n
Gayangos, Pascual de, 132
Gelfand, Michael, 351n
Geneva, 191, 361n
Geographical Society (Berlin), 224, 225
George III (British king), 22
Gerda Henkel Foundation, 324, 371n
Géricault, Théodore, 100
German Africa Prize, 325, 369n
Germany, 227, 243, 246–48, 261, 309, 322, 324, 325, 364n, 369n
Nazi, 8, 251
Oriental Society of, 176, 211
See also Barth, Heinrich; Berlin; Prussia
Gèze, Paul, 301–3, 368n
Ghadames (Libya), 91–92, 174, 215
Ghali, Noureddine, 366n
Ghana, ancient, 29, 132–36, 213, 215–16
Gharyan (Libya), 164
Ghat (Libya), 162
Ghiyaru (Ghana), 134
Gitari, Joseph, 309, 343, 368n
GlobalPost, 322
Gobineau, Joseph-Arthur, 261
Goebbels, Josef, 251
Gold, African, 73, 133–36, 291, 295, 314
myths about, 16, 29–32, 104, 159, 274, 276, 341, 345, 353n
trade in, 24, 29, 30, 106, 134, 175, 350n
Google, 324
Goree Island, 74
Goundam (Mali), 16, 266, 301, 368n
Gourma Rharous (Mali), 75, 204
Gout, Frédéric, 254, 301–5, 368n
Gramont, Sanche de, 350n
Granada, 30, 134, 141, 269
Grand Marché (Timbuktu), 44, 54, 119, 237
Grant, James, 217
Gray, William, 101
Great Barrier Reef, 35
Great Gold Medal of Exploration and Journeys of Discovery, 88
Grimm, Friedrich and Wilhelm, 212
Grossman, Ron, 348–49n
Guardian, The, 7–8, 306, 368n
Guerba, Bintu, 118
Guidère, Mathieu, 361n
Guinea, 24, 28, 32, 75, 76, 101, 264
Gulf of, 349n
Guinea worm, 34, 167
Hadiths, 82, 148, 171, 184, 296
Hague, The, 252, 358n
Haidara, Abdel Kader, 11–19, 80, 139, 192, 198, 246–57, 281, 348n, 357n, 364–65n
accused of exaggeration and fraud, 325–28, 331–39, 370–71n
childhood of, 13–14, 43, 348n
first manuscript collecting project of, 15–18, 252–53
during French military intervention, 254–55
fund-raising by, 144, 190–91, 193, 206–7, 234–37, 246–48, 324, 369n
Gates and, 313–15
German Africa Prize awarded to, 325, 369n
and hiding of manuscripts from libraries in private homes, 123–24, 142–43, 246–47, 357n
manuscript evacuation organized by, 198–206, 229–32, 234, 237–43, 249–50, 252–53, 256–57, 306, 308–10, 321–22, 361n
during onset of MNLA occupation, 11–12, 56–57, 80
opposition to publicizing danger to manuscripts, 141–42, 185
and Salafist antagonism to Mawlid festival, 156–57, 249, 251–52, 283, 359–60n
Haidara, Abdoul Wahid, 336, 370n
Haidara, Baba Akib, 154, 359n
Haidara, Bouya, 193, 361n
Haidara, Ismael Diadié, 77–78, 115, 85–86, 113, 140–41, 356n, 360n
in Bamako, 123, 191–92
departure from Timbuktu, 120–23, 356n
manuscripts evacuated by, 123, 334–36
during MNLA attack on Timbuktu, 49–54
Haidara, Mamma, 13–14. See also Mamma Haidara library
Hakluyt Society, 137
Hall, Bruce, 325–28, 334–36, 359n, 369n, 371n
Hallett, Robin, 346n, 349n, 350n, 351n
Hamabangou, 50, 57, 113
Hamaha, Oumar Ould (“Redbeard”), 79–80, 115, 161, 155, 183, 358n, 359n, 361n
Hamburg, 160, 177, 217, 224
University, 324, 338, 356n, 371n
Hammam, Yahya Abou al-, 78
Hammer, Joshua, 355n
Hampâté Bâ, Amadou, 14, 151, 348n
Harber, Fatouma, 53, 352n, 360n
Harding, Luke, 368n
Harmon, Stephen, 353n
Harper’s, 322
Harrow, 22
Harvard University, 16, 114, 313–15
Hassan (Islamic Police commissioner), 279–80, 359n
Hay, R. W., 109
Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 259–60, 365n
Hegel, Georg, 261, 365n
Helly, Dorothy O., 366n
Henri Christophe (Haitian king), 22
Henry the Navigator, 30
Herbert, Eugenia, 342, 350n, 355n
Hereford Mappa Mundi, 29
Herodotus, 43, 65
Herschel, William, 22
High Islamic Council of Mali, 125, 144, 149
Higher Education and Scientific Research, Ministry of (Mali), 190, 204, 361n
Hinshaw, Drew, 366n
Hippocrates, 170
History of the Berbers (al-Bakri), 134
History of Maritime and Inland Discovery, The (Cooley), 130
Hizba (morality brigade), 148, 359n
