Notes

Chapter One: Jean-Jacques Rousseau: ‘An Interesting Madman’

• 1. See Joan Macdonald, Rousseau and the French Revolution (London, 1965).
• 2. J. H. Huizinga, The Making of a Saint: The Tragi-Comedy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (London, 1976), pp. 185 ff.
• 3. Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (Princeton, 1951), p. 268.
• 4. Jean Chateau, Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Sa Philosophie de l’éducation (Paris, 1962), pp. 32 ff.
• 5. Lester G. Crocker, Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Quest, 1712-1758 (New York, 1974), p. 263.
• 6. Ibid., pp. 238-39, 255-70.
• 7. For Rousseau’s early life see ibid., pp. 7-15; the account he gives in his Confessions is quite unreliable.
• 8. Rousseau’s letters are published in R. A. Leigh, Correspondence Complète de Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Geneva, 1965 ff) and in T. Dufour and P. P. Plan, Correspondance Générale de Jean-Jacques Rousseau (20 vols., Paris, 1924-34).
• 9. Crocker, vol. i, pp. 160ff.
• 10. Quoted in Huizinga, p. 29.
• 11. The Discours is published in G.R. Havens (ed.), Discours sur les sciences et les arts (New York, 1946).
• 12. For Rousseau’s works see Bernard Gagnebin and Marcel Raymond (eds), Oeuvres complètes (3 vols., Paris, 1959-64).
• 13. Macdonald.
• 14. Quoted in Huizinga, pp. 16-17.
• 15. Crocker, vol. i, p. 16; see also pp. 194 ff.
• 16. Quoted by Huizinga, p. 50. The passage occurs in an unposted letter to Monsieur de Mirabeau, 1767.
• 17. J.Y.T. Greig(ed.), Letters of David Hume (Oxford, 1953), vol. ii, p. 2.
• 18. Huizinga, pp. 15-16.
• 19. Such obiter dicta, and many similar, are collected in Huizinga.
• 20. Crocker, vol. ii: The Prophetic Voice, 1758-1783 (New York, 1973), pp. 28-29.
• 21. P. M. Masson, La Réligion de Jean-Jacques Rousseau (3 vols., Paris, 1916).
• 22. Crocker, vol. i, pp. 146-47.
• 23. C. P. Duclos: Considérations sur les moeurs de ce siècle (London, 1784), quoted in Huizinga.
• 24. Crocker, vol. ii, pp. 208, 265-302.
• 25. Huizinga, pp. 56-57, 112.
• 26. W. H. Blanchard, Rousseau and the Spirit of Revolt (Ann Arbor, 1967), p. 120.
• 27. Quoted in Huizinga, p. 119.
• 28. E.C. Mossner, Life of David Hume (Austin, 1954), p. 528-29.
• 29. Crocker, vol. ii, pp. 300-2.
• 30. Ibid., pp. 318-19, 339-41.
• 31. Confessions, Everyman edition (London, 1904), vol. i, p. 13.
• 32. Ronald Grimsley, Jean-Jacques Rousseau: A Study in Self-Awareness (Bangor, 1961), pp. 55 ff.
• 33. Confessions, vol. i, pp. 58 ff.
• 34. See Crocker’s excellent analysis of this technique, vol. i, pp. 57-58.
• 35. Huizinga, p. 75.
• 36. Crocker, vol. i, pp. 340 ff.
• 37. Confessions, vol. i, p. 31.
• 38. Ibid., vol. i, p. 311.
• 39. Ibid.
• 40. While Thérèse was still alive, Madame de Charrière wrote Plainte et défense de Thérèse Levasseur (Paris, 1789). A powerful modern defence of her is I. W. Allen’s Ph.D. thesis, Thérèsê Levasseur (Western Reserve University, Cleveland), cited in Crocker, vol. i, p. 172. Other works dealing with Rousseau’s relations with Thérèse include Claude Ferval, Jean-Jacques Rousseau et les femmes (Paris, 1934).
• 41. See F.A. Pottle (ed.), Boswell on the Grand Tour, Germany and Switzerland 1764 (London, 1953), pp. 213-58.
• 42. Printed in ibid., pp. 335-37.
• 43. Greig, vol. ii, pp. 14-15.
• 44. Quoted in Crocker, vol. i, p. 186.
• 45. Ibid., pp. 178 ff.
• 46. The main defences are in the Confessions, vol. i, pp. 314 ff, vol. ii, pp. 8 ff.
• 47. For the General Will, etc., see L.G. Crocker, Rousseau’s Social Contract: An Interpretive Essay (Cleveland, 1968).
• 48. Printed in C. R. Vaughan (ed.), The Political Writings of Rousseau (2 vols., Cambridge, 1915), vol. ii, p. 250.
• 49. Sergio Cotta, ‘La Position du problème de la politique chez Rousseau’, Études sur le Contrat social de J.J. Rousseau (Paris, 1964), pp. 177-90.
• 50. I.W. Allen, quoted in Crocker, vol. i, p. 356, note 6.
• 51. See Huizinga, Introduction.
• 52. Judgments for and against Rousseau are listed in Huizinga, pp. 266 ff.
• 53. Quoted by Crocker, vol. i, p. 353; the remark is recorded in Henri Guillemin, Un Homme, deux ombres (Geneva, 1943), p. 323.

