INTRODUCTION: On Islam, Three Sets of Muslims
1. Sarah Fahmy, “Petition: Speak Out Against Honoring Ayaan Hirsi Ali at Brandeis’ 2014 Commencement.” https://www.change.org/p/brandeis-university-administration-speak-out-against-honoring-ayaan-hirsi-ali-at-brandeis-2014-commence ment.
2. Ibid.
3. Brandeis Faculty Letter to President Lawrence Concerning Hirsi Ali, April 6, 2014. Available at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1M0AvrWuc3V0nMFqRDRTkLGpAN7leSZfxo3y1msEyEJM/edit?pli=1.
4. Letter found on the body of Theo van Gogh, 2004. http://vorige.nrc.nl/krant/article1584015.ece.
5. Asra Nomani, “The Honor Brigade,” Washington Post, January 16, 2015. http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/meet-the-honor-brigade-an-organized-campaign-to-silence-critics-of-islam/2015/01/16/0b002e5a-9aaf-11e4-a7ee-526210d665b4_story.html.
6. Soren Seelow, “It’s Charlie, Hurry, They’re All Dead,” Le Monde, January 13, 2015. http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article /2015 /01/13/c-est-charlie-venez-vite-ils-sont-tous-morts_4554839 _3224.html.
7. Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (New York: Oxford University Press, 1957).
8. Pew Research Center, “The World’s Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society,” 2013. http://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the -worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-overview/.
9. Kevin Sullivan, “Three American Teens, Recruited Online, Are Caught Trying to Join the Islamic State,” Washington Post, December 8, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/three-american-teens-recruited-online-are-caught-trying-to-join-the-islamic-state/2014/12/08/80 22e6c4 -7afb-11e4-84d4-7c896b90abdc_story.html.
10. UN Security Council, 7316th Meeting, November 19, 2014. http://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11656.doc.htm. See also Spencer Ackerman, “Foreign Jihadists Flocking to Syria on ‘Unprecedented Scale’—UN,” Guardian, October 30, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/30/foreign-jihadist-iraq-syria-unprecedented-un-isis.
11. Economist, “It Ain’t Half Hot Here, Mum: Why and How Westerners Go to Fight in Syria and Iraq,” August 30, 2014. http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/ 21614226-why-and-how-westerners-go-fight-syria-and-iraq-it -aint-half-hot-here-mum.
12. Pew Research Center, “The Future of the Global Muslim Population: Projections for 2010–2030,” 2011.
13. Pew Research Center, “The World’s Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society,” 2013.
14. Ibid., “Survey Topline Results”: Apostasy (Q92b), Belief in God (Q16), Duty to convert (Q52), Sharia revealed word (Q66), Influence of religious leaders (Q15), Western entertainment (Q26), Polygamy (84b), Honor killings (Q54), Suicide bombings (Q89), Divorce (Q77), Daughter marrying a Christian (Q38). http://www.pewforum.org/files/2013/04/worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-topline1.pdf.
CHAPTER 1: The Story of a Heretic
1. Sohrab Ahmari, “Inside the Mind of the Western Jihadist,” Wall Street Journal, August 30, 2014. http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB20001424052970203977504580115831289875638.
2. Ibid.
3. Michele McPhee, “Image Shows Dzhokhar Tsarnaev’s Last Message Before Arrest,” ABC News, April 17, 2014. http://abc news.go.com/Blotter/image-shows-dzhokhar-tsarnaevs-message-arrest/story?id=23335984&page=2.
4. Ahmari, “Inside the Mind of the Western Jihadist.”
CHAPTER 2: Why Has There Been No Muslim Reformation?
1. Nonie Darwish, “Qaradawi: If They [Muslims] Had Gotten Rid of the Punishment for Apostasy, There Would Be No Islam Today,” February 5, 2013. http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/ 3572/islam-apostasy-death. Original footage available at https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=tB9UdXAP82o.
2. Pew Research Center, “In 30 Countries, Heads of State Must Belong to a Certain Religion,” 2014. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/07/22/in-30-countries-heads-of-state-must-belong-to-a-certain-religion/.
3. Daniel Philpott, Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped Modern International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 81.
4. Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 247.
5. “Hassan al Banna” in Princeton Readings in Islamist Thought, edited by Roxanne Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), pp. 49–55.
6. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, p. 8.
