Note on the Pronunciation of Samoan Words.
The vowels are all pronounced as in Italian.
G is always pronounced like NG.
The Glottal stop is indicated by a (’).
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A
Abduction of taupo, 72
Aberrant, 190
Adolescence, age position, 3, 30; in America, 3–4, 5, 137, 161; orderly development, 109, 127; possible tests, 6–7, 135; question about, 136; Samoa, 135–136, 190
“Adolescence” (Hall), 4
Adolescent Girl among Primitive People, The (Van Waters), 179
Adopted, 29, 35, 107
Adultery, 59, 63, 74, 75
Afa fine (daughter; man speaking), 172
Affection, diffusion of, 145; lack of, 124, 126
Age, 17, 30, 31, 39, 43, 49, 51, 82, 91, 111, 129, 134, 182, 199
Agriculture, 35, 128, 157, 208
Aiga (relative), 32
‘Aiga fiafia tama’ita’i (women’s feast), 55
Albino, 197. See also Ipu
Alo, 39, 40
Alofi, 38, 107
Ana, 114, 116–117, 202, 204
Anger, 19, 67, 87, 90
Animals, 9, 19–20, 66, 186
Antagonism: boys and girls, 42, 61, 97; gangs, 43; soa, 63–64; village, 43
Anthropologist: approach, 5, 50; method, 8, 9, 10; primitive people, 8
Arts, native, 186–187
Ashamed, 32–33, 42, 61, 69, 95, 96, 101, 159
Aso, 173, 202
Assembly, 25. See also Fono
Atali’i (son; man speaking), 172
Athletics, 208, 208 note
Aualuma (the organisation of unmarried girls past puberty, wives of untitled men and widows), 50, 52, 53–54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 98, 192
Aumaga (organisation of untitled men in each Samoan village), 25, 26, 40, 50, 52, 53–54, 55, 59, 91, 98, 111, 129–130, 132, 141
Authority, 30, 31, 36, 55, 110, 129, 134, 168, 172, 190
Avaga (elopement), 63, 72
Avoidance, 18, 20, 32–33, 59, 61, 68, 95, 96, 97, 130, 152
B
Background for study, 135
Bananas, 14, 22, 23. See also Poi
Banter, 62
Barrenness, 65, 131, 196–197
Behaviour, 5, 19, 34, 89, 95, 96, 148, 158, 164, 166
Bethrothal, of taupo, 71, 72
Bible, 177, 188
Birth: Cæsarian, 94, 108; children’s knowledge of, 94, 149–150, 209; conditions of, 16, 17, 187; feast, 16, 131; gifts, 16; where born, 16
Birth control, 106, 167, 168
Blood relationship, 35; in neighbourhood, 43; in title, 38, 39, 76; revenge, 192
Boys: cooking, 22, 35; dance, 80, 83; freedom, 42; gangs, 48–49; social solidarity of, 50; training, 20, 27; village lore, 58
Breadfruit pit, 15
Bride, taupo, 71
Brother, 32. See also Avoidance; Relatives; Taboo
C
Canoes, 187, 192
Cannibalism, 137, 192
Care of babies: at birth, 17–18, 19; bathing, 17; girls, 17, 19, 20, 21, 191; suckling, 17; training, 18–19; walking, 18; weaning, 17
Caste, 37
Casualness, 137, 138
Celibacy, 69
Ceremonial: emphasis, 36; fono, 55; kava, 87; inter-village visit, 158; unimportant, 17; women’s activity in, 97
Character: adult standards, 91; by age, 91; sequence traits, 89; sketches, 89, 174–177. See also Behaviour
Chastity, 69, 102, 107, 112, 113, 117, 190, 192
Chief: child of, 32; choice of, 38, 39; dance, 80; heredity, 31; household, 36; keeping up status, 191; kinds of, 36; marrying taupo, 70; possessions, 84; prerogatives, 53; status, 25, 26; wife of, 74; women and, 57; young men, 26. See also Talking Chief