Chapter Two: Shelley, or the Heartlessness of Ideas

• 1. P. B. Shelley to Elizabeth Hitchener, in F.L. Jones (ed.), Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley (2 vols., Oxford, 1964), vol. i, pp. 116-17.
• 2. See text in D.L. Clark (ed.), Shelley’s Prose (New Mexico, rev. ed. 1966).
• 3. For a clear analysis of the essay see M.H. Scrivener, Radical Shelley (Princeton, 1982), pp. 249 ff.
• 4. An interesting analysis of these poems is in Art Young, Shelley and Non Violence (The Hague, 1975).
• 5. Essays in Criticism, Second Series: Byron, reprinted in Matthew Arnold, Selected Prose (Harmondsworth, 1982), pp. 385-404.
• 6. Byron to John Murray, 3 August 1822; to Thomas Moore, 4 March 1822; both in Leslie A. Marchand (ed.), Byron’s Letters and Journals (11 vols., London, 1973-82), vol. ix, pp. 119, 189-90.
• 7. The best biography of Shelley, a pioneering work, is Richard Holmes, Shelley: The Pursuit (London, 1974). This should be supplemented by Holmes’s essay on Shelley in his Footsteps: Adventures of a Romantic Biographer (London, 1985).
• 8. For Sir Timothy Shelley, see R. C. Thorne (ed.), History of Parliament: House of Commons 1790-1820 (London, 1986), vol. v, Members Q-Y, pp. 140-41.
• 9. For the radicalization of the young Shelley see Holmes, pp. 25 ff; and K. M. Cameron, The Young Shelley: Genesis of a Radical (New York, 1950).
• 10. N. Mackenzie (ed.), Secret Societies (London, 1967), p. 170; Nesta Webster, Secret Societies and Subversive Movements (London, 1964), pp. 196-268.
• 11. Marie Roberts, British Poets and Secret Societies (London, 1986), deals with Shelley in Chapter 4, pp. 88-101.
• 12. Shelley, Letters, vol. i, p. 54; Paul Dawson, The Unacknowledged Legislator: Shelley and Politics (Oxford, 1980), pp. 157 ff.
• 13. Sylvia Norman, The Flight of the Skylark: The Development of Shelley’s Reputation (London, 1954), p. 162.
• 14. Thomas Jefferson Hogg, Life of Shelley, quoting Helen.
• 15. Holmes, pp. 36, 48.
• 16. lbid., pp. 50-51.
• 17. Ibid., p. 57.
• 18. Letter to John Williams, in Letters, vol. 1, p. 330.
• 19. Ibid., pp. 139-40, 146-47, 148-49.
• 20. Ibid., p. 155.
• 21. Ibid., pp. 156, 163.
• 22. Ibid., p. 165.
• 23. Ibid., pp. 205-6.
• 24. F.L. Jones (ed.), Mary Shelley’s Journal (London, 1947), p. 17.
• 25. N.I. White, Shelley (2 vols., New York, 1940), vol. i, pp. 547-52.
• 26. See Louis Schutz Boas, Harriet Shelley: Five Long Years (Oxford, 1962).
• 27. Letters of 14 July, 27 August, 15 September and 16 September 1814, in Letters, vol. i, pp. 389-90, 391-92, 394, 396.
• 28. Letter of 26 September 1814, in Letters, vol. i, pp. 396-97.
• 29. Letter of 3 October 1814, in Letters, vol. i, p. 403.
• 30. Letters of 3 and 25 October 1814, in Letters, vol. i, pp. 400, 410.
• 31. Letter of 14 November 1814, in Letters, vol. i, p. 421.
• 32. Letters, vol. i, p. 520, footnote.
• 33. See the account of Harriet’s last phase in Boas, Chapter vii, pp. 183 ff.
• 34. Letter of 16 December 1814, Letters, vol. i, pp. 519-21. The authenticity of this letter was later challenged by Shelley’s Victorian apologists, but there seems no reason to doubt it. See Holmes, p. 353 and footnote.
• 35. Letters, vol. i, pp. 511-12.
• 36. Letter of 10 December 1812, Letters, vol. i, p. 338.
• 37. For Fanny Imlay, see Holmes, pp. 347 ff.
• 38. Letter to Godwin, Letters, vol. i, p. 311.
• 39. Letters, vol. i, p. 196.
• 40. Letters, vol. i, p. 314.
• 41. Holmes, p. 216.
• 42. Letters, vol. i, p. 530.
• 43. Letters, vol. ii, pp. 264-65.
• 44. Holmes, pp. 442-47; see also Ursula Orange: ‘Shuttlecocks of Genius’, Keats-Shelley Memorial Bulletin, clixv.
• 45. See letters of Byron to Hoppner, 10 September and 1 October 1820, in Byron’s Letters and Journals, vol. 7, pp. 174, 191.
• 46. Byron to Douglas Kinnaird, 20 January 1817, in Byron’s Letters and Journals, vol. 5, pp. 160-62.
• 47. Claire Clairmont to Byron, 6 May 1816, Murray Mss, quoted in Doris Langley Moore, Lord Byron: Accounts Rendered (London, 1974), p. 302.
• 48. The case that the mother was the nurse, Elise, is argued in Ursula Orange, ‘Elise, Nursemaid to the Shelleys’, Keats-Shelley Memorial Bulletin, 1955. Richard Holmes, though Shelley’s best biographer, is implausible on this issue, and in fact takes two different views, one in Shelley: The Pursuit and another in Footsteps.
• 49. August 1821; quoted in Moore.
• 50. See Byron’s letters to J.B. Webster, 8 September 1818, and to John Cam Hobhouse and Douglas Kinnaird, 19 January 1819, printed in Byron’s Letters and Journals, vol. vi, pp. 65, 91-92.
• 51. Letters, vol. i, p. 323.
• 52. Letter to Byron, 14 September 1821, quoted in Moore.
• 53. Haydon wrote these comments in the margin of his copy of Medwin’s Conversations with Lord Byron (now at Newstead Abbey, Roe-Byron Collection); quoted in Moore, pp. 301-2.
• 54. Letters, vol. i, p. 423, note 1; Shelley’s letters to Hogg, 1 January and 26 April 1815, vol. i, pp. 423, 426; eleven letters of Mary to Hogg survive.
• 55. Robert Ingpen and W.E. Peck (eds.), Complete Works of P.B. Shelley (New York, 1926-30), vol. vii, p. 43.
• 56. Letter of 10 January 1812, in Letters, vol. i, pp. 227 ff.
• 57. For details of Shelley’s financial transactions with Godwin, see Holmes, pp. 223-38, 250, 269-70, 284, 307, 311-21, 346, 379, 407-13, 526.
• 58. Harriet to Mrs Nugent, 11 December 1814, in Letters, vol. i, p. 422, note.
• 59. Letter of 7 March 1841, in Thomas Pinney (ed.), Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay (6 vols., Cambridge, 1974-81), vol. iii, p. 366.
• 60. Quoted in Ann Blainey, Immortal Boy: A Life of Leigh Hunt (London, 1985), p. 189.
• 61. Letters, vol. i, pp. 366, 379, note.
• 62. Holmes, p. 161.
• 63. For Roberts, see Letters, vol. i, p. 339, note 1 to Letter 215; for Bedwell, Letters, vol. i, p. 362; for the Williamses, Letters, vol. i, pp. 360 and note, 386-87; for Evans, Letters, vol. i, pp. 332-33, 339.
• 64. For the booksellers, see Shelley to John Slatter, 16 April 1811; Henry Slatter to Sir Timothy Shelley, 13 August 1831; letter from Shelley, 23 December 1814; Letters, vol. i, pp. 438, note 1, 411.
• 65. Letters, vol. i, pp. 362-63.
• 66. A.M.D. Hughes, The Nascent Mind of Shelley (Oxford, 1947), pp. 131 ff.
• 67. Such as Art Young, see note 4 above.
• 68. See Scrivenor, Radical Shelley (Princeton, 1982), pp. 198-210.
• 69. See Edward Duffy, Rousseau in England: The Context for Shelley’s Critique of the Enlightenment (Berkeley, 1979).
• 70. Claire Clairmont to Edward Trelawney, 30 September 1878, printed in the Carl H. Pforzheimer Library Bulletin iv, pp. 787-88.
• 71. Shelley to John Gisborne, 18 June 1822, in Letters, vol. ii, pp. 434-37.
• 72. Holmes, p. 728; Letters, vol. ii, p. 433.
• 73. F.L. Jones (ed.), Maria Gisborne and Edward E. Williams: Their Journals and Letters (London, 1946), p. 149.
• 74. Holmes, p. 729; Edward Dowden, Life of P. B. Shelley (2 vols., London, 1886), vol. ii, pp. 534 ff.

Chapter Three: Karl Marx: ‘Howling Gigantic Curses’

• 1. Edgar von Westphalen, quoted in Robert Payne, Marx (London, 1968), p. 20.
• 2. See the excellent essay on Marx in Robert S. Wistrich: Revolutionary Jews From Marx to Trotsky (London, 1976).
• 3. Letter to Engels, 11 April 1868, Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels Werke (East Berlin, 1956-68), vol. xxxii, P. 58.
• 4. For Marx’s poetry see Payne, pp. 61-71.
• 5. Marx-Engels Werke, vol. iii, pp. 69-71.
• 6. Payne, pp. 166 ff.
• 7. Text in Marx-Engels, Selected Correspondence 1846-95 (New York, 1936), pp. 90-91.
• 8. Capital, Everyman edition (London, 1930), p. 873.
• 9. T.B. Bottomore (trans. and ed.), Karl Marx: Early Writings (London, 1963), pp. 34-37; the essays on the Jews are also in Karl Marx-Engels Collected Works (London, 1975 ff), vol. iii, pp. 146-74.
• 10. The decisive stage in Marx’s writings was reached in A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law (1844), The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (first published in 1932), and The German Ideology (1845-46).
• 11. For a valuable discussion of these writings, see Payne, pp. 98 ff.
• 12. Payne, p. 86.
• 13. Payne, pp. 134-36.
• 14. Marx-Engels Werke, vol. xxx, p. 259.
• 15. Karl Jaspers, ‘Marx und Freud’, Der Monat, xxvi (1950).
• 16. Geoffrey Pilling, Marx’s Capital (London, 1980), p. 126.
• 17. Louis Althusser, For Marx (trans. London, 1969), pp. 79-80.
• 18. Printed in Engels on Capital (London, 1938), pp. 68-71.
• 19. Capital, pp. 845-46.
• 20. Capital, pp. 230-311.
• 21. Capital, p. 240, note 3.
• 22. W. O. Henderson & W.H. Challoner (trans. and eds.), Engels’s Condition of the Working Class in England (Oxford, 1958).
• 23. Engels to Marx, 19 November 1844, Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe (Moscow, 1927-35), 1 part iii (1929).
• 24. Henderson & Challoner, Appendix v, from Dr Loudon’s Report on the Operation of the Poor Laws, 1833, gives characteristic examples of Engels’s methods of misquotation which have the effect of seriously distorting Loudon’s meaning.
• 25. Nationalökonomie der Gegenwart und Zukunft, i (Frankfurt, 1848), pp. 155-61, 170-241.
• 26. For a general analysis of Marx’s methods see Leslie R. Page, Karl Marx and the Critical Examination of his Works (London, 1987).
• 27. As reported in seven London newspapers, 17 April 1863.
• 28. See David F. Felix, Marx as Politician (London, 1983), pp. 161-62, 269-70.
• 29. Ibid., p. 147.
• 30. For this see Page, pp. 46-49.
• 31. See also Felix, and Chushichi Tsuzuki: The Life of Eleanor Marx, 1855-98: A Socialist Tragedy (London, 1967).
• 32. Payne, p. 81.
• 33. Ibid., p. 134.
• 34. Geinzen’s account was published in Boston in 1864; quoted in Payne, p. 155.
• 35. Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe, vol. vi, pp. 503-5.
• 36. Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe, vol. vii, p. 239.
• 37. Payne, p. 475 note.
• 38. Stephan Lukes, Marxism and Morality (Oxford, 1985), pp. 3 ff.
• 39. Quoted in David McLellan, Karl Marx: His Life and Thought (London, 1973), p. 455.
• 40. Payne, pp. 50 ff.
• 41. Marx-Engels, Collected Works, vol. ii, pp. 330-31.
• 42. Marx, On Britain (Moscow, 1962), p. 373.
• 43. Payne, pp. 251 ff; Michael Bakunin, Oeuvres (Paris, 1908).
• 44. E.g., Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe, vol. xxxiii, p. 117.
• 45. Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe, vol. xxxi, p. 305.
• 46. It appears as a footnote in Capital, vol. i, ii, vii Chapter 22.
• 47. Quoted in Payne, p. 54.
• 48. Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe, vol. xxvii, p. 227.
• 49. Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe, vol. xxx, p. 310; Engels’s reply is in vol. xxx, p. 312.
• 50. Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe, vol. xxxi, p. 131.
• 51. For further information on Marx’s finances, see David McLellan, Karl Marx: Interviews and Recollections (London, 1981) and his Karl Marx: The Legacy (London, 1983); Fritz J. Raddatz, Karl Marx: A Political Biography (trans., London, 1979).
• 52. Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe, vol. xxvii, p. 500.
• 53. Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe, vol. xxvii, p. 609.
• 54. Printed in Archiv für Geschichte des Socialismus (Berlin, 1922), pp. 56-58; in Payne, pp. 251 ff.
• 55. Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe, pp. 102-3.
• 56. Marx-Engels Gesamt-Ausgabe, vol. iii, pp. 4, 569.
• 57. For Marx’s family, see H. F. Peters, Red Jenny: A Life with Karl Marx (London, 1986); Yvonne Kapp, ‘Karl Marx’s Children: Family Life 1844-55’ in Karl Marx: 100 Years On (London, 1983), pp. 273-305, and her Eleanor Marx (2 vols., London, 1972).
• 58. Payne, p. 257.
• 59. The Soviet authorities, having published a bowdlerized version, have the surviving manuscript locked up in the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute in Moscow. Another version, possibly also censored, was published in Leipzig in 1965.
• 60. For this and other dates in Marx’s life, see the chronological survey by Maximilien Rubel in Marx: Life and Works (trans., London, 1980); the existence of the illegitimate son was first revealed in W. Blumenberg, Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography (1962, English trans. London, 1972).
• 61. See Payne, pp. 538-39.