7. Sahih al-Bukhari, volume 8, book 76, no. 437.
8. Ella Landau-Tasseron, “The ‘Cyclical Reform’: A Study of the Mujaddid Tradition,” Studia Islamica 70 (1989): 79–117.
9. David Bonagura, “Faith and Emotion,” The Catholic Thing, February 6, 2014. http://thecatholicthing.org/2014/02/06/faith -and-emotion/. Accessed December 18, 2014.
10. Elizabeth Flock, “Saudi Blogger’s Tweets about Prophet Muhammad Stir Islamists to Call for His Execution,” Washington Post, February 9, 2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/post/saudi-bloggers-tweets-about-prophet-muhammad-stir-islamists-to-call-for-his-execution/2012/02/09/gIQATqbc1Q_blog.html.
11. Ibid.
12. Pew Research Institute, “Concerns about Islamic Extremism on the Rise in Middle East,” 2014. http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/ 07/01/concerns-about-islamic-extremism-on-the-rise-in-middle -east/.
13. Raymond Ibrahim, “Egypt’s Sisi: Islamic ‘Thinking’ Is ‘Antagonizing the Entire World,’ ” January 1, 2015. http://www.raymondibrahim.com/from-the-arab-world/egypts-sisi-islamic-thinking-is-antagonizing-the-entire-world/. Emphasis added.
14. Shmuel Sasoni, “Son’s Suicide Is Rohani’s Dark Secret,” Ynet Middle East, June 18, 2013. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/ 0,7340,L-4393748,00.html.
CHAPTER 3: Muhammad and the Qur’an
1. Ernest Gellner, Muslim Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 1.
2. Sahih Muslim, book 19, nos. 4464, 4465, 4466, 4467.
3. Gerhard Bowering, “Muhammad (570–632),” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, edited by Gerhard Bowering (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), pp. 367–75.
4. Qur’an, Yusufali translation. University of Southern California Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement. http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/033-qmt.php.
5. Philip Carl Salzman, “The Middle East’s Tribal DNA.” Middle East Quarterly (2008): 23–33.
6. Philip Carl Salzman, Culture and Conflict in the Middle East (Amherst: Humanity Books, 2008).
7. Gerhard Bowering, a professor of Islamic studies at Yale, summarizes the transition from Arab tribes to Muslim supertribe as follows: “For the first time in history, the tribal energy of the Arab clansmen, spent in the past on nomadic raids or tribal blood feuds, became directed towards the common goal of building a coordinated polity. This polity was to be driven by jihad.” “Muhammad (570–632),” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought.
8. Patricia Crone, “Traditional Political Thought,” in ibid., p. 559.
9. See Sahih Bukhari, book 53 (Khumus) and book 59 (Al-Maghaazi). University of Southern California Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement. http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/.
10. Antony Black, The History of Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001).
11. Patricia Crone, God’s Rule: Government and Islam (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), p. 10.
12. For an analysis of determinism in Islamic history, see Suleiman Ali Mourad, “Free Will and Predestination,” in The Islamic World, edited by Andrew Rippin (New York: Routledge, 2008), pp. 179–90.
13. Ibid.
14. Tawfik Hamid, “Does Moderate Islam Exist?” Jerusalem Post, September 14, 2014. http://www.jpost.com/Experts/Does- moderate-Islam-exist-375316.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Yahya Michot, “Revelation,” in The Cambridge Companion to the Quran, edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 180–96.
18. Harald Motzki, “Alternative Accounts of the Quran’s Formation,” in ibid., p. 60.
19. John Wansbrough, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), and The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
20. Fred Donner, “The Historical Context,” in The Cambridge Companion to the Qur’an, pp. 23–40.
21. Claude Gilliot, “Creation of a Fixed Text,” in ibid., pp. 41–58.
22. Arthur Jeffery, “Abu ‘Ubaid on the Verses Missing from the Quran,” in The Origins of the Quran: Classic Essays on Islam’s Holy Book, edited by Ibn Warraq (Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1998), pp. 150–54.
23. Toby Lester, “What Is the Quran?” Atlantic, January 1, 1999. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/01/what-is-the-Quran/304024/.
24. Motzki, “Alternative Accounts of the Quran’s Formation,” pp. 59–75.
25. Michael Cook, “The Collection of the Quran,” in The Quran: A Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 119–26.
26. Malise Ruthven, Islam in the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 81, emphases added.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibn Warraq, “Introduction,” in Which Quran? Variants, Manuscripts, Linguistics, edited by Ibn Warraq (Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2011), p. 44. Warraq refers to Abul A’la Mawdudi, Towards Understanding Islam (Gary, IN: International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations, 1970).