Choices: American, 138–139, 139, 140, 142, 146–147, 159, 162–163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170; future, 169; Samoan, 99, 140–141, 145, 159–160
Christian influence: Catholics, 188; hymns, 15; moral pressure, 69; peace, 75; Protestantism, 114, 160, 188; Samoan, 139, 160, 188. See also Missionaries, Pastor’s Household
Church membership, 114, 139, 160
Church of Tahiti, 188
Circumcision, 49, 61
Civilisation, estimate of, 10–11. See also Culture
Class distinctions, in America, 163. See also Status
Classification of girls, 199
Cloth, bark, 16, 23, 24, 35, 185, 208
Clothing, 14, 16, 185, 186; care of, 208
Cocoanut, 14, 18, 20, 65, 133
Communal, 15, 55, 111, 128. See also Co-operation
Confession, 59, 87, 113
Conflicts: American, 141, 162, 166; future possibility of, 191; Samoan, 141, 142–143
Conjunctivitis, 188, 197
Conversation: admonitions to child, 18; answers, 87; casual, 90; elders, 92; gossip, 101; judgments, 91; salacious, 96
Cooking, 13, 22, 35, 47, 186, 187, 208
Co-operation, 21, 50, 62
Copra, 20, 186–187, 188–189, 208
Courts, 189
Courting, 62–63, 67, 68
Cretinism, 197
Crier, 15
Crime, 192
“Crush,” 48, 115
Culture: America, price of heterogeneous, changing, 169; background of study, 181; change, 161; determinism of, 5; diversity, 142, 166; flexibility, 189–190; for study, xv; knowledge of, 11; primitive, 137, 138; resistance of, 118; Samoan factors, 137, 153, 166; white influence, 193
Currency, 74. See also Money
Curse, 57
D
Dalton Plan, 155
Dance: a la sin a, 81; as education, 77, 78, 81–82; boys, 26, 80; costume, 79; form, 80; formal, 82, 84; girls, 37, 80–81, 209; individuality, 81, 82; jester, 80; night, 81; participation of audience, 78; physical defects in, 84; precocity, 81, 154; style of, 80–81; taupo, 55–56; visiting village, 15, 54, 83
Death: in America, 150; announced, 13; children’s knowledge of, 94, 149–150, 151–152, 209; preparation of body, 57–58
Début of taupo, 56
Declaration of Independence, 142
Defloration, 69, 95, 99, 191, 192. See also Virginity
Delinquent: defined, 119, 119 note, 192; Lola, 120–125; Mala, 121, 123–125, 202; Sala, 125, 125–126; Siva, 126
Deviants, 103, 117, 118, 119, 138, 143, 152. See also Ana; Lita; Mentally Defective; Sona
Dichotomy, 97, 157
Discipline, 18, 30, 31, 166, 190, 191
Discretion, years of, 159, 160 Disease, 35, 57, 87, 133, 175, 188, 189. See also Conjunctivitis
Division of labour, 35–36
Divorce, 32, 39, 55, 62, 75
Dowry, 24, 55, 57, 68
E
Eating, 14, 15, 44, 50, 55, 187
Education: American solutions, 152, 155; boys, 21, 25; concept, 153, 154, 159, 168; fishing, 22–23; future, 169; girls, 20, 21, 23, 24; pattern, 11; schools, 21–22, 189; tolerance, 169; young children, 18–19. See also Birth; Dance; Death; Pastor’s School
Eels, fishing for, 20, 50
Ela, 102–103, 174, 202, 204
Electra complex, 147
Elisa, 173
Elopement, 70, 72, 73, 98, 105
Emotions, 90, 94, 97, 146–147, 149, 150, 152, 159
Epileptic, 196
Eskimo, 7
Etiquette, 32, 36, 58, 188
F
Fa’a (prefix), 93
Fa’alupega (courtesy phrases), 53, 54
Fa’amoana, 88
Fa’a, Samoa (“in Samoan fashion”), 93
Fa’atama (tomboy), 93
Fala, 105, 107, 202, 204
Fale (a house)
Fale, 17
Faleasao (village), 174, 185, 199, 209
Falelalaga (weaving bee), 55
