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Note: Page numbers in italics refer to a table.
Abetz, Otto, 147
Acheson, Dean
and China, 505n27
and Greece, 404
and intelligence operations, 502n24
and Truman Doctrine, 408
African Americans, 9
aircraft carriers
and Leahy’s support of navy-run air wing, 97, 117
modernization of, 116
role of, in sea power, 115
and war production strategies, 206, 207, 209, 283
airpower, naval
and air-defense weapons, 76
and battleships, 97
development of, 62–63
and Guam base, 118–119, 477n32
Leahy’s attitudes toward, 76–77, 473n30
Leahy’s support of navy-run air wing, 76, 97–98, 117–118, 422
and naval buildup, 117–118
and organization of US military, 422
technological improvements in aircraft, 76, 97, 117
and war production strategies, 202, 203, 204, 207, 209, 281, 283
See also aircraft carriers
Alanbrooke (formerly Sir Alan Brooke)
and Cairo Conferences, 256, 263
Leahy’s impatience with, 227
and Mediterranean theater, 237, 259
and Operation Overlord, 259–260
and Quebec Conference, 237–238, 239–240
and Tehran Conference, 259–260
and Trident Conference, 226, 227–228
alcoholic beverages, consumption of, 42, 63–64, 65, 72, 413–414
ambassador post of Leahy
and anti-Semitism in Vichy France, 167
and confidence in Allied victory, 162, 171
and de Gaulle, 231
and death of Leahy’s wife, 175–176
and embargo on oil shipments to Japan, 155–156, 158
and embassy staff members, 154
and French Indochina, 148–149, 155, 156–157, 158–160, 189
Leahy appointed as, 143, 144, 145–147
Leahy recalled, 172–173
and Operation Barbarossa, 165–166
and Pearl Harbor attack, 169–171
and Vichy–Germany collaboration, 147–149, 152–155, 157, 159, 162–165, 166–167, 173–174
and Weygand, 167–169
American Red Cross, 443
Annapolis. See also US Naval Academy
anti-Semitism, 167
armed-robbery attempt, Leahy’s escape from, 80
arms-control treaties, 61–62, 70, 71, 81, 114
Arnold, Henry “Hap”
and Cairo Conferences, 253, 257
and Casablanca Conference, 212, 216, 218, 220
and deployment on multiple fronts, 282
end-of-war honors bestowed on, 360–361
and FDR’s inner circle, 194
health issues of, 361
and Joint Chiefs of Staff, 188–189, 260
Leahy’s relationship with, 199–200
light duty status of, 361
and Operation Overlord, 278
and Operation Torch (North Africa), 190, 191
and Pacific strategy, 290
and plans to invade Japan, 344
promotion of, 266
strategic planning of, 182
and war production strategies, 204, 205, 206, 207
Arthur, Chester, 46
Ashland, Wisconsin, 6–7, 126, 469n3
atomic bombs
bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 357, 392
and Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech, 374
and civilian casualties, 357, 358, 359, 394
FDR–Churchill meeting on, 296, 297, 299
FDR’s positions on, 324
and first-strike doctrine, 392–393, 394, 424–426, 430, 507n12, 508n14
Interim Committee on, 341
international prohibition on, 394
Leahy’s influence on US atomic policy, 298, 300, 368, 424–426, 430–431, 495n18
Leahy’s moral issues with, 298–299, 355, 357–358, 426, 431
Leahy’s opposition to use of, 297–300, 340–341, 343, 355, 392–393, 394, 423, 495n18
Leahy’s reaction to Hiroshima, 358–359
motives for dropping, 355–356
and NSC-30, 430
and plans to invade Japan, 347–348
and Soviet Union, 355, 424, 425, 426, 430
study on fallout from, 393
Truman’s enthusiasm for, 340–341, 340n, 393
and Truman’s twelve points speech, 368, 393, 455
and United Nations, 381
Atomic Energy Commission, 394
Attlee, Clement, 354, 373, 393, 397
Austin, Bernard, 109–110
Australia, 20–21
Bad River Chippewa tribe, 126
Bailey, Josiah, 117
Bankhead, William, 116
banking system crisis of 1933, 82–83
Barker, A. W., 11
Barkley, Alben, 370
Baruch, Bernard, 186, 209, 245, 269, 274
battle force command, Leahy’s assignment to, 93–94, 95, 96–97
Battle of El Alamein, 211
Battle of Okinawa, 294, 342, 345–346, 347
Battle of Santiago de Cuba, 14
Battle of Tsushima, 33
battleships
and air control/supremacy, 121
and aircraft, 97
aircraft carriers’ replacement of, 115
buildup under Wilson, 55–56
gunnery ability of, 33, 114–115
and Hughes’ proposal (5-5-3 agreement), 61–62
Leahy’s focus on, 115, 116–117, 141, 206
modernization of, 70
and scout destroyers, 75–76
Bayard, Chevalier, 20
Ben-Gurion, David, 422
Bentley, Elizabeth, 381
Berkner, Lloyd, 391
Berlin, Germany, 427–430
Bland, S. Otis, 117
Blandy, William, 394
Bohlen, Charles “Chip,” 102, 263, 276
Bonesteel, Charles, 389–390, 503n16
Braden, Spruille, 415
Bradley, Omar, 421, 428, 430, 441
Brazil, 416
Brooke, Sir Alan, 218. See also Alanbrooke
Brown, Constantine, 58, 118, 272, 321, 432–433, 446
Bullitt, William
as ambassador to France, 144–145, 480n9
FDR’s relationship with, 269
and Hopkins, 186
and Truman’s twelve points speech, 366–367
and Welles scandal, 242–245, 490n3
Bureau of Aeronautics, 91
Bureau of Navigation, chief of, 85, 86–89, 91
Bureau of Ordnance, chief of, 68, 70–72, 76
Burma land route
Britain’s delays on, 215, 223, 224, 227, 228, 231, 236–239, 255, 264
and Cairo Conferences, 255
postponement of operation, 264
priority of, for Leahy, 215, 223, 228, 492n45
and Quebec Conference, 238, 239
seized by Japan, 189
and Trident Conference, 227, 228, 236
Butler, Smedley, 37
Byrd, Richard, 67
Byrnes, James
appointed secretary of state, 364
and atomic weapons, 341, 393, 394
and China, 387
and Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech, 1, 2
FDR’s relationship with, 106, 333
and intelligence operations, 380, 384
and Japan’s surrender, 358
and Leahy, 366, 381–383, 384, 385, 386–387, 403, 502n35, 504n20
office of, 187n
and personnel controls committee, 209
and Potsdam Conference, 348, 350, 354
and presidential race of 1944, 273
and report on Soviet relations, 504n6
resignation of, 403
and Truman, 335
and Yalta Conference, 314
Cairo Conferences, 253–257, 263–264
Callaghan, Daniel, 127
Canada, 393
Caperton, William Banks, 44–45, 47
career of Leahy
diplomatic post (see ambassador post of Leahy)
naval service (see naval career of Leahy)
political post (see Puerto Rico)
during World War II (see Chief of Staff post)
See also political skills of Leahy
Caribbean, military base in, 140
Carney, Robert Bostwick, 109
Cary, G. H., 98
Casablanca Conference, 211–213, 216–220, 240
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; initially Central Intelligence Group)
and Berlin Crisis, 428
and Clifford Report, 400
and Cold War, 431
covert operations of, 431
directors of, 376, 380, 389–391 (see also Souers, Sidney; Vandenberg, Hoyt)
and domestic surveillance, 391
Leahy’s influence on, 376–377, 379–380, 417–418
Leahy’s role in, 376–377, 384, 390, 431, 502n19
and National Intelligence Authority, 379–380, 384, 390–391
and Truman’s briefings, 385
Chiang Kai-shek
and Axis advances into China, 301
and Cairo Conferences, 253, 255
correspondence of FDR with, 182
pressures placed on, 120
and Soviet relations, 319
and Stilwell’s command, 301–302
and Truman administration, 406
undermined by US diplomats, 419
and US leadership, 387–388
and US’s insistence on coalition government, 387–388
chief of naval operations post of Leahy (CNO), 100–130
and authority of Leahy, 109–110
and cabinet meetings of FDR, 106–107
and FDR–Leahy relationship, 104–106
and Guam base, 118–119, 477n32
and looming threat of war with Germany, 121