29. Raymond Ibrahim, “How Taqiyya Alters Islam’s Rules of War” Middle East Quarterly (2010): pp. 3–13. http://www.meforum.org/2538/taqiyya-islam-rules-of-war.
30. David Bukay, “Peace or Jihad? Abrogation in Islam,” Middle East Quarterly, 2007, pp. 3–11.
31. Raymond Ibrahim, “Ten Ways Islam and the Mafia Are Similar,” 2014. http://www.raymondibrahim.com/islam/ten-ways-the-mafia-and-islam-are-similar/.
32. Bukay, “Peace or Jihad? Abrogation in Islam.”
33. Andrew Higgins, “The Lost Archive: Missing for a Half Century, a Cache of Photos Spurs Sensitive Research on Islam’s Holy Text,” Wall Street Journal, January 12, 2008. http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB120008793352784631.
34. Ibid.
35. Michael Cook, The Quran: A Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 77, 80, 95, 127.
36. Ibid., p. 79.
37. David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005), p. 43.
38. Ibid., p. 32.
39. Ibid., p. 42.
40. Mariam Karouny, “Apocalyptic Prophecies Drive Both Sides to Syrian Battle for End of Time,” Reuters, April 1, 2014. http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/01/us-syria-crisis-prophecy -insight-idUSBREA3013420140401.
41. Ibid.
42. Ali Khan and Hisham Ramadan, Contemporary Ijtihad: Limits and Controversies (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), p. 36.
43. Christina Phelps Harris, Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt (New York: Hyperion Press, 1981 [1964]), p. 111.
44. Jason Burke, “Taliban Prepare for Civilian Rule,” Independent, August 21, 1998. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/taliban-prepare-for-civilian-rule-1173015.html.
45. Mahmoud Mohamed Taha, The Second Message of Islam (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1987).
CHAPTER 4: Those Who Love Death
1. Kevin Sullivan, “Three American Teens, Recruited Online, Are Caught Trying to Join the Islamic State,” Washington Post, December 8, 2014. http://www.washington post.com/world/national-security/three-american-teens-recruited-online-are-caught-trying-to-join-the-islamic-state/2014/12/08/8022e6c4-7afb-11e4-84d4-7c896b90abdc_story.html.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Asma Afsaruddin, “Martyrdom,” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, p. 329.
5. Imam Al-Ghazzali, Ihya Ulum-id-Din (Karachi: Darul-Ishaat), vol. 4, p. 428.
6. Jane Idleman Smith and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, “The Special Case of Women and Children in the Afterlife,” in The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection (Albany: SUNY Press, 1981), pp. 157–82.
7. Sermon by Sheikh Muhammad Hassan. 13:34. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7i92a3oKkGk.
8. Discussion based on Terence Penelhum, “Christianity,” in Life After Death in World Religions, edited by Harold Coward (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1997), pp. 31–47.
9. Thomas Hegghammer, “Suicide,” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, pp. 530–31.
10. Sullivan, “Three American Teens.”
11. John Estherbrook, “Salaries for Suicide Bombers,” CBS News, April 3, 2002. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/salaries-for-suicide -bombers/.
12. MEMRI, “Gaza Lecturer Subhi Al-Yazji: Suicide Bombers Are Motivated by Islamic Faith, Not Financial Need or Brainwashing,” 2014. http://www.memri.org/clip_transcript/en/4318.htm.
13. Itamar Marcus, “Islamic Law and Terror in Palestinian Authority Ideology,” Palestinian Media Watch, 2002. http://www.palwatch .org/main.aspx?fi=155&doc_id=2321.
14. Raphael Israeli, Islamikaze: Manifestations of Islamic Martyrology (New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 216.
15. Al-Risala, July 7, 2001.
16. Palestinian Media Watch, January 1, 2006.
17. Palestinian Media Watch, “Success of Shada Promotion,” 2006. http://palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=635&fld_id=635&doc_id =1109.
18. Palestinian Media Watch, “Martyrs Rewarded with 72 Virgins,” 2004. http://palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=565.
19. MEMRI, “Ten-Year-Old Yemeni Recites Poetry about the Liberation of Jerusalem,” 2010. http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/2723.htm.