Faletua (“she who sits in the back of the house.” The courtesy term for a chief’s wife.), 76
Family: American, 166; biological, 29, 34–35, 106, 116, 146, 178; feud, 58; structure, 205, 206; table, 203. See also Authority
Fans, 24, 58
Favour asked, 33–34
Fear, 44, 93
Feast, 16, 55, 56, 131, 192
Fiasili (desiring to be highest), 90
Fia Siva (like to dance), 114
Filita, 38
Fishing: bonito, 12, 50; boys, 26; girls, 22, 28; kinds, 208; night, 15; parties, 62; reef, 13, 20; return, 14; taboo, 14; training for, 22–23; trap, 15; women, 21, 57
Fitafita (a member of the native marine corps), 189, 191
Fitiuta (village), 105, 185, 209
Fitu, 46, 98–99, 99, 100, 173, 203
Fiva, 173, 203
Flowers, use of, 14, 79
Folk tales, 65
Fono (a meeting. Specifically the organisation of titled men of a village, district or island.) 25, 26, 27, 52, 54, 55, 59, 131, 132, 189
Food, 9, 13–14, 22, 186–187
Friendship, 43, 47–48, 49, 50–51, 51, 102–3, 112, 145, 148
Frigidity, 146, 148, 152–153
Fua, 39–40
Fuativa, 122
Funeral, 192
G
Games, 119
Gangs, 43, 44, 47, 48–49, 63, 111
Ghosts, 65, 66, 67, 94
Gifts: birth, 16; courting, 67–68; kava root, 54, relatives by marriage, 73; return, 32, 33; sweetheart, 26; visits, 54
Girls: activity, 92; American 162; dance, 83; dependent on village, 98; eight to nine years, 61; fifteen years, 48; honoured, 56; isolation, 45; knowledge, 57, 93, 95; record sheet, 201; school, 121; seventeen to eighteen, 27–28; unmarried, 30, 56; work, 42
Government: labour, 189; Naval, 188; rank, 189
Guest house, 37, 59, 82
H
Hall, Stanley, 4
Health, future, 169. See also Disease; Medicine
Herodotus, 7
Home, American, 145. See also Household
Homosexual, 49, 67, 95, 97, 102–3, 104, 115, 152, 200
Hostility, 44. See also Antagonism
House, 9, 13, 185; furniture, 186, 187; place in, 78
House building, 26, 97, 130
Household: chief in, 36; child in, 31; classification, 31; how constituted, 35; influence, 100; local unit, 29; maps, 172; organisation, 150; small, 100; study of, 182; young couple, 130
Humour, 63, 66
I
Ifo (to lower oneself ceremonially to someone whom one has offended or injured)
Ifod, 75
Ifoga (the act of lowering oneself ceremonially, see Ifo), 74, 75
Illegitimate, 39, 40, 107, 117, 125
Illness. See Disease
Incest, 32, 63, 112
Indecency, bad taste, 96; when, 96
Inferiority, 37, 83, 84
Insanity, 84, 196
Intelligence test, 182, 206–208
Investment, 157
Ipu, 84, 100, 173, 203
Isolation of child, 45, 46, 111, 115
J
Jealousy, 112, 124
K
Kava (a drink), 14, 25, 52, 53, 54, 55, 75, 87, 101, 133, 189, 192, 209
Kinship. See Relationship
L
Labour, communal, 189. See also Work
Lafa (ceremonial perquisite), 209, 209 note
Laititi a’u (“I am but young”), 24, 47, 106, 116
Laititi a’u fia siva (“I am but young and like to dance”), 114
Laki, 84
Lalala, 99
Language: change, 161; chiefs, 53; comparative in, 88; courtesy, 36, 93; girls’ use, 93; K and T, 177; learning English, 189; missionaries and English, 188; phonetically conscious, 178; pronunciation, 211; verb, “to know,” 174; vocabulary, 93
Lavalava (loin cloth), 20, 65, 66, 78, 100, 124, 185, 186
Laws, 189, 190
Lefu, 41
Leone, 72
Leta, 174, 202, 204
Lila, 98
Lita, 114, 115, 116, 119, 173, 173 note, 178, 202, 204
