BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEBSITES

Many of the landmark bridges featured in this book have sites dedicated to their history, design, and construction, as do their designers. I encourage you to explore them, and those listed here:

Bridgehunter.com lists notable or historical North American bridges that are searchable by location. In contrast, its sister site, UglyBridges.com, provides a searchable version of the 2016 National Bridge Inventory, a database of more than a half million public highway bridges in the United States. It highlights “ugly” bridges, those that are in need of maintenance.

Bridgemeister David Denenberg inventories more than 2,500 suspension bridges from around the globe, including photos of about half that number, on Bridgemeister.com.

CoveredBridgeMap.com provides interactive maps, commentary, and photos of covered bridges in the United States and Canada.

Eric Sakowski, who has traveled the globe seeking out the very highest spans, exemplifies the inexhaustible passion people have for bridges. His site, HighestBridges.com, investigates 500 bridges with roadways over 328 feet (100 meters), and much more.

The Happy Pontist is a lively blog by an anonymous but well-informed British bridge designer who posts observations on “everything related to bridges.”

The Historic American Building Survey/Historic American Engineering Record database at the Library of Congress is a trove of original bridge data, including field notes, measured and interpretive drawings, large-format photographs, and written descriptions.

“Celluloid Connections: The Bridge in Cinema,” an essay by Chale Nafus at historicbridgefoundation.com, expands on many of the themes I explore in “Bridges in the Movies.”

Nathan Holth, Rick McOmber, and Luke Gordon are the passionate pontists behind HistoricBridges.org, a site that offers in-depth information, photographic documentation, and advocacy for all types of historic bridges except covered bridges.

In 1998, Nicolas Janberg founded Structurae, the largest database of civil and structural engineering and available in English, German, and French. The site documents more than 68,000 structures that are searchable by type.

BOOKS

Ammann, O. H., Theodore von Kármán, and Glenn B. Woodruff. The Failure of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Washington, D.C.: Federal Works Agency, 1941.

Bech-Danielsen, Claus. Ecological Reflections in Architecture. Copenhagen: Danish Architectural Press, 2005.

Bill, Max. Robert Maillart. New York: Praeger, 1969.

Billington, David P. Robert Maillart’s Bridges: The Art of Engineering. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979.

. The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering. New York: Basic Books, 1983.

. Robert Maillart and the Art of Reinforced Concrete. New York and Cambridge, Mass.: Architectural History Foundation and MIT Press, 1990.

Blockley, David. Bridges: The Science and Art of the World’s Most Inspiring Structures. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Bohn, David, and Rodolfo Petschek. Kinsey, Photographer. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1984.

Boyer, Marjorie Nice. Medieval French Bridges: A History. Cambridge, Mass.: The Medieval Academy of America, 1976.

Brooklyn Museum. The Great East River Bridge. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1983.

Brown, David, J. Bridges. New York: Macmillan, 1993.

Condit, Carl, W. American Building. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Cortright, Robert, S. Bridging the World. Tigard, Ore.: Bridge Ink, 2003.

DeLony, Eric. Landmark American Bridges. Boston: Little Brown, 1993.

DeMaré, Eric. Bridges of Britain. London: Batsford, 1975.

Figg, Linda. “Aesthetics in the Construction and Design of Long-Span Prestressed Concrete Bridges,” Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook. Edward G. Nawy, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008.

FIGG Bridge Group. Bridging the Mississippi: The New I-35W Bridge. Tallahassee: FIGG Bridge Group, 2008.

Frampton, Kenneth, Anthony C. Webster, and Anthony Tischhauser. Calatrava: Bridges. Zurich: Artemis, 1993.

Giedion, Sigfried. Space, Time and Architecture. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980.

Gies, Joseph. Bridges and Men. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1963.

Gimsing, Niels J., Christos T. Georgakis. Cable Supported Bridges: Concept and Design. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

Griggs, Francis E., Jr., ed. A Biographical Dictionary of American Civil Engineers. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1991.

Hadlow, Robert W. Elegant Arches, Soaring Spans: C.B. McCullough, Oregon’s Master Bridge Builder. Oregon State University Press, 2001.

Haw, Richard. Art of the Brooklyn Bridge: A Visual History. Routledge: 2008.

Hechler, Ken. The Bridge at Remagen. New York: Ballantine Books, 1957.

Hicks, Frederick C. High Finance in the Sixties: Chapters from the Early History of the Erie Railway. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1929.

Hungerford, Edward. Men of Erie. New York: Random House, 1946.