20. Drew Hinshaw, “Children Enlist in African Religious Battles,” Wall Street Journal, July 1, 2014.
21. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/06/the-isis-online-campaign-luring-western-girls-to-jihad.html.
22. Shamim Siddiqi, Methodology of Dawah Il Allah in American Perspective (Brentwood: International Graphic, 1989), chapter 3, p. 33.
23. James Burke, The Day the Universe Changed (New York: Hachette, 1985), p. 38.
24. Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 41–42.
25. Maribel Fierro, “Heresy and Innovation,” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, pp. 218–19.
26. Televised interview of Zakir Naik by Shahid Masood on ARY Digital. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jYU L7eBdHg.
27. “Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi and to the Fighters and Followers of the Self-Declared ‘Islamic State,’ ” 2014. http://www.letterto baghdadi.com/.
28. Timur Kuran, The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011).
CHAPTER 5: Shackled by Sharia
1. Harriet Alexander, “Meriam Ibrahim ‘Should Be Executed,’ Her Brother Says,” Telegraph, June 5, 2014. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/sudan/10877279 /Meriam-Ibrahim-should-be-executed-her-brother-says.html.
2. Cited in Ernest Gellner, Muslim Society (Cabridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 1.
3. Patricia Crone, God’s Rule: Government and Islam (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), p. 287.
4. Gellner, Muslim Society, p. 1.
5. Dan Diner, Lost in the Sacred: Why the Muslim World Stood Still (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009).
6. Ibid.
7. http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/middleeast/saudi-beheading -video/.
8. BBC, “What Are Pakistan’s Blasphemy Laws?” November 6, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12621225.
9. Nurdin Hasan, “Aceh Government Removes Stoning Sentence from Draft Bylaw,” Jakarta Post, March 12, 2013. http://the jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/aceh-government-removes -stoning-sentence-from-draft-bylaw/.
10. Richard Edwards, “Sharia Courts Operating in Britain,” Telegraph, September 14, 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/ 2957428/Sharia-law-courts-operating-in-Britain.html.
11. Maryam Namazie, “What Isn’t Wrong with Shariah Law?” Guardian, July 5, 2010. http://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/jul/05/sharia-law-religious-courts.
12. Ruud Koopmans, “Fundamentalism and Out-Group Hostility: Immigrants and Christian Natives in Western Europe,” WZB Berlin, 2013. http://www.wzb.eu/sites/default/files/u6/koopmans _englisch_ed.pdf.
13. Alex Schmid, “Violent and Non-violent Extremism: Two Sides of the Same Coin?” ICCT Research Paper, The Hague, 2014, p. 8.
14. Ahmad ibn Nagil al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller: A Classical Manual of Islamic Sacred Law (Beltsville: Amana, 1997), F 5.3.
15. Ibid., M 10.12, p. 541.
16. Ibid., M 3.13, M 3.15.
17. Richard Antoun, “On the Modesty of Women in Arab Muslim Villages: A Study in the Accommodation of Traditions,” American Anthropologist 70 (4): 671–97.
18. Phyllis Chesler, “Are Honor Killings Simply Domestic Violence?” Middle East Quarterly, 2009, pp. 61–69.
19. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, “The Problem of Honor Killings,” Foreign Policy Journal, September 2010. http://www.foreignpolicy journal.com/2010/09/13/the-problem-of-honor-killings/.
20. Yotam Feldner, “ ‘Honor’ Murders—Why the Perps Get Off Easy,” Middle East Quarterly, 2000, pp. 41–50. http://www.meforum.org/50/honor-murders-why-the-perps-get-off-easy. Emphases added.
21. MEMRI, “Egyptian Cleric Sa’d Arafat: Islam Permits Wife Beating Only When She Refuses to Have Sex with Her Husband, 2010.” http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/2600 .htm.
22. Brian Whitaker, “From Discrimination to Death—Being Gay in Iran,” Guardian, December 15, 2010. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/dec/15/gay-iran-mahmoud-ahmad inejad.
23. IRQO, The Violations of the Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Persons in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2012. http://www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/cescr/docs/ngos/JointHeartlandAlliance_IRQO_IH RC_Iran_CESCR50.pdf. See also Vanessa Barford, “Iran’s ‘Diagnosed Transsexuals,’ ” BBC, February 25, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7259057.stm.
24. Pew Research Forum, “The World’s Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society,” 2013. http://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-overview/.