Lola, 120–125, 138, 173, 173 note, 180, 202, 204
Lole (a sort of jelly fish; name applied by the natives to candy), 22
Losa, 13, 17, 22, 172, 173, 202, 204
London Missionary Society, 188
Lotu, 39, 63, 106, 107, 114, 202, 204
Lotu le aga (a bad heart), 123
Love, idea of, 73, 108
Love affairs, 41, 48, 49, 62–63, 64–65, 66, 70, 105, 108, 130. See also Moetotolo; Soa
Lover, first, 102; non-related, 145
Lua, 75, 101, 102, 173, 202, 204
Luina, 202
Lumā (village), 43, 44, 66, 97, 173, 174, 185, 199
Luna, 45, 106, 173, 178, 202, 204
Lusi, 45–46, 173
M
Mala, 121, 123–125, 138, 173, 181, 204
Maladjustment, 148, 149, 150, 152, 167
Malae (village meeting ground), 37–38
Malaga (a travelling party; a journey), 55, 56, 70, 72, 77, 81–82, 85, 107
Maliu, 46, 98–99, 100, 173, 203
Manaia (heir-apparent of the principal chief, the leader of the Aumaga), 53–54, 56, 71, 80, 81–82, 84–85, 132, 209
Manita, 115–16
Manu’a Archipelago, 9, 56, 99, 139, 179, 185, 195
Manufactures, 187, 191. See also Weaving
Maps, neighbourhood, 43, 46, 172
Marriage: American, 73, 139, 167; authority after, 30; ceremonial, 68; exchange, 209; girls, 24–25, 27, 28, 30; legal, 73; lovers, 65; negotiations for, 49; new relation, 130; not forced, 159; preference, 209; social and economic, 73, 74; taupo, 69
Masina, 83, 173, 202, 204
Masturbation, 95, 200, 202
Mata, 100, 174, 203
Matai (the holder of a title, the head of a household), 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 35, 36, 38, 40, 45, 50, 52, 53, 54, 63, 71, 78, 91, 99, 120, 122, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 171–172, 190, 192
Mats, 23, 24, 35, 68, 74, 75, 191
Matua (elders), 172
Medicine, 25, 99, 101, 140, 188
Mele, 38
Menstruation, 57, 101, 192; tables, 200, 202
Mentally defective, 195
Meta, 37, 100, 126–127, 173, 203
Methodology, 7, 8, 179–183
Midwife, 16, 25, 131, 133
Missionaries, 71, 89, 96, 112, 178, 188, 190, 206
Missionary Boarding School, 48, 106, 112, 113, 118, 178, 186, 188. See also Pastor’s house
Moana, 108, 174, 202, 204
Moetotolo (surreptitious rape), 63, 65–66, 67, 70, 73, 83, 88, 91, 105, 106
Molo, 39, 39–40
Money, 164, 191. See also Currency
Moni (true, real), 172
Monogamy, 74, 75, 139
Moral, 69, 139
Mormons, 188
Moron, 143, 195
Mother, 131; unmarried, 48. See also Fitu; Lalala
Mother-in-law, 129, 130
Moving pictures, 162, 163; Moana, 207
Music, 78. See also Songs
Mutu (unwillingness, obstinacy towards any course of action), 86, 87–88
N
Namu, 105, 173, 202, 204
Neuroses, 143, 144, 152, 169, 193, 197
Nifo, 40
Nua, 39
Nurses, 188, 189
O
Obscene, 85
Occupation, 162, 163, 164
Œdipus complex, 147
Ofu (island), 101, 185
Ola matua (old woman), 172
Olesega (island), 185
Ono, 40, 41
Operation, 196–197
Orator, official, 25
P
Pala, 102, 173, 202, 204
Palusami (a pudding), 22, 208
Pana, 37–38
Pandanus leaf, 20, 23, 24, 35
Pago Pago, 189
Papalagi (white men; literally, “sky bursters.” Foreign), 116
Parents, control by: America, 144, 146, 162, 164–165, 168; Samoa, 130, 147, 190; immigrant, 162
“Passed away” (divorce), 75
Pastor’s house, 48, 102, 109, 112–13, 114, 115, 117, 118, 183, 188, 202. See also Missionary Boarding School
Pele, 97, 98, 173, 182, 203
