1 Just as the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah was sent to Rangoon where he died in 1862, Thibaw, the last king of Burma, was exiled to Ratnagiri where he lived until his death in 1914. His queen, Supayalat, was allowed to return to Burma in 1919. She died in Rangoon in 1925.
2 Phillip Woodruff, The Men Who Ruled India: The Guardians, London, 1963, p. 122.
3 However, for about a hundred years between 1540 and 1635 the Burmese monarchs of the Taungu dynasty made the port city of Pegu their capital.
4 Woodruff, The Men Who Ruled India, p. 118.
5 James Morris, Heaven’s Command: An Imperial Progress, London, 1973, p. 337.
6 Frank Moraes, Witness to an Era: India 1920 to the Present Day, Delhi, 1973, pp. 46–7. Nirad C. Chaudhuri presents colour prejudice in India in an original, interesting light in The Continent of Circe, London, 1965.
7 Donald Bishop (ed.), Thinkers of the Indian Renaissance, New Delhi, 1982, p. 4.
8 Quoted in Arabinda Poddar, Renaissance in Bengal: Quests and Confrontations 1800–1860, Simla, 1970, p. 51.
9 Ibid., p. 5. The ‘eminent intellectual’ to whom he refers is Nirad C. Chaudhuri.
10 U Kaung, ‘A Survey of the History of Education in Burma before the British Conquest and After’, Journal of the Burma Research Society (JBRS), vol. xlvi, ii, Rangoon, December 1963, provides appendixes showing the rise of the population, the total areas under cultivation and cultivated area per head for British Burma between 1830 and 1870. He also gives some figures for the export of rice from Pegu, which rose from 457 maunds in 1853 to 3,420 maunds in 1856–7.
11 Woodruff, The Men Who Ruled India, p. 117.
12 H. Fielding Hall, The Soul of a People, London, 1902 edn, p. 83.
13 Ram Goppal, Lokamanya Tilak, New Delhi, 1956, pp. 220–21.
14 U Kaung, ‘A Survey of the History of Education in Burma before the British Conquest and After’, Appendix I.
15 Selections from Educational Records, Part 1 1781–1839, Calcutta, 1920.
16 The complete letter is reproduced in Wm Theodore de Bary et al., Sources of Indian Tradition, New York, 1958, pp. 592–5.
17 Quoted in Bishop (ed.), Thinkers of the Indian Renaissance, p. 76.
18 U Kaung, ‘A Survey of the History of Education in Burma before the British Conquest and After’, Appendix III.
19 See n.3, above.
20 Nirad C. Chaudhuri, The Intellectual in India, New Delhi, 1967, p. 16.
21 Dr Than Tun, Burma’s foremost historian of today, writing on life in sixteenth-century Burma comments: ‘The relationship between the ruler and ruled might well have been of a strained nature since the ordinary common people avoided any dealings with government servants if possible.’ See Than Tun, ‘Social Life in Burma in the 16th Century’, Southeast Asian Studies, vol. 21, no. 3, Kyoto, December 1983.
22 U Kaung, ‘A Survey of the History of Education in Burma before the British Conquest and After’, Appendix III.
23 The Times, 15 January 1906.
24 Donald Eugene Smith, Religion and Politics in Burma, Princeton, NJ, 1965, p. 86.
25 Arthur Waley has remarked on the ‘disquiet caused in some circles at Oxford when Radhakrishnan whose role had been essentially that of an interpreter of the East to the West was succeeded in the Spalding Chair by a scholar who announced his intention of functioning simply as a scholar’. See Arthur Waley, The Secret Life of the Mongols and Other Pieces, London, 1963, p. 79.
26 Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Autobiography of an Unknown Indian, Bombay, 1951. p. 497.
27 Ibid., p. 25.
28 Ibid., p. 102.
29 Ibid., p. 192. Chaudhuri, The Intellectual in India, p. 9.
30 Chaudhuri, Autobiography of an Unknown Indian, pp. 191–2, and Poddar, Renaissance in Bengal: Quests and Confrontations 1800–1860, pp. 32–3, quote the same passage from Rajani.
31 Moraes, Witness to an Era: India 1920 to the Present Day, p. 153.
32 Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India, New Delhi, 1947.
33 Ibid., p. 98.
34 Chaudhuri, The Intellectual in India, pp. 30–32.
35 Nehru, The Discovery of India, p. 5.
36 Ibid., pp. 5–7.
37 Gandhi’s experiences in England are recounted in his autobiography, My Experiments with Truth, Harmondsworth, 1982.
38 U Tin, Myanmamin Okchutpon Sadan.
39 U Myint Hpe, Myanma soak thamain-u nhin thamain atweakyon, Rangoon, 1972, p. 21.
40 Ibid., pp. 23–4.
41 Ibid., pp. 26–30.
42 Fielding Hall, The Soul of a People, p. 66.
43 Hla Pe, ‘The Rise of Popular Literature in Burma’, JBRS, vol. li, ii, December 1968, pp. 126–7.
44 Ibid.
45 Maung Maung, From Sangha to Laity: Nationalist Movements of Burma 1920–1940, n.p., 1980, p. 2.
46 From the report in the Rangoon Gazette, 10 August 1908, reproduced in J. S. Furnivall and U May Oung, ‘The Dawn of Nationalism in Burma’, JBRS, vol xxxi, i, April 1950, pp 1–7.
47 Thireinda Padita, Thakin Kodaw Hmaing ahtutpati amhadawbon, Rangoon, 1938.
48 See n. 2.
49 Nehru, The Discovery of India, p. 343.
50 Than Tun, ‘Historiography of Burma’, Shiryoku, no. 9, 1976, Kagoshima University.
51 Furnivall and U May Oung, ‘The Dawn of Nationalism in Burma’, p. 1.
52 Ibid.
53 John F. Cady, A History of Modern Burma, New York, 1958, p. 180.
54 Fielding Hall, The Soul of a People, p. 80.
55 Stephen Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and His Critics in Japan, China and India, Cambridge, MA, 1970, p. 284.
56 M. K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj, Ahmedabad, 1938, p. 37.
57 M. K. Gandhi, The Problems of Education, Ahmedabad, 1962, p. 18.
58 Ibid., p. 20.
59 Dharam Paul Saran, Influence of Political Movements on Hindi Literature, 1906–1947, Chandigarh, 1967, p. 47.
60 Ibid., pp. 94–5.
61 V. S. Narvane, Premchand: His Life and Work, New Delhi, 1980, pp. 30–31.
62 Ibid., p. 33
63 Ibid., p. 102. The author mentions that Premchand once remarked that faith in ‘change of heart’ was the only important idea stressed by Gandhi with which he fully agreed.
64 Sunil Kumar Banerjee, Bankim Chandra: A Study of His Craft, Calcutta, 1940.
65 Humayun Kabir, The Bengali Novel, Calcutta, 1968, p. 27.
66 From the translation in Sri Aurobindo, Bankim-Tilak-Dayananda, Calcutta, 1940.
67 Surendranath Tagore (trans.), The Home and the World, London, 1928, p. 163.
68 Ibid., p. 191.
69 Cady, A History of Modern Burma, p. 213.
70 Ibid., p. 217.
71 My translation from Aung San, ‘Kyun pyinnya nhin thakin pyinnya’, in Oway e Shweyatu Letyweizin hsaungba mya, Rangoon, 1972.