Janson, Peter. The Providence Waterfront: Three Centuries of Commerce. Providence: Providence Preservation Society, 1983.

Johnson, Roger. New City, Old Bridge. Lake Havasu City, Ariz.: Media Specialist, 1981.

Keil, Andreas. Pedestrian Bridges: Ramps, Walkways, Structures. Edition Detail, 2013.

Knapp, Ronald G. Chinese Bridges. North Clarendon, Vt.: Tuttle Publishing, 2013.

Le Corbusier. When the Cathedrals Were White. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1947.

Lee, George C. and Ernest Sternberg. Bridges: Their Engineering and Planning. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2015.

Leonhardt, Fritz. Bridges: Aesthetics and Design. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984.

Lowe, Jet. Industrial Eye. Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press, 1986.

Loyrette, Henri. Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli International, 1985.

McCullough, David. The Great Bridge. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972.

Moore, Charles, and Jane Lidz. Water and Architecture. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1994.

Morris, James. The World of Venice. New York: Pantheon Books, 1960.

O’Connor, Colin. Historic Bridges of Australia. Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1985.

. Roman Bridges. Cambridge, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Ortega y Gasset, José. Toward a Philosophy of History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1941.

Petroski, Henry. To Engineer Is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982.

. Engineers of Dreams; Great Bridge Builders and the Spanning of America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995.

Plowden, David. Bridges: Spans of North America. New York: Viking Press, 1974.

Rastofer, Darl. George Washington Bridge: A Timeless Marvel. New York: The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, 2006. A free, downloadable book.

. Six Bridges: The Legacy of Othmar H. Ammann. New York: Yale Univ. Press, 2000.

Reavis, L. U. A History of the Illinois and St. Louis Bridge. St. Louis: Tribune Publishing, 1874.

Reed, Henry Hope, Robert M. McGee, and Esther Mipaas. Bridges of Central Park. New York: Greensward Foundation, 1990.

Richards, J. M. The National Trust Book of Bridges. London: Jonathan Cape, 1984.

Ruskin, John. The Stones of Venice. Boston: Little, Brown, 1981.

Russell, John. Paris. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1983.

Sayenga, Donald. Ellet and Roebling. York, Penn.: American Canal and Transportation Center, 1983.

Schodek, Daniel L. Landmarks in American Civil Engineering. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1987.

Scott, Quinta, and Howard S. Miller. The Eads Bridge. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1979.

Steinman David B., with John T. Neville. Miracle Bridge at Mackinac. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1957.

Steinman David, B., and Sara Ruth Watson. Bridges and Their Builders. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1941.

Strauss, Joseph B. The Golden Gate Bridge: Report of the Chief Engineer to the Board of Directors of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District. San Francisco: Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District, 1938.

Trachtenberg, Alan. Brooklyn Bridge: Fact and Symbol. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.

Vogel, Robert M. Roebling’s Delaware and Hudson Canal Aqueducts. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971.

Warner, William D. The Providence Waterfront 1686–2000. Providence: Providence Foundation, 1985.

. I-195 Old Harbor Plan 1992. Providence: City of Providence, State of Rhode Island, Providence Foundation, 1992.

Watson, Wilbur J. Bridge Architecture. New York: William Helbrun, 1927.

Weigold, Marilyn E. Silent Builder: Emily Warren Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge. Port Washington, N.Y.: Associated Faculty Press, 1984.

Whitney, Charles S. Bridges: A Study in Their Art, Science and Evolution. New York: William Edwin Rudge, 1929.

Wilder, Thornton. The Bridge of San Luis Rey. New York: Harper & Row, 1927.

Winpenny, Thomas R. Without Fitting, Filing, or Chipping: An Illustrated History of the Phoenix Bridge Company. Easton, Penn.: Canal History and Technology Press, 1996.

Woodward, Calvin. A History of the St. Louis Bridge. St. Louis: G.I. Jones, 1881.

ARTICLES

Sources include reports, news releases, and brochures published by contractors and developers, government transit authorities, and state departments of engineering, public works, and transportation. The articles below have particular historical interest.

Beazley, Elizabeth. “The Menai Suspension Bridge and Britannia Bridge.” Ancient Monuments Society Transactions 29 (1985): 36–62.

Bethlehem Steel Company. “The Golden Gate Bridge.” Bethlehem, Penn., 1937.

Brown, Ivor J. “The Lloyds, Ironbridge, Shropshire: Some Aspects of a Nineteenth Century Mining Community.” Industrial Archaeology Review 14 (Autumn 1991): 5–16.