Chapter Four: Henrik Ibsen: ‘On the Contrary!’

• 1. l7 May 1814.
• 2. See Brian W. Downs, Ibsen: The Cultural Background (Cambridge, 1948) and the introduction to John Northam (trans. and ed.), Ibsen’s Poems (Oslo, 1986).
• 3. ‘Memories of Childhood’, written in January 1881, printed in Evert Sprinchorn (ed.), Ibsen: Letters and Speeches (London, 1965), pp. 1-6.
• 4. For the facts of Ibsen’s life I have relied mainly on Michael Meyer’s biography: Henrik Ibsen: i. The Making of a Dramatist, 1828-64 (London, 1967); ii. The Farewell to Poetry, 1864-82 (London, 1971); iii. The Top of a Cold Mountain, 1886-1906 (London, 1971). However, for the convenience of readers my notes usually refer to the abridged edition, Henrik Ibsen (London, 1974).
• 5. Meyer, p. 197 note.
• 6. Rhymed Letter to Fru Heiberg.
• 7. Some of George Brandes’s views are in ‘Henrik Ibsen: Personal Reminiscences and Remarks about his Plays’, Century Magazine, New York, February 1917.
• 8. Quoted in Meyer, pp. 775-76.
• 9. Quoted in Bergliot Ibsen, The Three Ibsens: Memories of Henrik I, Suzannah I and Sigurd I (trans., London, 1951), pp. 17-18.
• 10. Meyer, p. 432; Paulsen’s memoirs were published in Copenhagen in 1903.
• 11. Halvdan Koht, Life of Ibsen (2 vols., trans., London, 1931), vol. ii, p. 111.
• 12. Jaegar’s notes about Ibsen were published in 1960; see Meyer, p. 603.
• 13. Quoted in Meyer, p. 592.
• 14. Bergliot Ibsen, p. 92.
• 15. Meyer, pp. 339, 343-44.
• 16. Hans Heiberg, Ibsen: A Portrait of the Artist (trans., London, 1969), p. 177.
• 17. Meyer, pp. 689-90.
• 18. Meyer, pp. 575-76.
• 19. Meyer, p. 805.
• 20. Meyer, pp. 277-78.
• 21. Meyer, p. 500.
• 22. Meyer, p. 258.
• 23. Letter of 9 December 1867, in Meyer, pp. 287-88.
• 24. Heiberg, pp. 20-22.
• 25. For Else see Meyer (3 vols.), vol. i, pp. 47-48.
• 26. Heiberg, p. 34.
• 27. The episode is related in Meyer (3 vols.), vol. iii, p. 206.
• 28. Heiberg, p. 241.
• 29. Meyer, p. 55.
• 30. Quoted in Meyer; pp. 304-5.
• 31. Meyer, pp. 293-94.
• 32. Printed in Letters and Speeches, pp. 315-16.
• 33. Bergliot Ibsen, pp. 84-85.
• 34. Quoted in Meyer, pp. 287-88.
• 35. Quoted in Meyer, p. 332.
• 36. Preface to Cataline (1875 edition).
• 37. ‘Resignation’ is included in John Northam’s collection.
• 38. Meyer, p. 659.
• 39. Janson’s diaries were published in 1913.
• 40. Quoted in Meyer, p. 531.
• 41. Heiberg, pp. 245-46; see Ibsen’s speech to the working men of Trondhjem, 14 June 1885, in Letters and Speeches, pp. 248-49.
• 42. Letters and Speeches, pp. 251-56.
• 43. Meyer, p. 703.
• 44. Letters and Speeches, pp. 337-38.
• 45. Meyer, pp. 815-16.
• 46. Meyer, pp. 636 ff.
• 47. E.A. Zucker, Ibsen: The Master Builder (London, 1929).
• 48. Quoted in Meyer, p. 646.
• 49. Meyer, pp. 653-54.
• 50. The letters to Emilie Bardach are in Letters and Speeches, pp. 279-98.
• 51. Meyer, p. 97.
• 52. Letter to Magdalene Thoresen, 3 December 1865.
• 53. Meyer, pp. 250-51.
• 54. Meyer, p. 131.
• 55. Bergliot Ibsen, pp. 61-62.
• 56. Bergliot Ibsen, pp. 52, 79, 82 etc.
• 57. Meyer, pp. 280-81, 295-97.
• 58. Meyer, p. 581.