Hochschild, Adam, 365n
Holland. See Netherlands
Hollande, François, 245, 304
Hondoubongo (Mali), 56, 249
Hopkins, J. F. P., 358n
Hornemann, Friedrich, 76, 355n
Horticultural Society (London), 130
Houdas, Octave, 272, 273, 286–88, 343, 346n, 366n, 367n
Houka, Ag Alfousseyni (“Houka Houka”), 147–48, 358n
Houghton, Daniel, 59–60, 62, 72, 352n, 355n
Human Rights Watch, 358n
Humboldt, Alexander von, 160, 224, 226
Hume, David, 17
Hunwick, John, 18, 312–13, 317, 326, 331, 346n, 348n, 350n, 362n, 366n, 368n
Ibn Battuta, 29, 212, 275
Ibn Khaldun, 132–34, 216, 358n
Ibn Sida, 291
IFAN (West African research institute), 114–15
Illinois
Supreme Court of, 369–70n, 371n
University of, 325
Illustration, L’, 271
Iloa (Mali), 249
India, 21, 72
Infaq al-maysur (Bello), 166
Inquisition, 251
Institut des Hautes Études et de Recherche Islamic Ahmad Baba (IHERIAB). See Ahmad Baba institute
Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, The, 24
International African Association, 263
International Criminal Court (ICC), 147, 183, 186, 358–59n
International Crisis Group, 349n
International Organization for Migration (IOM), 356n
Internet, 114, 229
Interpol, 141
Iraq, 191, 193
Isaiah, Book of, 70
Ishaq I, Askiya, 293
Ishaq II, Askiya, 293–95
Ishriniyyat (Fazazi), 156, 249
Islam, 7, 13, 132, 135, 156, 227, 268–69
conversion of Christians to, 293
jihadists’ views of, 79–80, 120, 146, 154–55, 183–86, 188–89
Maliki, 151, 212, 217, 218, 298, 362n
Sufi, 7, 13, 151–52
West African, 348n
written heritage of, 18, 312
See also Kuran; Muslims
Islamic Police, 148–49, 182, 234, 236, 238–39, 244, 279–80, 330, 359n
Islamists, 115, 186, 193, 196, 201, 247–48, 280, 350, 353n, 359n
Ismail, Askiya, 293
Israel, 349n
Issa, Mohamed, 147
Istanbul, 167
Italy, 30, 94, 97
Ivory Coast, 264. See also Côte d’Ivoire
Jallonkadoo, 69
Jamaica, 90
Jata, Mari, 136
Jawdar (eunuch), 294–96
Jefferson, Thomas, 37, 39–41, 351n
Jelil, Abdel. See Le Guen, Gilles
Jenne (Mali), 102, 104, 106, 153, 212, 254, 257, 264–65, 267–68, 272, 309–10, 315, 341
Jeppie, Shamil, 114, 246, 316, 325, 354n, 356n, 364n
Jews, 82, 91, 251
jihadists, 7, 141, 145–46, 148–54, 206, 234, 236–38, 333, 353n, 358n, 359n, 360–61n, 364n, 366n
checkpoints and patrols of, 195, 197, 199–200, 240
destruction of monuments and mausoleums by, 7, 153–55, 179–86, 188, 205, 232, 244, 330, 361n
manuscripts burned by, 306, 307, 330, 344, 367n
Mawlid celebration banned by, 156, 244–45, 248–49, 251, 256, 282, 330–31, 359–60n
withdrawal of, 277–83, 302–3
See also Al-Qaeda; Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM); Ansar Dine; National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA)
Jingere Ber mosque, 13, 105, 114, 136, 152, 173, 183, 215, 290, 350n
Jobson, Richard, 32, 350n
Joffre, Joseph, 266, 272, 366n
Johnson (freedman), 61
Joliba (ship), 74–75
Joliba River, 27, 108, 353n. See also Niger River
Jomard, Edme-François, 87, 107, 108, 355n
Jones, John Paul, 37
Jonkakonda, 61
Journal d’un voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné … (Caillié). See Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo (Caillié)
Juma al-Majid Center for Culture and Heritage, 17, 231, 362n
Kaarta (state), 62
Kabara (Mali), 75, 102, 103, 167, 236, 249, 267, 304
Kabari, Modibbo Muhammad al-, 220–21
Kabylie (Algeria), 187
Kalil, Kader, 45, 351n, 353n, 359n
Kamalia (town), 69–71
Kamchatka, 37
Kankan (Guinea), 102
Kano (Sokoto), 136, 175, 341
Kant, Immanuel, 17
Kanté, Harouna, 361n
Kanya-Forstner, A. S., 350–51n, 365n
Karamanli, Yusuf, 95, 96
Karamanli dynasty, 110
Kassé, Mamadou, 153–54
Kassé, Mohamed, 359n
Kati, Mahmud, 141, 270, 271, 286, 288, 291, 367n.
