Note on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Citations from and references to the manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle have made use of the editions published under the general supervision of David Dumville and Simon Keynes (see individual volumes below), with reference to the translated editions produced by Dorothy Whitelock and Michael Swanton: D. Whitelock (ed. and trans.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Revised Translation (1961, Eyre & Spottiswoode); M. Swanton (ed. and trans.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles (2001, 2nd edition, Phoenix Press). Where a reference to the Chronicle is given in the notes simply as ASC, the material cited is common to all manuscripts (the ‘core’ text); otherwise, references specify the manuscript by letter when information is restricted to one or more versions.
Note on Irish Chronicles
Thomas Charles-Edwards has reconstructed and translated the joint stock of a putative ‘Chronicle of Ireland’ (CI) to the year 911 from annals surviving in a variety of manuscripts, principally the Annals of Ulster and the Clonmacnoise group (Annals of Tigernach, Annals of Clonmacnoise, Chronicum Scotorum), with some additions from the Annals of Innisfallen, Annals of the Four Masters and the Fragmentary Annals: T. Charles-Edwards (ed. and trans.), The Chronicles of Ireland (2006, Liverpool University Press). I have relied on this edition for translations from these texts until 911. Beyond this date, I have relied on the translations published online by University College Cork: Corpus of Electronic Texts (CELT) [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/]
AC – Annales Cambriae; J. Morris (ed.), Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals (1980, Phillimore)
AClon – Annals of Clonmacnoise (see ‘Note on Irish Chronicles’ above)
AFM – Annals of the Four Masters (see ‘Note on Irish Chronicles’ above)
AI – Annals of Innisfallen (see ‘Note on Irish Chronicles’ above)
Alfred-Guthrum – ‘The Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum’; S. Keynes and M. Lapidge (eds and trans.), Alfred the Great: Asser’s ‘Life of King Alfred’ and Other Contemporary Sources (1983, Penguin)
APV – Armes Prydein Vawr; J. K. Bollard (ed. and trans.), in M. Livingston (ed.), The Battle of Brunanburh: A Casebook (2011, University of Exeter Press), pp. 155–70, with notes pp. 155–69 and commentary pp. 245–6
ASC – Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (see ‘Note on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ above):
A – J. M. Bately (ed.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, vol. 3. MS. A (1986, Brewer)
B – S. Taylor (ed.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, vol. 4. MS. B (1983, Brewer)
C – K. O’Brien O’Keeffe (ed.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, vol. 5. MS. C (2001, Brewer)
D – G. P. Cubbin (ed.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, vol. 6. MS. D (1996, Brewer)
E – S. Irvine (ed.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, vol. 7. MS. E (2004, Brewer)
F – P. S. Baker (ed.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, vol. 8: MS. F (2000, Brewer)
ASN – Annals of St Neots; D. N. Dumville and M. Lapidge (eds), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, vol. 17. The annals of St Neots with Vita prima Sancti Neoti (1985, Cambridge: Brewer)
ASPR – Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records; G. P. Krapp and E. V. Dobbie (eds), The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records: A Collective Edition, 6 vols (1931–53, New York: Columbia University Press) [ota.ox.ac.uk/desc/1936]
AU – Annals of Ulster (see ‘Note on Irish Chronicles’ above)
Beowulf – ASPR, volume 4
BM – British Museum registration number
Boethius – Boethius, Consolatio Philosophiae; J. J. O’Donnell (ed.), Boethius: Consolatio Philosophiae (1984, Bryn Mawr College)
Brunanburh – The Battle of Brunanburh (ASPR, volume 6)
BVSC – Bede, Vita Sancti Cuthberti; B. Colgrave (ed. and trans.), Two Lives of Cuthbert (1940, Cambridge University Press)
c. – circa (‘around’)
CA – Æthelweard, ‘Chronicon’ of Æthelweard; A. Campbell (ed. and trans.), The Chronicle of Æthelweard (1962, Thomas Nelson & Sons)
Canmore ID – Reference number to the Scottish database of archaeological sites, monuments and buildings [https://canmore.org.uk/]
CASSS – Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture [http://www.ascorpus.ac.uk/index.php]
CC – John of Worcester, Chronicon ex Chronicis; R. R. Darlington (ed.), P. McGurk (ed. and trans.) and J. Bray (trans.), The Chronicle of John of Worcester (1995, Clarendon Press)
CKA – Chronicle of the Kings of Alba; B. T. Hudson (ed. and trans.), ‘Chronicle of the Kings of Alba’, Scottish Historical Review 77 (1998), pp. 129–61
CS – Chronicon Scottorum (see ‘Note on Irish Chronicles’ above)
Deor – ASPR, volume 3
DR – Denmark (geographical reference; runestones)
EE – Geffrei Gaimar, Estoire des Engleis; I. Short (ed. and trans.), Gaimar: Estoire des Engleis/History of the English (2009, Oxford University Press)
Egil’s Saga – B. Scudder (ed. and trans.), ‘Egil’s Saga’, in Ö. Thorsson (ed.), The Sagas of Icelanders (2000, Penguin), pp. 3–185
EHD – English Historical Documents; D. Whitelock, English Historical Documents 500–1041, Vol. 1 (1979, 2nd edition, Routledge)
Elene – ASPR, volume 2
