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25 American Invention to Discourage Sex: Ogoh Alubo, “Breaking the Wall of Silence: AIDS Policy and Politics in Nigeria,” International Journal of Health Services 32 (2002), no. 3: 551–66.
26 “wipe out entire generations”: “Nigeria: Statement by His Excellency President Olusegun Obasanjo,” 57th United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Secretariat, New York, Sept. 15, 2002, www.un.org/webcast/ga/57/statements/020915nigeriaE.htm.
27 4 percent of Nigeria’s population: National HIV/AIDS & Reproductive Health Survey, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, 2006.
27 34 million positive people: AIDS Epidemic Update 09 (Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Nov. 2009), http://data.unaids.org/pub/report/2009/jcl700_epi_update_2009_en.pdf; UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2011 (Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2011), www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf; National Policy on HIV/AIDS, Federal Government of Nigeria, 2009, http://nigeria.unfpa.org/pdf/ntpol.pdf
34 “worst years of my life”: Fred Adegbulugbe, “I Waited Four Years for Death,” interview of Rolake Odetoyinbo, Punch (Nigeria), Feb. 8, 2009, http://archive.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20090208193851.
35 “I didn’t know much about HIV”: Jemi Ekunkunbor, “HIV Made Me Feel Ugly and Battered but No More—Rolake Odetoyinbo Nwagwu,” interview, Vanguard (Nigeria), Aug. 1, 2004, www.impactaids.org.uk/newsletter/Newletter_Archive/VAN–1.htm.
35 “wasn’t in a hurry to kill me”: Adegbulugbe, “I Waited.”
37 “I don’t want to go out and look like HIV”: Ekunkunbor, “HIV Made Me Feel Ugly.”
57 “only part of the story”: Philip Alcabes, “The Ordinariness of AIDS,” American Scholar, Summer 2006, 18–32, http://theamericanscholar.org/the-ordinariness-of-aids.
65 “undesired differentness”: Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), p. 4.
68 “Dearly beloved”: Michel Foucault, The History of Madness, trans. Jean Khalfa (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 63.
69 “dominant religious discourse”: Daniel Jordan Smith, “Youth, Sin and Sex in Nigeria: Christianity and HIV/AIDS-Related Beliefs and Behaviour among Rural-Urban Migrants,” Culture, Health & Sexuality 6 (2004), no. 5: 425–37 (p. 430).
69 “sinful immoral lives”: Ibid., 429.
71 “AIDS is God’s way of checking”: Ibid., 430.
72 “Black shapes crouched”: Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness and The Secret Sharer (New York: Signet Classics, 1997), 83.
73 “continent of AIDS orphans”: Christiane Amanpour, CNN Presents, Where Have All the Parents Gone? CNN, September 23, 2006, excerpt, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdDIZWOWkKA.
75 “Traditional Ways Spread AIDS”: Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Traditional Ways Spread AIDS in Africa, Experts Say,” New York Times, Nov. 21, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/ll/21/world/africa/21cameroon.html?pagewanted=all.
76 move between populations: Michael Specter, “The Doomsday Strain,” New Yorker, Dec. 20, 2010, pp. 50—63, www.gvfi.org/docs/Specter%2012–20–10.pdf.
76 “endemicity of disease”: Paul Farmer, AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), 222.
78 “the stage of social impact”: Elizabeth Fee and Manon Parry, “Jonathan Mann, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights,” Journal of Public Health Policy 29 (2008): 54–71.
94 35.6 percent of sex workers: National HIV/AIDS & Reproductive Health Survey, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, 2006.
94 “not only of sexual excess”: Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors (New York: Picador, 1989), 114.
95 “this disease’s version of ‘the general population’”: Ibid., 115.
95 “gay plague”: David Black, The Plague Years: A Chronicle of AIDS, the Epidemic of Our Times (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986).
96 African sexuality as Other: Marc Epprecht, Heterosexual Africa? The History of an Idea from the Age of Exploration to the Age of AIDS (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008).
97 “promiscuous by Western standards”: Daniel B. Hrdy, “Cultural Practices Contributing to the Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Africa,” Reviews of Infectious Diseases 9, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 1987): 1109–19.
98 “not found in the Eurasian system”: John C. Caldwell, Pat Caldwell, and Pat Quiggin, “The Social Context of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Population and Development Review 15 (1989), no. 2: 185–234.