25. Daniel Howden, “ ‘Don’t Kill Me,’ She Screamed. Then They Stoned Her to Death,” Independent, November 9, 2008. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/dont-kill-me-she-screamed-then-they-stoned-her-to-death-1003462.html.
26. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Norton, 1997), p. 144.
CHAPTER 6: Social Control Begins at Home
1. Michael Cook, Forbidding Wrong in Islam: A Short Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 147.
2. Patricia Crone, God’s Rule: Government in Islam (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), pp. 300–301.
3. Ben Quinn, “ ‘Muslim Patrol’ Vigilante Pleads Guilty to Assaults and Threats,” Guardian, October 13, 2013. http://www.theguar dian.com/uk-news/2013/oct/18/muslim-patrol-vigilante-guilty -assault.
4. “Locals Concerned as ‘Sharia Police’ Patrol Streets of German City,” Deutsche Welle, 2014. http://www.dw.de/locals-concerned -as-sharia-police-patrol-streets-of-german-city/a-17904887.
5. Pakistan Human Rights Commission, State of Human Rights in 2013. www.hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/report14/AR2013.pdf.
6. Terrence McCoy, “In Pakistan, 1,000 Women Die in ‘Honor Killings’ Annually. Why Is This Happening?” Washington Post, May 28, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning -mix/wp/2014/05/28/in-pakistan-honor-killings-claim-1000 -womens-lives-annually-why-is-this-still-happening/.
7. Aymenn Jawad, Al-Tamimi, “The Problem of Honor Killings,” Foreign Policy Journal, September 2010. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/2010/09/13/the-problem-of-honor-killings
8. Dawood Azami, “Controversy of Apostasy in Afghanistan,” BBC, January 14, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia -25732919.
9. Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Modern King in the Arab Spring,” Atlantic, April 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive /2013/04/monarch-in-the-middle/309270/?single_page=true.
10. Ibid.
11. Cook, Forbidding Wrong in Islam, pp. 114–15, 122.
12. Patricia Crone, “Traditional Political Thought,” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, pp. 554–60.
13. Kathy Gilsinan, “The ISIS Crackdown on Women, by Women,” Atlantic, July 25, 2014. http://www.theatlantic.com/international /archive/2014/07/the-women-of-isis/375047/.
14. Nadya Labi, “An American Honor Killing: One Victim’s Story,” Time, February 25, 2011. http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2055445,00.html.
15. “Brother of Slain Girls Defends Father at Vigil,” NBC News, March 9, 2008. http://www.nbc5i.com/newsarchive/15546408/detail.html.
16. Oren Yaniv, “Pakistani Man Gets 18 Years to Life for Beating Wife to Death After She Made Lentils for Dinner,” July 9, 2014. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/pakistani-man-18-years-life-beating-wife-death-made-lentils-dinner-article-1.1860459.
17. “Derby Gay Death Call Leaflet Was ‘Muslim Duty,’ ” BBC, January 12, 2012. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-derby shire-16581758.
18. Kunal Dutta, “ISIS Suicide Bomber from Derby Thought to Have Killed Eight in Iraq ‘Could Have Been Brainwashed,’” Independent, November 9, 2014. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-suicide-bomber-from-derby-kills-eight-in-iraq-9849307.html.
19. James Harkin, “Inside the Mind of a British Suicide Bomber,” Newsweek, November 21, 2014. http://www.newsweek.com /2014/11/21/inside-frenzied-mind-british-suicide-bomber -283634.html.
20. “Muslim Radio Station Fined for Saying People Should Be Tortured,” Daily Telegraph, November 23, 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9698967/Muslim-radio-station-fined-for-saying-gay-people-should-be-tortured.html.
21. Ibid.
CHAPTER 7: Jihad
1. Capital Bay News, “Lee Rigby Trial Updates,” 2013. http://www.capitalbay.com/news/432534-live-lee-rigby-trial-updates -as-michael-adebolajo-and-michael-adebowale-stand-accused-of-woolwich-soldier-murder.html.
2. “Text from Dzokhar Tsarnaev’s Note Written in Watertown Boat,” Boston Globe, May 22, 2014. http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/05/22/text-from-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-note-left-watertown-boat/KnRIeqqr95rJQbAbfnj5EP/story.html.
3. Ibid.
4. Sebastian L. v. Gorka, “The Enemy Threat Doctrine of Al Qaeda: Taking the War to the Heart of Our Foe,” in Fighting the Ideological War: Winning Strategies from Communism to Islamism, edited by Katherine C. Gorka and Patrick Sookhdeo (McLean: Isaac Publishing, 2012), pp. 198–201.
