Notes

1 J. F. Cady, A History of Modern Burma, Ithaca, NY, 1958, pp. 536–59; M. Collis, Last and First in Burma, 1941–1948, London, 1956, pp. 261–91; J. Silverstein, Burmese Politics: The Dilemma of National Unity, New Brunswick, NJ, 1980, pp. 93–144; F. N. Trager, Burma: From Kingdom to Republic, London, 1966, pp. 43–68.

2 B. Lintner, Outrage: Burma’s Struggle for Democracy, Hong Kong, 1989 (2nd edn, London and Bangkok, 1990), pp. 56–8, 74–8. Pages cited here and below are from the first edition.

3 Estimates vary, albeit within a consistent range. French newspapers (e.g. Le Monde, 9 September 1989; Télégramme, 27 August 1989) cited 1,000 to 3,000 deaths; The New York Times having initially cited 1,000 deaths on 11 January 1989 revised its estimate to 3,000 on 22 July 1989, a figure which agrees with reports in the Wall Street Journal, 9 September 1989, the Financial Times, 9 August 1989, The Times, 8 August 1989, and the Guardian, 18 August 1988. J. Silverstein, The New York Times, 15 September 1989, noted that more students were killed by the military in Burma between 8 August and 18 September 1988 than in Peking during the student unrest there. Extensive eyewitness accounts have been published in the New Yorker, 9 October 1989, and in Lintner, Outrage, passim. Time magazine, 14 August 1989, and the London Times puts arrests in the month of July 1989 alone at 2,000 – a figure which refers only to members of the National League for Democracy, and not to the population as a whole. It seems very likely that these figures significantly underestimate the true number of deaths, since they refer only to figures for riot police and army activity on a few separate occasions; they take account neither of events in cities other than Rangoon, nor of deaths of persons in detention (see n. 4 below).

4 E.g. ‘US Embassy Reports Torture in Burmese Jails’, The New York Times, 24 August 1989.

5 Amnesty International, ‘Myanmar’ (Report of the European Community Representative, Brussels), July 1991.

6 The Times, 6 August 1989; Amnesty International, Myanmar (Burma): Prisoners of Conscience. A Chronicle of Developments since September 1988, November 1989, p. 13 (hereafter AI 1989).

7 New Yorker, 9 October 1989, p. 90.

8 Time International, 11 June 1990.

9 B. Lintner, Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma’s Unfinished Renaissance, Bangkok, 1990, p. 28.

10 Ibid., p. 29; J. Silverstein, ‘Aung San Suu Kyi’, this volume, pp. 276–7; Time International, 11 June 1990.

11 Silverstein, this volume, p. 277; Statement of the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) on 2 June 1989, reported in AI 1989.

12 Lintner, Aung San Suu, pp. 196–215.

13 Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 May 1989.

14 On the meaning of bogyoke, see Aung San Suu Kyi, ‘The True Meaning of Boh‘, this volume, pp. 186–91.

15 J. Silverstein (ed. and contrib.), The Political Legacy of Aung San, Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper 86, Ithaca, NY, 1972.

16 N. Tarling, The Fourth Anglo-Burmese War, Gaya, 1987, p. 325.

17 The New York Times, 11 January 1989; English translation of the speech delivered in Burmese by Aung San Suu Kyi to a mass rally, 26 August 1988, this volume, pp. 198–204.

18 AI 1989, p. 59.

19 Financial Times, 24 October 1988.

20 See this volume, pp. 3–38.

21 See this volume, pp. 82–139, 140–64.

22 Independent, 31 August 1988.

23 Ibid., 12 September 1988.

24 Lintner, Aung San Suu, p. 158.

25 Spectator, 12 August 1989.

26 Aung San Suu Kyi, ‘Intellectual Life in Burma and India’, this volume, pp. 107–8.

27 Ibid., pp. 108ff.

28 Ibid., pp. 124–5.

29 Ibid., p. 126; Aung San Suu Kyi, ‘My Father’, this volume, p. 5.

30 Aung San Suu Kyi, ‘Intellectual Life in Burma and India’, this volume, p. 129.

31 Ibid., pp. 130–31.

32 Ibid., p. 131.

33 Ibid., p. 135.

34 Le Monde, 26 August 1988; Time magazine, 14 August 1989; Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 May 1989. The United Nations General Assembly approved Least Developed Country status for Burma on 11 December 1987.