and naval buildup, 114–118, 122–123, 141
and Panay crisis, 112–113, 115, 117–118
and Second Sino-Japanese War, 106–109, 111–113, 119–120
and Soviet battleships, 103–104
and Tongue Point, Oregon, naval base, 104, 125
Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief, Army and Navy of the United States
and atomic bombs (see atomic bombs)
authority of Leahy as, 220, 347, 352, 417–418
briefing FDR, 180–181, 183–184, 484n23, 493n57
briefing Truman, 329–330, 334, 364–365, 384–385, 411, 418, 420, 443
and Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech, 1–3, 365, 371–374, 385, 501n50
and criticisms of Leahy, 423–424, 432
daily routine, 180–181
dual roles of, 178–180
and end of war, 358–359, 360–361
and FDR’s correspondence, 220, 235, 272
and FDR’s death, 324–327, 325n, 497n67
and FDR’s health, 267, 268, 322n
and FDR’s Map Room, 181, 181n, 194, 220
first week of, 182–183
influence in Roosevelt administration, 180, 195–196, 198, 200, 202, 220, 269, 274, 303–304, 308, 451n
influence in Truman administration, 386, 403, 410, 416, 417–418, 420, 423
intelligence (see intelligence operations)
and leadership style of Leahy, 196–197, 200
office of, 187
and organization of US military, 421–422
position discontinued by Leahy, 392
postwar role of, 364
power of Leahy as, 220, 222, 290, 308, 385
and praise of Leahy, 274
promotion to five-star fleet admiral, 266, 313, 492n2
and proximity to FDR, 183–184
and relative anonymity of Leahy, 278
and respect for Leahy, 414–415
retirement from post, 434 (see also retirement of Leahy)
title, 179–180
and Truman’s Army Day address, 393
and Truman’s Navy Day address, 365, 367–371, 385
Truman’s relationship with, 334–335, 351–352, 375, 385
and Truman’s request for Leahy’s continued service, 361–362
See also specific historical events, including atomic bombs and World War II
China
aid needed by, 223, 227, 255, 387–388, 404–406, 418–419, 431, 442
Boxer Rebellion, 18
and Cairo Conferences, 255
and Chinese Communist Party, 363, 387–388, 418, 431, 503n3
and Four Policemen, 261
government of (see Chinese Nationalist regime)
and Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, 77–78
Japan’s withdrawal from, 363
Leahy’s affection for, 33, 34–35, 36, 67
Leahy’s first trip to, 17–18
and Leahy’s wartime strategy, 215, 223
and “Open Door” policy of US, 78
and Operation Anakim, 223–225, 227–228, 236, 237–238, 239–240, 488n46
road to (see Burma land route)
and Second Sino-Japanese War, 106–109, 111–113, 119–120, 223
and Soviet support of Nationalists, 319
and Stalin, 261
and Stilwell, 301–303
and Trident Conference, 225–228
US relations with, 387–389
Wedemeyer’s ambassadorship, 418–419
Chinese Nationalist regime
and Burmese road to China (see Burma land route)
and Byrnes, 382
and Chinese Communist Party, 363, 387, 418, 503n3
collapse of, 431
intelligence on, 120
Leahy’s support and sympathy for, 388, 405–406, 431
Soviet support of, 319
and Stilwell, 301–302
and Trident Conference, 228
and Truman administration, 406, 418–419, 503n3
and US’s arms embargo, 387–388, 418, 419, 442
and US’s insistence on coalition government, 387–389, 418
vulnerability of, 120, 223–224, 419
See also Chiang Kai-shek
Churchill, Winston
and Allied strategic planning, 217, 487n16
and Andaman Islands, 264
and atomic bombs of US, 296, 297, 298, 299, 356
and Cairo Conferences, 255, 256, 257, 263–264
and Casablanca Conference, 212, 216, 217, 218
and China, 224
confidential telegrams to, 333
and Edward, Duke of Windsor, 296
FDR’s correspondence with, 182
and FDR’s Map Room, 181
and German surrender, 337–338
health issues of, 398
and Hopkins, 185
“Iron Curtain” speech, 1–3, 365, 371–374, 385, 501n50
and Italian naval assets, 268
and Japan’s surrender, 358
language of, 259
and Leahy, 296, 299–300, 353–354, 437
and Mediterranean theater, 256, 261, 263
and Morgenthau Plan, 294–296
and Octagon Conference, 292–296
and Operation Anakim, 236, 488n46
and Operation Overlord, 260–261
party honoring, 397–398
and Potsdam Conference, 348–349, 353–354, 356, 358
and Quebec Conference, 236, 238, 239
removed from office, 354
Rhodes invasion proposal of, 252
on state of war in 1943, 230
and Tehran Conference, 249, 262
and Trident Conference, 225–229, 231
and Truman’s Navy Day address, 370–371
and Yalta Conference, 313, 315, 317, 318–321
civilian control of military, 91, 194, 302, 444
Clifford, Clark, 398–401, 409, 411, 423, 432, 433
Clifford Report, 398–401, 457–459
Cold War
beginning of, 396–397, 403–404
and Central Intelligence Agency, 431
and Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech, 1–3, 365, 371–372, 385
and Clifford Report, 398–401, 457–459
and containment policy, 372, 396, 401
and Leahy’s influence, 401–402, 408
and “Long Telegram” of Kennan, 372
and perceived vulnerability of Greece/Turkey, 404–408, 505n35
and Truman Doctrine, 396–397, 407–408
and Truman’s twelve points speech, 367
Combined Chiefs of Staff
about, 188
and Berlin Crisis, 428–429
and British forces in Pacific theatre, 292–294
and Casablanca Conference, 217
first meeting of, 182
and Operation Torch (North Africa), 191–192
and Trident Conference, 225, 227, 228–229
and western front, 259
communism
capitalism’s incompatibility with, 371, 401, 408
and Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech, 373
and fears of Soviet threats, 404–408
in France, 165
Leahy’s perspectives on, 58–59, 103n, 251, 363, 388, 401
and Truman Doctrine, 396–397, 407–408
Cunningham, Sir Andrew, 182, 192
Daniels, Josephus, 42–43, 44, 46, 47, 64
Darlan, François
assassination of, 232–233
confidence in German victory, 152, 162
and embargo on oil shipments to Japan, 158–159
and Germany’s Operation Barbarossa, 166
Leahy’s concerns about, 152–153
and Leahy’s role in France, 152
and Leahy’s warnings about collaboration, 159, 173–174
and “Popeye” code name, 153, 481n31
and Protocols of Paris, 163–164
and Vichy collaboration policy, 152, 153–154, 157, 162–164, 166–167
D-Day. See Operation Overlord
de Gaulle, Charles
and Darlan’s assassination, 232
and end of war, 339–340
French support for, 169, 483n39
and Giraud, 232–234
grandstanding of, 171–172
Joint Chiefs of Staff honored by, 360
Leahy’s disdain for, 51, 169, 231–234, 276, 360, 437
in North Africa, 232–234
and Syrian agreement of Darlan, 164
Dennison, Robert, 196–197
Dewey, George, 313n
Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 182, 377, 378–379, 385
Dreyer, Frederic, 50
Durham, R. C., 134–135
Early, Stephen, 328
Edison, Charles, 100–101, 109, 115
Eighteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, 63
Einstein, Albert, 297, 423–424, 432
Eisenhower, Dwight
and atomic bombs of US, 425
and CIA director, 389–390, 503n16
and civil administration of France, 268
and death of Marshall, 447–448
and German surrender, 337
and Joint Chiefs of Staff, 415
and Leahy’s funeral, 447
Leahy’s teasing of, 415
and Operation Overlord, 260, 277
postwar public reception of, 369
and presidential race of 1952, 445
and unification proposal, 392
and US policy toward France, 222
Elsey, George, 246, 276, 333–334, 398–400, 401, 446, 487n20
Emergency Banking Act (1933), 83
Estonia, 251
birth of son, 30 (see also Leahy, William Harrington)
and death of aunt, 94
family history composed for, 74–75
favors requested for, 274
and Patriot (dog), 65