5. David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005), pp. 32–33.
6. Rajia Aboulkeir, “Meet Islam Yaken, a Cosmopolitan Egyptian Who Turned into ISIS Fighter,” Al-Arabiya, August 3, 2014. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/variety/2014/08/03/Meet-Islam -Yaken-a-cosmopolitan-Egyptian-who-turned-into-ISIS-fighter -.html.
7. Hamas, “Boy Vows to Join Father in Martyrs’ Paradise,” 2009. http://palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=585&fld_id=633&doc_id =2789.
8. AIVD, The Transformation of Jihadism in the Netherlands: Swarm Dynamics and New Strength (The Hague, 2014). https://www.aivd.nl/english/publications-press/@3139/transformation-0/.
9. Bart Olmer, “Threat of Jihadists Greater Than Ever,” De Telegraaf, June 30, 2014.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Pew Research Institute, “Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream,” 2007, p. 6.
13. Pew Research Institute, “Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism,” 2011, p. 4.
14. Dominic Evans, “Exiled Cleric Who Taught UK Knifeman Praises Courage,” Reuters, May 24, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/24/us-britain-killing-bakri-idUSBRE 94N0D920130524.
15. Patricia Crone, “Traditional Islamic Political Thought,” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought.
16. Human Rights Watch, “Nigeria: Boko Haram Kills 2,053 Civilians in 6 Months,” July 15, 2014. http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/15/nigeria-boko-haram-kills-2053-civilians-6-months.
17. UNHCR. 2015 UNHCR Country Operations Profile. http://www.unhcr.org/pages/4e43cb466.html.
18. Pew Research Center, “Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population,” 2011, p. 64.
19. André Aciman, “After Egypt’s Revolution, Christians Are Living in Fear,” New York Times, November 19, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/opinion/sunday/after-egypts-revolution-christians-are-living-in-fear.html.
20. Richard Spencer, “Egypt’s Coptic Christians Fleeing Country After Islamist Takeover,” Telegraph, January 13, 2013. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/9798777/Egypts-Coptic-Christians-fleeing-country-after-Islamist-takeover.html.
21. Nina Shea, Paul Marshall, and Lela Gilbert, Saudi Arabia’s Curriculum of Intolerance, with Excerpts from Saudi Ministry of Education Textbooks for Islamic Studies (Washington, D.C.: Hudson Institute Center for Religious Freedom and the Institute for Gulf Affairs, 2008), pp. 7, 43. http://www.hudson.org/content/researchattach ments/attachment/656/saudi_textbooks_final.pdf.
22. “UK Jihad Fighter in Downing Street Flag Threat,” Scotsman, July 5, 2014. http://www.scotsman.com/mobile/news/uk/uk-jihad-fighter-in-downing-street-flag-threat-1-3467362.
23. Mark Townsend, “British Muslims’ Right to Fight in Syria Backed by an Ex-Adviser on Radicalization,” Guardian, June 28, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/28/british -jidahis-syria-defended.
24. Nadim Roberts, “The Life of a Jihadi Wife: Why One Canadian Woman Joined ISIS’s Islamic State,” CBC, July 7, 2014. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/the-life-of-a-jihadi-wife-why-one-canadian-woman-joined-isis-s-islamic-state-1.2696385.
25. Press Association, “British Jihadist Warns of ‘Black Flag of Islam’ over Downing Street,” Guardian, July 4, 2014. http://www .theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/04/british-jihadi-black-flag-islam-downing-street.
26. Ibid.
27. Jessica Stern, “Mind over Martyr: How to Deradicalize Islamic Extremists,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2010.
28. Elizabeth Dickinson, “Rise of IS Elicits Soul Searching in Arab Gulf, a Source of Funds and Fighters,” Christian Science Monitor, October 13, 2014. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2014/1013/Rise-of-IS-elicits-soul-searching-in-Arab-Gulf-a-source-of-funds-and-fighters.
29. Staff, “British Jihadists Urge Their ‘Brothers’ to Join War,” Times of Israel, June 21, 2014. http://www.timesofisrael.com/british-citizens-urge-their-brothers-to-join-jihad/.
30. Helen Davidson, “ISIS Instructs Followers to Kill Australians and Other ‘Disbelievers,’ ” Guardian, September 23, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/23/islamic-state-followers-urged-to-launch-attacks-against-australians.