See also Fondo Kati library
Keita, Ibrahim Boubacar, 347n
Keita, Salif, 243
Kemper, Steve, 360n, 363n, 365n
Kenya, Mount, 137
Khayyám, Omar, 127, 357n
Kidal (Mali), 45, 187
Kierkegaard, Søren, 160
Kifayat al-muhtaj (Ahmad Baba), 212, 217–18, 362n
Kilimanjaro, Mount, 137
Kirk-Greene, A. H. M., 360n, 365n
Konaré, Alpha Oumar, 316
Konna (Mali), 245, 251, 279, 302, 364n
Koorabarri, Daisy, 62
Koriume (Mali), 49, 56, 121–22, 195, 196, 241
Kounta, Abdoul Hamid, 336
Kounta, Seydou Baba, 56
Kryza, Frank T., 347n
Kukawa (Bornu), 177–78
Kukiya (town), 213, 345
Kunta Arabs, 93–94, 98, 174, 312, 354n
Kunti, Shaykh Sidi al-Mukhtar al-, 174, 183
Kunti, Sidi Muhammad al-, 93, 94, 169, 312, 354n
Kuran, 70, 101, 147, 148, 171, 290, 296, 356n, 363n
Labeida, Ahmadu, 96, 355n
Labrador, 22
Lacher, Wolfram, 353n
Laidley, John, 61, 67, 352n
Laing, Alexander Gordon, 89–97, 99–100, 106–11, 164, 276, 312, 345n, 346n, 347n, 354n, 355n
death of, 95–97, 106, 172, 270, 354n, 355n
journals of, 108, 109, 111, 347n, 355–56n
letters to British consul in Tripoli, 1–6, 89–90, 93–95, 99, 109
marriage of, 90, 92, 109
Sahara crossing, 91–95, 354n
in Timbuktu, 5–6, 94–96, 99, 169–70, 342
Laing, Emma (née Warrington), 90, 92, 97, 109
Latin America, 160. See also South America
Le Bore, Jack, 91, 93
Le Guen, Gilles (“Abdel Jelil”), 146, 238, 239
Le Touzet, Jean-Louis, 361n
Lebovich, Andrew, 353n
Ledyard, John, 36–41, 59, 62, 351n
Leo X, Pope, 30
Leo Africanus (Johannis Leo de Medicis), 30–31, 94, 176, 212, 216, 350n
Leopold II, king of Belgium, 260, 262–63, 365n
Lere (Mali), 234, 241–43
Levtzion, Nehemia, 358n, 363n
Libraries. See by specific name, and as Bibliothèque
Libya, 19, 46, 59, 159, 174, 193, 341. See also Tripoli
Linnaeus, Carl, 22
Liverpool, 24
University of, 224
Livingstone, David, 131, 137, 177, 217, 226
Lobbo, Shaykh Ahmad, 94–95, 151, 168, 270–71, 287, 367n
Loire (ship), 100
London, 2, 6, 17, 74, 110, 130, 137, 273, 316, 327
Africans in, 131, 217
antagonism toward Barth in, 224–25, 227
interest in Africa in, 21, 24. See also African Association
University of, School of Oriental and African Studies, 328
London Times. See Times, The (London)
Longman (publisher), 225–26, 360n
Looting, 80–84, 117–19, 123–26, 141, 145, 272, 344, 353n, 357n, 366n
of Ahmad Baba’s library, 297
of houses occupied by jihadists, 279–80
by MNLA members, 45, 53–56, 141
Lovejoy, Paul E., 367n
Lucas, Simon, 36, 59, 76, 352n
Ludamar, 60–63, 71, 73
Lugard, Frederick, 273
Luxembourg, 315, 334
Machecourt, Agathe, 363–64n
Maconochie, Alexander, 131
Madi (Barth’s servant), 177
Maghreb, 292–93, 312
jihadists in. See Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)