Chapter Five: Tolstoy: God’s Elder Brother

• 1. Quoted in George Steiner, Tolstoy or Dostoievsky (London, 1960).
• 2. Diary entries for 12 October, 2-3 November 1853; 7 July 1857; 18 July 1853 in Aylmer Maude (ed.), The Private Diary of Leo Tolstoy 1853-57 (London, 1927), pp. 79-80, 37, 227, 17.
• 3. Maxim Gorky, Reminiscences of Tolstoy, Chekhov and Andreev (London, 1934), quoted in Steiner, p. 125.
• 4. 19 January 1898, in Diary.
• 5. Quoted in Henri Troyat, Tolstoy (trans., London, 1968), pp. 133-40.
• 6. Ilya Tolstoy, Tolstoy, My Father (trans., London, 1972).
• 7. Leo Tolstoy, ‘Boyhood’.
• 8. Quoted in Aylmer Maude, Life of Tolstoy (London, 1929), p. 69.
• 9. 3 November 1853, in Diary, p. 79.
• 10. Maude, Life, p. 37.
• 11. Maude, p. 126.
• 12. Maude, p. 200; Troyat, p. 194.
• 13. R. F. Christian, Tolstoy: A Critical Introduction (Cambridge, 1956).
• 14. Edward Crankshaw, Tolstoy: The Making of a Novelist (London, 1974) is particularly good on Tolstoy’s strengths and weaknesses as a writer.
• 15. Elizabeth Gunn, A Daring Coiffeur: Reflections on War and Peace and Anna Karenina (London, 1971).
• 16. Both passages quoted by Gunn.
• 17. Quoted in Steiner, p. 229.
• 18. Quoted in Crankshaw, p. 66.
• 19. Entries for 25 and 27 July, 1 August 1857, in Diary; see also Introduction, p. xxiii.
• 20. Diary, pp. 10, 158.
• 21. Diary, pp. 10-16; Crankshaw, p. 128.
• 22. Troyat, p. 63.
• 23. Quoted in Anne Edwards, Sonya: The Life of Countess Tolstoy (London, 1981), p. 43.
• 24. Troyat, p. 212.
• 25. Quoted in Valentin F. Bulgakov, The Last Year of Leo Tolstoy (trans., London, 1971), pp. 145-46.
• 26. Diary, Introduction, p. xxi.
• 27. Quoted in Ernest J. Simmons, Leo Tolstoy (London, 1949), pp. 621-22.
• 28. Letter to N. N. Strakhov, author of an article, ‘The Feminine Question’, refuting J.S. Mill. Quoted in Simmons.
• 29. Crankshaw, pp. 145-52.
• 30. Edwards, pp. 77-87; Crankshaw, pp. 196-204; Simmons, p. 270.
• 31. Edwards, p. 267.
• 32. For a specimen of Tolstoy’s holograph mss see photo in Crankshaw, p. 247.
• 33. Crankshaw, p. 198.
• 34. Quoted in Troyat, pp. 525-26.
• 35. Leo Tolstoy, Recollections.
• 36. Troyat, p. 141.
• 37. Quoted in Maude, pp. 250-51.
• 38. Crankshaw, p. 172.
• 39. Simmons, p. 400.
• 40. The death of Levin’s brother in Anna Karenina; the refusal to attend the funeral in War and Peace.
• 41. Note of 16 December 1890.
• 42. Quoted in Troyat, p. 133.
• 43. Troyat, p. 212.
• 44. Crankshaw, pp. 237-38.
• 45. Letter to her sister, quoted in Simmons, p. 429.
• 46. Simmons, p. 738.
• 47. Quoted in Isaiah Berlin, The Hedgehog and the Fox: An Essay on Tolstoy’s View of History (London, 1953), p. 6.
• 48. See the example cited by Berlin: the character of Kutuzov (a real person) in War and Peace is gradually transformed in successive drafts from ‘the sly, elderly, feeble voluptuary’ which he was in historical fact to ‘the unforgettable symbol of the Russian people in all its simplicity and intuitive wisdom’, which is what Tolstoy needed him to be.
• 49. Simmons, pp. 317-18.
• 50. For a shrewd analysis of Tolstoy’s Christianity, see Steiner, pp. 260-65.
• 51. Diary entry of August 1898, quoted in Steiner, p. 259.
• 52. These obiter dicta are taken mainly from George Steiner’s Introduction to Bulgakov, and from Bulgakov’s text.
• 53. Simmons, pp. 493 ff.
• 54. Diary entry of 17 December 1890. Countess Tolstoy’s diaries are published as The Diary of Tolstoy’s Wife, 1860-1891 (London, 1928); The Countess Tolstoy’s Later Diaries, 1891-97 (London, 1929); The Final Struggle: Being Countess Tolstoy’s Diary for 1910 (London, 1936).
• 55. See Bulgakov’s own introduction to his The Last Year of Leo Tolstoy, esp. pp. xxiii-iv.
• 56. Bulgakov, p. 162.
• 57. Bulgakov, pp. 166 ff, 170-71.
• 58. Bulgakov, p. 197.

Chapter Six: The Deep Waters of Ernest Hemingway

• 1. See Edward Wagenknecht, Ralph Waldo Emerson: Portrait of a Balanced Soul (New York, 1974), Chapter 6, ‘Politics’, pp. 158-201.
• 2. Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson (14 vols., Harvard, 1960-) vol. vii, p. 435.
• 3. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Every Saturday, 18 April 1868.
• 4. For this see Joel Porte, Representative Man: Ralph Waldo Emerson in His Time (New York, 1979).
• 5. Correspondence of Emerson and Carlyle (New York, 1964), p. 14.
• 6. Entry for 25 April 1848 in Joel Porte (ed.), Emerson in his Journals (Harvard, 1982), p. 385.
• 7. Henry James, The Art of Fiction, pp. 223-24.
• 8. Journals and Misc. Notebooks, vol. viii, pp. 88-89, 242.
• 9. Ibid., vol. ix, p. 115.
• 10. Ibid., vol. vii, p. 544.
• 11. See the illuminating article by Mary Kupiec Cayton, ‘The Making of an American Prophet: Emerson, his audience and the rise of the culture industry in nineteenth-century America’, American Historical Review, June 1987.
• 12. See Paul Boyer, Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920 (Harvard, 1978), p. 109.
• 13. Quoted in Wagenknecht, p. 170; cf. Lewis S. Feuer, ‘Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Reference to Karl Marx’, New England Quarterly, xxxiii (1960).
• 14. For Grace Hemingway, see Max Westbrook, ‘Grace under Pressure: Hemingway and the Summer of 1920’ in James Nagel (ed.), Ernest Hemingway: The Writer in Context (Madison, Wisconsin, 1984), pp. 77 ff; the family is described in Marcelline Hemingway Sandford, At the Hemingways: A Family Portrait (Boston, 1961).
• 15. Madeleine Hemingway Miller, Ernie (New York, 1975), p. 92. Kenneth S. Lynn, Hemingway (New York, 1987), pp. 19-20, says that these daily religious services were held only when the Hemingways were living with their Grandfather Hall, Grace’s father.
• 16. Lynn, p. 115.
• 17. Carlos Baker (ed.), Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917-61 (New York, 1981), p. 3.
• 18. For Hemingway’s religion, see Jeffrey Meyers, Hemingway: A Biography (London, 1985), pp. 31-32, 178, etc.; Lynn, pp. 70, 249, 312-14, etc.
• 19. Quoted in Lynn, pp. 117-18.
• 20. Quoted in Bernice Kert, The Hemingway Women (New York, 1983), p. 27.
• 21. Selected Letters, pp. 670, 663.
• 22. Lynn, p. 233.
• 23. Lynn, pp. 234 ff; see also B.J. Poli, Ford Madox Ford and the Transatlantic Review (Syracuse, 1967), p. 106.
• 24. Lynn, p. 230.
• 25. Quoted in Meyers, p. 24.
• 26. Meyers, p. 94.
• 27. See Paris Review, Spring 1981.
• 28. Given in Meyers, p. 137.
• 29. William White (ed.), By-Line: Ernest Hemingway: Selected Articles and Dispatches of Four Decades (New York, 1967), p. 219.
• 30. Quoted in Meyers, pp. 74-75.
• 31. New Yorker, 29 October 1927.
• 32. Introduction to an anthology, Men at War (New York, 1942).
• 33. Herbert Matthews, A World in Revolution (New York, 1971), pp. 24-25.
• 34. Quoted in Meyers, p. 426.
• 35. Quoted in Michael S. Reynolds, Hemingway’s Reading 1910-40 (Princeton, 1981), p. 4.
• 36. For Hemingway’s lies, see Meyers, pp. 9, 15-16, 27, etc; Lynn, pp. 74, etc.
• 37. For this subject, see Michael S. Reynolds, Hemingway’s First War (Princeton, 1976).
• 38. Letter to Hadley Hemingway, 31 January 1938, quoted in Lynn, p. 447.
• 39. John Dos Passos, Best Times (New York, 1966), p. 141.
• 40. The Green Hills of Africa (New York, 1935), p. 71.
• 41. Letter of 9 February 1937, in Selected Letters, p. 458; letter to Harry Sylvester, 1 July 1938, quoted in Meyers, p. 303.
• 42. See Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War (London, 1982 edition), p. 706 and note; Lynn, pp. 448-49; Selected Letters, p. 463; Meyers, p. 307.
• 43. ‘Fascism is a Lie’, New Masses, 22 June 1937.
• 44. The best description of this is in Meyers, Chapter 18, ‘Our Man in Havana’, pp. 367-88; see also Lynn, pp. 502 ff.
• 45. Spruille Braden, Diplomats and Demagogues (New York, 1971).
• 46. Meyers, p. 370.
• 47. Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin, ‘Ernest Hemingway and Ezra Pound’, in James Nagel (ed.), Ernest Hemingway: The Writer in Context, pp. 179 ff.
• 48. Letter to Archibald MacLeish, August 1943, quoted in Meyers, p. 514; E. Fuller Tolley, The Roots of Treason: Ezra Pound and the Secrets of St Elizabeth’s (London, 1984).
• 49. A Moveable Feast (New York, 1964), pp. 208-9.
• 50. Meyers, pp. 205-6; Ludington Townsend, John Dos Passos: A Twentieth-Century Odyssey (New York, 1980).
• 51. See Lynn, pp. 38-48.
• 52. Letter to Arthur Mizener, 2 June 1950, in Selected Letters, p. 697.
• 53. Kert, The Hemingway Women, p. 170; this work is the primary source of information about all Hemingway’s wives and girlfriends.
• 54. Quoted in Lynn, p. 356.
• 55. Kert, pp. 296-97.
• 56. Carlos Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story (New York, 1969), p. 380.
• 57. Meyers, p. 353.
• 58. Kert, pp. 391-92.
• 59. Selected Letters, p. 576.
• 60. Gregory H. Hemingway, Papa (Boston, 1976), pp. 91-92.
• 61. Meyers, p. 416.
• 62. Quoted in Meyers, p. 394.
• 63. Selected Letters, p. 572; Meyers, p. 530.
• 64. Letter of Martha Gellhorn to Clara Spieghel, 17 May 1940, quoted in Meyers, p. 353.
• 65. Lynn, pp. 517, 577; Meyers, p. 426.
• 66. Gregory Hemingway, p. 109; Meyers, pp. 447 ff; Adriana’s side is put in her book of reminiscences, La Torre Bianca (Milan, 1980), which she wrote before committing suicide.
• 67. Kert, p. 476.
• 68. Mary Welsh Hemingway, How It Was (New York, 1976), p. 602.
• 69. By-Line, p. 473.
• 70. Mary Welsh Hemingway, p. 607.
• 71. Ibid., pp. 280-81.
• 72. Kert, pp. 268 ff.
• 73. Meyers, p. 480; Selected Letters, p. 367; Gregory Hemingway, p. 100.
• 74. Meyers, p. 351.
• 75. Kathleen Tynan, The Life of Kenneth Tynan (London, 1987), pp. 164-66.
• 76. Letter of 11 November 1920, quoted in Lynn, pp. 127-28.
• 77. It is printed in Meyers, Appendix I, pp. 573-75.
• 78. For a full medical analysis see Lynn, pp. 528-31.
• 79. C. L. Sulzberger, A Long Row of Candles (New York, 1969), p. 612.