31. See Cook, Understanding Jihad, and David Cook, Martyrdom in Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
CHAPTER 8: The Twilight of Tolerance
1. Adam Wolfson, Persecution or Toleration: An Explication of the Locke-Proast Quarrel, 1689–1704 (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010).
2. John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002).
3. Patrick Kingsley, “80 Sexual Assaults in One Day—the Other Story of Tahrir Square,” Guardian, July 5, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/05/egypt-women-rape-sexual-assault-tahrir-square.
4. UNICEF, Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change, 2013. http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_69875.html.
5. Ali Khan and Hisham Ramadan, Contemporary Ijtihad: Limits and Controversies (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), p. 59.
6. Maribel Fierro, “Heresy and Innovation,” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), pp. 218–19.
7. Eiynah, “An Open Letter to Ben Affleck,” Pakistan Today, October 25, 2014. http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/10/25/comment /an-open-letter-to-ben-affleck/.
8. Michael Warner, “Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom,” Studies in Intelligence 38, no. 5 (1995). See also Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe (New York: Free Press, 1989).
9. Hilton Kramer, “What Was the Congress for Cultural Freedom?” New Criterion, 1990. http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/What-was-the-Congress-for-Cultural-Freedom —5597.
10. Angel Rabasa, Cheryl Bernard, Lowell Schwartz, and Peter Sickle, Building Moderate Muslim Networks (Arlington: RAND Corporation, 2007), pp. 17–18. http://www.rand.org/pubs/mono graphs/MG574.html.
11. Frances Saunders, The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters (New York: Free Press, 1999), p. 89.
12. Barton Gellman and Greg Miller, “ ‘Black Budget’ Summary Details U.S. Spy Network’s Successes, Failures and Objectives,” Washington Post, August 29, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08 /29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html.
13. Joseph Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008); Joseph Stiglitz, “The Price of 9/11,” Project Syndicate, 2011. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-price- of-9-11.
CONCLUSION: The Muslim Reformation
1. Quoted in Thomas Friedman, “How ISIS Drives Muslims from Islam,” New York Times, December 6, 2014.
2. Malala Yousafzai, “Malala Yousafzai: ‘Our Books and Our Pens Are the Most Powerful Weapons,’ Address to the United Nations,” Guardian, July 12, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/12/malala-yousafzai-united-nations-education-speech-text.
3. Yousef Al-Otaiba, “The Moderate Middle East Must Act,” Wall Street Journal, September 9, 2014. http://www.wsj.com/articles/yousef-al-otaiba-the-moderate-middle-east-must-act-141 0304537.
4. Ibid. Emphasis added.
5. See Muhammad Abu Samra, “Liberal Critics, ‘Ulama’ and the Debate on Islam in the Contemporary World,” in Guardians of Faith in Modern Times: ‘Ulama in the Middle East, edited by Meir Hatina (Leiden: Brill, 2008), pp. 265–91.
6. Geneive Abdo, No God but God: Egypt and the Triumph of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 68.
7. Ibid.
8. S. S. Hasan, Christians versus Muslims in Modern Egypt: The Century-Long Struggle for Coptic Equality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 176–77.
9. Abdo, No God but God.
10. Yunis Qandil, “Euro-Islamists and the Struggle for Dominance within Islam,” in The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, edited by Zeyno Baran (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 33–55; Hedieh Mirahmadi, “Navigating Islam in America,” in The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 17–32.
11. “The Enemies of the Muslims According to the Global Islamic Resistance,” in Stephen Ulph, “Islamism and Totalitarianism: The Challenge of Comparison,” in Fighting the Ideological War: Winning Strategies from Communism to Islamism, edited by Katherine C. Gorka and Patrick Sookhdeo (McLean: Isaac Publishing, 2012), p. 75.
12. Quoted in Crone, God’s Rule, p. 303.
13. Abul ‘Ala’ Al-Ma’arri [11th century], The Epistle of Forgiveness: A Vision of Heaven and Hell, translated by Geert Jan van Gelder and Gregor Schoeler (New York: New York University Press, 2013).
14. France 24, “Jihadists Behead Statue of Syrian Poet Abul Ala al-Maari,” February 14, 2013. http://observers.france24.com/content /20130214-jihadists-behead-statue-syrian-poet-abul-ala-al-maari).