Mahamane, Alpha, 337
Mahamane, Boubacar (“Jansky”), 54, 55, 77, 81, 180, 182, 347n, 351n, 352n
Mahdi, Ahmad al-Faqi al-, 147–48, 182–83, 358–59n, 361n
Mahibou, Mohamed, 366n
Mahmud (qadi), 289–90, 295
Mahmud, Shaykh Sidi, 152, 154, 155, 174, 179, 182, 359n
Mahmud ibn Zargun, 296
Maiga, Abdoulkadri Idrissa, 139–41, 142–43, 144, 192–95, 198–207, 229, 283, 306, 334–36
Maiga, Aboubacrine, 196–97, 199–202
Maiga, Alkadi, 45–49, 51, 54, 79, 119–20, 192–204, 361n, 364n, 370n
Maiga, Diadié Hamadoun, 51, 54, 81, 149–51, 236–39, 279–82, 304, 330, 351n, 359n
Majid, Juma al-, 206. See also Juma al-Majid Center for Culture and Heritage
Malaria, 35, 61, 64, 76, 100, 101, 351n
Mali sous le régime des islamistes (film), 359n
Malian Solidarity Bank (BMS) building, 145–46, 233–34, 237
Malik(a), 319
Maliki Islam, 151, 212, 217, 218, 298, 362n
Mallorca, 30
Mamma Haidara library, 17, 125, 313, 322, 327, 348n, 355–56n, 356–57n
Mandela, Nelson, 316
Manding language, 61, 70, 74
Mangara, Mamadou, 48, 49, 351–52n
Mansa Musa. See Musa I
Mansur, Ahmad al-, 293–95, 297, 367n
Manuscript and book burning, 251, 282–83
Mármol Carvajal, Luis del, 132
Marrakesh, 216, 294, 297–98
Marseilles, 38, 39
Martyn, John, 75
Massufa, 362n
Marx, Karl, 160
Masina, 94, 168, 172, 270, 287, 360n, 367n
Masonen, Pekka, 346n, 350n, 352n, 357n, 363n, 365–66n
Mathee, Mohamed Shahid, 367n
Mauritania, 30, 62, 118, 201, 215, 349n, 363n
Mausoleums, 13, 152, 174, 221, 324, 359n
destruction of, 7, 154, 179–86, 188, 205, 232, 244, 330, 361n
See also Tombs
Mawlid, 156, 244–45, 248–49, 251, 256, 282, 330–31, 359–60n
Mbeki, Thabo, 18, 316, 348n, 369n
McCaskie, Tom, 328
McConnell, Tristan, 322, 369n
McIntosh, Susan Keech and Roderick, 350n
Mecca, 30, 38, 40, 135, 215, 350n
Medicis, Johannis Leo de. See Leo Africanus
Medusa (ship), 100
Meek, C. K., 350n
Messaoudi, Alain, 366n
Mexico, 289, 366n
Michigan State University, 18
Middle Ages, 29, 111, 274, 311
Middle Niger, 265, 313
Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (Livingstone), 226
MLI/015 (“Mali Quinze”), 140, 334
Mohamed, prophet. See Muhammad, prophet
Moknee, Yusuf, 163
Molins Lliteras, Susana, 321, 356n, 370n
Mollien, Gaspard Théodore, 355n
Montaigne, Michel de, 129
Montreal, 25
Moors, 60, 62–64, 67, 74, 105
Mopti (Mali), 56, 124, 194, 198, 245, 265
during French military intervention against jihadists, 254–55
manuscript evacuation route through, 234, 241, 334
refugees from Timbuktu in, 118, 123
Moral and Intellectual Diversity of the Races, The (Gobineau), 261
Morocco, 7, 36, 105, 106, 156, 174, 269, 293, 298, 341, 349n
Moses, 70, 171, 173, 213
Mosques, 105, 133, 146–47, 151, 182, 303–4, 325.