and retirement of Leahy, 439–440
wife, 24–25 (see also Leahy, Louise Harrington)
Fife, James, 196
finances of Leahy
bankruptcy, 79, 82, 126, 474n44
and Colusa County Bank stock, 68–69, 73–74, 79, 82, 83, 473n53
difficulties with, 73
and drop in home value, 73
and empathy for others, 79
finances of Leahy (con’t)
and farm land in Colusa County, 68–69, 73, 79, 473n53
and financial security of military career, 8
and Great Depression, 73
at time of death, 5
Formosa, 279, 286, 288–289, 330, 451–452
Forrestal, James
and atomic bombs of US, 425, 430
and Berlin Crisis, 429
and China, 419
demands for Leahy’s retirement, 432
and Greece, 405
and intelligence operations, 379
and Leahy’s office in Pentagon, 438
and Leahy’s postwar role, 364
Leahy’s relationship with, 247–248
and organization of US military, 422, 506n25
and plans to invade Japan, 344, 346
Secretary of Defense post, 417, 421
Secretary of the Navy post, 275
strategic planning of, 184
and Truman Doctrine, 408
and Yalta Conference, 336
France
Allied invasion of (see Operation Overlord)
and Allied strategic planning, 217, 218, 225–226, 228
“Appeasement” policy of, 127
Bullitt’s ambassadorship to, 144–145
and Casablanca Conference, 218
and despair of citizens, 151–152
and French Communists, 165
and German aggression, 130
and Greco-Turkish War, 60
imperialism of, 362–363
Joint Chiefs of Staff honored by, 360
Leahy’s love of, 56–57
Leahy’s wartime role in (see ambassador post of Leahy)
navy of, 148
and Pétain’s trial for treason, 338–339
and Soviet relations, 319
and Truman’s Navy Day address, 370
and US industrial production strategies, 207
wartime government (see Vichy regime)
and Washington Naval Conference, 61
and World War I, 51
See also de Gaulle, Charles
Franklin Roosevelt Memorial Foundation, 444
French Indochina, 148–149, 155, 156–157, 158–160, 162, 189
French North Africa
and Axis plans, 157
and Cairo Conferences, 255
and Casablanca Conference, 211–213
and de Gaulle, 232–234
FDR’s concerns about, 148
German advances on, 189
and Giraud, 232–234
and Joint Chiefs of Staff, 190–192
Leahy’s position on invasion of, 223, 281
and Operation Torch, 182, 183, 190–192, 198, 206, 211, 223, 231–232, 484n9
surrender of German/Italian forces in, 225
and Vichy–Germany collaboration, 158, 159, 162–163
vulnerability of, 149, 190–191
and Weygand, 168–169
Fullam, William, 40
gambling, Leahy’s, 64, 65, 412–413
Garner, John Nance, 106
Geneva Naval Conference of 1927, 70
George VI, King of Great Britain, 397
Germany
atomic weapon development of, 297–298
and Berlin Wall, 427
and Czechoslovakia, 127–128
destruction in, 350
and foreign policy of FDR, 102
and Morgenthau Plan, 294–296, 303–304, 494n10
and Nazis’ rise to power, 120–121
and Operation Barbarossa, 155, 165–166
and Poland, 127, 128, 130, 166
surrender of, 337–338
Versailles Treaty violations of, 121
war declared on US, 170
World War I, 51
and Yalta Conference, 319
Giraud, Henri, 218, 232, 233–234, 489n11
Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 181n
Gorgas, William, 31
Great Britain
and Allied strategic planning, 215–217
“Appeasement” policy of, 121, 127
and arms-control treaties, 61–62, 71, 114
and Berlin Crisis, 428
and Burma (see Burma land route)
and Cairo Conferences, 253–257, 263–264
and Casablanca Conference, 216–220, 224, 240
and Chinese Nationalist regime, 223–224
and German aggression, 130
and German surrender, 337–338
and Germany-first strategy, 216, 224
and Greco-Turkish War, 60
imperialism of, 362–363, 397, 398
and invasion of France, 240 (see also D-Day)
Joint Chiefs of Staff honored by, 360–361
Leahy’s 1946 trip to, 397–398
Leahy’s perspectives on, 49, 50–51
and Leahy’s research of Royal Navy, 49–50
and lend-lease deal of FDR, 140, 275, 308–312
and Mediterranean theater, 237, 240, 255, 256, 261, 263
and Morgenthau Plan, 294–296
and Octagon Conference, 292–296, 303
and Operation Anakim, 224–225, 227–228, 236, 237–238, 239–240, 488n46
and Operation Overlord, 491n29
and Pacific theatre, 224–225, 236, 240, 292–294
and Quebec Conference, 236–240, 251
and Tehran Conference, 257–263
and Trident Conference, 222–229, 231, 234, 239, 251
and Truman’s Navy Day address, 370
US’s relationship with, 49–51
See also Churchill, Winston
Great Depression, 71–73, 75, 78–79, 81, 88, 94, 474n9
Greece
aid for, 396, 404, 405–406, 407, 420
Greco-Turkish War, 53, 54–55, 59–61
and threat of communism, 402, 404–408, 505n35
and Truman Doctrine, 396–397
Guadalcanal campaign, 214–215, 230, 282
Guam, 15–16, 117–119, 285, 477n32
Haiti, 45
Halfmoon Joint Emergency War Plan, 425–426
Halsey, William “Bull,” 76, 284
Harding, Warren, 80
Harriman, Averell, 247, 256, 272, 319, 403
Hart, Thomas, 10, 26, 43, 172, 440
Hartsfield, William B., 98
Hassett, William, 409, 414, 444–445, 446, 447
Hawaii, Pearl Harbor base in, 141–142, 155–156, 169–171, 451–453
health of Leahy
fainting spell, 414
psychosomatic conditions, 66, 74
in retirement years, 437, 439, 446
yellow fever, 31
Hepburn, Arthur, 10
Hepburn Report, 478n5
Herring, Clyde, 106
Hillenkoetter, Roscoe, 154, 376, 416, 417, 418, 431
Himmler, Heinrich, 233
Hiss, Alger, 381
Hitler, Adolf
Czechoslovakia seized by, 127–128
death of, 337
and Germany’s weakened state, 291
and Great Britain’s Appeasement policy, 121
Leahy’s perspectives on, 120–121
and Munich Conference, 121, 127
and Russian front, 249
Stalin on fate of, 352
and Sudetenland, 121
Versailles Treaty violations of, 121
Holmes, Julius, 380
homosexuality, 241–245
Hoover, Herbert, 71–72, 79, 81, 82, 84, 473n4, 474n9
Hopkins, Harry
advising role of, 183
and Cairo Conferences, 253, 254n, 255
and Casablanca Conference, 212, 213, 219, 220
and de Gaulle in North Africa, 233
and Edward, Duke of Windsor, 296
and FDR–Leahy relationship, 220–221, 241, 296
and FDR’s Canadian vacation, 235
and FDR’s correspondence, 193
and FDR’s death, 325
and FDR’s inner circle, 194
and FDR’s Map Room, 181
and FDR’s meeting with MacArthur and Nimitz, 287
FDR’s relationship with, 101, 106, 186, 293, 315, 317, 494n3
FDR’s trust in, 159–160
health issues of, 221, 245–246, 255, 267–268, 315, 325, 348
influence of, 185
and Leahy, 186–187, 220, 246, 273–274, 493n40
and Marshall, 198
office of, 187
and personnel controls committee, 209
political ideology of, 185–186
and Potsdam Conference, 348
and presidential race of 1944, 273
and Soviet relations, 250, 263
strategic planning of, 184
and Tehran Conference, 257–258, 263
and travels to Britain, 182
and war production strategies, 204, 205, 486n6
Hopkins, Harry (con’t)
and Yalta Conference, 313, 315, 317
House Naval Affairs Committee, 87–88, 90, 129
Hughes, Charles Evans, 61
Hull, Cordell
and Bullitt, 480n9
and Casablanca Conference, 212
and FDR’s Map Room, 181
FDR’s relationship with, 101–102
health issues of, 275–276
and Japan’s surrender, 358
and Leahy, 112–113, 125, 246–247
and looming threat of war with Germany, 128
marginalization of, 247
and Protocols of Paris, 163
resignation of, 276
and Second Sino-Japanese War, 107, 112–113
and “slaves” comment of Leahy, 103
and Tehran Conference, 251
understanding of strategic policy, 194
and Vichy–Germany collaboration, 163
and Welles, 102, 242, 243–245, 490n3
Hurley, Patrick, 301, 302, 445
Hutcheson, Joseph, Jr., 389
Hyland, John, 86–87
I Was There (Leahy), 440–441