99 “greatest struggle”: Anonymous, Marita; or, The Folly of Love, ed. Stephanie Newell (Leiden: Koninklike Brill, 2002).
110 sequentially monogamous relationships: Martina Morris and Mirjam Kretzschmar, “Concurrent Partnerships and the Spread of HIV,” AIDS 11 (1997): 641–48.
110 concurrent partnerships: Adaora A. Adimora and Victor J. Schoenbach, “Contextual Factors and the Black-White Disparity in Heterosexual HIV Transmission,” Epidemiology 13 (2002), no. 6: 707–12.
110 “the speed with which the epidemic spreads”: Morris and Kretzschmar, “Concurrent Partnerships.”
112 multiple or concurrent partnerships: National HIV/AIDS & Reproductive Health Survey.
113 rises to 77 percent: A. O. Arowojulu, A. O. Ilesanmi, O. A. Roberts, and M. A. Okunola, “Sexuality, Contraceptive Choice and AIDS Awareness among Nigerian Undergraduates,” African Journal of Reproductive Health 6 (2002), no. 2: 60–70.
115 “‘shared pleasure’ has gained prominence”: Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale, Richmond Tiemoko, and Paulina Makinwa-Adebusoye, eds., Human Sexuality in Africa: Beyond Reproduction (Auckland Park, South Africa: Fanele/Jacana Media, 2007).
118 900 million condoms: “909.5m Condom Packets Sold in Nigeria,” Nigeria Daily News, Jan. 31, 2008, http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/?a=5879.
124 moral partnering: Daniel Jordan Smith, “Youth, Sin and Sex in Nigeria: Christianity and HIV/AIDS-Related Beliefs and Behaviour among Rural-Urban Migrants,” Culture, Health & Sexuality 6 (2004), no. 5: 425–37.
126 positive moral connotations: Ibid., 431.
139 1.3 million people: AIDS Epidemic Update 09 (Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Nov. 2009), http://data.unaids.org/pub/report/2009/jcl700_epi_update_2009_en.pdf; UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2011 (Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2011), www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf; National Policy on HIV/AIDS, Federal Government of Nigeria, 2009, http://nigeria.unfpa.org/pdf/ntpol.pdf
139 two hundred thousand AIDS-related deaths: AIDS Epidemic Update 09; National Policy on HIV/AIDS.
140 among the sexually active: Markus Haacker, ed., The Macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2004), 2.
140 more vulnerable to HIV: Ibid., 23.
140 astoundingly brief forty-five years: National HIV/AIDS & Reproductive Health Survey, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, 2006.
141 declining workforce: Haacker, Macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS, 37.
141 Household incomes drop dramatically: Ibid., 47.
145 ceremony and ritual: Georges Bataille, Erotism: Death and Sensuality (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1986), 44.
150 “Claiming positive identity”: Jean Comaroff “Beyond the Politics of Bare Life: AIDS, (Bio) Politics, and the Neoliberal Order,” Public Culture 19 (2007), no. 1: 197–221.
155 “the Nigerian invented noise”: Peter Enahoro, How to Be a Nigerian (Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books and Safari Books, 1998).
157 “safe-sex educator’s nightmare”: Mark Schoofs, “A Tale of Two Brothers,” part 2, Village Voice, Nov. 9, 1999, www.villagevoice.com/1999-ll-09/news/part-2-a-tale-of-two-brothers/3.
191 dropped by 20 percent: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2010).
191 decreased by about 20 percent: Ibid.
191 the numbers are not rising: Ibid.
193 ten thousand dollars: Kelly A. Gebo, John A. Fleishman, Richard Conviser, James Hellinger, Fred J. Hellinger, Joshua S.Josephs, Philip Keiser, Paul Gagist, and Richard D. Moore, “Contemporary Costs of HIV Healthcare in the HAART Era,” AIDS 24 (2010), no. 17: 2705–15.
197 “creation of a Global AIDS Fund”: Abuja Declaration on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Other Related Infectious Diseases, Apr. 27, 2001, http://wwwupdate.un.org/ga/aids/pdf/abuja_declaration.pdf
207 “a shared sense of humanity”: Lawrence Blum, “Compassion,” in Explaining Emotions, ed. Amélie Oksenberg Rorty (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980) 507-18