See also Jingere Ber mosque; Sankore
mosque; Sidi Yahya mosque
Mossa, Hamed, 147–48, 233–34, 363–64n
Mossi, 219
Mosul, 269
“Mouckta, Cheif Maraboot,” 91, 354n
Moussa, Jenan, 305, 368n
Muhammad, prophet, 64, 82, 146, 271, 339
festival for birthday of. See Mawlid
Muhammad, al-hajj, Askiya, 212, 216, 286, 293, 350n, 362n
Muhammad, Shaykh Sidi, 93, 94, 169–70, 312, 354n
Muhammad Bani, Askiya, 293
Muhammad Bonkana, Askiya, 293
Muhammad Gao, Askiya, 293
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, 146
Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi, 215–16
Muhammad-n-Allah, 221–22
Muhkam, al- (dictionary), 291
Muhkam fi’l-Lugha, 367n
Murray, Lindley, 352n
Musa I (Mansa Musa), 29, 135–36, 215, 274, 350n
Musa, Katib, 220
Muslims, 29, 39, 62, 68, 69, 71, 186, 288, 298, 326
antagonism between Christians and, 33–34, 63–64, 75, 82, 168, 294
educated, 199, 350n
empires and kingdoms ruled by, 94, 133, 135, 151, 294
European explorers disguised as, 76, 91, 101–3, 107, 165, 167–68
jihadist, 83, 120, 146, 152, 155–56, 181–82, 283
South African, 144
See also Islam
Mustapha (victim of jihadists), 280–81, 366n
Napoleon, 72
National Archives (Britain), 1–2, 347n
National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), 10, 45–56, 120–22, 148, 193, 197, 232, 242, 352n, 357n
jihadist opponents of, 77–83, 120, 180, 181, 186–89
looting by members of, 45, 53–56, 141, 357n
National Portrait Gallery (London), 352n
NATO, 19
Natural History Museum (London), 23
NaturePlus program, 352n
Nayl al-ibtihaj (Ahmad Baba), 362n, 366n
Nazis, 8, 251, 365n
Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained, The (Cooley), 136, 160, 226, 358n
Negroland Revisited, The (Masonen), 346n, 350n, 365–66n
Netherlands, 231–32, 235, 257
embassy in Bamako, 232, 250–53, 309, 331, 365n
New Guinea, 263
New Republic, The, 235–36, 256, 322, 364n
New Yorker, The, 322
Newfoundland, 22
Newton, A. P., 262, 365n
Newton, Isaac, 21
Niafounke (Mali), 16, 241, 242, 351n, 364n
Nicholls, Henry, 76
Nicholson, John, 360n
Niger, 16, 28, 78, 166, 349n
Upper Senegal and Niger, 285
Niger River, 72–76, 91, 92, 101–2, 129, 151, 216, 253, 264–66, 336, 345
bend of, 8, 26, 28, 268, 294, 318, 350n
expeditions searching for, 37–38, 59–60
and Gulf of Guinea, 75, 76
Park’s discovery and exploration of, 64–65, 67, 72–74, 129
region of, 137, 165, 213, 214, 285, 313
transport of manuscripts on, 253–55, 271, 345
Nigeria, 75, 76, 136
Northern Nigeria, 273
Niono (Mali), 16, 234
Nobili, Mauro, 325, 367n
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 53, 144, 230. See also specific organizations and foundations
Nootka Sound, 37
Northwestern University, 18
Norway, 315
Nouakchott News Agency, 353n
Nouvelle république, La (Bamako), 353n
Nsamanko, battle of, 90
Nubia, 38
Nuh, Askiya, 293
Number One Transportation Company, 254
Nunez River, 100
Nyassi, Lake, 131
O’Fahey, Sean, 18, 348n
Oil Rivers delta, 75
Old Testament, 70
Operation Serval. See France, military intervention against jihadists by
Ordnance Survey, 22
Oregon, University of, 249–50, 255, 323, 326, 364–65n
Orientalists, 132, 218, 264, 272, 285, 287–88, 319, 343
Orlov, Count Grigory, 88
Osman (Timbuktu merchant and ruler), 105
Othello (Shakespeare), 32
Othman, Othman Agh Mohamed, 359n, 361n, 364n
Ottomans, 110, 167, 263, 293
Oudney, Walter, 354n, 355n
Overweg, Adolf, 159, 162, 165, 169, 217
Oxford University, 22, 114, 262, 357n
Paine, Thomas, 22, 41
Pakistanis, 146, 199
Palmerston, Lord (Henry John Temple), 162, 165, 217
Paris, 87, 110, 185, 267, 268, 272, 316, 350n
explorers in, 37, 39, 107, 162
Orientalists in, 285–86
University of (Sorbonne), 114, 313, 314
Park, Mungo, 60–75, 89, 92, 105, 160, 191, 261, 267, 351n
in Bambara, 65–67
death of, 75
in Ludamar, 62–64, 66
marriage of, 73