Ibn Saud, 322–324
Ickes, Harold
and embargo on oil shipments to Japan, 160
and Hopkins, 186
and Leahy’s governorship of Puerto Rico, 128, 132, 136, 144
and naval buildup under FDR, 115–116
and Second Sino-Japanese War, 107
and war production strategies, 182, 205
and Welles, 102
and Winship’s resignation, 131
intelligence operations
and Clifford Report, 400
and Japanese fishermen in Alaska, 119–120
Leahy’s influence on, 376–377, 379–380
Leahy’s role in, 119–120, 376–378, 383, 384–385, 418
National Intelligence Authority (NIA), 379–380, 384
Office of Strategic Services, 377–380, 391, 431
and Roosevelt, 119–120
spies’ infiltration of US government, 380–381
and State Department proposal, 380
and Truman’s briefings, 384–385
See also Central Intelligence Agency; National Security Council
“Iron Curtain” speech (Churchill), 1–3, 365, 371–374, 385
isolationism
isolationism of Leahy, 78, 95–96, 108, 136, 216, 309, 363
and rise of Nazi Germany, 121
Italy, 61, 128, 234–236, 238, 252, 489n11
James VII, King, 6
Japan
and Allied strategic planning, 214, 215, 217
Americans’ perspectives on, 33
and arms-control treaties, 61–62, 71, 114
and atomic bombs of US, 356, 357, 392–393
Battle of Okinawa, 294, 342, 345–346, 347
as competitor of US Navy, 56
and FDR’s foreign policy, 102
and FDR’s oil embargo, 155–156, 158
and French Indochina, 148–149, 155, 156–157, 158–160, 189
and Germany-first strategy of Allies, 214, 215, 216, 224
and Guadalcanal campaign, 214–215, 230
intelligence on oil stockpiles, 120
invasion of Manchuria, 77–78
and Kyushu, 341, 342, 344–346, 347–348, 498n5
and Leahy’s battle force, 96–97
and Leahy’s focus on Pacific war, 223, 281–282
Leahy’s perspectives on, 33–34, 36, 96
Pearl Harbor attack, 155–156, 169–171
and Philippines campaign, 279–280
plans to invade islands of, 286, 289, 320, 341, 342–343, 344–348
potential naval threat of, 95
and Potsdam Conference, 348, 355–358
and Russia, 33
and Second Sino-Japanese War, 106–109, 111–113, 119–120, 223
ship construction of, 88
and Stimson’s inflammatory remarks, 81–82
surrender of, 358
territories seized by, 189
and Trident Conference, 225–226
and USS Panay crisis, 112–113, 115, 117–118
war manufacturing capabilities of, 282–283
withdrawal from China, 363
Jewish people, 167, 323–324, 389, 420
Johnson, Edwin, 106
Joint Chiefs of Staff
and atomic bombs of US, 395, 425
and Berlin Crisis, 428
and Cairo Conferences, 253–254
and Casablanca Conference, 211–213, 216–220, 224
and China policies, 224
and Clifford Report, 400
and deployment on multiple fronts, 282
dysfunction in, 188–189, 216, 220
and Eisenhower, 415
end-of-war honors bestowed on, 360–361
and FDR’s inner circle, 194
and intelligence operations, 379, 502n21
and Leahy’s political skills, 196–200
and Leahy’s retirement, 432, 438
Leahy’s role as chairman of, 182, 192, 196, 485n27
Leahy’s status as senior member of, 178, 193–194 (see also Chief of Staff post)
and Mediterranean theater, 236
meetings of, 191n
nearing war’s end, 312–313
and Operation Overlord, 260, 264
and Operation Torch (North Africa), 190–192, 198
and Pacific theatre, 215, 283–286, 451–453
and Philippines campaign, 279, 280
and plans to invade Japan, 289, 347
proposed formalization of, 222
and Supreme Commander choice, 260
and Trident Conference, 222–229
and Truman, 330
and war production strategies, 204, 206–208
and weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), 424
and Yalta Conference, 313. See also Arnold, Henry “Hap”; King, Ernest; Marshall, George C.
Joint Research and Development Committee, 391
Kennan, George, 372
Key West, Florida, 396, 409–413, 421–422, 434, 438, 443
Keynes, John Maynard, 309–311
King, Ernest
and accidential torpedo launch, 254
anti-British order withdrawn, 274
and atomic bombs of US, 341
and British forces in Pacific theatre, 293, 294
and Cairo Conferences, 253, 254n, 257
and Casablanca Conference, 212, 216–220
as chief of naval operations and CINCUS, 172
and Churchill’s Rhodes proposal, 252
and deployment on multiple fronts, 282
end-of-war honors bestowed on, 360–361
and FDR’s inner circle, 194
and Forrestal, 248
and Germany-first strategy, 281
and Joint Chiefs of Staff, 188–189, 260
Leahy’s relationship with, 196, 199
and Leahy’s roles as chief of staff, 178, 179
and navy–army tension in Pacific, 283–284
and Operation Overlord, 278
and Operation Torch (North Africa), 190, 191, 192, 206
and Pacific strategy, 285, 286–287, 288, 290
and Philippines campaign, 279
and plans to invade Japan, 344, 345–346
and Potsdam Conference, 348, 354
promotion of, 266
and recruitment of sailors, 208
retirement of, 361
and Standley’s centralization plans, 91
strategic planning of, 182
and travels to Britain, 182
and war production strategies, 204, 205, 207
and Yalta Conference, 315
King Neptune’s court (initiation ritual), 12, 416
Knox, Frank
and Casablanca Conference, 212
death of, 271
and FDR’s Map Room, 194
and Forrestal, 248
Leahy’s relationship with, 182
limited influence of, 194, 195
secretary of the navy appointment, 129
Korea, 379
Krug, Julius, 405–406
Krulak, Victor “Brute,” 86–87
Land, Emory, 117
Landry, R. B., 428
Larimer, E. B., 86
Latvia, 251
Laval, Pierre, 147, 152, 173–174
Leahy, Caroline (niece), 275
Leahy, Daniel (grandfather), 6
Leahy, Elizabeth Beale (daughter-in-law), 66, 71
Leahy, Louise Beale (granddaughter), 71, 126, 361, 420–421, 439–440
Leahy, Louise Harrington (wife)
birth of son, 30
and career of Leahy, 26
courtship and marriage, 25–26
influence on Leahy, 26
and Leahy’s ambassadorship to France, 150
in Puerto Rico, 137
relocation to Washington, DC, 43
and retirement of Leahy, 124
Leahy, Mary Eagan (grandmother), 5–6
Leahy, Michael Arthur (father), 5–8, 24, 94, 443, 470n3
Leahy, Robert Beale (grandchild), 126
Leahy, Rose Mary Hamilton (mother), 5, 6, 24, 94, 443
Leahy, Stephen (brother), 66, 443
Leahy, William Daniel
career (see career of Leahy)
commitment to duty, 20
education, 7–10 (see also US Naval Academy)
ethics (see morality of Leahy)
family (see family of Leahy)
finances (see finances of Leahy)
funeral, 447
marriage, 25–26 (see also Leahy, Louise Harrington)
memoir, 440–441
memorials, 448
portraits and busts, 7, 361, 413–414
religion (see religious outlook of Leahy)
social skills and socialization, 43, 59–60, 365–366
Leahy, William Harrington (son)
at Annapolis, 65–66
career choices, 74–75
daughter, 71
European trip, 56
health issues, 66
Leahy’s first experience with, 32
marriage, 66
and parenting style of Leahy, 66
and retirement of Leahy, 439–440
youth, 66
LeMay, Curtis, 394
Life magazine, 180
Lippmann, Walter, 125
List, Eugene, 353
Lithuania, 251
London Naval Conference, 71
“Long Telegram” of Kennan, 372
Lovett, Robert, 309
appearance of, 288
and Bonus Marchers, 79
dismissed by Truman, 444
FDR’s meeting with, 287–289
and navy–army tension in Pacific, 283–284
and Pacific strategy, 287–289
and Philippines campaign, 279–280, 286–287
and plans to invade Japan, 342–343
and presidential race of 1944, 286, 288
MacArthur, Douglas, II, 154, 288
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 41, 97, 148, 203
Manhattan Project, 297–298, 298n, 300, 356, 384, 394. See also atomic bombs
Mao Tse-tung, 363, 363n, 387, 419, 431
Marín, Luis Muñoz, 135–136
Maritime Commission, 117
Marshall, George C.