Chapter Seven: Bertolt Brecht: Heart of Ice

• 1. Under the glasnost policy of Mikhail Gorbachov, more details about Brecht’s life are beginning to appear in Communist publications: see Werner Mittenzwei, The Life of Bertolt Brecht (2 vols., East Berlin, 1987).
• 2. The most useful account of Brecht is Ronald Hayman, Bertolt Brecht: A Biography (London, 1983), which gives his background, pp. 5 ff. I have also made extensive use of Martin Esslin’s brilliant work, Bertolt Brecht: A Choice of Evils (London, 1959).
• 3. Bertolt Brecht: Gesammelte Gedichte, p. 76.
• 4. Quoted by Sergei Tretyakov in ‘Bert Brecht’, International Literature, Moscow, 1937; cf. his poem, ‘The Legend of the Dead Soldier’.
• 5. Esslin, pp. 8-9.
• 6. Walter Benjamin, Understanding Brecht (trans., London, 1973).
• 7. Esslin, pp. 27-28.
• 8. Quoted in Esslin, p. 22.
• 9. Ruth Fischer, Stalin and German Communism (Harvard, 1948), p. 615; Esslin, Chapter Seven, ‘Brecht and the Communists’, pp. 133-76.
• 10. Quoted by Daniel Johnson, ‘Mac the Typewriter’, Daily Telegraph, 10 February 1988.
• 11. Lotte H. Eisner, ‘Sur le procès de l’Opéra de Quat’ Sous’, Europe (Paris), January-February 1957.
• 12. Esslin, pp. 42-43.
• 13. See James K. Lyon, Bertolt Brecht in America (Princeton, 1980), passim.
• 14. For Brecht’s part in the Congressional hearings, see Lyon, pp. 326 ff.
• 15. Hearings Regarding the Communist Infiltration of the Motion Picture Industry (Washington DC, 1947) gives the text of the Brecht exchanges, pp. 491-504.
• 16. Quoted in Esslin, p. 71.
• 17. Hayman, pp. 337-40.
• 18. For Nellhaus and Bentley, see Lyon, pp. 152 ff, 205.
• 19. Esslin, pp. 81-82.
• 20. Hayman, p. 245.
• 21. Hayman, p. 225.
• 22. Quoted in Lyon, p. 209.
• 23. Hayman, pp. 140-41.
• 24. Lyon, pp. 238-39.
• 25. New York Times, 2 November 1958; Lyon, p. 300; Humphrey Carpenter, W.H. Auden (London, 1981), p. 412.
• 26. Lyon, pp. 264-65.
• 27. Esslin, p. 79.
• 28. Sidney Hook, Out of Step: An Unquiet Life in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1987), pp. 492-93.
• 29. See the New Leader, 30 December 1968, 28 April 1969.
• 30. Hayman, p. 209.
• 31. Brecht: Schriften zur Politik und Gesellschaft, pp. 111 ff.
• 32. Brecht: Versuche xii 147.
• 33. Quoted in Esslin, p. 162.
• 34. Quoted by Daniel Johnson, Daily Telegraph, 10 February 1988.
• 35. Neues Deutschland, 22 March, 19 October 1951; Esslin, pp. 154 ff.
• 36. Tagesanzeiger (Zurich), 1 September 1956.
• 37. Neues Deutschland, 23 June 1953.
• 38. See his Arbeitsjournal for 20 August 1953.
• 39. For an excellent treatment of the uprising, see Hayman, Chapter 33, ‘Whitewashing’, pp. 365-78.
• 40. Europe, January-February 1957.
• 41. Quoted in Esslin, p. 136.