at Niger River, 64–65, 67
outset on first expedition of, 60–61, 129
return trip to Britain of, 67–71
second expedition of, 74–75, 351n, 353n
writings of, 67, 68, 72, 132, 226, 352n
Parliament, British, 21
Patras, 111
Peddie, John, 100, 355n
Pelizzo, Riccardo, 350n
Pentateuch, 70
Persia, 25
Petit Marché (Timbuktu), 58, 79
Petra, 76
Pisania, 61, 69, 71
Plant, Robert, 243
Plasmodium falciparum, 35
Plato, 115
Pliny the Elder, 29
Ploumen, Lilianne, 252
Polo, Marco, 2
Portsmouth (England), 60
Portuguese, 30, 32, 131, 132, 251, 293
Potemkin, Prince Grigory, 180–81
Prince Claus Fund, 231, 235–36, 253, 257, 334, 363n
Privy Council Committee for Trade and Plantations, 73
Prophet Muhammad. See Muhammad, prophet
Prothero, Ralph Mansell, 228, 363n
Pruneau de Pommegorge, Antoine, 34
Prussia, 159, 162–65, 173, 177, 217, 224, 227
Psalms, Book of, 70
Public Broadcasting System (PBS), 313, 348n
Purchas, Samuel, 32
Quakers, 24
Quarterly Review, The, 108, 355n, 358n
Racism, 17, 82, 132, 260–62, 315, 316, 319, 365n
Arab, 147, 280
Radio Bouctou, 45, 80, 82
Radio France International, 11–12
Raft of the Medusa, The (Géricault), 100
Ralfs, Christian, 211, 217, 362n
Ramadan, 102, 187
Ramses II, 76
Ranke, Leopold von, 227
Rao, Kishore, 358n
Rawdon, Francis, Lord, 26
Reade, John (British vice-consul in Tripoli), 164
Rennell, James, 72, 131, 136
Rennell of Rodd, Lord (Francis James), 226
Reuters, 180
Rhodes, Cecil, 273
Rice, Xan, 364n
Richardson, James, 159, 161–64, 177, 360n
Ritchie, Joseph, 355n
Ritter, Carl, 160, 162
Roberts, Richard, 366n
Robinson, David, 18, 348n
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 2, 100
Rödiger, Emil, 176, 362n
Roi des Belges (steamboat), 260
Rousseau, Baron Jean-Baptiste, 96–99, 104, 108–10, 272, 354n
Rowlandson, Thomas, 352–53n
Roy, William, 22
Royal Academy of Sciences (Berlin), 227, 261, 365n
Royal Botanic Gardens (London), 22
Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 130–31, 160, 224–25
Geographical Journal, 228
Royal Navy, British, 22, 37, 97
Royal Society, 21, 22, 37, 60, 76
Rubááiyát (Khayyám), 127
Ruskin, John, 273
Russia, 39, 88, 186
Saad, Elias, 360n, 362–63n, 367n
Sadian dynasty, 293–94
Sadidi, Abdoulaye, 193, 196–98, 203–4
Saghir, Shaykh Sidi al-Mukhtar al-, 94–97, 312, 354n
Saghir al-Ifrani, Muhammad al-, 368n
Sahara, 7, 8, 27–29, 95, 172, 294, 296, 314, 350n
European explorers in, 3–4, 111, 162, 224
jihadist groups in, 78, 187–89, 353n
trade routes across, 33
Sahara Media, 359n, 361n, 364n
Sahili, Abu Ishaq al-, 135–36, 350n
Saint-Étienne (France), 106
Saint-Martin, Yves-Jean, 366n
Saint Petersburg, 37, 179, 180
Salafists, 146–47, 155–56, 184, 199, 233, 327, 330, 353n, 358n, 359n
Salah (Algeria), 92
Salé Rovers, 36
salt mines, 1, 31, 175, 216, 294
caravans from, 13, 16, 106
Sangaré, Kéba, 318
Sanhaja, 362n
Sankore mosque, 13, 45, 49–50, 113–14, 153, 212, 274, 296, 317
Ahmad Baba building near, 83, 117, 126, 282, 307–8, 316–17, 367n
Gates at, 313–14
neighborhood near, 219, 268
World Heritage monument listing of, 152
Sanogo, Amadou (“Bolly”), 139
Sansanding (Mali), 74
Sansarif, Ahmadu, 270–71
Sareyamou (Mali), 167
Saturday’s Club, 21, 24–26, 72
Saudi Arabia, 49, 79, 147
Savama, 12–13, 144, 230–32, 236–39, 246, 249, 315, 348n, 363n, 364n, 371n
allegations of fraud against, 325–28, 332, 334–36, 371n
jihadist manuscript-burning threat to, 249, 251–53, 307
manuscripts evacuated to Bamako by, 234–36, 243, 246–48, 257, 324, 331, 344, 370n
Scheele, Judith, 349n
Schiffers, Heinrich, 360n, 363n, 365n
Schmitz, Jean, 366n
School of Living Oriental Languages (Paris), 272
Schubert, Gustav von, 161, 224, 225, 360n
Scotland, 73, 74
Scott, George, 74
Scott, Walter, 73
“Scramble for Africa,” 262, 365n. See also Colonialism and colonization
Secret of Santa Vittoria, The (Crichton), 8