and atomic bombs of US, 298, 341, 425, 430
authority and influence of, 197–198
and Cairo Conferences, 253–254, 254n, 257
and Casablanca Conference, 212, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220
and China, 224, 300, 387–389, 418, 419, 442, 443
and Churchill’s Rhodes proposal, 252
and Cold War, 403
and conscription of civilian labor, 208–209, 281
cross-Channel invasion plan of, 188, 203, 213–214, 218 (see also Operation Overlord)
death of, 447–448
and deployment on multiple fronts, 282
end-of-war honors bestowed on, 360–361
FDR’s correspondence with, 193
and FDR’s inner circle, 194
FDR’s relationship with, 139, 197, 281, 290, 335
and Germany-first strategy, 213, 281
and Greece, 405
and Hopkins, 198
and Israel, 422–423
and Joint Chiefs of Staff, 188–189, 260, 485n33
and Leahy’s funeral, 447
and Leahy’s governorship of Puerto Rico, 133
and Leahy’s power/influence, 280, 281
Leahy’s relationship with, 129, 196–199, 300, 433
and Leahy’s roles as chief of staff, 178, 179
and Mediterranean theater, 234–235
and Operation Overlord, 260, 264, 277–278, 281, 491n29
and Operation Torch (North Africa), 190, 191, 192, 198, 206, 484n6
and Philippines campaign, 279
and plans to invade Japan, 342, 344–347, 498n5
and Potsdam Conference, 348, 354
promotion of, 266
and Quebec Conference, 236–237
and recruitment of troops, 208
retirement of, 361
Secretary of Defense appointment, 442
Secretary of State appointment, 403
and size of army, 203–204, 208, 209
strategic planning of, 182, 213–214
and travels to Britain, 182
and Trident Conference, 226
and Truman, 335
and Truman Doctrine, 408
and Turkey, 405
and war production strategies, 202–203, 205, 207, 281
and Yalta Conference, 315, 336
Martha, Princess of Norway, 182, 229, 244, 325
Martin, Joseph, 404
Matloff, Maurice, 304
Matthews, H. Freeman, 154, 170, 275, 299
Mayo, H. T., 32, 38, 39, 40, 49, 471n22
McCarthy, Joseph, 443–444
McCollum, Arthur, 377
McCully, Newton, 62
McIntire, Ross, 127, 212, 216, 267, 272
McKinley, William, 12–13, 15, 21–22
McNary, Charles, 125
Mediterranean theater of World War II
British support for, 237, 240, 255, 256, 261, 263
and Cairo Conferences, 255, 256
and Casablanca Conference, 217, 218
and German defense of Italy, 252
and Italy’s vulnerability, 234–235
Leahy’s concerns about, 222, 235–236
and Quebec Conference, 237, 238
Supreme Commander for, 254
and Tehran Conference, 259
and Trident Conference, 225, 226, 228
waning support for, 236
memoir of Leahy, 440–441
Mena, Luis, 37
Mercer, Lucy, 271
Middle East
and Clifford Report, 400
decline of European influence in, 363
and Israel, 422–423
and Jewish immigration, 323–324, 389, 420
and talks with Ibn Saud, 322–324
US policy toward, 269
Mitchell, William “Billy,” 63
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 318, 336, 352, 382, 499n37
Montgomery, Bernard, 211
morality of Leahy
and atomic bombs of US, 298–299, 355, 357–358, 426, 431
and civilian targets, 298–299
and cockfighting in Manila, 16–17
and Greco-Turkish War, 53, 54–55, 59–61
and Second Sino-Japanese War, 111
Morgenthau, Henry
and FDR’s death, 325n
and Hopkins–FDR relationship, 293
and Jewish population in Europe, 323
Leahy’s relationship with, 269, 275, 303–304
and lend-lease deal of FDR, 309–312
and Octagon Conference, 294, 295, 494n9
and presidential race of 1944, 304–305
resignation of, 352
and Wallace, 314
Morgenthau Plan, 294–296, 303–304, 303n, 352
Murphy, Robert, 352
Murville, Maurice Couve de, 155
Mussolini, Benito, 121, 128, 234
Nadal, Rafael Martínez, 133
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 56
Nash, Philleo, 411
National Defense Act of 1947, 194, 417, 418, 421
National Intelligence Agency, 417
National Intelligence Authority (NIA), 379–380, 384, 390–391
national security advisor role, 183, 364, 418, 418n
National Security Council (NSC), 416, 417–418, 426, 428, 430, 431
National Security Resources Board, 417
naval base construction, 61
and ability to kiss ass, 45–46
assigned to personnel division, 39, 40–41, 67
assigned to study the Royal Navy, 49–50
as assistant director of target practice, 38–39
as battle force commander, 93–94, 95, 96–97
as chief aide to Mayo, 39
as chief of Bureau of Navigation, 85, 86–89, 91
as chief of Bureau of Ordnance, 68, 70–72, 76
as chief of staff to Caperton, 45
command of minelaying flotilla, 62
command of scout destroyers, 73, 75–76
command of USS Chattanooga, 56
command of USS Dolphin, 44–45, 46, 47–48
command of USS New Mexico battleship, 67–68
command of USS Princess Matoika, 48–49
command of USS Shawmut, 62, 67
command of USS St. Louis, 57
and desire to see the world, 8
and early combat experiences, 36, 37, 48
and Greco-Turkish War, 53, 54–55, 59–61
as gunnery director, 48–49, 55–56
as gunnery officer, 32–33, 38, 55–56
and gunnery training of sailors, 97
and international outlook of Leahy, 35–36
medals of Leahy, 129
positions declined by Leahy, 56, 62
promotion to captain, 52
promotion to five-star fleet admiral, 266, 313, 492n2
promotion to rear admiral, 68
promotion to vice admiral, 93–94
and reputation of Leahy, 38
serving on USS California, 32–36, 77
serving on USS Constellation, 8–9, 74
as special naval aide to Taft, 38
two-year extension of active duty, 129
Naval Intelligence, 380
Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, 64
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 370
Nelson, Donald, 202, 205, 206–207
Netherlands, 435–436
New Deal
influence on Leahy, 416
and Leahy’s governorship of Puerto Rico, 132, 133
Leahy’s support for, 82–83, 98–99
newspaper clippings on, 479n13
Niblack, Albert, 25, 35, 44, 60, 69, 473n30, 473n53
Niles, David K., 432
Nimitz, Chester
and atomic bombs of US, 425
as chief of Pacific Fleet, 172
as commander in chief of Pacific Operating Area, 283
and Eisenhower’s ambitions, 415
FDR’s meeting with, 287–289
and Leahy’s crooked nose, 7
and Leahy’s teasing of Eisenhower, 415
and navy–army tension in Pacific, 283–284
and Pacific strategy, 283–285, 287–289
Octagon Conference, 292–296, 303, 304
Office of Economic Stabilization, 205
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 377–380, 391, 431
Okinawa, fighting at, 294, 342, 345–346, 347
Operation Anakim, 223–225, 227–228, 236, 237–238, 239–240, 488n46
Operation Bagration, 291
Operation Barbarossa, 155, 165–166
Operation Husky, 234
Operation Olympic, 344–348
Operation Overlord (invasion of France)
British delays/objections, 217, 231, 237, 256, 259–260, 263
and Cairo Conferences, 256
FDR’s negotiations for, 238
initiation of invasion, 277
Leahy’s perspectives on, 215, 251–252, 281
Marshall’s call for invasion, 188, 203, 213–214, 218
preparations for, 277
and Quebec Conference, 238
Soviet support of, 256, 259, 260, 261
Supreme Commander for, 254, 260–261, 264, 491n29
and Tehran Conference, 259–260
and Trident Conference, 228, 231, 239
Operation Torch, 190–192, 198, 206, 223, 231–232, 484n9
commanders of, 44, 87, 141, 172 (see also Nimitz, Chester)
and evacuation of US citizens in Shanghai, 107
and Guam base, 118
and Japan’s naval competition, 56
Pearl Harbor attack, 155–156, 169–171
Pearl Harbor base of, 141–142, 451–453
in post-World War I period, 56
Pacific theater
Allied forces dedicated to, 281, 281–283
and Allied strategic planning, 217, 280–289, 281, 451–453
American sea/air power in, 205, 214–215
Battle of Okinawa, 294, 342, 345–346, 347
blockades employed in, 117–118, 123, 280, 286, 289
command structure in, 283–284
commanders in, 283–284 (see also Hart, Thomas; MacArthur, Douglas; Nimitz, Chester)
FDR’s negotiations for, 238
and Germany-first strategy of Allies, 214, 215, 216, 224, 281, 285
and Great Britain, 224–225, 236, 240
and Guadalcanal campaign, 214–215, 230, 282
Japanese dominance of, in 1942, 189
Leahy’s focus on, 223, 281–282