Chapter Eight: Bertrand Russell: A Case of Logical Fiddlesticks

• 1. For bibliography see Barry Feinberg and Ronald Kasrils, Bertrand Russell’s America: His Transatlantic Travels and Writing, vol. i. 1896-1945 (London, 1973).
• 2. Quoted in Rupert Crawshay-Williams, Russell Remembered (Oxford, 1970), p. 151.
• 3. Crawshay-Williams, p. 122.
• 4. A photograph of this page from his journal is reproduced in Ronald W. Clark, Bertrand Russell and his World (London, 1981), p. 13.
• 5. Although the draft of The Principles of Mathematics was completed on 31 December 1899, the work as a whole was not published till 1930; the first volume of Principia Mathematica appeared in 1910, volumes two and three in 1912 and 1913.
• 6. The Philosophy of Leibnitz (London, 1900).
• 7. Anthony Quinton, ‘Bertrand Russell’, Dictionary of National Biography, 1961-70 (Oxford, 1981), p. 905.
• 8. Norman Malcolm, Philosophical Review, January 1950.
• 9. See G. H. Hardy, Bertrand Russell and Trinity (Cambridge, 1970).
• 10. For the details see Hardy.
• 11. Feinberg and Kasrils, pp. 60-61.
• 12. Crawshay-Williams, p. 143.
• 13. John Dewy and Horace M. Kallen (eds.), The Bertrand Russell Case (New York, 1941).
• 14. Bertrand Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell (3 vols., London 1969), vol. iii, pp. 117-18.
• 15. Crawshay-Williams, p. 41.
• 16. Autobiography, vol. ii, p. 17.
• 17. ‘Russian Journal’, entry for May 19 1920; Russell Archives, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario; quoted in Ronald W. Clark, The Life of Bertrand Russell (London, 1975), pp. 378 ff.
• 18. International Journal of Ethics, January 1915.
• 19. Autobiography, vol. i, p. 126.
• 20. Atlantic Monthly, March 1915.
• 21. Autobiography, vol. ii, p. 17.
• 22. Quoted in Feinberg and Kasrils, vol. i, p. 73.
• 23. Russell’s views are presented in detail in Clark, Chapter 19, ‘Towards a Short War with Russia?’, pp. 517-30.
• 24. Letter to Gamel Brenan, 1 September 1945, quoted in Clark, p. 520.
• 25. 5 May 1948, Russell Archives; quoted in Clark, pp. 523-24.
• 26. Nineteenth Century and After, January 1949.
• 27. World Horizon, March 1950.
• 28. Quoted in Sidney Hook, Out of Step: An Unquiet Life in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1987), p. 364.
• 29. See the Nation, 17 and 29 October 1953.
• 30. Crawshay-Williams, p. 29.
• 31. The exchange was printed in the Listener, 19 March 1959.
• 32. Listener, 28 May 1959.
• 33. Autobiography, vol. iii, pp. 17-18.
• 34. Reprinted in Edward Hyams (ed.), New Statesmanship: An Anthology (London, 1963), pp. 245-49.
• 35. For the circumstances of the Russell-Krushchev-Dulles correspondence, see Edward Hyams, The New Statesman: The History of the First Fifty Years, 1913-63 (London, 1963), pp. 288-92.
• 36. Crawshay-Williams, pp. 106-9.
• 37. The Collins version is given in L. John Collins, Faith Under Fire (London, 1966); the Russell version in Ralph Schoenman (ed.), Bertrand Russell: Philosopher of the Century (London, 1967). See also Clark, pp. 574 ff; Christopher Driver, The Disarmers: A Study in Protest (London, 1964).
• 38. Bertrand Russell, ‘Voltaire’s Influence on Me’, Studies on Voltaire, vi (Musée Voltaire, Geneva, 1958).
• 39. Quoted in Clark, pp. 586 ff.
• 40. Quoted in Crawshay-Williams.
• 41. Crawshay-Williams, pp. 22-23.
• 42.Autobiography, vol. i, p. 16.
• 43. Feinberg and Kasrils, vol. i, p. 22.
• 44. Russell, The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism (London, 1920).
• 45. Daily Herald, 16 December 1921; New Republic, 15 and 22 March 1922; Prospects of Industrial Civilization (London, 1923).
• 46. Crawshay-Williams, p. 58.
• 47. Clark, pp. 627-28.
• 48. Autobiography, vol. i, p. 63.
• 49. Manchester Guardian, 31 October 1951.
• 50. Quoted in Clark, p. 592. Clark thinks this particular assertion was Schoenman’s work, Russell having originally written ‘Mankind is faced tonight by a grave crisis.’ But the expression sounds to me very like Russell in his more extreme mood.
• 51. Quoted in Time, 16 February 1970.
• 52. Crawshay-Williams, pp. 17; ibid., 23; Feinberg and Kasrils, p. 118; letter to Miss R.G. Brooks, 5 May 1930; Manners and Morals (London, 1929).
• 53. ‘Companionate Marriage’, lecture in New York City, 3 December 1927, quoted in Feinberg and Kasrils, p. 106.
• 54. Autobiography, vol. i, pp. 203-4.
• 55. Quoted in Clark, p. 302.
• 56. Letter of 29 September 1918 (in Russell Archives), quoted in Clark.
• 57. Autobiography, vol. i, p. 206.
• 58. Autobiography, vol. ii, p. 26.
• 59. Dora to Rachel Brooks, 12 May 1922, Russell Archives, quoted in Clark, p. 397.
• 60. Dora Russell, The Tamarisk Tree: My Quest for Liberty and Love (London, 1975), p. 54.
• 61. Entry of 16 February 1922 in Margaret Cole (ed.), Beatrice Webb’s Diary 1912-1924 (London, 1952); Dora Russell, p. 53.
• 62. New York Times, 30 September 1927.
• 63. Autobiography, vol. ii, p. 192.
• 64. Dora Russell, p. 198.
• 65. Dora Russell, pp. 243-45.
• 66. Dora Russell, p. 279.
• 67. Quoted in Clark, p. 446.
• 68. Dora Russell, p. 286.
• 69. Autobiography, vol. iii, p. 16.
• 70. Letter of 11 October 1911, quoted in Clark, p. 142.
• 71. Hook, p. 208.
• 72. Peter Ackroyd, T. S. Eliot (London, 1984), pp. 66-67, 84; Robert H. Bell, ‘Bertrand Russell and the Eliots’, The American Scholar, Summer 1983.
• 73. Hook, p. 363.
• 74. Quoted in Time, 16 February 1970.
• 75. Dora Russell, p. 291.
• 76. Autobiography, vol. ii, p. 190.
• 77. Ralph Schoenman, ‘Bertrand Russell and the Peace Movement’, in George Nakhnikian (ed.), Bertrand Russell’s Philosophy (London, 1974).
• 78. Hook, p. 307.
• 79. Clark, p. 584.
• 80. Quoted in Clark, p. 612.
• 81. The statement, published in the New Statesman after Russell’s death, is given as an appendix in Clark, pp. 640-51.
• 82. Autobiography, vol. ii, p. 19.
• 83. Crawshay-Williams, pp. 127-28.
• 84. Clark, p. 610.
• 85. Clark, pp. 620-22.
• 86. Autobiography, vol. iii, pp. 159-60.
• 87. Hardy, p. 47.
• 88. Autobiography, vol. ii, p. 34.
• 89. Crawshay-Williams, p. 41.

Chapter Nine: Jean-Paul Sartre: ‘A Little Ball of Fur and Ink’

• 1. Annie Cohen-Solal, Sartre: A Life (trans., London, 1987), p. 113.
• 2. Sartre, Words (trans., London, 1964), pp. 16-17.
• 3. Words, pp. 21-23.
• 4. Words, p. 73.
• 5. Quoted in Cohen-Solal, p. 40.
• 6. Sartre, War Diaries: Notebook for a Phoney War, November 1939-March 1940 (trans., London, 1984), p. 281.
• 7. Cohen-Solal, p. 67.
• 8. Cohen-Solal, pp. 79-80.
• 9. 1945 article, reprinted in Situations (London, 1965).
• 10. Ernst Jünger, Premier journal parisien 1942-43 (Paris, 1980).
• 11. Simone de Beauvoir, The Prime of Life (trans., London, 1962), p. 384. The Malraux quote is from Herbert Lottman, Camus (London, 1981 edition), p. 705.
• 12. Cohen-Solal, pp. 166-69. The text has disappeared.
• 13. Quotations from interviews in Cohen-Solal, pp. 176 ff.
• 14. De Beauvoir, The Prime of Life, p. 419.
• 15. Lettres au Castor et à quelques autres (2 vols., Paris, 1983).
• 16. L’Être et le néant (Paris, 1943); Being and Nothingness (trans., London, 1956, 1966).
• 17. Guillaume Ganotaux, L’Age d’or de St-Germain-des-Prés (Paris, 1965).
• 18. Sartre, L’Existentialisme est un humanisme (Paris, 1946); Existentialism and Humanism (London, 1973).
• 19. Les Temps modernes, 1 September 1945.
• 20. See Cohen-Solal, pp. 252-53. For the Picasso episode see Jacques Dumaine, Quai d’Orsay 1945-51 (trans., London, 1958), p. 13.
• 21. Samedi Soir, 3 November 1945.
• 22. Christine Cronan, Petit Catechisme de l’existentialisme pour les profanes (Paris, 1946).
• 23. Herbert Lottman, ‘Splendours and Miseries of the Literary Café’, Saturday Review, 13 March 1965; and his ‘After Bloomsbury and Greenwich Village, St-Germain-des-Prés’, New York Times Book Review, 4 June 1967.
• 24. For a list of them see Cohen-Solal, pp. 279-80.
• 25. Lottman, Camus, p. 369.
• 26. Claude Francis and Fernande Gontier, Simone de Beauvoir (trans., London, 1987), pp. xiv, 6, 25 ff.
• 27. Ibid., p. 25.
• 28. Cohen-Solal, pp. 74-75.
• 29. Translated as The Second Sex (London, 1953).
• 30. Quoted in Cohen-Solal, p. 76.
• 31. War Diaries, pp. 281-82.
• 32. War Diaries, p. 325; Francis and Gontier, pp. 98-100.
• 33. Francis and Gontier, p. 1, note.
• 34. War Diaries, p. 183.
• 35. Quoted in Francis and Gontier, pp. 236-37.
• 36. Lettres au Castor, vol. i, pp. 214-15.
• 37. L’Invitée (Paris, 1943); She Came to Stay (Cleveland, 1954).
• 38. De Beauvoir, The Prime of Life, pp. 205, 193.
• 39. Quoted in Cohen-Solal, p. 213.
• 40. Francis and Gontier, pp. 197-200.
• 41. John Weightman in the New York Review of Books, 13 August 1987.
• 42. Francis and Gontier, p. xiii.
• 43. Cohen-Solal, pp. 373 ff.
• 44. Cohen-Solal, p. 466.
• 45. Simone de Beauvoir: La Force des choses (Paris, 1963); Lottman, Camus, p. 404.
• 46. Les Temps modernes, August 1952. For the quarrels see Lottman, Camus, Chapter 37, pp. 495 ff. Sartre’s attack is reprinted in Situations, pp. 72-112.
• 47. Jean Kanapa: L’Existentialisme n’est pas un humanisme (Paris, 1947), p. 61.
• 48. Quoted in Cohen-Solal, p. 303.
• 49. Le Figaro, 25 April 1949.
• 50. Saint Genet, Comedien et Martyr (Paris, 1952); trans., New York, 1963, 1983.
• 51. Sartre wrote a little book about the first, L’Affaire Henri Martin (Paris, 1953).
• 52. Libération, 16 October 1952.
• 53. Quoted in Walter Laqueur and G. L. Mosse, Literature and Politics in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1967), p. 25.
• 54. Les Lettres francaises, 1-8 January 1953; Le Monde, 25 September 1954.
• 55. Libération, 15-20 July 1954.
• 56. Situations X (Paris, 1976), p. 220.
• 57. Report in Paris-Jour, 2 October 1960.
• 58. ‘Madame Gulliver en Amerique’ in Mary McCarthy, On the Contrary (New York, 1962), pp. 24-31.
• 59. Interview in France-Observateur, 1 February 1962.
• 60. David Caute, Sixty-Eight: The Year of the Barricades (London, 1988), pp. 95-96, 204.
• 61. Cohen-Solal, pp. 459-60; Francis and Gontier, pp. 327 ff.
• 62. Nouvel-Observateur, 19 and 26 June 1968.
• 63. Cohen-Solal, p. 463.
• 64. L’Aurore, 22 October 1970.
• 65. Letter to de Beauvoir, 20 March 1940.
• 66. Unpublished mss, 1954, now in the Bibliothèque nationale, quoted in Cohen-Solal, pp. 356-57.
• 67. James Boswell, Life of Dr Johnson, Everyman Edition (London, 1906), vol. ii, p. 326.
• 68. John Huston, An Open Book (London, 1981), pp. 295.
• 69. Cohen-Solal, pp. 388-89.
• 70. Francis and Gontier, pp. 173-74.
• 71. War Diaries, pp. 297-98.
• 72. Jean Cau, Croquis de Memoire (Paris, 1985).
• 73. Mary Welsh Hemingway, How It Was (New York, 1976), pp. 280-81.
• 74. Cohen-Solal, p. 377.
• 75. For example, three issues of Nouvel-Observateur, March 1980, on the eve of Sartre’s death.