Segu (Mali), 64, 65, 94, 198, 241, 266, 315
French attack on, 265, 272
refugees from Timbuktu in, 118, 192, 198
Selkirk (Scotland), 74
Seneca, 115
Senegal, 16, 34, 74, 87, 89, 133, 264, 266
Upper Senegal and Niger, 285
Senegal River, 28, 73, 216
Sennar, 37, 40
Sevare (Mali), 56, 197, 240–42, 304, 351n
Shakespeare, William, 1, 32
Sharh al-ahkam, 291, 367n
Sharia, 82, 83, 143, 148, 150, 183, 188, 344, 353n
Shaw, Flora (Lady Lugard), 273–76, 366n
Shaw, Norton, 225
Siberia, 37
Sidi Yahya mosque, 13, 51, 114, 116, 152, 183–84, 196–97, 200, 296, 361n
Sidibe, Moussa, 364n
Sierra Leone, 3, 73, 90
Signers in Blood, 189
Silla (town), 67
Silman Nari, 213
Simbing (Ludamar), 59–60
Sissoko, Cheikh Omar, 154–55, 359n
Sky News, 306
Slave trade and slavery, 24, 33, 34, 40, 69, 106, 162, 175, 295, 352n, 366n
Slaves, 23, 26, 30, 64, 74, 83, 102, 135, 147, 172, 214–15, 345
descendants of, 270, 313
Europeans captured and sold as, 36, 68
freed, 61, 95, 163, 217
in London, 131
price of, 69, 71
Sleeping sickness, 34–35
Smith, William, 22
Société de Géographie, 87–89, 97–99, 101, 107, 130, 354n, 355n
Sokoto, 94, 165, 170, 175, 177
Somalia, jihadists from, 146
Songhay, 7, 26, 45, 137, 164–66, 176, 267, 345, 367n
history of, 166, 212–14, 274, 296–98, 311, 317–19
language of, 26, 212, 313
rulers of, 167, 215, 286, 288–90, 294, 319
Sorbonne, 114, 313
South Africa, 18, 144, 282, 316–17, 348n. See also Cape Town
South America, 262, 342. See also Latin America
Spain, 29–31, 134, 192, 226, 227, 293. See also specific cities and regions
Sparks, Jared, 41, 351n
Special Conflict Resolution Research Group, 323
Speke, John Hanning, 317
Spiegel, Der, 322
Spinoza, Baruch, 115
Stanley, Henry Morton, 177, 263
Stewart, Charles, 325, 363n
Stolk, Deborah, 231–32, 234–36, 239, 249, 363–64n
Strieder, Thomas, 246–48, 309, 364n
Stuart, Andrew, 26
Sub-Saharan Africa, 2, 32, 136, 163, 186, 294, 350n. See also specific nations and regions
Sudan (modern state), 40, 193
Sudan, the (historical region), 2, 29–31, 76, 88–89, 94, 97–98, 265–69, 274–76, 357n, 363n
Barth’s account of, 211, 227–28
European exploration of, 70–72, 104, 129, 131, 166, 170, 350–51n
gold in, 134, 274
histories of. See Tarikh al-fattash; Tarikh al-sudan
Middle Ages in, 274, 311
Moroccan conquest of, 293–97
See also Ludamar; Songhay
Sudanic Africa (journal), 346–47n
Suez Canal, 72
Suez Canal Company, 263
Sufi Islam, 7, 13, 151–52
Sumatra, 60
Sunni Islam, 156. See also Maliki Islam
Swift, Jonathan, 23, 349–50n
Switzerland, 191
Sylla, Bengaly, 369–70n
Tabaski, 220
Tadallisi, Sidi Yahya al-, 221–22
Tadmakkat, 312
Taghaza (Mali), 230, 294
Tahiti, 23
Takariya, Ali, 190
Taliban, 231
Tamasheq, 313, 362n
Tanezrouft, 3, 92
Tanganyika, Lake, 131
Tangiers, 160
Taoudenni (Mali), 175
Tarikh al-fattash, 270, 286–88, 290–92, 295, 297, 298, 312, 331, 343, 346n, 366n, 367n
Tarikh al-sudan (al-Sadi), 110, 211, 270, 272, 286, 354n, 366–67n
discovery of, 176, 318, 319, 354n, 362n
historical narrative of, 288, 293, 297, 343
in manuscript collections and libraries, 272, 312, 367n
misattribution to Ahmad Baba of, 97, 217–18
translations of, 217, 317–18, 346n
Tassing, Mirjam, 331
Taura, Karfa, 69, 71, 352n
Tautain, Louis, 272
Tazyin al-waraqat (Abdullahi dan Fodio), 166
Tenda (Mali), 32
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 111
Tezcucans (Texcocans), 275
Thompson, E. P., 344
Thousand and One Nights, The, 9, 212, 347n
Timbuktu, origin of name of, 26, 30, 98, 214–15, 345, 350n, 362n
Timbuktu Renaissance Action Group, 324, 369n
“Timbuktu University,” 274, 311, 343
Timbuktu University, plans for, 371n
Times, The (London), 217, 262, 273, 365n
Tinariwen (band), 243
Tindirma (Mali), 271
Tintalous (town), 164
Tjoelker, To, 250–54, 256–57, 308–9, 331, 365n
Tlemcen (Algeria), 134