Leahy’s preparations for, 96–97
and Mariana Islands, 118, 284–286
and Operation Anakim, 223–225, 227–228, 236, 237–238, 239–240, 488n46
and Pearl Harbor attack, 155–156, 169–171
and Philippines campaign, 279–280
and plans to invade Japan, 286, 289, 320, 341, 342–343, 344–348
and Quebec Conference, 237, 238
Soviet participation in, 320, 343, 355, 499n37
and Trident Conference, 225–226, 227
and Truman, 340
and war production strategies, 117, 206
Palestine, 323, 324, 389, 420, 423
Patterson, Robert
and Berlin Crisis, 429
and China, 387
and Clifford Report, 400
forceful engagement of, 364
and Greece, 405
and lend-lease deal, 309
and Truman Doctrine, 408
and unification dispute, 391
Pearl Harbor attack, 155–156, 169–171
Pearl Harbor base, 141–142, 451–453
Pehle, John, 323
Pendergast, Thomas, 332–333
Pepper, Claude, 106
personnel office of US Navy, 39, 40–41, 43, 67
Pétain, Marshal
anti-Semitic laws of regime, 167
and Darlan, 152
dictatorship of, 165
and embargo on oil shipments to Japan, 158–159
and Germany’s stranglehold, 150
and Leahy’s arrival in France, 151
and Leahy’s role in France, 147
and Leahy’s warning about collaboration, 157, 159, 162, 163
trial of, 338–339
and Vichy collaboration with Germany, 143, 162, 164–165, 172, 173
and Weygand, 168–169
Philippines
casualties in, 345
independence movement in, 11, 15, 136
Leahy’s assignment to, 19–22
and Pacific strategy, 279–280, 284, 286–287, 288–289
and Philippine–American War, 15, 19
Pogue, Forrest, 298
Poland
and Donovan, 378
and German aggression, 127, 128, 130, 166
Leahy honored by, 360
and Potsdam Conference, 355
and Soviet Union, 263, 292, 320–322, 360, 362
and Warsaw uprising, 292
and Yalta Conference, 318, 336
political ideology of Leahy, 21, 90, 98–99, 125
political skills of Leahy
and cabinet meetings of FDR, 106
as Chief of Staff, 196–200
and foresight of Leahy, 98
and King, 199
and life in Washington, 126
and Marshall, 196–199
and naval readiness in Pacific war, 117
and Pearl Harbor base, 141–142
and respect of colleagues for Leahy, 90
and Soviet relations, 103
and support base of Leahy, 92
and tensions with Standley, 92–93
and Tongue Point, Oregon, naval base, 125
and work with US Congress, 89–90
in youth, 10
Pompeii, 58n
Portal, Sir Charles, 218
Portugal, 56
Potsdam Conference, 333, 348–358
Pound, Sir Dudley, 218
Powell, Louis, 440
power and influence of Leahy
as chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, 222
and MacArthur, 290
and promotion to five-star admiral, 266
in Roosevelt administration, 180, 195–196, 198, 200, 202, 220, 269, 274, 303–304, 308, 451n
in Truman administration, 385, 386, 403, 410, 416, 417–418, 420, 423
and US atomic policy, 298, 300, 368, 424–426, 430–431, 495n18
wielded in background, 3, 278, 387
Pratt, William, 72–73, 85, 474n11
press officer of Leahy, 109–110
Protocols of Paris, 163–164, 168
Puerto Rico
and governorship of Leahy, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131–137, 140, 479n13
Leahys’ departure from, 143–144
WPA projects in, 132, 133, 134, 137, 140
Quebec Conference (QUADRANT), 235–240, 251
race and racism in America, 22, 137–138
receptions and parties required of Leahy, 59–60
Reeves, Joseph, 91
religious outlook of Leahy
Catholic background of Leahy, 27
Episcopalian affiliation of Leahy, 27, 65, 177–178
and influence of Louise on Leahy, 26–27, 177
and Leahy’s ignorance of religion, 22, 65
and sexuality propriety, 58n
respect for Leahy, 10, 90, 414–415
retirement of Leahy
and connecting with friends, 440
and Eisenhower’s election, 445
and family time, 439–440
and final days of Leahy, 446
and health issues, 437–438, 439, 446
and influence over US policy, 445
initiated by Leahy, 434
and memoir, 440–441
from naval career (1939), 124, 129–130
time spent in Key West, 438, 443
and trip to Wisconsin, 443
and Truman, 434–435, 438, 442–443, 446
and visitors, 437–438, 446, 509n34
Rhodes, Greece, 252
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 156–157
Richardson, James O., 141–142
Ringquist, Dorothy, 358–359, 366, 446
RMS Lusitania, sinking of, 47
Robinson, Joseph, 98
Roman Catholic Church, 27
Roosevelt, Anna, 314, 315, 316, 446
Roosevelt, Eleanor
and Churchill, 297
entertaining of, 43
and FDR’s failing health, 307
and FDR’s Hobcaw Barony retreat, 271
FDR’s relationship with, 184–185
and German surrender, 338
Leahy’s relationship with, 184
and Quebec Conference, 238
and Wallace, 314
Roosevelt, Elliott, 271
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (FDR)
and accidential torpedo launch, 254
and anti-Semitism in Vichy France, 167
and arms-control treaties, 81, 474n38
as assistant secretary of the US Navy, 40
and atomic bombs of US, 296, 297, 298, 299, 324
and Axis Unconditional Surrender doctrine, 218–219, 487n20
background of, 41–42
and banking system crisis, 82–83
battle force displayed for, 95
and Bullitt, 144–145, 244, 269, 480n9
and Burma land route, 264
and Cairo Conferences, 253–257, 254n
Canadian vacation of, 235
Caribbean trip of, 126–127
and Casablanca Conference, 211–213, 218–219
on central importance of Navy, 41
and China policies, 224
and conscription of civilian labor, 208–209, 281
correspondence of, 220, 235, 272
death of, 324–327, 328–329, 497n67
and deployment on multiple fronts, 282
and economic crisis, 84
embargo on oil shipments to Japan, 155–156, 158
entertaining of, 43
family of, 46–47
foreign policy of, 102, 105, 128
and German aggression, 127–128
and Germany-first strategy, 281, 282
and Germany’s Operation Barbarossa, 166
health issues of, 216, 267, 269, 270–272, 305, 307–308, 315, 317
and Hobcaw Barony retreat, 269–272
and Hull, 243–244
Hyde Park residence of, 107–108
inauguration of, 307–308
inner circle of, 101–102, 127, 179, 194, 212
and intelligence operations, 119–120, 378–379
and Japanese attack of USS Panay, 113, 115
Leahy trusted by, 42, 104, 105, 109, 128, 131–132, 208–209, 270, 281
and Leahy’s ambassadorship to France, 143, 144–147, 172–173
and Leahy’s briefings, 180–181, 183–184, 484n23, 493n57
Leahy’s loyalty to, 142, 300, 442, 444–445
and Leahy’s promotion to CNO, 95, 98, 99
and Leahy’s promotion to five-star fleet admiral, 266, 313, 492n2
Leahy’s relationship with, 43, 47, 92, 94, 104–106, 109, 119, 126–127, 139, 161–162, 241, 290, 437–438
and Leahy’s restraint, 65
and Leahy’s retirement, 130
and Leahy’s roles as chief of staff, 178–179, 193
lend-lease deal of, 140, 275, 308–312
and looming threat of war with Germany, 128–129, 130, 139
MacArthur and Nimitz’s meeting with, 287–289
and Mahan’s sea power theories, 41
Map Room of, 181–182, 194, 220
marriage of, 184–185
and Mediterranean theater, 254, 256
and military strategy, 214
and Morgenthau Plan, 294–295, 303–304
naval buildup under, 88, 114–118
as nominee for vice president, 80
and Octagon Conference, 292–296
and Operation Anakim, 224
and Operation Overlord, 260, 261, 278, 281
and Operation Torch (North Africa), 190
and Pacific theatre, 224, 285, 287–289
on Pearl Harbor attack, 170
and Pearl Harbor base, 141–142
and personnel office of US Navy, 39, 40–41
and Poland, 321–322
and Polish uprising, 292
and presidential race of 1932, 81, 82
and presidential race of 1936, 98
and presidential race of 1940, 134–135
and presidential race of 1944, 273, 287, 304–306
and Protocols of Paris, 163
and Puerto Rico governorship, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131–132
and Quebec Conference, 235–240
racial attitudes of, 138
religious life of, 177–178
and Soviet relations, 103, 250–251, 250n
and Standley–Leahy tensions, 93–94
and Stilwell’s service in China, 302–303
and Tehran Conference, 249–251, 257–263
and Trident Conference, 225–229
and Truman’s twelve points speech, 368
and United Nations, 250, 261, 319
and USS Dolphin, 46
and Vichy–Germany collaboration, 147–149, 159–160, 163, 164, 172–173