Pepe, 38
Personality: American, 143, 145–146, 166; girls, 44; home discipline, 166; intractability (musu), 86; motives, 87, 90; sex, 152, 153; traits, 89, 90
“Place of the Lady” (taupo), 71
Plantation, 13, 21, 30, 46
Play, 14, 15, 20–21, 42, 44, 47, 156, 157, 158–159
Poi (a dish), 208
Pola, 46, 98–99, 173, 203
Political organisation, excluded, 10
Polynesian people, 8
Population, 181
Possessions, 88
Precocity, 7, 25, 26, 81, 83, 97, 98, 102–103, 152, 154, 192
Pregnancy, 130–131
Prestige, 36, 39, 69–70, 70, 72, 191
Privacy, 88, 95, 96, 151
Professions, 191
Promiscuity, 65, 91, 97, 152, 153
Property, 32, 57, 71, 189, 190
Prostitution, 67, 153
Psychology, 3, 4, 6
Pua (the frangipani tree), 23
Puberty, aboriginal days, 188; approaching, 47; boys, 49; girls, 101, 102; past, 47, 136; table, 202; work of, 21. See also Menstruation
Pula, 38, 203
Punishment, 18, 19, 44, 63, 113
Pusa, 76, 121
Q
Quarrel, 65, 87
Questionnaire, 208
R
Rank: adultery, 74, 75; age, 31; between posts, 26; boys, 38; government officials, 188, 189; influence on child, 36–37, 38, 40, 41; malaga, 78; pregnancy, 130–131; taboos, 191; taupo, 70; titles, 36; wife, 75; work, 36
Rape, 63, 66
Record sheet, girls, 201
Refuge for child, 31, 32
Relatives: adults, 98; boys, 48–49, 50; care of child, 30, 31–32; claims, 32; classification, 171; code for sex, 32; demands, 30; groups, 43–44, 47; marriage, 32, 34; obligations, 34; terms, 171–172, 211. See also Taboos
Religion, 113, 118, 139, 142, 168. See also Christianity
Rendezvous, 65, 66, 95, 105
Residence, 44, 48, 76, 102, 129, 130, 141, 191, 202
Responsibility, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27
Reticence, in America, 151
S
Sala, 125–126, 174, 178, 196, 202, 204
Salutation, 53, rubbing noses, 95
Samala, 40
Sami, 45, 120, 124
Samoa, choice of, 8
Samoana (shell), 97
Sasi, 103
Savai’i, 177
Segregation, 146
Selu, 45, 173, 203
Service, duty of, 56
Sex: aboriginal, 190; adventure, 24–25; adult attitude, 96; American girl, 166–167; beginning of, 42; disregard of personality, 159; end, as an, versus means, 153; erogenous zones, 104; etiquette, 32; experimentation, 97; friendship, 47–48; instruction, 104; knowledge of, 94, 95, 149; perverts, 103; results in Samoa, 84, 139; specialization, 148; techniques, 104, 105; two types, 63; unmarried, 63. See also Love affairs; Marriage
Shyness, 82–83, 94–95
Siesta, 14, 44
Sila, 40–41, 90, 108
Simina, 173
Sin, 59, 89, 114, 192
Singing, 54, 189
Sisi, 39, 40
Sister, 43, 57
Siufaga (village, also spelled Suifaga), 43, 116, 173, 174, 185, 199, 209
Siva, 45, 120, 126, 137, 203
Siva (to dance, a dance), 62, 77, 92
Soa (a companion in circumcision; an ambassador in love affairs), 49, 63–64, 67–68, 71
Soaf afine (a woman ambassador in love affairs), 64
Social environment, 5, 8–9, 136, 137, 144, 161, 163, 164
Social intercourse, 54, 56, 84
Social organisation: knowledge of, 58, 209; factors in, 161
Sona, 115, 116, 119, 173, 180, 202, 204
Songs, 66, 73, 78, 88
South Sea Islands, 7
Specialisation, 25
Status, 54, 55, 76
“Strength of village,” 25
T
Taboo: author’s, 87; boys and girls, 61, 97; brother and sister, 32–33, 61, 64, 108, 120, 159; fish, 14, 18; menstruation, 57; old people, 134; pregnancy, 130–131; rank, 191; scarcity of, 57; value of, 146