35 Aung San Suu Kyi, ‘Intellectual Life in Burma and India’, this volume, p. 128.

36 Aung San Suu Kyi, ‘Freedom from Fear’, this volume, p. 183.

37 Ibid., pp. 180–85.

38 Aung San Suu Kyi, speech of 26 August 1989, this volume, p. 199.

39 Lintner, Aung San Suu, pp. 9–23, 100–101, 116–17.

40 Ibid., pp. 112–15.

41 Ibid., pp. 116–21.

42 E.g. Independent, 31 August 1988; Financial Times, 24 October 1988; Le Monde, 9 September 1988; Indian Express, 31 August 1988; Télégramme, 27 August 1988.

43 AI 1989. pp. 8–9.

44 Wall Street Journal, 9 August 1989; Financial Times, 9 September 1989; AI 1989, pp. 14–15.

45 See this volume, p. 214–17.

46 Asiaweek, 28 October 1988; AI 1989, p. 12.

47 Lintner, Aung San Suu, p. 224.

48 New Yorker, 9 October 1989, p. 91.

49 Lintner, Aung San Suu, p. 224.

50 E.g. New Yorker, 9 October 1989, p. 91; Independent, 2 May 1989.

51 The New York Times, 11 January 1989.

52 The Times, 3 January 1989.

53 AI 1989, pp. 22–3.

54 Ibid., p. 23.

55 Ibid., pp. 25–6.

56 Ibid., p. 36.

57 Bangkok Post, 26 March 1989; AI 1989, p. 26.

58 AI 1989, pp. 35–6.

59 Ibid., p. 38.

60 New Yorker, 9 October 1989, p. 92; Independent, 13 April 1989; Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 May 1989.

61 Guardian, 11 April 1989.

62 AI 1989, p. 40.

63 Ibid., pp. 42–3.

64 Ibid., pp. 46–7.

65 Ibid., p. 45.

66 Ibid., pp. 48–9.

67 Asian Wall Street Journal, 28 June 1989.

68 AI 1989, pp. 49–52.

69 Asian Wall Street Journal, 28 June 1989.

70 AI 1989, p. 53.

71 Ibid., pp. 53–4.

72 Ibid., p. 55.

73 Ibid., p. 55.

74 Ibid., p. 56.

75 Ibid., p. 57.

76 Ibid., pp. 57–8.

77 Ibid., p. 59.

78 Ibid., p. 59.

79 Ibid., pp. 59–60.

80 Ibid., pp. 60–61.

81 New Yorker, 9 October 1989, p. 95.

82 AI 1989, p. 64.

83 Ibid., p. 64.

84 Ibid., p. 65.

85 Ibid., p. 66.

86 Ibid., pp. 66–7.

87 The New York Times, 24 August 1989.

88 The Times, 29 July 1989.

89 AI 1989, p. 69.

90 The Times, 6 August 1989.

91 AI 1989, p. 70.

92 Christian Science Monitor, 14 August 1989.

93 Silverstein, this volume, p. 276.

94 Lintner, Aung San Suu, p. 28.

95 Time International, 11 June 1990.

96 Lintner, Aung San Suu, p. 28.

97 Amnesty International, ‘Myanmar’, 1991 (see n. 5 above).

98 European Political Co-operation, ‘Statement on Burma’, press release of the European Community, Brussels, 27 May 1991.

99 Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London, press release, 30 May 1991.

100 The Times, 8 August 1989.