and Vinson, 88
and Wallace, 314–315
and war production strategies, 202, 203, 204–205, 206–207, 281
and Welles scandal, 241–242, 243–245, 476n7
and Weygand, 168–169
and Yalta Conference, 313, 317, 318, 326, 445
Roosevelt, Henry Latrobe, 85, 89, 100, 257
Roosevelt, Theodore, 14, 22, 38
Roosevelt Roads Naval Station, 140
Rosenman, Samuel
and Democratic National Convention, 287
Leahy’s relationship with, 366
and medal of merit, 375
and personnel controls committee, 209
and Truman’s Army Day address, 393
and Truman’s twelve points speech, 367, 369
and unification dispute, 392
Royall, Kenneth, 426
San Francisco, California, 12, 27–29
Santiago, Chile, 35
Sarnoff, David, 274–275
Saudi Arabia, 360
sea power, Mahan’s theories on, 41, 97
Second Vinson Act (HR 9218), 116, 118
and chief naval officer (CNO), 91, 93
Daniels as, 42–47
and death of Swanson, 129
and health issues of Swanson, 100
Leahy as de facto, 103
and organizational system of US Navy, 85, 91
See also Forrestal, James; Knox, Frank; Swanson, Claude
Senate Naval Affairs Committee, 87, 118, 129
Shanghai, China, 17, 18, 34, 107–109
Sheppard, Morris, 106
ship construction, 70–72, 84, 88, 114–118, 202. See also arms-control treaties
shipyards, US, 103–104
Shoreham Hotel, Washington, DC, 44
Simpson, Wallis, 296
Smith, J. V., 271
Smith, Walter Bedell, 178, 431
Snyder, John, 383
Somervell, Brehon, 204
Souers, Sidney, 375–376, 377, 389, 416, 417, 418
South America, 35
Southerland, William, 38
Soviet Union
and aid, 274
and Allied strategic planning, 217
and atomic capabilities of US, 355, 424, 425, 426, 430
atomic weapons of, 430
Axis invasion of, 155, 211, 230
Axis repelled/captured by, 249, 291
and battleship construction, 103–104
and Berlin Crisis, 427–430
Bullitt’s ambassadorship to, 144
and Chinese Nationalists, 319
and Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech, 1–3, 372, 373, 374
and Clifford Report, 398–401, 457–459
and eastern Europe, 362
and France, 319
and German surrender, 337–338
intelligence agents in US government, 379–380
intelligence on oil stockpiles, 120
and Japan, 33
Leahy’s perspectives on, 122, 250, 262–263, 353, 400–401
and “Long Telegram” of Kennan, 372
naval capabilities of, 122
and Operation Bagration, 291
and Operation Barbarossa, 165–166
and Operation Overlord, 226, 256, 259, 260, 261
and Pacific theatre, 320, 343, 355, 499n37
perceived threat of, 396–408 (see also Cold War)
and Poland, 292, 320–322, 360, 362
and Potsdam Conference, 348, 355
and “slaves” comment of Leahy, 103
and Tehran Conference, 257–263
and Truman’s twelve points speech, 367–368, 455
and US military strategy, 215
US policy toward, 397
US relations with, 103, 250–251, 250n, 336–337, 362, 363–364, 370, 372, 398–401
women émigrées from, 57–58
and Yalta Conference, 313–321, 326, 336
Spaatz, Carl “Tooey,” 391, 421
Spain, 12–14
SS Borinquen, 146
Stalin, Joseph
appearance of, 258
and atomic bombs of US, 356
on capitalism vs. communism, 371, 401
and China, 261
confidential telegrams to, 333
deterioration of relationships with, 348
FDR’s correspondence with, 182
FDR’s meeting with, 258
and FDR’s stay in compound of, 257–258
and German surrender, 337–338
on Hitler’s fate, 352
and Japan’s surrender, 358
Leahy’s concerns about, 250–251, 262
Leahy’s impressions of, 259, 437
and Mediterranean theater, 256, 258–259
and military parade on film, 122
and Operation Overlord, 256, 259, 260, 261
and Pacific theatre, 320
and Potsdam Conference, 348, 352–353, 355, 356, 358
and Quebec Conference, 235
rise to prominence, 95
and Tehran Conference, 249–251, 257–263
and Yalta Conference, 308, 313, 317, 318, 326, 445
Stark, Harold, 129
Steele, George W., 80
Stettinius, Edward, Jr., 269, 309, 311, 315, 335
Stevenson, Adlai, 445
Stilwell, Joseph “Vinegar Joe,” 301–303, 414
Stimson, Henry
and atomic bombs of US, 324, 340n, 356
and Casablanca Conference, 212
and intelligence operations, 379
Leahy’s antipathy for, 81–82, 194–195
limited influence of, 194–195, 485n24
and Morgenthau Plan, 303–304
and Operation Torch (North Africa), 190, 191
and plans to invade Japan, 344, 346
and Stilwell’s service in China, 302
strategic planning of, 182
and Yalta Conference, 336
Stokowski, Leopold, 134
Stone, Harlan, 329
Stuart, John Leighton, 419
submarines, 47, 55, 189, 412, 422
Suckley, Margaret, 244, 271–272
Sutherland, Richard, 284
Swanson, Claude
death of, 129
and FDR, 105
health issues of, 100
and Leahy’s letter of commendation, 90
and Leahy’s promotion to CNO, 95, 98
Leahy’s relationship with, 89
and naval buildup under FDR, 115
as secretary of the navy, 85–86
and Standley–Leahy tensions, 93
“Tampico Incident,” 32
Tehran Conference, 249–250, 252–253, 257–263
Tito, Josip Broz, 348
Tongue Point, Oregon, naval base, 104, 125
Trident Conference, 222–229, 231, 234, 239, 251
Truman, Harry S.
Army Day address of, 393
and atomic bombs of US, 340–341, 340n, 348, 355–357, 392–393, 426
background of, 332–333
and Berlin Crisis, 427–428, 429
and Byrnes, 382–383
cabinet of, 402–403
and Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech, 1–3, 371–372
and Cold War, 396–397
communication style of, 336–337
and communism, 396–397, 405–408
correspondence of, 445
and de Gaulle, 339–340
and FDR’s failing health, 307
and German surrender, 337–338
and gold-plated revolver, 438, 446
and intelligence operations, 375–376, 379, 383, 384–385, 390
and Israel, 423
and Japan’s surrender, 358
and Joint Chiefs of Staff, 330
and Kennan’s “Long Telegram,” 372
in Key West, 396, 409–413, 434, 439, 443
and Korean War, 441–442
lack of international experience, 331–332
last days in office, 445–446
Leahy attacked in press, 432–433
and Leahy’s briefings, 329–330, 334, 364–365, 384–385, 411, 418, 420, 443
and Leahy’s final days, 446
and Leahy’s funeral, 447
Leahy’s influence with, 403, 410, 416, 417–418, 420
Leahy’s perceptions of, 331–332, 334, 337
and Leahy’s post-retirement job offers, 442–443
and Leahy’s postwar service, 361–362
Leahy’s relationship with, 334–335, 351–352, 375, 385, 410–413
and Leahy’s retirement, 434–435, 438
and MacArthur, 444
and Marshall’s funeral, 448
and McCarthy, 444
museum in hometown of, 446
musical interests of, 349, 353
Navy Day/twelve points address of, 365, 367–371, 385, 393, 455
and Neptune’s Court initiation, 416
and Palestine, 389
and plans to invade Japan, 344, 346–347
and Potsdam Conference, 348–358
preparedness for presidency, 332
and presidential race of 1944, 273, 287, 305, 333
and presidential race of 1948, 432, 434
in Puerto Rico, 421
and restraint of Leahy, 65
and Soviet relations, 336–337
swearing in, as president, 329
traveling with, 373
and Truman Committee, 333
and Truman Doctrine, 396–397, 401, 407–408
and unification of armed services, 391, 392
on universal military training, 393–394
as Vice President, 314, 328, 333
Tubby, Roger, 413
Turkey
aid for, 396, 404, 405–406, 407, 420
Greco-Turkish War, 53, 54–55, 59–61
and threat of communism, 402, 404–408, 505n35
and Truman Doctrine, 396–397
unification of armed services, 391–392
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
United Nations
and atomic weapons, 381
and Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech, 374
and Security Council, 319
and Truman’s twelve points speech, 368, 455
United States
and arms-control treaties, 61–62, 70, 71, 81, 114
China’s relations with, 78, 387–389
and Germany’s declaration of war, 170
Great Britain’s relationship with, 49–51
interventionism of, 13–14, 18, 78, 111
Pearl Harbor attack, 155–156, 169–171
and Soviet relations, 103, 250–251, 250n, 336–337, 362, 363–364, 370, 372, 398–401
See also specific historical events and institutions, including atomic bombs and World War II
US Air Force, 417, 421, 422, 425, 430
US Army
chief of staff (see Marshall, George C.)