Enc. – Encomium Emmae Reginae; A. Campbell (ed. and trans.) with S. Keynes (ed.), Encomium Emmae Reginae (1998, Cambridge University Press)
Ex. – Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae; M. Winterbottom (ed. and trans.), Gildas: The Ruin of Britain and Other Works (1978, Phillimore)
FA – Fragmentary Annals (see ‘Note on Irish chronicles’ above)
FH – Roger of Wendover, Flores Historiarum; H. O. Coxe (ed.), Rogeri de Wendover Chronica; sive, Flores Historiarum (1841–2, Sumptibus Societatis); translated passages in EHD
Finnsburg – The Fight at Finnsburg (ASPR, volume 6)
GD – Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum; P. Fisher (trans.) and K. Fries-Jensen (ed.), Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Book I–IX. Volume I (1979, Brewer)
Genesis – ASPR, volume 1
GH – Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum; F. J. Tschan (ed. and trans.), History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen (2002, Columbia University Press)
GRA – William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum; R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom (eds and trans.), William of Malmesbury: Gesta Regum Anglorum (1998, Oxford University Press)
Grímnismál – A. Orchard, The Elder Edda: A Book of Viking Lore (2011, Penguin), pp. 38–41
Gylfaginning – Snorri Sturluson, ‘Gylfaginning’; J. L. Byock (ed. and trans.), The Prose Edda (2006, Penguin), pp. 9–79
HA – Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum; D. Greenway, Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon: Historia Anglorum/The History of the English People (1996, Oxford Medieval Texts)
Hávamál – A. Orchard, The Elder Edda: A Book of Viking Lore (2011, Penguin), pp. 15–39
HB – Historia Brittonum; J. Morris (ed. and trans.), Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals (1980, Phillimore)
HE – Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum; D. H. Farmer (ed. and trans.) and L. Sherley-Price (trans.), Ecclesiastical History of the English People (1991, Penguin)
Heimskringla I – Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla; A. Finlay and A. Faulkes (eds and trans.), Heimskringla Volume I: The Beginnings to Óláfr Tryggvason (2011, Viking Society for Northern Research)
Heimskringla II – Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla; A. Finlay and A. Faulkes (eds and trans.), Heimskringla Volume II: Óláfr Haraldsson (The Saint) (2014, Viking Society for Northern Research)
Helgakviða Hundingsbana fyrri – A. Orchard, The Elder Edda: A Book of Viking Lore (2011, Penguin), pp. 117–25
HR – Symeon of Durham, Historia Regum; T. Arnold (ed.), Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia (2012 [1885], Cambridge University Press); translated passages in EHD
HSC – Historia Sancti Cuthberti; EHD (6)
Krákumál – B. Waggoner (ed. and trans.), The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok (2009, The Troth)
Lokasenna – A. Orchard, The Elder Edda: A Book of Viking Lore (2011, Penguin), pp. 83–96
Maldon – The Battle of Maldon (ASPR, volume 6)
Maxims II – ASPR, volume 6
N – Norway (geographical reference; runestones)
NMR – National Monument Record number (Historic England) [http://pastscape.org.uk]
NMS – National Museum of Scotland registration number
OE Boethius – The Old English Boethius. S. Irvine and M. Godden (eds), The Old English Boethius with Verse Prologues and Epilogues Associated with King Alfred (2012, Harvard University Press)
Orkneyinga saga – H. Palsson and P. Edwards, Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney (1981, Penguin)
PSE – Abbo of Fleury, Passio S. Eadmundi; F. Hervey (ed. and trans.), Corolla Sancti Eadmundi: The Garland of Saint Eadmun d King and Martyr (1907, E. P. Dutton)
r. – regnal dates
Ragnarssona þáttr – B. Waggoner (ed. and trans.), The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok (2009, The Troth)
Ragnars saga Loðbrókar – B. Waggoner (ed. and trans.), The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok (2009, The Troth)
RFA – Royal Frankish Annals; B. W. Scholz (ed. and trans.), Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard’s Histories (1970, Ann Arbor)
Rígsthula – A. Orchard, The Elder Edda: A Book of Viking Lore (2011, Penguin), pp. 243–9
Rundata – Scandinavian Runic-text Database [http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm/?languageId=1]
S – Charter number in P. H. Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters: An Annotated List and Bibliography (1968, Royal Historical Society) [esawyer.org.uk]
s. a. – sub anno (‘under the year’)
Sö – Södermanland, Sweden (geographical reference; runestones)
Thrymskvida – A. Orchard, The Elder Edda: A Book of Viking Lore (2011, Penguin), pp. 96–101
U – Uppland, Sweden (geographical reference; runestones)
VA – Asser, Vita Ælfredi Regis Angul Saxonum; S. Keynes and M. Lapidge (eds and trans.), Alfred the Great: Asser’s ‘Life of King Alfred’ and Other Contemporary Sources (1983, Penguin)
Vg – Västergötland, Sweden (geographical reference; runestones)
VKM – Einhard, Vita Karoli Magni; S. E. Turner (ed. and trans.), Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne (1880, Harper & Brothers)
Völuspá – A. Orchard, The Elder Edda: A Book of Viking Lore (2011, Penguin), pp. 5–15
VSG – Felix, Vita Sancti Guthlaci; B. Colgrave (ed. and trans.), Felix’s Life of Saint Guthlac (1956, Cambridge University Press)
Wanderer – ASPR, volume 3