Buchanan, Peter. “Expressive Engineering: Calatrava.” Architectural Review 182 (Sept. 1987): 50–61.

Buckley, Tom. “The Eighth Bridge.” The New Yorker, Jan. 14, 1991, 37–59.

Cooper, Theodore. “American Railroad Bridges.” Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 99 (1934): 314–408.

DeLony, Eric. “HAER’s Historic Bridge Program.” The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology 15 (1989): 57–71.

Dethier, Jean. “Past and Present of the Inhabited Bridge.” Rassegna 13 (Dec. 1991): 10–19.

Doig, Jameson W. “Politics and the Engineering Mind: O. H. Ammann and the Hidden Story of the George Washington Bridge.” Urban Affairs Annual Review 43 (1995): 21–70.

Figg, Eugene C., and Charles F. Duggan. “Precast Segmental Bridge Solutions—the Past Ten Years.” Pittsburgh Engineer (May/June 1993): reprint.

Gibbon, Michael. “Stowe, Buckinghamshire: The House and Garden Buildings and Their Designers.” Architectural History 20 (1977): 31–44.

Goldberger, Paul. “A Breathtaking Bridge Soars High over Tampa Bay.” New York Times, Oct. 16, 1988, H36.

Hodson, Harry. “The Iron Bridge: Its Manufacture and Construction.” Industrial Archaeology Review 15 (Autumn 1992): 36–44.

Insolera, Italo. “Viaduc de Garabit.” Zodiac 13 (1964): 91–115.

Jackson, Donald C. “Nineteenth Century Bridge Failures: A Professional Perspective.” Proceedings of the Second Historic Bridges Conference (March 1988): 113–24.

Kemp, Emory L. “The Fabric of Historic Bridges.” The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology 15 (1989): 3–21.

Knapp, Ronald G. “Bridge on the River Xiao.” Archaeology 41 (Jan.-Feb. 1988): 48–54.

Kouwenhoven, John A. “Eads Bridge: The Celebration.” Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 3 (April 1974): 159–80.

La Monaca, Luigi. “Precast Concrete Segments.” L’Industria Italiana del Cemento 12 (Dec. 1996): 834–47.

Maguire, Robert, and Peter Matthews. “The Ironbridge at Coalbrookdale: A Reassessment.” Architectural Association Journal 74 (July-August 1958): 31–45.

Margolis, Richard, and Tom Peters. “Bridges—Symbols of Progress.” Roland Gibson Gallery and Lehigh University Art Galleries exhibition catalog, 1991.

“Michigan Avenue Bridge.” Report of the Commission on Chicago Historical and Architectural Landmarks (1982): 73–81.

Murray, Peter. “Life on the Water: Habitable Bridge.” Blueprint (Oct. 1996): 13–22.

Pate, W. Denney and W. Jay Rohleder, Jr. “Evolution of Cable Stayed Bridge Technology.” Structure, October 2008: 10-16.

Pieper, Jan. “Palladian Bridges.” Daidalos 57 (Sept. 15, 1995): 88–93.

Pollack, Andrew. “Japan’s Road to Deep Deficit Is Paved with Public Works.” New York Times, March 1, 1997, A1.

Rastorfer, Darl. “Six Bridges: The Making of the New York Megalopolis.” PaineWebber exhibition catalog, 1996.

Schuyler, Montgomery. “The Bridge as a Monument.” Harpers Weekly, May 26, 1883.

Sibly, P. G., and A. C. Walker. “Structural Accidents and Their Causes.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 62 (1977): 191–208.

Theroux, Paul. “Memories That Drive Hong Kong.” New York Times, June 10, 1997, A23.

Thurston, Harry. “Strait Across.” Canadian Geographic (March/April 1997): 53–60.

“The Tower Bridge.” The Builder 66 (June 30, 1894): 491–92.

U.S. Department of Transportation. U.S. 93 Hoover Dam Bypass Project: Record of Decision, Washington, D.C. March 2001.

Webster, Anthony C. “Utility, Technology and Expression.” Architectural Review 191 (Nov. 1992): 68–74.

Westhofen, W. “The Forth Bridge.” Engineering (Feb. 28, 1890): 213–83.

Wiley, Bud. “Above It All.” Life (Feb. 1995): 84–85.

Two bridges already cross the legendary Panama Canal, but its expansion in 2016 called for a third bridge to span its Atlantic Ocean entrance. Designed by Louis Berger, the cable-stayed Atlantic Bridge (2018) is 3,445 feet (1,050 meters) long and features a 1,739-foot (530-meter) main span. A fourth bridge is in progress.