Tafolo (pudding), 57, 208
Ta ilo (“search me”), 87, 175
Talking chief, 29, 36, 50–51, 53, 56, 58, 63–64, 71, 122
Talo, 102–3, 174, 204
Talofa (a greeting), 12
Tamā (a child, a son; woman speaking), 171–172
Tamā (father)
Tamaf afine (child of distaff side of house), 39
Tamatane (child of male line)
Tapa (bark cloth), 34, 35, 59, 68, 88, 191
Tapui (sign), 209, 209 note
Taro, 13, 22, 50
Tasi, 173, 178, 203
Tata, 39
Tatala, 173
Tattooing, 185–186, 192
Taū (village), 9, 84, 92, 173, 179, 185, 188
Taule’ale’a (a member of the Aumaga; an untitled man), 52
Taupo (the village ceremonial hostess; the girl whom a high chief has honoured with a title and a distribution of property), 31–32, 35, 37, 38, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 69, 70, 71, 72, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 115, 121, 122, 209
Tausi (the courtesy term for the Wife of a talking chief; literally, “to care for”), 58, 76
Tautala laititi (presuming above age), 63, 90, 96, 98, 102
Taxes, 187
Teacher, 58, 189
Techniques, 20, 22, 23, 26
Tei (a younger sibling), 33, 151
Teine (girl)
Teinetiti (little girl)
Temperament, 36, 90, 91, 97, 98, 111, 124–125, 142–143, 169
Theft, 123, 124, 192
Timu, 37, 38, 173, 204
Tinā (mother), 172
Tino, 100, 124, 173, 204
Tita, 97, 173
Title, 25–26, 36, 38, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 76, 133, 154, 191, 209. See also Fua; Sila
Toa’ina (an old man), 172
Tobacco, 186–187
Tolo, 101, 102, 173, 204
Tolu, 105–6, 107, 173, 202, 204
Tonga, 177
Toys, 158
Trade, 187
Trees, knowledge of, 23
Tua, 43, 178, 203
Tuaf afine (female sibling of a male), 171
Tuagame (male sibling of a female), 171
Tuai, 39
Tufele (the chief), 196
Tui, 38, 39, 89
Tui, Manu’a, 209
Tulafale (a talking chief)
Tulima, 173
Tulipa, 90, 101, 173, 202, 204
Tuna, 98, 173, 203
Tupu, 17
Tutuila, 90, 114, 121, 185, 196
U
Ula, 173, 203
Under the palm tree, 63, 65, 67, 70, 95
Unit of value, 24
Upolu, 177
Uso (sibling of the same sex), 171
Utensils, 186, 187, 191
V
Vaitogi, 81
Vala, 173, 203
Values, 153, 155
Van Waters, Dr., 179
Vi, 100, 173, 203
Village, 29, 36, 43, 54, 56, 69, 97, 132, 189
Virginity: first lover, 102; others, 69, 70, 72; taupo, 69, 70
w
War, 137, 142, 143, 192
Water supply, 188
Wealth: acquiring, 191; inheritance, 40
Weaving, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24, 208; dye, 133
Wedding, 69, 77
Widow, 29, 39, 45, 55, 125
Widower, 29, 75, 108, 116, 117, 122
Wife: chief’s, 48, 50–51, 52, 54, 55, 58, 60, 74; husband and, 95; leaves, 41; official orator, 25; rank, 75–76; services, 75. See also Status
Women: ability, 60, adultery, 75; freedom, 191; independence, 75; life of, 22, 129, 133; old, 133; relationship group, 57; romping, 95; sex, 104; work, 59, 133, 175–176
Wood carving, 26
Work: America, 156, 157, 164, 167; attitude towards, 156, 157; boys, 20, 25; child, 4; communal, 55; crocheting, 186; girls, 20, 21, 22–23, 36, 46, 47, 105–6, 123, 137, 177; men, 59, 128, 133; old men, 35, 133; old women, 59, 133; sewing, 186; women, 59, 133, 175–176
Y
Young Men, 26, 50, 129–130, 132