15. Reynold Nicholson, Studies in Islamic Poetry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969).
APPENDIX: Muslim Dissidents and Reformers
1. See Ida Lichter, Muslim Women Reformers: Inspiring Voices Against Oppression (Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2009); Zeyno Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
2. Zuhdi Jasser, “Americanism vs. Islamism,” in Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 175–91.
3. Akbar Ahmed, Journey into America: The Challenge of Islam (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010), pp. 238–40.
4. Saleem Ahmed, Islam: A Religion of Peace? (Honolulu: Moving Pen Publishers, 2009).
5. Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular.
6. Yunis Qandil, “Euro-Islamists and the Struggle for Dominance within Islam,” in Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 33–55.
7. Lichter, Muslim Women Reformers, pp. 346–48.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Samia Labidi, Karim, mon frère: Ex-intégriste et terroriste [“Karim, my brother: Former fundamentalist and terrorist”] (Paris: Flammarion, 1997).
11. Lichter, Muslim Women Reformers, pp. 346–48.
12. Samia Labidi, “Faces of Janus: The Arab-Muslim Community in France and the Battle for Its Future,” in Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 107–22.
13. Der Spiegel, “German-Turkish Author Seyran Ateş: ‘Islam Needs a Sexual Revolution,’ ” October 13, 2009. http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/german-turkish-author-seyran-Ateş-islam-needs-a-sexual-revolution-a-654704.html.
14. Ibid.
15. Poggioli 2008.
16. Abou El-Magd, “Egyptian Blogger Gets 4 Years in Prison,” Washington Post, February 22, 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/22/AR2007022200 269_pf.html.
17. MEMRI, “Egyptian Blogger Abdelkareem Suleiman Arrested for Critizing Al-Azhar Sheikhs,” December 7, 2006. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1967.htm.
18. Isabel Kershner, “Palestinian Blogger Angers West Bank Muslims,” New York Times, November 16, 2010. http://www.nytimes .com/2010/11/16/world/europe/16blogger.html?_r=0.
19. Diaa Hadid, Associated Press, December 6, 2010. http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/12/06/palestinian_atheist_jailed _for_weeks_apologizes.html.
20. Kershner, “Palestinian Blogger Angers West Bank Muslims.”
21. Hadid, Associated Press, December 6, 2010.
22. Luavut Zahid, “Brandeis University: You’ve Made a Real Booboo,” Pakistan Today, April 14, 2014. http://www.pakistan today.com.pk/2014/04/19/comment/brandeis-university-youve-made-a-real-booboo/.
23. Taslima Nasrin, “They Wanted to Kill Me,” Middle East Quarterly, 2000. http://www.meforum.org/73/taslima-nasrin-they-wanted-to-kill-me.
24. See Hedieh Mirahmadi, “Navigating Islam in America,” in Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 17–32; Yunis Qandil, “Euro-Islamists and the Struggle for Dominance within Islam,” in Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 33–55.
25. Hanne Obbink, “Muslims Are Not Allowed to Look Away Any Longer,” Trouw, December 30, 2014. http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4492/Nederland/article/detail/3819986/2014/12/30/Moslims-mogen-niet-langer-wegkijken.dhtml.
26. Ibid.
27. Interview with al-Ansari, Al-Arabiya TV, May 11, 2007. http://www.memri.org/clip_transcript/en/1450.htm.
28. MEMRI, “Qatari Liberal and Former Dean of Islamic Law at the University of Qatar: Arab Liberals, Secularists Are Facing Jihad,” March 17, 2010. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/ 0/0/0/0/4041.htm
29. Yotam Feldner, “Liberal Iraqi Shi’ite Scholar Sayyed Ahmad Al-Qabbanji Calls for Reason in Islamic Discourse and Jurisprudence,” MEMRI 937, 2013. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7015.htm.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ayad Jamal al-Din, “A Civil State in Which All Citizens Are Equal in the Eyes of the Law,” Middle East Media Research Institute and Al-Iraqiya TV, October 17, 2014. http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/4556.htm.
35. Nimrod Raphaeli, “Sayyed Ayad Jamal al-Din—Liberal Shi’ite Cleric and Foe of Iran,” MEMRI, 2010. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3920.htm.
36. Interview with al-Buleihi on Al-Arabiyya, MEMRI, March 30, 2010. http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/2414.htm.
37. Interview with al-Musawi on Al-Jazeera, May 4, 2010. http://www.memri.org/clip_transcript/en/2471.htm.