Chapter Ten: Edmund Wilson: A Brand from the Burning

• 1. See Leon Edel (ed.), Edmund Wilson: The Twenties (New York, 1975), Introduction.
• 2. Ella Winter and Granville Hicks (eds.), The Letters of Lincoln Steffens (2 vols., New York, 1938), vol. ii, pp. 829-30.
• 3. Don Congdon (ed.), The Thirties: A Time to Remember (New York, 1962), pp. 24, 28-29.
• 4. Lionel Trilling, The Last Decade: Essays and Reviews 1965-75 (New York, 1979), pp. 15-16.
• 5. Trilling, p. 24.
• 6. Article reprinted in The Shores of Light (New York, 1952), pp. 518-33.
• 7. Leon Edel (ed.), Edmund Wilson: The Thirties (New York, 1980), p. 206.
• 8. Ibid., pp. 208-13.
• 9. Ibid., p. 81.
• 10. Ibid., pp. 678-79.
• 11. Ibid., pp. 57, 64, 118, 120, 121-22, 135.
• 12. Ibid., pp. 160-86; letter to Dos Passos, 29 February 1932.
• 13. Ibid., pp. 378 ff.
• 14. Mary McCarthy’s background and childhood is described in Doris Grumbach, The Company She Keeps (London, 1967).
• 15. Her essay ‘The Vassar Girl’, reprinted in Mary McCarthy, On the Contrary (London, 1962), pp. 193-214, is a brilliant evocation of the Vassar spirit.
• 16. Reprinted in Cast a Cold Eye (New York, 1950).
• 17. Lionel Abel, ‘New York City: A Remembrance’, Dissent, viii (1961).
• 18. Printed in Rebel Poet, and quoted in Terry A. Cooney, The Rise of the New York Intellectuals: Partisan Review and Its Circle (Wisconsin, 1986), p. 41.
• 19. Partisan Review, xii (1934).
• 20. In New Masses, August 1932.
• 21. For Rahv’s various political positions, see A.J. Porter and A.J. Dovosin (eds.), Philip Rahv: Essays on Literature and Politics, 1932-78 (Boston, 1978).
• 22. Quoted in Cooney, pp. 99-100.
• 23. Quoted in Cooney, p. 117.
• 24. See ‘The Death of Gandhi’ and ‘My Confession’, in McCarthy, pp. 20-23, 75-105.
• 25. Title of article by Harold Rosenberg, Commentary, September 1948.
• 26. See New York Times Book Review, 17 February 1974.
• 27. Norman Podhoretz, Breaking Ranks: A Political Memoir (New York, 1979), p. 270.
• 28. Leon Edel (ed.), Edmund Wilson: The Fifties; from Notebooks and Diaries of the Period (New York, 1986), pp. 372 ff (esp. entry of 9 August 1956).
• 29. Edmund Wilson: The Twenties, pp. 64-65.
• 30. Ibid., pp. 15-46.
• 31. Edmund Wilson: The Thirties, p. 593.
• 32. Ibid., pp. 6, 241 ff, 250 ff, etc.
• 33. Ibid., pp. 296-97, 523; Leon Edel (ed.) Edmund Wilson: The Forties (New York, 1983), pp. 108-9.
• 34. Edmund Wilson: The Fifties, pp. 582, 397, 140.
• 35. For example, Chapter 13 of Mary McCarthy, The Group (New York, 1963).
• 36. Quoted in Grumbach, pp. 117-18.
• 37. Edmund Wilson: The Forties, p. 269.
• 38. Reprinted in Lewis M. Dabney (ed.), The Portable Edmund Wilson (London, 1983), pp. 20-45.
• 39. Edmund Wilson: The Forties, pp. 80-157 and passim.
• 40. Edmund Wilson: The Fifties, pp. 101, 135-38, 117.
• 41. Isaiah Berlin’s account of Wilson’s 1954 visit, published in the New York Times.
• 42. The Twenties, p. 149; The Thirties, pp. 301-3; The Fifties, pp. 452 ff, 604, etc.; Berlin memoir.
• 43. Edmund Wilson, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest (New York, 1963), p. 7.
• 44. Ibid., p. 4.
• 45. The Portable Edmund Wilson, p. 72.

Chapter Eleven: The Troubled Conscience of Victor Gollancz

• 1. Ruth Dudley Edwards, Victor Gollancz: A Biography (London, 1987).
• 2. For the Gollancz brothers see Dictionary of National Biography, Supplementary Volume 1922-30 (Oxford, 1953), pp. 350-52.
• 3. Edwards, p. 48.
• 4. Quoted in Edwards, p. 102.
• 5. Quoted in Edwards, p. 144.
• 6. Douglas Jerrold, Georgian Adventure (London, 1937).
• 7. For the firm see Sheila Hodges, Gollancz: The Story of a Publishing House (London, 1978).
• 8. Edwards, pp. 171-72, 175.
• 9. Edwards, p. 180.
• 10. Quoted in Edwards, p. 235.
• 11. Edwards, p. 382.
• 12. Quoted in Edwards, p. 250.
• 13. Quoted in Edwards, p. 208.
• 14. Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Soviet Communism: A New Civilization (2 vols., London, 1935).
• 15. Letter to Stephen Spender, February 1936.
• 16. Cole’s books were published in 1932 and 1934; Strachey’s in 1932.
• 17. Quoted in Edwards, p. 211.
• 18. November 1932; quoted in Edwards, p. 211.
• 19. Edwards, pp. 251, 247; Miller’s censored book was called I Found No Peace.
• 20. For the LBC see John Lewis, The Left Book Club (London, 1970).
• 21. See Hugh Thomas, John Strachey (London, 1973).
• 22. See Kingsley Martin, Harold Laski (London, 1953).
• 23. Daily Worker, 8 May 1937.
• 24. Moscow Daily News, 11 May 1937.
• 25. Letter to J. B. S. Haldane, May 1938, quoted in Edwards, p. 257.
• 26. Edwards, p. 251.
• 27. Edwards, p. 250.
• 28. George Orwell, Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters (4 vols., Harmondsworth, 1970), vol. i 1920-40, p. 334 note.
• 29. Kingsley Martin, Editor: A Volume of Autobiography 1931-45 (London, 1968), p. 217; for Muenzenberg see Arthur Koestler, The Invisible Writing (London, 1954).
• 30. Claud Cockburn, I Claud: An Autobiography (Harmondsworth, 1967), pp. 190-95.
• 31. Martin pp. 215 ff; C.H. Rolph, Kingsley: The Life, Letters and Diaries of Kingsley Martin, (London, 1973), pp. 225 ff; Orwell, vol. i, pp. 333-36.
• 32. Edwards, pp. 246-48.
• 33. Orwell, vol. i, p. 529.
• 34. Edwards, p. 313.
• 35. Edwards, p. 387.
• 36. Quoted in Edwards, p. 269.
• 37. Edwards, p. 408.
• 38. Dictionary of National Biography, Supplementary Volume, 1961-70 (Oxford, 1981), p. 439.