and European war, 282
and unification dispute, 391–392
and war production strategies, 202–203, 283, 486n6
US Army Air Force, 77, 204, 207, 282, 391–392. See also Arnold, Henry “Hap”
US Congress
and Bureau of Navigation, 87, 89
and FDR’s naval expansion plans, 115–116
Leahy’s lobbying of, 89
Second Vinson Act (HR 9218), 116
and Truman Doctrine, 396
US Department of Defense, 391, 392, 417
US Department of State
and FDR’s inner circle, 101–102, 186
and intelligence operations, 379, 380
and Kennan’s “Long Telegram,” 372
Leahy’s concerns about, 381–382
Leahy’s connections in, 222, 275–277
liaison of, 276
and Second Sino-Japanese War, 112
Soviet spies’ penetration of, 380
and Welles scandal, 241–245
See also various secretaries of state, including: Byrnes, James; Hull, Cordell; Marshall, George C.; Stettinius, Edward, Jr.; Stimson, Henry
US Department of War, 289, 400, 417, 503n3
US Military Academy at West Point, 7–8
US Navy
and admirals’ revolt, 439
aircraft of (see airpower, naval)
and alcohol consumption, 63–64
antiaircraft weapons of, 76
and arms-control process, 81, 474n38
buildup under FDR, 41, 88, 114–118, 122–123, 141
buildup under Wilson, 55
chief of naval operations and CINCUS (see King, Ernest)
command opportunities in, 61
competitions of 1927–1928, 67–68
and court-martial of Steele, 80
and Daniels’ General Order 99, 42
Daniels’ post as secretary of the, 42–43
fleet train concept of, 117, 117n
and General Board discussions, 76–77
and Great Depression, 71–72
height requirements of, 86–87
and Hoover administration, 71
and Japan’s competition, 56
Leahy as face of, 124
Leahy memorialized by, 448
Leahy’s career in (see naval career of Leahy)
Leahy’s impact on, 122–123
and organization of US military, 422
organizational system of, 85, 91, 93, 96, 475n29 (see also secretary of the navy)
and Panama Canal, 31
promotional system of, 89
ship construction, 70–72, 84, 88, 114–118, 202
and shipyards, 103–104
and Soviet relations, 103
torpedo launched accidentally, 254
and unification dispute, 391–392
and war production strategies, 202–203, 205, 281, 283
US Supreme Court, 99
USS Augusta, 349
USS California, 32–36, 77, 471n18
USS Chattanooga, 56
USS Chicago, 29
USS Constellation, 8–9, 74, 469n5
USS Enterprise, 88
USS Glacier, 20
USS Iowa, 63, 116n, 253, 254, 265
USS Leahy, 448
USS Leviathan, 51–52
USS Maine, 12–13
USS Mariveles, 19–20
USS Murphy, 323
USS Panay, Japanese attack of, 112–113, 115, 117–118
USS Pittsburgh, 77
USS Princess Matoika, 48–49
USS Ranger, 97
USS Renshaw, 369
USS Tacoma, 30
USS Wasp, 88
USS William D. Porter, 254
USS Yorktown, 88
Vandenberg, Arthur, 404
Vandenberg, Hoyt, 376, 389–391, 428
Versailles Treaty, 121
Vichy regime
anti-Semitic laws of, 167
collaboration with Germany, 147–149, 152–154, 157, 159–160, 162–165, 166–167, 172–174
as dictatorship, 165 (see also Pétain, Marshal)
and Dunkerque battleship, 154, 481n35
and French Indochina, 148–149, 155, 156–157, 158–160, 162
and Japan’s Pearl Harbor attack, 170
Leahy’s role with (see ambassador post of Leahy)
Leahy’s warnings to, 162, 163, 173–174
and Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 377
and Protocols of Paris, 163–164, 168
Vichy, France capital of, 150–151
and Weygand, 167–169
See also Darlan, François; French North Africa
Videla, Gabriel González, 415–416, 436
Vinson, Carl, 87–88, 90, 115–116, 266, 492n2
Vinson-Trammell Act, 88
Virgin Islands (previously known as the Danish West Indies), 47–48
Walker, John Cusworth, 440
Wallace, Henry, 194, 273, 314–315, 402–403, 496n23, 504n20
Walsh, David, 121
War Manpower Commission, 205
War Production Board, 202, 204, 205
Warner Springs Spa, 74
Washington, DC, 43–44
Washington, George, 313
Washington Navel Conference treaties, 61–62
Watson, Edwin “Pa,” 127, 167, 271, 324
Wavell, Archibald, 226–227
weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), 424, 507n33
Wedemeyer, Albert, 414–415, 418–419
Weldon, Felix de, 361
Welles, Sumner
and de Gaulle, 172
and embargo on oil shipments to Japan, 156, 158
and FDR–Leahy communications, 157–158
and FDR’s inner circle, 101–102, 186, 476n7
foreign-policy outlook of, 102
and Japan in French Indochina, 159
and Leahy’s ambassadorship to France, 145–146, 172
and Leahy’s commitment to China, 223
Leahy’s relationship with, 102, 125, 183
scandal surrounding, 241–245, 490n3
and strategy conferences, 222
Wheeler, Burton, 370
White, Harry Dexter, 295, 309, 381, 494n9
Willkie, Wendell, 135
Wilson, Henry Maitland “Jumbo,” 256
Wilson, Hugh, 113
Wilson, Woodrow
advisors of, 183
and Daniels’ cabinet post, 42
Fourteen Points of, 367
and Haiti, 45
and League of Nations, 165
Leahy’s perceptions of administration, 47
and naval buildup, 55–56
racial attitudes of, 138
and Roosevelt’s assistant secretary appointment to US Navy, 40
and “Tampico Incident,” 32
and World War I, 47
Winant, John, 354
Windsor, Edward, Duke of, 296
Winship, Blanton, 131
Woodson, Walter, 110
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 132, 133, 134, 137, 140, 185
World War I, 47–49, 55–56, 79, 472n20
World War II
and Allied strategic planning, 211–213, 216–220, 225–229
and Axis Unconditional Surrender doctrine, 218–219, 346, 358, 487n20
bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 357, 358–359, 392
and Cairo Conferences, 253–257, 263–264
and Casablanca Conference, 211–213, 216–220, 224
and casualties, 213, 342, 342n
and collaboration of France (see Vichy regime)
and deployment on multiple fronts, 281–282
and embargo on oil shipments to Japan, 155–156, 158
and FDR–Leahy communications, 157–158
and FDR’s death, 329
German advances in, 162
and German occupation of France, 147–148
and German surrender, 337–338
and Germany-first strategy, 213–214, 215, 216, 224, 225, 281, 281–282, 285
Germany’s weakened state, 291
and Guadalcanal campaign, 214–215, 230
invasion of France (see Operation Overlord)
Iwo Jima battle, 342, 342n, 345
and Japan’s surrender, 358 (see also Pacific theater)
and Leahy’s ambassadorship to France, 143, 144, 145–150
Leahy’s anticipation of, 95–96
Leahy’s confidence in Allied victory, 162, 171
looming threat of, 121–122, 127–128, 130, 139
and Marshall, 448
Mediterranean theater of, 217, 218
and Morgenthau Plan, 294–296, 303–304
and Octagon Conference, 292–296, 303, 304
Okinawa battle, 294, 342, 345–346, 347
Pearl Harbor attack, 155–156, 169–171
and Pétain’s trial for treason, 338–339
and plans to retreive American citizens, 122
and Potsdam Conference, 348–358
and Protocols of Paris, 163–164, 168
role of sea power in, 147–148
and Tehran Conference, 249–250, 252–253, 257–261
and Trident Conference, 222–229, 231
US’s influence on outcome of, 3
and war production strategies, 202–208, 209–210, 281, 283, 486n6
and Yalta Conference, 308
See also Mediterranean theater of World War II
World Zionist Organization, 422
writing of Leahy, 54, 400–401, 440–441
Yalta Conference, 308, 313–322, 326, 336, 445
Yarnell, Harry, 10, 107, 108–109
Yugoslavia, 348