Tombouctou la mystérieuse (Dubois), 272
Tombs, 154–55, 174, 205, 359n, 361n. See also Mausoleums
T160K: Timbuktu Libraries in Exile, 323–24, 364–65n, 369n
Tuat (Touat; Algeria), 92, 99, 108, 215
Touchard, Laurent, 364n
Toumast Press, 56, 352n
Touré, Ali Farka, 243
Touré, Amadou Toumani, 347n
Touré, Diallo Fadima, 142, 186, 358n
Touré, Mohamed, 125, 237, 356–57n, 364n
Toya (Mali), 249
Traoré, Abba, 117, 120, 193, 196, 199, 202, 203
Traoré, Banzoumana, 357n
Traoré, Hassim, 268
Traoré, Hassini, 117–18, 196, 199–200, 202, 203, 361n
Traoré, Tina, 363n
Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo (Caillié), 110, 132, 305, 342, 354–55n
Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa (Barth), 225–26, 228, 360n
Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa (Park), 72, 351n, 352n
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 17, 348n
Triaud, Jean-Louis, 368n
Trinity College (Dublin), 129
Tripoli (Libya), 30, 159, 160, 162–64, 227
British consul/consulate in, 2, 4, 90–92, 94–97, 108–10
explorers setting out from, 3, 59, 90, 94, 177
French consul/consulate in, 96, 272, 354n
Troglodytes, 29, 33
Tropical Dependency, A (Shaw), 273–74, 366n
Tuareg, 27, 45, 98, 103, 119, 168, 214, 215, 319, 359n, 362n
campaign for autonomous state for. See National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA)
European explorers harassed and attacked by, 3, 92–93, 164, 167
at Festival in the Desert, 243
French conflicts with, 265, 266, 272, 312
Salafist, 147, 152–53
Timbuktu ruled by, 220
Tuckey, James Hingston, 355n
Tukulor empire, 265, 268
Tunis, 132, 162, 163, 269
Umar, Ahmad, 292
Umar (qadi), 296–97
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), 114, 141, 144, 183, 237, 246, 324, 356n, 360–61n
Arabic manuscripts preservation supported by, 29, 311–12, 315, 348n, 356n
World Heritage program, 179–81, 185, 358n, 359n
United Kingdom. See Britain
United Nations, 155, 333, 360n
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. See UNESCO
Security Council, 186, 243
United States, 17, 25, 27, 37, 79, 110, 164, 195, 315
descendants of African slaves in, 313, 315
D’Ghies smuggled out of Tripoli to, 109–10
funding of Savama from. See Ford Foundation
State Department and diplomats, 186, 353n
Timbuktu Renaissance Action Group initiative of, 324
war for independence, 22
Upper Senegal and Niger, 285
Upper Volta, 264
Uranus, 22
Uzoigwe, G. N., 365n
Vall, Mohamed, 125
Van Sertima, Ivan, 366n
Vice and Virtue Squad, jihadist, 232–33
Victoria, Queen, 227, 267
Victorian era, 131
Vienna, 267
Vogel, Eduard, 177–78, 360n
Voyage au Congo et dans l’intérieur de l’Afrique équinoxiale (Douville), 130, 358n
Waday, 360n
Waddan (Libya), 30
Wahhabists, 146
Walata (Mauritania), 64, 215, 219
Walker, Darren, 307, 309
Walpole, Horace, 23–24, 350n
Walt, Vivienne, 364n, 368n
Wanderings Along the Punic and Cyrenaic Shores of the Mediterranean (Barth), 161, 360n
Wangara, 40
Wangari, Mukhtar bin Yahya al-, 116
Wara (Waday), 360n
Warrington, Frederick, 164
Warrington, Hanmer, 90–97, 99, 108–10, 224, 272
West African Research Association, 114, 356n
WikiLeaks, 353n
Willis, John Ralph, 137, 358n
Wise, Christopher, 367n
Wonders of the African World (PBS series), 313, 348n
World Food Programme, 118
World Heritage sites, 151–52, 155, 191. See also UNESCO, World Heritage program
Yakutsk, 37
Yale University, 114
Yamvo, Mwata, 132
Yellow fever, 5, 93
Yelwa (Nigeria), 75
Yemen, 135, 213
York, Geoffrey, 368n
Youth: A Narrative, and Two Other Stories (Conrad), 365n
Zanganeh, Lila Azam, 369n
Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 189
Zawiyat al-Kunti library, 336, 370n
Zelin, Aaron Y., 353n
Zipangu, 2
Znaga, 364n
Zouber, Mahmoud, 313, 367n, 368n
Zuwa Alayaman, 212–13, 319, 345
Zuwa dynasty, 212, 213, 311