Chapter Twelve: Lies, Damned Lies and Lillian Hellman

• 1. William Wright, Lillian Hellman: The Image, the Woman (London, 1987), pp. 16-18.
• 2. Wright, pp. 22-23, 327.
• 3. The autobiography is in three parts: An Unfinished Woman (Boston, 1969); Pentimento (Boston, 1973); Scoundrel Time (Boston, 1976).
• 4. Wright, p. 51.
• 5. There are two biographies of Hammett: Richard Layman, Shadow Man: The Life of Dashiell Hammett (New York, 1981), and Diane Johnson, The Life of Dashiell Hammett (London, 1984).
• 6. Johnson, pp. 119 ff.
• 7. Johnson, pp. 129-30.
• 8. Johnson, pp. 170-71.
• 9. Wright, p. 285.
• 10. Wright, p. 102.
• 11. See Mark W. Estrin, Lillian Hellman: Plays, Films, Memoirs (Boston, 1980); Bernard Dick, Hellman in Hollywood (Palo Alto, 1981).
• 12. Quoted in Wright, p. 326.
• 13. Quoted in Wright, p. 295.
• 14. See Harvey Klehr, The Heyday of American Communism (New York, 1984).
• 15. Wright, pp. 129, 251 ff, 361-62.
• 16. Wright, p. 161.
• 17. Wright, pp. 219-20.
• 18. New York Times, 2 March 1945.
• 19. Wright has a full account of all this, pp. 244-56.
• 20. Johnson, pp. 287-89.
• 21. Wright, p. 318.
• 22. Commentary, June 1976; Encounter, February 1977; Esquire, August 1977; Dissent, Autumn 1976.
• 23. Wright, p. 395.
• 24. See Wright, pp. 295-98, 412-13.

Chapter Thirteen: The Flight of Reason

• 1. Quoted in David Pryce-Jones, Cyril Connolly: Diaries and Memoir (London, 1983), p. 292.
• 2. Orwell’s essay, ‘Such, Such Were the Joys’ was first published in Partisan Review, September-October 1952; reprinted in George Orwell, Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters (4 vols., Harmondsworth, 1978 edition), vol. iv, pp. 379-422. Connolly’s account is in Enemies of Promise (London, 1938).
• 3. Gow made this charge in a letter to the Sunday Times in 1967; quoted in Pryce-Jones.
• 4. Both republished in Orwell, Collected Essays.
• 5. Orwell, Collected Essays, vol. i, p. 106.
• 6. Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier (London, 1937), p. 149.
• 7. Orwell, Homage to Catalonia (London, 1938), p. 102.
• 8. Quoted in Pryce-Jones, p. 282.
• 9. Orwell, Collected Essays, vol. i, p. 269.
• 10. Orwell, Collected Essays, vol. iv, p. 503.
• 11. Mary McCarthy, The Writing on the Wall and other Literary Essays (London, 1970), pp. 153-71.
• 12. Orwell, Collected Essays, (1970 edition), vol. iv, pp. 248-49.
• 13. Michael Davie (ed.), The Diaries of Evelyn Waugh (London, 1976), p. 633.
• 14. Mark Amory (ed.), The Letters of Evelyn Waugh (London, 1980), p. 302.
• 15. Evelyn Waugh, Introduction to T. A. Maclnerny, The Private Man (New York, 1962).
• 16. Pre-election symposium, Spectator, 2 October 1959.
• 17. Evelyn Waugh, review of Enemies of Promise, Tablet, 3 December 1938; reprinted in Donat Gallagher (ed.), Evelyn Waugh: A Little Order: A Selection from his Journalism (London, 1977), pp. 125-27.
• 18. These marginal notes are analysed in Alan Bell’s article, ‘Waugh Drops the Pilot’, Spectator, 7 March 1987.
• 19. Tablet, 3 December 1939.
• 20. ‘The Joker in the Pack’, New Statesman, 13 March 1954.
• 21. Quoted in Pryce-Jones, p. 29.
• 22. Quoted in Pryce-Jones, p. 40.
• 23. Pryce-Jones, pp. 131, 133, 246.
• 24. Cyril Connolly, ‘Some Memories’, in Stephen Spender (ed.), W.H. Auden: A Tribute (London, 1975), p. 70.
• 25. ‘London Diary’, New Statesman, 16 January 1937.
• 26. ‘London Diary’, New Statesman, 6 March 1937.
• 27. 1943 broadcast as part of Orwell’s Talking to India series; quoted in Pryce-Jones.
• 28. ‘Comment’, Horizon, June 1946.
• 29. Tablet, 27 July 1946; reprinted in Gallagher, pp. 127-31.
• 30. This is the version (there are others) given by John Lehmann in the Dictionary of National Biography, 1971-80 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 170-71.
• 31. New Statesman, 13 March 1954.
• 32. Leon Edel (ed.), Edmund Wilson: The Fifties (New York, 1986), pp. 372 ff.
• 33. Barbara Skelton, Tears Before Bedtime (London, 1987), pp. 95-96, 114-15.
• 34. In 1971 interview, quoted in Paul Hollander: Political Pilgrims: Travels of Western Intellectuals to the Soviet Union, China and Cuba, 1928-78 (Oxford, 1981); see also Maurice Cranston, ‘Sartre and Violence’, Encounter, July 1967.
• 35. Michael S. Steinberg, Sabres and Brownshirts: The German Students’ Path to National Socialism 1918-35 (Chicago, 1977).
• 36. Humphrey Carpenter, W.H. Auden (London, 1981), pp. 217-19.
• 37. Edward Hyams, The New Statesman: The History of the First Fifty Years, 1913-63 (London, 1963), pp. 282-84.
• 38. For the facts of Mailer’s background and career, see Hilary Mills, Mailer: A Biography (New York, 1982).
• 39. Atlantic Monthly, July 1971.
• 40. Mills, pp. 109-10.
• 41. Norman Podhoretz, Doings and Undoings (New York, 1959), p. 157.
• 42. The whole business of the stabbing is fully described in Mill, Chapter X, pp. 215 ff.
• 43. Mailer’s speech is reprinted in his Cannibals and Christians (Collected Pieces, New York, 1966), pp. 84-90.
• 44. Jack Newfield in the Village Voice, 30 May 1968; quoted in Mills.
• 45. Mills, pp. 418-19.
• 46. Kathleen Tynan, The Life of Kenneth Tynan (London, 1987).
• 47. Tynan, pp. 46-47.
• 48. See Ronald Bryden, London Review of Books, 10 December 1987.
• 49. Declaration (London, 1957).
• 50. For Agate’s (censored) account of their relationship, see his Ego 8 (London, 1947), pp. 172 ff.
• 51. Tynan, p. 32.
• 52. Quoted in Tynan, p. 76.
• 53. Tynan, p. 212.
• 54. Tynan, pp. 327, 333.
• 55. Tynan, p. 333.
• 56. Shakespeare, Sonnets, 129.
• 57. For an account of Fassbinder’s rise and many other curious details see Robert Katz and Peter Berling, Love is Colder than Death: The Life and Times of Rainer Werner Fassbinder (London, 1987).
• 58. Katz and Berling, Introduction, p. xiv.
• 59. Katz and Berling, p. 19.
• 60. Katz and Berling, pp. 33-34, 125.
• 61. Quoted in Katz and Berling, p. 5.
• 62. Fern Marja Eckman, The Furious Passage of James Baldwin (London, 1968); see also obituaries in New York Times, Washington Post, Guardian, Daily Telegraph and Bryant Rollings, Boston Globe, 14-21 April 1963.
• 63. Quoted in Eckman, pp. 63-64.
• 64. ‘The Harlem Ghetto’, Commentary, February 1948.
• 65. See, for instance, those in his collection Notes of a Native Son (New York, 1963).
• 66. Norman Podhoret, Breaking Ranks: A Political Memoir (New York, 1979), pp. 121 ff.
• 67. See ‘Alas, Poor Richard!’ in Baldwin’s collection Nobody Knows My Name (New York, 1961).
• 68. See Baldwin’s autobiographical novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain (London, 1954), ‘East River, Downtown’ in Nobody Knows My Name, and his essay in John Handrik Clark (ed.), Harlem: A Community in Transition (New York, 1964).
• 69. Quoted in Eckman, p. 65.
• 70. ‘Fifth Avenue Uptown: A Letter from Harlem’, Esquire, June 1960.
• 71. Eckman, p. 163.
• 72. ‘Letter from a Region of My Mind’, New Yorker, 17 November 1962.
• 73. Bertrand Russell, Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits (London, 1948).
• 74. See S. P. Stitch (ed.), Innate ideas (California, 1975).
• 75. See Chomsky’s Cartesian Linguistics (New York, 1966) and his Reflections on Language (London, 1976). For an illuminating analysis of Chomsky’s theories of language and knowledge, and the political conclusions he draws from them, see Geoffrey Sampson, Liberty and Language (Oxford, 1979).
• 76. Noam Chomsky, Problems of Knowledge and Freedom: The Russell Lectures (London, 1972).
• 77. Noam Chomsky, For Reasons of State (New York, 1973), p. 184.
• 78. Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1969), pp. 47-49.
• 79. Chomsky’s contribution to the Pol Pot controversy is scattered in many places, often in obscure magazines. See his collection Towards a New Cold War (New York, 1982), pp. 183, 213, 382 note 73, etc. See also Elizabeth Becker, When the War Was Over (New York, 1987).